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User:Masako/nkala: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable IPA"
= sounds =
 
== consonants ==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
!
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
|-
! 1st↓ · 2nd→ !! b !! d !! g !! h !! k !! l !! m !! n !! p !! q !! r !! s !! sh !! t !! w !! y
! Plosive
| p
| t
|
| k
| (ʔ)
|-
|-
! b
! Affricate
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||  
|
| ts~tʃ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! d
! Fricative
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||  
|
| s~ʃ
|
|
|  
|-
|-
! g
! Nasal
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||  
| m
| n
|
|
|
|-
|-
! h
! Approximant
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|
| l (t͡ɬ)
| j
| w
|
|}
 
== vowels ==
 
{|class="wikitable"
|+
!rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | Short
! colspan=2 | Long
|-
|-
! k
! Front vowel|Front
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||  
! Back vowel|Back
|-
! Front
! l
! Back
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|- align=center
|-
!Close vowel|Close
! m
|i
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|u
|-
|iː
! n
|uː
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|- align=center
|-
! Open vowel|Open
! p
| colspan=2 | ɑ ~ ə
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
| colspan=2 | aː
|-
|}
! q
 
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
* '''á í ú ã ĩ ũ a i u'''
|-
 
! r
= nouns =
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
Nouns can be marked for gender, number, size, and in several other ways.
! s
 
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
* '''ka-''' - plural; several [PL]
|-
:: '''kayul''' - <tt>ka-yul</tt> - <small>PL-dog</small> - ''dogs''
! sh
 
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
! t
== pronouns ==
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;"
! w
!
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
! subject
|-
! object
! y
|-align=center
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
! 1sg
| '''wa'''-
| '''nwa'''-
|-align=center
! 2sg
| '''ni'''-
| '''nyi'''-
|-align=center
! 3sg
| '''-'''
| '''nku'''-
|-align=center
! 1pl
| '''kwa'''-
| '''pwa'''-
|-align=center
! 2pl
| '''ki'''-
| '''(m)pi'''-
|-align=center
! 3pl
| '''ku'''
| '''pu'''-
|}
|}


All clusters can only occur word-medially.
* The reflexive is marked by '''-nyá-'''.
:: '''kunyákálá''' - <tt>ku-nyá-kál-á</tt> - <small>3PL-REFL-speak-NPST</small> - ''They speak to each other.''
:: '''nyánayankí''' - <tt>nyá-nay-ank-í</tt> - <small>REFL-see-NEG-PST</small> - ''She did not see herself.''
 
= verbs =
 
* '''Pronominal prefix''' - '''VERB STEM''' - '''tense/aspect-modal'''
 
== tenses ==
 
There are three tenses...[[wp:Nonpast_tense|nonpast]], [[wp:Past_tense|past]], and distant past.
 
* '''-á''' - non-past [NPST]
:: '''wayimá''' - <tt>wa-yim-á</tt> - <small>1S-eat-NPST</small> - ''I eat.''
 
* '''-í''' - past [PST]
:: '''niyimí''' - <tt>ni-yim-í</tt> - <small>2S-eat-PST</small> - ''You ate.''
 
* '''-íyí''' - distant past [DSPT]
:: '''kwayimíyí''' - <tt>kwa-yim-íyí</tt> - <small>1PL-eat-DPST</small> - ''We ate long ago.''
 
== other modifiers ==
 
Various moods (or modals), aspects, and syntactic markers are used to add nuance and subtlety.
 
* '''-ak-''' - obligation [OBG]
:: '''wasapaká''' - <tt>wa-sap-ak-á</tt> - <small>1SG-go-OBG-NPST</small> - ''I should go.''
:: '''ninapakí''' - <tt>ni-nap-ak-í</tt> - <small>2SG-listen-OBG-PST</small> - ''You should have listened.''
 
