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Béu : Chapter 9 : Word Building: Difference between revisions

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Welcome to      <big> '''béu'''</big>
Welcome to      <big> '''béu'''</big>


==..... Word building==
==..... Assembling word==


..
..
Line 10: Line 10:
In chapter 5 we showed how a noun could be made out of two basic nouns.
In chapter 5 we showed how a noun could be made out of two basic nouns.


Here are some more examples ;-
This chapter is all about these non-basic words.


{| border=1
Divided into 32 sections.
  |align=right| '''bái'''
  |align=left| to raise
  |align=right| '''gwaino''' =
  |align=left| a machine
  |align=right| '''gwaino bái'''  =
  |align=left| "a machine of levitation"
  |align=center|'''=>'''
  |align=right| '''baino''' =
  |align=left| a lift or an elevator
  |-
  |align=right| '''bái''' =
  |align=left| to rise
  |align=right| '''tagu''' =
  |align=left| a tool
  |align=right| '''tagu bái''' =
  |align=left| "a rising tool"
  |align=center|=>
  |align=right| '''baigu''' =
  |align=left| a ladder
  |-
  |align=right| '''nandau''' =
  |align=left| a word
  |align=right| '''toili''' =
  |align=left| a book
  |align=right| '''toili nandau''' =
  |align=left| "a book of words"
  |align=center|=>
  |align=right| '''nandɘli''' =
  |align=left| a dictionary
  |-
  |align=right| '''limba''' =
  |align=left| a tongue or language
  |align=right| '''megau''' =
  |align=left| a body of knowledge,
  |align=right| '''megau limba''' =
  |align=left| "the study of language"
  |align=center|=>
  |align=right| '''limbəgau''' =
  |align=left|  linguistics
  |}


..
=== .... Nut ... -TU===
..
'''bautu''' = nut
..         
Ground nut = Monkey nut =
..
=== .... Tree ... -PO===
..
'''ʔupo''' = tree
..         
Apple trees = '''amapo'''
Mango trees = '''byopo'''
..


And below is a list of the most common words that are made this way. They are grouped according to their tail element.
=== .... Berry ... -TI===


..
..


=== Word or -DAU===
'''paiti''' = berry
 
..         
 
grape = '''mozeti''' (o) : (i) => '''mozetai'''
 
olive = oil.berry
 
strawberry = ? shadeberry ?
 
raspberry = thicket berry or clusterberry
 
blaclberry = thicket berry or clusterberry


A word = '''nandau'''
cranberry =


sky.sound = a vowel            sky.sound.za = a diphthong or a triphthong            sky.sound. nyo = a vowel OR a diphthong/triphthong
gooseberry = melon.berry
 
black currants = ?
 
currants = ?
 
bilberry =
 
grouseberry = N.A.berry ?
 
lingonberry = '''bluti''' (o) : (i) => '''blutai'''
 
blueberry = '''helati'''  (o) : (i) => '''helatai'''
 
 
lychee = longan = deer.eye : lychee = deer.eye sour : longan = deer.eye sweet ... these ones have no -'''ti''' affix.
 
..
 
=== .... Book .... -LI===
 
..
 
'''toili''' = book
 
..
 
A dictionary = '''nandauli'''


earth.sound = a consonant      earth.sound.za = a consonant cluster                    earth.sound.nyo = a consonant OR a consonant cluster
A text book = '''megauli'''


=== Fellow or -PEU===
A manual = An instruction manual = ??


'''ampeu''' = a comrade, a fellow, a peer, someone of the same social status as you and on friendly terms with you. Not exactly a friend but you rub along with this person for mutual advantage. Emotionally neutral ... between friend and enemy.
A cook book = '''ntuli'''


---------
A story book = A novel = ??


'''polji''' = womb ... '''poljəpeu''' = a twin
A factual book = ??


'''hodo''' = class (in a school) ... '''hodəpeu''' = a class mate
..


'''donəpeu''' = a companion
=== .... Fish ... -NYI===


year'''peu''' = somebody born in the same year as you
..


name'''peu''' = a namesake, somebody with the same name as you
'''sainyi''' = a fish


country'''peu''' = a compatriate
..


zz = aim, objective, a purpose, a cause ... zz'''peu''' = a comrade, a fellow traveller
cuttlefish = '''byonyi'''  
All these words are their own plural


=== Subject or -GAU===
cod


A field of study = '''megau'''
herring


'''peugəŋgau''' = the entirety of human knowledge
trout


'''laigau''' = calculus
mackerel


=== Book or -LI===
plaice


A book = '''toili'''
skate


=== Tool or -GU===
salmon = '''salinyi''' < '''salia''' "to jump"


A tool = '''tagu'''
pike


=== Machine or -NO===
..


'''swe''' = to speak
=== .... Shop .... -FU===


'''sweno''' = the telephone
..


=== Belief/theory or -GAI===
'''kanfu''' = shop/stall


=== Wagon or -WEU===
..


