Senjecas Orthographies

Pronunciation table

p	b	f	v	ṁ	m			t	d	þ	ð	ł	l			ṡ	ż	s	z	r	n			k	g	x	ƣ	h	ȝ			š	ş			i	e	a	õ	o	u			ï	ë	ÿ
/p/	/b/	/ɸ/	/β/	/m̥/	/m/			/t/	/d/	/θ/	/ð/	/l̥/	/l/			/ʦ/	/ʣ/	/s/	/z/	/ɾ̥/	/n/			/k/	/g/	/ç/	/ʝ/	/j̊/	/j/			/sʷ/	/sʲ/			/i/	/e/	/ä/	/ɒ/	/o/	/u/			/ɪ/	/ɛ/	/ʊ/

1s/p = first person singular/plural	EQU = equative degree
2s/p = second person singular/plural	F = feminine
3 = third person	FUT = future
4 = fourth person	IMP = imperative
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)	IND = indicative
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)	M = masculine
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)	PP = patient (past) participle
V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)	PRF = perfect
ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)	PRV = privative prefix
ADV = adverb	PST = past
AG = agent	Q = interrogative particle
AP = agent (active) participle	QUOT = direct quotation
CAUS = causative	REL = relativizer, relative
ELIS = elision	SBJ = subjunctive
EP = epenthesis	SUP = supine
ELT = elative

Sample text from the dictionary

Dictionary of Senjecas: The First Language

senȝeka̋' saṁlűvo: se̋mta ȝe̋ka

ςηνjηκα' ςαϝλυϐo: ςημτα jηκα

ceнjeкac' caӎлувo: ceмтa jeкa

שֵניֵכַשְֵ שַמּלֻּבֹ: שֵמּתַּ יֵכַ

სენჲეკასჷ საჳლუვჵ: სემტა ჲეკა

սէնյէկասը սաևլուվօ: սէմտա յէկա

कयॅ॑ तमसॅ॑ :भोलु॑वस सॆकयॅ॑नसॅ

ᛊᛖᚾᛃᛖᚲᚨᛊᛂ ᛊᚨᚹᛛᚣᚡᛟ ᛊᛖᛗᛏᚨ ᛃᛖᚲᚨ

ⵙ ⵆ ⵏⵢⵆ ⴽⴰⵙ ⴻ ⵙ ⴰⵡ ⵍⵓⵠ ⵈ : ⵙ ⵆ ⵎ ⵜⴰ ⵢⵆ ⴽⴰ

ལེནཟེཀྸལ ལྸམལུབྷོ: ལེམཏྸ ཟེཀྸ

General notes – kőino tűsos

• In the Senjecan alphabet there are 33 graphemes, one for each of the phonemes. There are 24 consonants, six vowels (each of which can be long or short), and three weak vowels.
• In some orthographies a diacritic is used to indicate a long vowel; in others the grapheme is doubled.
• In some orthographies labialization and palatalization are indicated by a diacritic; in others a special grapheme is used.
• Few languages have a voiceless labio-velar approximant. In most cases, this is transliterated into Senjecas with whatever grapheme represents <w> which does not occur in Senjecas.
• In some orthographies an aspirated consonant will be used to represent a fricative, e.g., /tʰ/ for /θ/, /pʰ/ for /ɸ/.
• In the Senjecan alphabet order, these 33 graphemes are ordered according to the point of articulation. Thus, there are five groups, known as clans (űka).

1. labial (feműka)
2. dental (riisűka)
3. alveolar (muitűka)
4. palatal (vainűka)
5. vowel (ş̇úúšenűka)

• A column is left blank in the table for the tengwar; they may some day be available on Frathwiki.
• A blank space indicates that a suitable grapheme has not yet been found
• The use of the three weak vowels <ï>, <ë> and <ÿ> is not interchangeable, so the same grapheme can be used to represent all three.

Language name abbreviations

• Lat = Latin
• Grk = Greek
• Cyr = Cyrillic
• Arm = Armenian
• Geo = Georgian
• Dev = Devanāgarī
• Gla = Glagolitic
• Run = Runic
• Tng = Tengwar
• Heb = Hebrew
• Ara = Arabic
• Tif = Tifinagh
• Kat = Katakana
• Hir = Hiragana

