User:Masako/sandbox: Difference between revisions

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= armada =
= armada =


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 1000px;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 1100px;"
|+ ''La Grados''
|+ ''La Grados''
|-
|-
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! commands<br>/ leads
! commands<br>/ leads
|-
|-
| '''Amiral''' || [[File:O6grado.png]] || appointed by the '''Comite de Amirales''' from eligible '''Brigadores''' || referred to as '''Jeneral''' when in command of land forces || sits on the '''Comite de Amirales''' or commands one of three fleets
| '''Amiral''' || [[File:O6grado.png]] || appointed by the '''Xeferia''' from eligible '''Brigadores''' || sometimes referred to as '''Jeneral''' when in command of land forces || sits on the '''Comite de Amirales''' or commands one of three fleets
|-
|-
| '''Brigador''' || [[File:O5grado.png]] || appointed by the '''Comite de Amirales''' from eligible '''Capitanes''' || sometimes translated as [[Wikipedia:Commodore_(rank)|''Commodore'']] || '''Brigada, Rejimento'''<br>"brigade, regiment", 600-1000
| '''Brigador''' || [[File:O5grado.png]] || appointed by the '''Xeferia''' from eligible '''Capitanes''' || sometimes translated as [[Wikipedia:Commodore_(rank)|''Commodore'']] || '''Brigada, Rejimento'''<br>"brigade, regiment", 600-1000
|-
|-
| '''Capitan''' || [[File:O4grado.png]] || 14~16 years of service || - || '''Batalion, Barco'''<br>"battalion, ship", 300-500
| '''Capitan''' || [[File:O4grado.png]] || 14~16 years of service || - || '''Batalion, Barco'''<br>"battalion, ship", 300-500
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| '''Teninte''' || [[File:O2grado.png]] || 4 years of service || sometimes referred to as '''Sucomander''' (Lieutenant Commander) || '''Ploton'''<br>"platoon", 20-50
| '''Teninte''' || [[File:O2grado.png]] || 4 years of service || sometimes referred to as '''Sucomander''' (Lieutenant Commander) || '''Ploton'''<br>"platoon", 20-50
|-
|-
| '''Suteninte''' || [[File:O1grado.png]] || upon graduation of 2 years of training or 4 years in an academy || - || -
| '''Suteninte''' || [[File:O1grado.png]] || upon graduation of 2 years of training or 4 years in an academy || - || Assists in leading a platoon
|-
|-
| '''Mestre Sarjento Xef''' || [[File:E6grado.png]] || 18 years of service || most often called '''Xef''', "Chief" || '''Armada, Rejimento, Bragada, Batalion, Barco'''
| '''Mestre Sarjento Xef''' || [[File:E6grado.png]] || 20 years of service || most often called '''Xef''', "Chief" || '''Armada, Rejimento, Bragada, Batalion, Barco'''
|-
|-
| '''Mestre Sarjento''' || [[File:E5grado.png]] || 14 years of service || in charge of training new recruits and officers || '''Scuadron, Barceta'''
| '''Mestre Sarjento''' || [[File:E5grado.png]] || 14 years of service || in charge of training new recruits and officers || '''Scuadron, Barceta'''
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| '''Caporal de Lansa''' || [[File:E2grado.png]] || 2 years of service || sometimes called '''Lansor''' (Lancer), or '''Granador''' (Grenadier) || '''Ecipeta'''<br>"fire team", 2-3
| '''Caporal de Lansa''' || [[File:E2grado.png]] || 2 years of service || sometimes called '''Lansor''' (Lancer), or '''Granador''' (Grenadier) || '''Ecipeta'''<br>"fire team", 2-3
|-
|-
| '''Soldato'''<br>'''Ecipor'''<br>'''Marinor''' ||  || upon graduation from 6 months of training || - || -
| '''Soldato'''<br>'''Marinor''' ||  || upon graduation from 6 months of training || - || -
|}
|}


Revision as of 04:53, 10 March 2017

noun phrases

The basic noun phrase in Kala is PREPOSITION DETERMINER NOUN DESCRIPTIVE-VERB RELATIVE-CLAUSE. Depending on context, this is fairly predominant with a few exceptions