A vehicle = '''wèu'''
'''kanfu pabla''' = a stall .... "stall" usually simply designated as '''pabla''' "table"


=== Building or -DO===
'''gozəfu''' = a fruit shop, a fruit stall


'''bundo''' = building ... from the verb ... '''bunda''' = "to build"
..


=== Side or -ʔA===
=== .... Fruits ... -SO===


'''ʔà''' = side
..


'''aibaʔa''' = a triangle
'''gozo''' = fruit


'''ugaʔa''' = a square
..


'''idaʔa''' = a pentagon
orange = '''koizo''' < sun fruit


'''elaʔa''' = a hexagon
mango = '''byozo'''


--------------
pineapple =


'''ò atas nambo''' = he/she is above the house ... however if "house" is understood, and mention of it is dropped, we must add '''ʔa''' to '''atas''' ... for example ...
pear =  


'''ò atasʔa''' = he/she is above
peach =


---------------
banana =


'''dauniʔa''' = underneath
cherry =


'''liʒiʔa''' = on the left hand side
rambutan =


'''luguʔa''' = on the right hand side
durian =  


------------------
jackfruit =


noldo, suldo, westa, istu niaka, muaka faceside backside etc. etc.
..


=== Face (or 2D stretch but typically non-horizontal) or -ʔAU===
apple = '''halma'''


'''daʔau''' = face
------


'''ugaʔau''' = a tetrahedron
We do not want a "unit", "boat".


'''elaʔau''' = a cube
⁕⁕'''nandauli''' is a good example of '''béu''' word building. '''toili''' = book, '''nandau''' = word, '''toili nandaun''' = book of words. However if two words such as these
'''geudidau''' means extended word. It is also a good example of an extended word, in itself.


'''ezaʔau''' = an octahedron
'''geuda''' is a verb mean'''béu'''ing to extend in one direction (usually not up). '''geudo''' is an noun meaning an extension or appendix. '''geudi''' is an adjective meaning extended.


'''ajauʔau''' = a dodecahedron
'''nandau geudi''' = extended word ... now when a noun and a following adjective occur together a lot (and maybe take on a meaning slightly different) the concept they represent is normally upgraded to a word, by deleting all but the last CV (consonant vowel) in the first word, and sticking this CV on to the end of the second word.


'''ajauzaʔau''' = an icosahedron
Hence we get '''geudidau'''. In theory there is no limit to the combinations that can occur. However in practice (outside of technical language) there are slightly under a hundred different CV's, and the number of elements that every CV can combine with, varies from 3 or 4 up to about 40.


=== Volume/Room or -ʔAI===
In English we have a number of common endings, such as "-ism", "-ology", "ist", etc. etc. In '''béu''' the end-stuck CV's can be thought of as equivalent to these English endings : the main difference is that this word building process is much more prevalent in '''béu'''.


'''daʔai''' = volume, room


'''moʃiʔai''' = water room = bathrooom
The CV '''-dau''' (from '''nandau''') is found in combination with a number of other elements. For example ;-


= bedroom


= cookroom
Note that in the last example, the meaning of the extended word has shifted a bit with respect to the meaning of the original words.


= livingroom
It is possible to extend further an extended word. For example ;-


= store room
'''kaza''' is an adjective meaning compicated and also is a noun meaning "a complicated thing" or "a complex".


You can name the regular shapes in 4 dimensions.
'''kaza cwipadaun''' = a complex of a noun => '''cwipadauza''' = a noun phrase


'''idaʔai''' = a 5-cell
..


'''ezaʔai''' = an 8-cell
=== .... Leaf ..... -PAI===


'''ajaugaʔai''' = a 16-cell
..


'''uvauʔai''' = a 24-cell
'''lapai''' = a leaf


'''apauʔai''' = 120-cell
..         


'''agaivauʔai''' = 600-cell
Apple tree leaf = '''almapai'''


=== A station/base or -HEU ===
Mango tree leaf = '''byopai'''


The original meaning of '''hèu''' is "farm" .... i.e. a sort of spread out place where many activities take place. There are store houses and/or workshops related to these different activities plus a fair amount of open space.
etc. etc. etc.


From this original meaning, '''hèu''' has become an affix with the meaning "station". As in police station, army base, petrol station, townhall etc. etc.
..


'''tun''' = rule, power  '''tun  kas''' => '''tun.heu''' = the townhall
=== .... Tool ...... -?O===


'''pya.heu''' = an airport
..


=== Something complex or -KAS ===
'''gau?o''' = a tool


'''maŋga''' = infinitive verb
..


'''maŋkas''' = infinitive verb phrase
This is actually an infix. It signifies a tool that facilitates the action. For example ...