The Labial Clan - peműka

Lat	name	IPA	Grk	Cyr	Arm	Geo	Dev	Gla	Run	Tng	Heb	Ara	Kat	Hir	Han
p	pa	p	π	п	պ	პ	प	ⱂ	ᛈ		פּ	ٮ	ⵒ	パ 10	ぱ
b	ba	b	β	б	բ	ბ	ब	ⰱ	ᛒ		בּ 7	ب 9	ⴱ	ㄅ	バ
f	fa	ɸ	ɸ	ф	ֆ	ფ	फ	ⱇ	ᚠ		פ	ڡ	ⴼ	ㇷ	ふ
v	va	β	ϐ 1	в	վ	ვ	भ	ⰲ	ᚡ		ב	ف	ⵠ	ㇷ゛	ぶ
ṁ	ṁa	m̥	ϝ 2	ӎ 3	ւ	ჳ 4	व 5	Ⰼ 6	ᚹ		מ	م	ワ	わ	ㅱ
m	ma	m	μ	м	მ	մ	म	ⰿ	ᛗ		מּ 8	ݥ	ⵎ	マ	ま

Notes

1. The cursive beta <ϐ> represents /β/. It does not have a descender.
2. The archaic digamma <ϝ> represents the voiceless bilabial nasal /m̥/.
3. The Kildin Sami em with tail <ӎ> represents /m̥/.
4. The grapheme <ჳ> /v/ is reassigned the value /m̥/.
5. The grapheme <व> /v/ is reassigned the value /m̥/.
6. The grapheme <Ⰼ> /dʑ/ is reassigned the value /m̥/.
7. The dagesh qal, when needed, indicates a stop in the stop/fricative pairs.
8. The dagesh qal, when needed, indicates the voiced member of the approximant pair.
9. In Arabic the diacritic indicates voicing of the consonant.
10. The katakana and hiragana syllabograms from the <a> column, with a few exceptions, are used for the Senjecan consonants.

The Dental Clan - riisűka

Lat	name	IPA	Grk	Cyr	Arm	Geo	Dev	Gla	Run	Tng	Heb	Ara	Tif	Kat	Hir
t	ta	t	τ	т	տ	ტ	त	ⱅ	ᛏ		תּ	ط	ⵜ	タ	た
d	da	d	δ	д	դ	დ	द	ⰴ	ᛞ		דּ	ظ	ⴷ	ダ	だ
þ	þa	θ	θ	c̨ 3	թ	თ̇	थ	ⱚ	ᚦ		ת	د	ⵝ	タ̣ 8	タ̣ 10
ð	ða	ð	ϑ 1	ҙ 4	ժ 6	თ	ध	ⱚ	ᚧ		דּ	ذ	ⴸ	タ̣゛	タ̣゛
ł	ła	l̥	ƛ 2	ӆ 5	ղ	ლ̇	ळ 7	ⱈ	ᛚ		ל	ل	ⵐ	レ 9	れ
l	la	l	λ	л	լ	ლ	ल	ⰾ	ᛛ		לּ	ڶ	ⵍ	レ゙	れ゙

Notes

1. The Greek script theta symbol <ϑ> represents /ð/.
2. The barred lambda <ƛ> represents /l̥/.
3. The Bashkir the <ҫ> represents /θ/.
4. The Bashkir dhe <ҙ> represents /ð/.
5. The Kildin Sami el with tail <ӆ> /l̥/ represents /l̥/.
6. The grapheme <ժ> /ʒ/ is reassigned the value /ð/.
7. The grapheme <ळ> /ḷ/ is reassigned the value /l̥/.
8. The graphemes for /θ/ and /ð/ are taken from the Taiwanese katakana <タ̣ >, /tʰa/.
9. As there is no /l/ in Japanese, the kana for re is used.
10. As there are no Taiwanese hiragana, the katakana are used instead.

The Alveolar Clan - muitűka

Lat	name	IPA	Grk	Cyr	Arm	Geo	Dev	Gla	Run	Tng	Heb	Ara	Tif	Kat	Hir
ṡ	ṡa	ʦ	ϻ 1	ц	ծ	ც	च 6	ⱌ	ᛋ 7		צ	ک 9	ⵜⵙ	ツ 11	つ
ż	ża	ʣ	ϡ 2	ѕ 4	ձ	ძ	ज	ⰷ	ᛨ 8		צ	ݢ 10	ⴶ	ヅ	づ
s	sa	s	ς 3	с	ս	ს	स	ⱄ	ᛊ		ס	ص	ⵙ	サ	さ
z	za	z	ζ	з	ზ	զ	ज़	ⰸ	ᛉ		ז	ض	ⵣ	ザ	ざ
r	ra	r̥	ρ	ҏ 5	ռ	რ	र	ⱃ	ᚱ		ר	ر	ⵖ	ラ	ら
n	na	n	ν	н	ն	ნ	न	ⱀ	ᚾ		נ	ں	ⵏ	ナ	な