  • opinion-size-age-shape-color-origin-material-purpose Noun

ukum

Kala number English ordinal multiple fractional
na'o 1 one kina'o
first		 tina'o
once		 -
ueta'o 12 twelve kiueta'o
twelfth		 tiueta'o
twelve times		 iueta'o
a twelfth
yauema'o
yama'o		 54 fifty four kiyama'o
fifty fourth		 tiyama'o
54 times		 iyama'o
a fifty fourth
nyetsa'o 106 one hundred (and) six kinyetsa'o
106th		 tinyetsa'o
106 times		 inyetsa'o
a 106th
katle'o 7000 seven thousand kikatle'o
seven thousandth		 tikatle'o
7000 times		 ikatle'o
1/7000

conjunctions

akana.conlang.org/wiki/C%C9%99ss%C4%B1n#Conjunctions


Coordinating conjunctions
ma used to link nouns
ku used to link clauses and phrases
na'o 1
na'o 1
na'o 1

pi - although; even though; even if ku - and; also; too; as well [CONJ] {clause level] ma / -m / -lo - and; also; too; as well [CONJ] ehe [me] - but; yet; however impo - therefore; as a result; so; consequently; thus ua - or; either ue - either X or Y uenke [uek] - neither X nor Y yatli - if X then Y yema - both X and Y

armada

La Grados
name insignia promotion
requirements 		notes commands
/ leads
Amiral O6grado.png appointed by the Xeferia from eligible Brigadores sometimes referred to as Jeneral when in command of land forces sits on the Comite de Amirales or commands one of three fleets
Brigador O5grado.png appointed by the Xeferia from eligible Capitanes sometimes translated as Commodore Brigada, Rejimento
"brigade, regiment", 600-1000
Capitan O4grado.png 14~16 years of service - Batalion, Barco
"battalion, ship", 300-500
Comandor O3grado.png 8 years of service sometimes referred to as Teninte Xef (Chief Lieutenant) Scuadron, Barceta
"company, troop, battery; patrol boat, small ship", 100-300
Teninte O2grado.png 4 years of service sometimes referred to as Sucomander (Lieutenant Commander) Ploton
"platoon", 20-50
Suteninte O1grado.png upon graduation of 2 years of training or 4 years in an academy - Assists in leading a platoon
Mestre Sarjento Xef E6grado.png 20 years of service most often called Xef, "Chief" Armada, Rejimento, Bragada, Batalion, Barco
Mestre Sarjento E5grado.png 14 years of service in charge of training new recruits and officers Scuadron, Barceta
Sarjento E4grado.png 8 years of service in charge of training new recruits Ploton
Caporal E3grado.png 4 years of service - Ecipo
"squad, team, detachment", 5-10
Caporal de Lansa E2grado.png 2 years of service sometimes called Lansor (Lancer), or Granador (Grenadier) Ecipeta
"fire team", 2-3
Soldato
Marinor		 upon graduation from 6 months of training - -

Amiral

O6grado.png

An Amiral is appointed by the Comite de Amirales from eligible Brigadores, referred to as Jeneral when in command of land forces, sits on the Comite de Amirales or commands one of three fleets. This rank is most often only reached after 25 years or more of service.

genitive

singular plural
1 nai kai
2 tiya tai
3 ai mai

hangul

However, Hangul is the primary script for Kala and is used in this grammar description, therefore, what follows is a cursory explanation of how Hangul is adapted for Kala.

Han Moya

Han Moya is an adaptation of Hangul for writing Kala. It is written horizontally, in lines running from left to right. It can also be written vertically in columns.

Consonants

  • ㄱㄲㄴㄷㄸㄹㅁㅂㅃㅅㅆㅇㅈㅉㅊㅋㅌㅍㅎ
k nk n t nt l m p mp s ns a ts nts ts` k` tl p` h
/k~g ᵑk~ⁿg n t~d ⁿt~ⁿd l~ɾ m p~b ᵐp~ᵐb s~ʃ ⁿs~ⁿʃ - ts~t͡ʃ ⁿts~ⁿt͡ʃ tsʰ~t͡ʃʰ kʰ t͡ɬ~tl pʰ h~ɦ/

The adaptations of doubled consonants are used word initially to indicate prenasalization. Medial occurrences of nasalized syllables are written across syllables.