'''seŋko''' = object
'''kludau''' = to write : '''kluda?o''' = a pen


'''seŋkas''' = noun phrase
'''solbe''' = to drink : '''solbe?o''' = a straw


'''helgo''' = a finite verb
'''pluga''' = to plow, till : '''plu?o''' = a plow ... a contraction of '''pluga?o''' of course


'''helkas''' = a clause
'''cwá''' = to cross : '''cwa?o''' = a bridge


=== Professional or -TAI===
'''kwè''' = to turn : '''kwe?o''' = an axle


a professional (a person who's job requires book-learning) = '''notai'''
'''bái''' = to rise : '''bai?o''' = a ladder


'''molu''' = medicine
An interesting extention of the above is '''mabai?o''' meaning "index", "table of contents", "look up table" or "list"


'''moltai''' = a doctor
It means literally "a duo of ladders" ... the idea behind this word can be seen below ...


=== A container or -COI ===
[[Image:TW_923.png]]


A container = '''mencoi'''
In English "list" can be thought of as one dimensional ... in '''béu''' however, two dimentional ... either with a column numbering each item, or a column for ticking off after an item has been dealt with (bought).


=== Tradesman or -FAU===
Table or matrix are translated using the ...'''béu''' word for "net".


The suffix '''-fau''' indicates a person who has learnt skills through instruction and practice, practice, practice.
'''slòi''' = to flow : '''sloi?o''' = drains


a pair of hand = '''dufau'''
'''pila''' = to set/place/position/to put something in its proper position and orientation : '''pila?o''' = the 17 particles that show "case"


--------------
..


'''damaifau''' = metalworker
=== .. Place ...... -DA===


'''weufau''' = a truck driver
..


--------------
'''hada''' = place


"deckhand" would not be translated into '''béu''' using -'''fau''' because it would be classed as casual labour and not skilled labour.
..


=== Shop or -FU===
'''kludau''' = to write : '''kludada''' = a scriptorium


shop/stall = '''kanfu'''   '''kanfu pabla''' = a stall .... "stall" usually simply designated as '''pabla''' "table"
'''flò''' = to eat : '''floda''' = a restaurant


------
'''solbe''' = to drink : '''solbeda''' = a bar


'''gozəfu''' = a fruit shop, a fruit stall
'''dwè''' = to store : '''dweda''' = warehouse


===Shopkeeper or -FAI===
..


A Seller/Shopkeeper/Merchant = '''kanfai'''
=== .. Liquid ...... -SE===


'''gozəfai''' = a fruiterer
..


=== Stuff/powder ? or -YO===
'''moze''' = water


powder = '''ponyo'''
..


-----------------------
'''almaze''' = apple juice


'''bunduyo''' = cement
'''koize''' = orange juice


wheat'''yo''' = flour
'''habian''' = bee


maize'''yo''' = maize flour
'''bianze''' = honey ... (some erosion here)


'''ʔazwoyo''' = milk powder
'''fainze''' = sauce  : '''fáin''' = to enrich


=== Language or -BA ===
..


A tongue, a language = '''limba'''
=== .. Group .......  -DE===


=== Metal or -MOI===
..


metal = '''delmoi'''
'''mande''' = group


--------
Note ... the plural of '''boido''' "friend" is '''boide'''. As is the plural of '''keudo''' "enemy. So to say "a group of friends" = '''mande boide'''


copper = '''ʔolimoi'''
..


bronze = '''pwemoi'''
=== .. Master ...... -GU===


iron/steel = '''gumoi'''
..


tin = '''fujemoi'''
'''gù''' = master, lord


lead = '''wobumoi'''
..


aluminium = '''yekimoi'''
landlord


zinc <= needle ??
houselord


gold = '''koimoi''' ... '''kòi''' = sun, day (24  hours)
shiplord


silver = '''deumoi''' ... '''dèu''' = moon
Also some agjectives from this construction ...


=== Water or -SE===
'''taigu''' = free < self.master


water = '''moze'''
'''mpugu''' = democratic


--------------
..


'''moze amazon''' = water of Apple => Apple Juice = '''amaze'''
=== .. Air/gas ...... -LU===


'''ʔolaze''' = orange juice
..


'''habis''' = bee
'''kalu''' = Air/gas


'''habize''' = honey ... (some erosion here)
..


=== Air/gas or -LE===
hydrogen = first.lu


Air/gas = '''gale''' ... '''jamu''' = wind
helium = '''koilu'''


hydrogen = '''mozele'''
neon = unmixing'''lu''' second


helium = '''koile'''
argon = unmixing'''lu''' third


=== Disease or ʔI===
krupton = unmixing'''lu''' forth


'''lisʔi''' = disease
clean = '''cadai''' ....


=== Fish or -SAI===
chlorine = '''cadakuzlu''' < '''cadakuʒi-lu'''


a fish = '''fizai''' .....  note ... fish in general are '''fiʒi'''
bromine = '''cadakuze''' < '''cadakuʒi-ze'''


------
iodine =  '''cadakuʒi-''' ???


cuttlefish = '''byozai'''   ..... the plural is '''byozai.a''' .... they all take their plurals in the same way.
strontium = '''caimoi''' fairy metal


=== Trees or -PAI===
..


a tree = '''ʔupai'''         
=== .. Word ...... -DAU===


Note ... a forest is '''ʔupo'''
..