Notes

1. The archaic san <ϻ> represents /ʦ/.
2. The archaic sampi <ϡ> is reassigned the value /ʣ/.
3. The sigma form <σ> is not used.
4. The Macedonian dze <ѕ> represents /ʣ/.
5. The Kildin Sami er with tail <ҏ> /r̥/ represents <r̥>.
6. The sigel rune <ᛋ> /s/ is reassigned the value /ʦ/.
7. The Icelandic yr rune <ᛨ> /r/ is reassigned the value /ʣ/.
8. The graphemes <च> /t͡ʃ/ and <ज> /d͡ʒ/ are reassigned the values /ʦ/ and /ʣ/.
9. The grapheme keheh <ک> /kʰ/ is reassigned the value /ʦ/.
10. There are many variations of the basic Arabic graphemes to meet the phonemic needs of many languages. Simpler forms have been adopted for Senjecas, using a dot for the voiced members of a pair, when necessary.
11. As Japanese lacks a <tsa>, the syllable <ツ>, <tsu>, represents /ʦ/.

The Palatal Clan - vainűka

Lat	name	IPA	Grk	Cyr	Arm	Geo	Dev	Gla	Run	Tng	Heb	Ara	Tif	Kat	Hir
k	ka	c	κ	к	կ	კ	क	ⰽ	ᚲ		כ	ک	ⴽ	カ	か
g	ga	ɟ	γ	г	գ	გ	ग	ⰳ	ᚷ		ג	ݢ	ⴳ	ガ	が
x	xa	ç	χ	ќ 4	խ	խ̣	ख	ⱈ	ᛪ		ח	ﺣ	ⴿ	カ 7	カ
ƣ	ƣa	ʝ	ϙ 1	ѓ 5	ք 6	ღ	घ	ⰶ	ᛩ		ק	ﺧ	ⴿ	ガ	ガ
h	ha	ȷ̊	ⱶ 2	h	հ	ჱ	ह	ⱍ	ᚺ		ה	ه	ⵀ	ハ	は
ȝ	ȝa	j	j 3	j	յ	ჲ	य	ⰺ	ᛃ		י	ى	ⵢ	ヤ	や

Notes

1. The archaic qoppa <ϙ> represents /ɣ/.
2. The half heta <ⱶ> represents /j̊/.
3. The Greek yot <j> represents /j/.
4. The Macedonian kje <ќ> represents /ç/.
5. The Macedonian gye <ѓ> represents /ʝ/.
6. The Armenian <ք> /kʰ/ is reassigned the value /ʝ/.
7. The Taiwanese /kʰ/ represents <x> and <ᵹ> in both katakana and hiragana.

The Vowel Clan - ş̇úúšenűka

Lat	name	IPA	Grk	Cyr	Arm	Geo	Dev	Gla	Run	Tng	Heb	Ara	Tif	Kat	Hir
i ii 1	i pı̋ði	i i:	ι ῖ 2	и ӣ 3	ի ի՛ 7	ი ი̄	इ ई	ⰹ ⰹⰹ	ᛁ ᛁᛁ		ב בִ	ا ﺁ15	ⵉ ⵉⵉ	イ イー 22	い いー
e ee	e pı̋ðe	e e:	η ῆ	е е̄	է է՛	ე ე̄	ए ऐ 8	ⰵ ⰵⰵ	ᛖ ᛖᛖ		אֵ אֵֽ	اِ 16 اِٰ	‹ «	エ エー	え えー
a aa	a pı̋ða	a a:	α ᾶ	а а̄	ա ա՛	ა ა̄	अ आ	ⰰ ⰰⰰ	ᚨ ᚨᚨ		אַ אַֽ	ا ﺁ 17	ⴰ ⴰⴰ	ア アー	あ あー
õ õõ	õ pı̋ðõ	ɔ ɔ:	ω ῶ	ѡ 4 ѡ̄	ո ո՛	ო ო̄	ऋ 9 ॠ	ⱉ ⱉⱉ	ᛟ 11 ᛟᛟ		אָ אׇֽ	ﻉ 18 ﻉٰ	ⵂ 21 ⵂⵂ	ヲ 23 ヲー	を をー
o oo	o pı̋ðo	o o:	ο õ	o о̄	օ օ՛	ჵ ჵ̄	ओ औ10	ⱁ ⱁⱁ	ᚩ ᚩᚩ		אֹ אֹֽ	وٚ 19 وٰٚ	- --	オ オー	お おー
u uu	u pı̋ðu	u u:	υ ῦ	у ӯ	ու ու՛	უ უ̄	उ ऊ	ⱆ ⱆⱆ	ᚢ ᚢᚢ		אֻ אֻֽ	و وٰ	ⵓ ⵓⵓ	ウ ウー	う うー
ï	nı̋þi	ɪ	ῐ	ы	ը	ჷ	इॆ	ⱏ	ᛇ 12		אְִ	ە 20		ｲｰ 24	ぃｰ
ë	nı̋þe	ε	ы	ə 5	ը	ჷ	ऎ	ⱐ	ᛂ 13		אְֵ	ە		ｴｰ	ぇｰ
ÿ	nı̋þu	ʊ	ῠ	ұ 6	ը	ჷ	उॆ	ⱛ	ᚣ 14		אְֻ	ە		ｳｰ	ぅｰ