Vowels

  • ㅏ ᅶ ㅐ ㅑ ᅸ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅛ ㅜ ㅟ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ
a ao ai ya yao e ye o ao yo ua uai ue u i
/a~a: aʊ̯ aɪ̯ ja~ʲa: jaʊ̯~ʲaʊ̯ e~ɛ je~ʲɛ o~o: jo~ʲo: wa~ʷa: waɪ̯~ʷaɪ̯ we~ʷe: u~u: i~ɪ/
  • ㅘ This is pronounced /we/ in Korean because of the order of the vowels; however, because obsolete jamo are difficult to type and look junky as images, in Kala, this is used for /aʊ̯/ when typing. It is rarely seen due to the diphthong itself being uncommon.

tense

present past future
simple -e -i -o
perfect -le -li -lo
obligatory -se -so
immediate -ib
possible -go

format

  • muku
/muːˈkʊ/
knife; blade; weapon; arms
"sword"

evidentiality

Example Translation Evidential
hi·dawʔaƛwa·d "I hear he found it" -wa·t, hearsay
pu·pu·q̓adʔi "he's blowing a whistle" -q̓adi, auditory
č̓apaccaqil "It looks like a canoe" -caqił, uncertain visual evidence, as trying to make out something at a distance
haʔuk̓aƛpi·dic "I see you ate" -pi·t, inference from physical evidence
dudu·k̓aƛx̌a·š "He's probably singing" -x̌a·-š, inferred probability

nkalu

nkalo
Agent
nominative 		Patient
accusative 		Reflexive Possessive
genitive 		Reciprocal
1sg na
I		 ena
me		 na'i
myself		 nayo
my; mine
2sg ta
you (thou)		 eta
you (thee)		 ta'i
yourself		 tayo
your(s)
3sg ha
he/she		 eha
him/her		 ha'i
himself/herself		 hayo
his/her(s)
4sg tla
it/one		 etla
it (one)		 tla'i
itself/oneself		 tlayo
its/one's
1pl
1pl EXCL 		nam
we
na'am
we (not you)		 enam
ena'am		 nami
na'ami		 namyo
na'amyo		 nanku
na'anku
2pl tam
you (all)		 etam
you (all)		 tami
yourselves		 tamyo
your(s)		 tanku
you (each other)
3pl kam ekam kami kamyo kanku
4pl tlam etlam tlami tlamyo tlanku

verbs

  • 1 - first person
  • 2 - second person
  • 3 - third person
  • 4 - fourth person
  • ag - agentive
  • att - attemptive
  • aug - augmentative
  • ben - benefactive
  • caus - causative
  • col - collective
  • comp - comparative
  • dim - diminutive
  • dist - distal
  • interj - interjection
  • loc - locative
  • masc - masculine
  • med - medial
  • nec - necessitative
  • neg - negative
  • o - object
  • p - patient
  • perm - permissive
  • pfv - perfective
  • pl - plural
  • poss - possessive
  • prec - precative
  • prog - progressive
  • prox - proximal
  • pst - past
  • recp - reciprocal
  • refl - reflexive
  • sb - somebody
  • sg - singular
  • sth - something
  • sug - suggestive
  • voc - vocative
  • vol - volitive


glossing

Glossing abbreviations.


Morphosyntax

  • Simple declarative sentences usually have a subject-object-verb word order, though occasionally adverbs fall outside this paradigm and various particles can free-up word order. Kala has four grammatical persons — first, second, third, and obviative. The third person is used for proximate nouns, while obviates are non-present or demoted in comparison to a third person. Inanimate objects cannot be the proximate third person. Kala is an agglutinative language. It uses various affixes, mostly suffixes, to change the meaning and grammatical function of words.

Nouns are inflected for number.

animacy

All nouns are classified as either animate or inanimate. Generally it is easy to determine whether a noun will be animate, although some inherently inanimate objects such as...

Arguments of verbs are marked with a (patient marker) transitivity prefix/particle which must agree with the animacy of its arguments. Even in stories in which a grammatically inanimate object are markedly anthropomorphized, such as talking flowers, speakers will not use animate agreement markers with them.

verbs

The Kala verbal template contains a stem with several suffixes. The structure of the verb stem in Kala can be roughly broken down into the root, the medial, and the final. The root and final tend to be required elements. In Kala, the category of verb may also include words that would be categorized as adjectives or quantifiers in English.

Sr Esteban Martino

Nom Esteban Martino
Rejimento De aira 2.png
La Aira
Batalion Scermo de capo arena.png
Capo de Arena
Scuadron Bereta canonores.gif
La Canonores
Grado E5grado.png
Mestre Sarjento
de la scuadron

Josef Patrico

Nom Josef Migel Patrico
Rejimento De marina 2.png
La Marina
Batalion Scermo de omieda.png
Omieda
Scuadron Bereta spadores.gif
La Spadores
Grado O2grado.png
Teninte
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