Apple tree = '''amapai'''
'''nandau''' = A word


Mango tree = '''byopai'''
..


=== Fruit/nuts or -SO ===
adjective = '''saidau'''


'''gozo''' = fruit
..


Apple = '''amazo'''
sky.sound = a vowel            sky.sound.za = a diphthong or a triphthong            sky.sound. nyo = a vowel OR a diphthong/triphthong


Mango = '''byozo'''
earth.sound = a consonant      earth.sound.za = a consonant cluster                    earth.sound.nyo = a consonant OR a consonant cluster


?? add wood & leaf to ... fruit & tree??
..


=== Group  -FLE ===
=== .. Metal ...... -MOI===


..
..


'''alha''' = flower
'''delmoi''' = metal


'''alhafle''' = a bunch of flowers
..


'''bode''' = bird (small bird)
copper = '''ʔolimoi'''


'''bodefle''' = a flock of birds
bronze = '''pwemoi'''


'''fiʒife''' = a school of fish
iron/steel = '''gumoi'''


'''pofle''' = forest
tin = '''fujemoi'''


'''peufle''' = a society, an association
lead = '''wobumoi'''


'''lentofle''' = a league
aluminium = '''yekimoi'''


'''kodaifle''' = cooperative
zinc <= needle ??


pull'''fle''' = a team, a club
cadmium = zinc.ita


treaty'''fle''' = alliance
gold = '''koimoi''' ... '''kòi''' = sun, day (24  hours)


'''doikafle''' = a gang, a band
silver = '''deumoi''' ... '''dèu''' = moon


..
..


=== Member  -PLO ===
---- A Walker Scott ----


..
..


'''beuplo''' = an active member of the '''béu''' community ... as opposed to a '''beubu''' who follows '''béu''' in a private manner.
Palladium is literally "wimp platinum".
 
pruvdrangphwéo ['pʰɹuv.dɹɐŋ.ɸwø] n. palladium ...... heavy silver


'''pulisplo''' = a policeman (or woman)
drrog-hlyś ['drɔɡ.ɬyɕ] n. thulium ... hlyś [ɬyɕ] n. wimp : drrog = metal
 
ñongbbuegh ['ɲɔŋ.bʱɯɣ] n. cadmium < zinc.shit : bbuegh ['bʱɯɣ] n. excrement


..
..


=== Shape/form or -PE ===
=== .. Fellow ..... -PEU===


'''mepe''' = shape, form
..


---------
'''ampeu''' = a comrade, a fellow, a peer, someone of the same social status as you and on friendly terms with you. Not exactly a friend but you rub along with this person for mutual advantage. Emotionally neutral ... between friend and enemy.


'''hiape''' = reddish .... from '''hìa''' = red
..


----------------
'''polji''' = womb ... '''polpeu''' = a twin, a triplet etc  ... '''polpau''' = (twins) (i.e. two of them)


We do not want a "unit", "boat".
'''hodo''' = class (in a school) ... '''hodəpeu''' = a class mate
 
'''donəpeu''' = a companion


⁕⁕'''nandauli''' is a good example of '''béu''' word building. '''toili''' = book, '''nandau''' = word, '''toili nandaun''' = book of words. However if two words such as these
year'''peu''' = somebody born in the same year as you
'''geudidau''' means extended word. It is also a good example of an extended word, in itself.


'''geuda''' is a verb mean'''béu'''ing to extend in one direction (usually not up). '''geudo''' is an noun meaning an extension or appendix. '''geudi''' is an adjective meaning extended.
name'''peu''' = a namesake, somebody with the same name as you


'''nandau geudi''' = extended word ... now when a noun and a following adjective occur together a lot (and maybe take on a meaning slightly different) the concept they represent is normally upgraded to a word, by deleting all but the last CV (consonant vowel) in the first word, and sticking this CV on to the end of the second word.
country'''peu''' = a compatriate


Hence we get '''geudidau'''. In theory there is no limit to the combinations that can occur. However in practice (outside of technical language) there are slightly under a hundred different CV's, and the number of elements that every CV can combine with, varies from 3 or 4 up to about 40.
'''gòs''' = aim, objective, purpose, goal ... '''gospeu''' = a comrade, a fellow traveller
All these words are their own plural


In English we have a number of common endings, such as "-ism", "-ology", "ist", etc. etc. In '''béu''' the end-stuck CV's can be thought of as equivalent to these English endings : the main difference is that this word building process is much more prevalent in '''béu'''.
..


=== .. Member .....  -CO===


The CV '''-dau''' (from '''nandau''') is found in combination with a number of other elements. For example ;-
..


This one deletes the last vowel of the root if attached to a diphthong ...... like -'''ko'''  or -'''da''' or -'''la'''.


Note that in the last example, the meaning of the extended word has shifted a bit with respect to the meaning of the original words.
'''kuda''' = a shop  .... '''kanfu''' ??