Notes

1. When using the Latin alphabet, vowel length is indicated by doubling the grapheme.
2. When using the Greek alphabet, vowel length is indicated by a tilde (piðne̋uo) over the vowel.
3. When using the Cyrillic and the Georgian alphabets, vowel length is indicated by a macron (piðbőto) over the vowel.
4. The Cyrillic omega <ѡ> represents <ɵ>.
5. The Adyghe schwa /ə/.
6. The Kazakh short U <ұ>.
7. The stress mark shesht <՛> is reassigned to indicate long vowels.
8. The grapheme <ऐ> /ai/ is reassigned the value /e:/.
9. The graphemes <ऋ> and <ॠ>, /r̩/ and /r̩ː/ respectively, are reassigned the values /ɵ/ and /ɵ:/.
10. The grapheme <औ> /au/ is reassigned the value /o:/.
11. The othala rune <ᛟ> /o/ is reassigned the value /ɵ/.
12. The eiwaz rune <ᛇ> /æ:/ is reassigned the value /ɪ/.
13. The medieval rune e <ᛂ> /e:/ is reassigned the value /ɛ/.
14. The ȳr rune <ᚣ> /y/ is reassigned the value /ʊ/.
15. When using the Arabic alphabet, vowel length is indicated by the use of the superscript alif < ٰ> (but see #17).
16. The Balochi /e/.
17. Long a <a:> is represented by alif with fatha.
18. The letter ayin is reassigned to represent /ɵ/.
19. The Sorani Kurdish letter for /o/.
20. The Uyghur letter for /ɛ,æ/
21. The grapheme <ⵂ> /h/ has been reassigned to represent /ɵ/.
22. When using the katakana and the hiragana, vowel length is indicated by the chōonpu, long vowel mark <ー>.
23. The obsolescent letter wo <ヲ, を> is reassigned to represent /ɵ/.
24. The half-width vowel mark and chōonpu <ｰ> are used to represent the weak vowels.

Labialization (fémšenkı̋a) and Palatalization (váinšenkı̋a)

Lat	name	IPA	Grk	Cyr	Arm	Geo	Dev	Gla	Run	Tng	Heb	Ara	Tif	Kat	Hir
š		sʷ	σῠ 1	с 3		სჵ 5	सॉ 6	ⱄⱏ 8	ᛊᚥ		שו	ﺹٔ 10	ⵙⵯ 12	サゥ 14	さぅ
ş		sʲ	σῐ 2	сЬ 4		სჲ	सॅ 7	ⱄⱐ 9	ᛊᛄ		שי	صۦ 11	ⵙ ⵐ 13	サャ 15	さゃ

Notes

1. Labialization is indicated with upsilon with breve <ῠ>.
2. Palatalization is indicated with iota with breve <ῐ>.
3. By analogy with the Latin alphabet labialization is indicated with a circumflex.
4. The soft sign <Ь>Ь indicates palatalization.
5. Using <ჵ> /o/ for labialization causes no problem since there is no diphthong <oV>.
6. The chand <ॉ> is reassigned to indicate labialization.
7. The chand <ॅ> is reassigned to indicate palatalization.
8. Labialization is indicated with the hard sign <ⱏ>.
9. Palatalization is indicated with the soft sign <ⱐ>.
10. Labialization is indicated with the small waw < ٔ >.
11. Palatalization is indicated with the small yeh < ۧ >.
12. Labialization is indicated with the labiovelarization mark <ⵯ>.
13. Palatalization is indicated with the Tuareg yagn, /ɲ/.
14. Labialization is indicated with the small kana u <ゥ,ぅ>.
15. Palatalization is indicated with the small kana i <ャ,ゃ>.