* '''-ank-''' - negative [NEG]
:: '''pumatankí''' - <tt>pu-mat-ank-í</tt> - <small>3PL.OBJ-kill-NEG-PST</small> - ''They were not killed.''
:: '''nwanapanká''' - <tt>nwa-nap-ank-á</tt> - <small>1SG.OBJ-hear-NEG-NPST</small> - ''I am not heard.'' | ''She/he doesn't hear/listen to me.'' 
 
* '''-ás-''' - ability [ABIL]
:: '''yimásá''' - <tt>yim-ás-á</tt> - <small>eat-ABIL-NPST</small> - ''She/he is able to eat.''
 
= lexicon =
 
These are listed by stem, and do not distinguish nominal and verbal meanings or usages.
 
* '''kál''' - say; tongue; voice; language; talk
* '''mat''' - cut; kill; knife
* '''yim''' - eat; nourish; bread
 
= examples =
 
== speak ==
 
* '''kál''' - speak
: '''wakálá''' - <tt>wa-kál-á</tt> - <small>1SG-speak-NPST</small> - ''I speak.''
: '''nikálí''' - <tt>ni-kál-í</tt> - <small>2SG-speak-PST</small> - ''You spoke.''
: '''kunyákálá''' - <tt>ku-nyá-kál-á</tt> - <small>3PL-REFL-speak-NPST</small> - ''They speak to each other.''
 
== break ==
 
* '''tak''' - break

Revision as of 05:09, 9 October 2016

sounds

consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t k (ʔ)
Affricate ts~tʃ
Fricative s~ʃ
Nasal m n
Approximant l (t͡ɬ) j w

vowels

Short Long
Front Back Front Back
Close i u iː uː
Open ɑ ~ ə aː
  • á í ú ã ĩ ũ a i u

nouns

Nouns can be marked for gender, number, size, and in several other ways.

  • ka- - plural; several [PL]
kayul - ka-yul - PL-dog - dogs


pronouns

subject object
1sg wa- nwa-
2sg ni- nyi-
3sg - nku-
1pl kwa- pwa-
2pl ki- (m)pi-
3pl ku pu-
  • The reflexive is marked by -nyá-.
kunyákálá - ku-nyá-kál-á - 3PL-REFL-speak-NPST - They speak to each other.
nyánayankí - nyá-nay-ank-í - REFL-see-NEG-PST - She did not see herself.

verbs

  • Pronominal prefix - VERB STEM - tense/aspect-modal

tenses

There are three tenses...nonpast, past, and distant past.

  • -á - non-past [NPST]
wayimá - wa-yim-á - 1S-eat-NPST - I eat.
  • -í - past [PST]
niyimí - ni-yim-í - 2S-eat-PST - You ate.
  • -íyí - distant past [DSPT]
kwayimíyí - kwa-yim-íyí - 1PL-eat-DPST - We ate long ago.

other modifiers

Various moods (or modals), aspects, and syntactic markers are used to add nuance and subtlety.

  • -ak- - obligation [OBG]
wasapaká - wa-sap-ak-á - 1SG-go-OBG-NPST - I should go.
ninapakí - ni-nap-ak-í - 2SG-listen-OBG-PST - You should have listened.
  • -ank- - negative [NEG]
pumatankí - pu-mat-ank-í - 3PL.OBJ-kill-NEG-PST - They were not killed.
nwanapanká - nwa-nap-ank-á - 1SG.OBJ-hear-NEG-NPST - I am not heard. | She/he doesn't hear/listen to me.
  • -ás- - ability [ABIL]
yimásá - yim-ás-á - eat-ABIL-NPST - She/he is able to eat.

lexicon

These are listed by stem, and do not distinguish nominal and verbal meanings or usages.

  • kál - say; tongue; voice; language; talk
  • mat - cut; kill; knife
  • yim - eat; nourish; bread

examples

speak

  • kál - speak
wakálá - wa-kál-á - 1SG-speak-NPST - I speak.
nikálí - ni-kál-í - 2SG-speak-PST - You spoke.
kunyákálá - ku-nyá-kál-á - 3PL-REFL-speak-NPST - They speak to each other.

break

  • tak - break
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