It is possible to extend further an extended word. For example ;-
'''kudaco''' = a shop assistant


'''kaza''' is an adjective meaning compicated and also is a noun meaning "a complicated thing" or "a complex".
'''beuco''' = an active member of the '''béu''' community ... as opposed to a '''beumai''' who follows '''béu''' in a private manner ???


'''kaza cwipadaun''' = a complex of a noun => '''cwipadauza''' = a noun phrase
..


==..... More word building==
=== .. Station ...... -HEU===


..
..


The above are examples of non-basic words originating from two nouns.
farm = '''anhèu'''  .... i.e. a sort of spread out place where many activities take place. There are store houses and/or workshops related to these different activities plus a fair amount of open space.
From this original meaning, '''hèu''' has become an affix with the meaning "station". As in police station, army base, petrol station, townhall etc. etc.


There is also another kind of non-basic word. This one originating from a noun and a particle.
..


The particle is not an independent word and usually only exists as a suffix ( -'''da''' is an exception to this, it can occur as a prefix as well)
'''ngeuheu''' = an airport


Note that in some occasions a bit of erosion has occurred. For example ...
'''gaugoheu''' = factory .... '''gaugo''' = workshop


"bee" = '''habis''' and not '''*alhabis'''
'''tunheu''' = a townhall .... '''tun''' = rule, power 


"society" = '''peugan''' and not '''*ampeugan'''
..


The reason for this ... well common words should not be to long. But why did I not just create a new short word for the concepts "bee" and "society". It was not that I am trying to construct a language family with a different set of phonological rules to derive each of the daughter languages from the Ur-language. The fact is that I expect people (on some level at last) to associate the first syllable in "bee" with the last syllable in "flower", first syllable in "society" with the last syllable in "associate". Also I expect people to associate the concept of "bee" to the concept of "flower", the concept of "society" to the concept of "society" (again probably at a subconscious level).
school is not '''hauheu''' rather it is '''banhai''' ... just one of these things


I feel that in doing things the above way makes '''béu''' more "poetic". Also that it holds the whole thing together.
=== .. Wagon ...... -WEU===


..
..


=== Nominalizer  -VAN===
'''wèu''' = A vehicle, a wagon


..
..


This suffix usually produces an uncountable tangible nouns ... well sort of tangible.
train = '''soweu'''
 
bus = '''liloweu''' => '''loweu'''


..
..


{| border=1
=== .. Building ....... -GO===
  |align=center| '''yái'''
  |align=center| to have
  |align=center| '''yaivan'''
  |align=center| gear, moveable property
  |-
  |align=center| '''wàu'''
  |align=center| to own
  |align=center| '''wauvan'''
  |align=center| possessions, property
  |-
  |align=center| '''flò'''
  |align=center| to eat
  |align=center| '''flovan'''
  |align=center| food
  |-
  |align=center| '''dó'''
  |align=center| to do, to make, to produce
  |align=center| '''dovan'''
  |align=center| products, produce (the noun)
  |-
  |align=center| '''náu'''
  |align=center| to give
  |align=center| '''nauvan'''
  |align=center| tribute, tax
  |-
  |align=center| '''glà'''
  |align=center| to store
  |align=center| '''glavan'''
  |align=center| reserves, stores
  |}


..
..


===  Nominalizer to make uncountable intangible nouns -GAN===
'''jengo''' = building ... from the verb ... '''jenga''' = "to build" < Swahili


..
..


This suffix is sometimes used to make a more complex concept from a simple concept. Of course there must be some relationship between the base concept and the derived concept, however tenuous.
'''gaugo''' = workshop


Also it is used in a few instances to give a sort of "collective" meaning. The items in the below table all have a "collective" derivation.
'''haugo''' = schoolhouse ... a very small village would have '''haugo''' ... maybe one room and one teacher : A city would have '''banhai'''


{| border=1
'''dwego''' = a godown, warehouse
  |align=center| '''hái'''  
  |align=center| high, tall
  |align=center| '''haigan'''
  |align=center| the first dimension
  |-
  |align=center| '''joga'''
  |align=center| broad
  |align=center| '''jogan'''
  |align=center| the second dimension
  |-
  |align=center| '''guboi'''
  |align=center| deep
  |align=center| '''gugan'''
  |align=center| the third dimension
  |-
  |align=center| '''xxx'''
  |align=center| position
  |align=center| '''xxgan'''
  |align=center| space
  |-
  |align=center| '''kyù'''
  |align=center| occasion (time)
  |align=center| '''kyugan'''
  |align=center| time (in the general sense)
  |}


And not forgetting '''dekogan''' meaning "spacetime".
whorehouse


Also (very important) ...
bath-house


'''béu''' = A culture, with the speaking, reading and writing the '''béu''' language having a significant roll.
..


'''beugan''' = The community of '''béu'''. That is the sum total of all people who follow '''béu''' together with all written texts, buildings and other artifacts to do with '''béu'''
=== .. Subject ....... -GAU===


Another important one ...
..


'''peugan''' = society at large, society in general, the entirety of humanity
A field of study, a subject = '''megau'''


..
..


===  Used to derive names of states or dynasties -TUN===
'''peugagau''' = the entirety of human knowledge
 
'''slaigau''' = calculus
 
'''noigau''' = arithmetic
 
'''limbagau''' = linguistics


..
..


No longer a word in its own right. It might originally have meant something like "power" or "rule". Now used purely as an affix. A number of countries that have a capital city a lot bigger that any urban center are named after their capital. For example ...
=== .. Language ....... -BA===
 
..


'''londontun''' = The United Kingdom
A tongue, a language = '''limba'''


'''palistun''' = France
..


'''baŋkotun''' = Thailand
'''englaba''' = English


Also used for naming dynasties. For example ...
'''flozeba''' = French


'''yuantun''' = The YUAN dynasty in China
'''doicaba''' = German


'''wilyamtun''' = The system of government in England after the Norman Conquest.
'''italyaba''' = Italian


..
..


=== Adjectivalizer to make adjectives with the meaning "attracted to"  -BIS===
=== .. Mistress ....... -GWI===


..
..


-'''bis''' is affixed to a few nouns and a few adjectives. Its has the sense of "liking", "tending towards", "accustomed to" or "addicted to".
Any compounds formed with '''-gu''' can also form with '''-gwi'''


{| border=1
..
  |align=center| '''ái'''
  |align=center| white
  |align=center| '''aibis'''
  |align=center| faded
  |-
  |align=center| '''lozo'''
  |align=center| grey
  |align=center| '''lozbis'''
  |align=center| grizzled
  |-
  |align=center| '''pà'''
  |align=center| I
  |align=center| '''pabis'''
  |align=center| selfish
  |-
  |align=center| '''mama'''
  |align=center| mother
  |align=center| '''mambis'''
  |align=center| motherbound
  |-
  |align=center| '''nambo'''
  |align=center| house
  |align=center| '''nambis'''
  |align=center| domesticated
  |-
  |align=center| '''toili'''
  |align=center| book
  |align=center| '''tolbis'''
  |align=center| bookish
  |-
  |align=center| '''alka'''
  |align=center| alcohol
  |align=center| '''alkabis'''
  |align=center| (an) alcoholic
  |-
  |align=center| '''alha'''
  |align=center| flower
  |align=center| '''habis'''
  |align=center| a bee
  |-
  |align=center| '''ʔinte'''
  |align=center| ant
  |align=center| '''ʔintebis'''
  |align=center| an anteater, pangolin or aardvark
  |}


As you can see, the derived word can have some erosion.
=== .. Machine ...... -NYO===


This one is interesting '''ʔargobis''' = demanding (adjective) <= '''ʔár gò''' +  -'''bis'''
..
 
'''ploinyo''' = a machine


..
..


=== Adjectivalizer to make adjectives with the meaning "repelled by"  -DUS===
'''gàu''' = to do : '''gaunyo''' = a robot
 
'''blá''' = to speak : '''blanyo''' = the telephone
 
'''wè''' = to think : '''wenyo''' = a computer
 
'''ngeu''' = to fly : '''ngeunyo''' = an aeroplane
 
'''bái''' = to rise : '''bainyo''' = an elevator
 
'''kwè''' = to turn : '''kwenyo''' = lathe
 
'''heca''' = to see : '''henyo''' = TV <= '''hecanyo'''


..
..


'''dus''' is affixed to a few nouns and a few adjectives. Its has the sense of "disliking", "scared of", "avoiding" or "hating".
'''wèu''' = a vehicle : '''weunyo''' = a motor, an engine


{| border=1
..
  |align=center| '''ʔazwo'''
  |align=center| milk
  |align=center| '''ʔazwodus'''
  |align=center| lactose intolerant
  |-
  |align=center| '''glabu'''
  |align=center| person
  |align=center| '''glabudus'''
  |align=center| timid, shy (of an animal)
  |-
  |align=center| '''moze'''
  |align=center| water
  |align=center| '''mozdusʔi'''
  |align=center| rabies
  |-
  |align=center| '''peugan'''
  |align=center| society
  |align=center| '''peugandus'''
  |align=center| antisocial, an antisocial person
  |align=center| '''peugandusmai'''
  |align=center| antisocial behaviour
  |-
  |align=center| '''---'''
  |align=center| an electron
  |align=center| '''---bis'''
  |align=center| positively charged
  |align=center| '''---dus'''
  |align=center| negatively charged
  |align=center| '''---gan'''
  |align=center| charge (electrical)
  |-
  |align=center| '''kòi'''
  |align=center| sun
  |align=center| '''koidus'''
  |align=center| nocturnal
  |}


And mirroring '''ʔargobis''' above we have '''ʔargodus''' = afraid of commitments (adjective) <= '''ʔár gò''' +  -'''dus'''
-NYO together with the -YO (powder < '''ponyo''') tell us something interesting about '''béu''' syllable boundaries. In Ch 1, in the section "Word Medial" we can see that 35 consonant clusters can occur word medially. Normally these clusters are split between the syllables. For example '''pon'''-'''yo'''. However if the first syllable has a diphthong AND the consonant cluster is identical to one of the clusters allowed word initially, then the entire consonant cluster is in the second syllable. Hence '''ploinyo''' (which is a basic word and in no way derived) would be '''ploi'''-'''nyo'''.
 
Look back at ... Ch 5, "Assembling words".


..
..


=== A place/shop or -DA ===
=== .. Small birds ...... -DI===
 
..
 
'''bodi''' = a small bird
 
..
 
robin = '''halondi''' < '''halon''' = red hot coal lump
 
swift = '''sacodi''' < Swifts are the fastest of birds. Larger species are amongst the fastest fliers in the animal kingdom, with the white-throated needletail having been reported flying at up to 169 km/h (105 mph). Even the common swift can cruise at a maximum speed of 31 m/s or 112 km/h (70 mph).
 
swallow = '''taigudi''' < The swallow is called the "bird of freedom" because it cannot endure captivity and will only mate in the wild
 
tit = "chattering"
 
starling = "echo" < Starlings have diverse and complex vocalizations and have been known to embed sounds from their surroundings into their own calls, including car alarms and human speech patterns.
 
thrush/blackbird = '''autedi''' "blackishbird"


..
..


Not part of any independent word.
=== .. Container ....... -COI===


'''floda''' = a restaurant
..
 
A container = '''mencoi'''


'''solbeda''' = a bar
..


(Yes it means about the same as '''bwò''' ???)
=== .. Stuff/powder ..... -YO===


..
..


=== Person or -BU===
powder = '''ponyo'''


..
..


This affix is used with the t correlatives '''ubu jubu ibu ebu''' and '''embu'''
'''bunduyo''' = cement


Also it is used for paid professionals. For example ....
wheat'''yo''' = flour


'''ʔazwo''' = milk => '''ʔazwobu''' = milkman
maize'''yo''' = maize flour


'''pulis''' = the police => '''pulizbu''' = a policeman ....  '''pulizbu galai''' = a police woman
'''ʔazwoyo''' = milk powder
 
'''fainyo''' = condiment : '''fáin''' = to enrich


..
..


=== Person or -ME===
=== .. Volume/room ... -ʔAU===


..
..


'''beume''' = a follower of '''béu'''
'''foʔau''' = volume, room


to compete, to struggle'''me''' = a capitalist
..
 
'''mozeʔau''' = bathrooom < '''fo?au moze'''
 
'''mauma?au''' = bedroom


to share'''me''' = a socialist
'''nje?au''' = livingroom


'''ʔài''' = same => '''ʔaimai''' = equality =>  '''ʔaimaime''' = a communist
'''dwe?au''' = store room
 
'''kyo?au''' = waiting room
 
'''ntu?au''' = kitchen


..
..


=== Something more complex -SA ===
The 6 regular shapes in 4 dimensions ...
 
'''foʔadan''' = a 5-cell < '''odan fo?au'''
 
'''foʔazan''' = an 8-cell
 
'''foʔajaigan''' = a 16-cell < '''ajaigan fo?au'''
 
'''foʔafain ''' = a 24-cell < '''ifain fo?au'''
 
'''foʔapain''' = 120-cell < '''yapain fo?au'''
 
'''foʔagaufain''' = 600-cell  < 420<sub>12</sub> < '''egaufain fo?au'''
 
THE NUMBERS ABOVE NEED UPDATING


..
..


Surely this is done by KAS now.
=== .. Belief/theory ... - GAI===


=== Something more complex OR the original thing -NYO ===
..


==Index==
==Index==


{{Béu Index}}
{{Béu Index}}

Latest revision as of 03:36, 29 October 2021

TW 415.png Welcome to béu

..... Assembling word

..

Many béu words can be analysed as being constructed from more basic elements.

In chapter 5 we showed how a noun could be made out of two basic nouns.

This chapter is all about these non-basic words.

Divided into 32 sections.

..

.... Nut ... -TU

..

bautu = nut

..

Ground nut = Monkey nut =

..

.... Tree ... -PO

..

ʔupo = tree

..

Apple trees = amapo

Mango trees = byopo

..

.... Berry ... -TI

..

paiti = berry

..

grape = mozeti (o) : (i) => mozetai

olive = oil.berry

strawberry = ? shadeberry ?

raspberry = thicket berry or clusterberry

blaclberry = thicket berry or clusterberry

cranberry =

gooseberry = melon.berry

black currants = ?

currants = ?

bilberry =

grouseberry = N.A.berry ?

lingonberry = bluti (o) : (i) => blutai

blueberry = helati (o) : (i) => helatai


lychee = longan = deer.eye : lychee = deer.eye sour : longan = deer.eye sweet ... these ones have no -ti affix.

..

.... Book .... -LI

..

toili = book

..

A dictionary = nandauli

A text book = megauli

A manual = An instruction manual = ??

A cook book = ntuli

A story book = A novel = ??

A factual book = ??

..

.... Fish ... -NYI

..

sainyi = a fish

..

cuttlefish = byonyi

cod

herring

trout

mackerel

plaice

skate

salmon = salinyi < salia "to jump"

pike

..

.... Shop .... -FU

..

kanfu = shop/stall

..

kanfu pabla = a stall .... "stall" usually simply designated as pabla "table"

gozəfu = a fruit shop, a fruit stall

..

.... Fruits ... -SO

..

gozo = fruit

..

orange = koizo < sun fruit

mango = byozo

pineapple =

pear =

peach =

banana =

cherry =

rambutan =

durian =

jackfruit =

..

apple = halma

We do not want a "unit", "boat".

⁕⁕nandauli is a good example of béu word building. toili = book, nandau = word, toili nandaun = book of words. However if two words such as these geudidau means extended word. It is also a good example of an extended word, in itself.

geuda is a verb meanbéuing to extend in one direction (usually not up). geudo is an noun meaning an extension or appendix. geudi is an adjective meaning extended.

nandau geudi = extended word ... now when a noun and a following adjective occur together a lot (and maybe take on a meaning slightly different) the concept they represent is normally upgraded to a word, by deleting all but the last CV (consonant vowel) in the first word, and sticking this CV on to the end of the second word.

Hence we get geudidau. In theory there is no limit to the combinations that can occur. However in practice (outside of technical language) there are slightly under a hundred different CV's, and the number of elements that every CV can combine with, varies from 3 or 4 up to about 40.

In English we have a number of common endings, such as "-ism", "-ology", "ist", etc. etc. In béu the end-stuck CV's can be thought of as equivalent to these English endings : the main difference is that this word building process is much more prevalent in béu.


The CV -dau (from nandau) is found in combination with a number of other elements. For example ;-


Note that in the last example, the meaning of the extended word has shifted a bit with respect to the meaning of the original words.

It is possible to extend further an extended word. For example ;-

kaza is an adjective meaning compicated and also is a noun meaning "a complicated thing" or "a complex".

kaza cwipadaun = a complex of a noun => cwipadauza = a noun phrase

..

.... Leaf ..... -PAI

..

lapai = a leaf

..

Apple tree leaf = almapai

Mango tree leaf = byopai

etc. etc. etc.

..

.... Tool ...... -?O

..

gau?o = a tool

..

This is actually an infix. It signifies a tool that facilitates the action. For example ...

kludau = to write : kluda?o = a pen

solbe = to drink : solbe?o = a straw

pluga = to plow, till : plu?o = a plow ... a contraction of pluga?o of course

cwá = to cross : cwa?o = a bridge

kwè = to turn : kwe?o = an axle

bái = to rise : bai?o = a ladder

An interesting extention of the above is mabai?o meaning "index", "table of contents", "look up table" or "list"

It means literally "a duo of ladders" ... the idea behind this word can be seen below ...

TW 923.png

In English "list" can be thought of as one dimensional ... in béu however, two dimentional ... either with a column numbering each item, or a column for ticking off after an item has been dealt with (bought).

Table or matrix are translated using the ...béu word for "net".

slòi = to flow : sloi?o = drains

pila = to set/place/position/to put something in its proper position and orientation : pila?o = the 17 particles that show "case"

..

.. Place ...... -DA

..

hada = place

..

kludau = to write : kludada = a scriptorium

flò = to eat : floda = a restaurant

solbe = to drink : solbeda = a bar

dwè = to store : dweda = warehouse

..

.. Liquid ...... -SE

..

moze = water

..

almaze = apple juice

koize = orange juice

habian = bee

bianze = honey ... (some erosion here)

fainze = sauce  : fáin = to enrich

..

.. Group ....... -DE

..

mande = group

Note ... the plural of boido "friend" is boide. As is the plural of keudo "enemy. So to say "a group of friends" = mande boide

..

.. Master ...... -GU

..

gù = master, lord

..

landlord

houselord

shiplord

Also some agjectives from this construction ...

taigu = free < self.master

mpugu = democratic

..

.. Air/gas ...... -LU

..

kalu = Air/gas

..

hydrogen = first.lu

helium = koilu

neon = unmixinglu second

argon = unmixinglu third

krupton = unmixinglu forth

clean = cadai ....

chlorine = cadakuzlu < cadakuʒi-lu

bromine = cadakuze < cadakuʒi-ze

iodine = cadakuʒi- ???

strontium = caimoi fairy metal

..

.. Word ...... -DAU

..

nandau = A word

..

adjective = saidau

..

sky.sound = a vowel sky.sound.za = a diphthong or a triphthong sky.sound. nyo = a vowel OR a diphthong/triphthong

earth.sound = a consonant earth.sound.za = a consonant cluster earth.sound.nyo = a consonant OR a consonant cluster

..

.. Metal ...... -MOI

..

delmoi = metal

..

copper = ʔolimoi

bronze = pwemoi

iron/steel = gumoi

tin = fujemoi

lead = wobumoi

aluminium = yekimoi

zinc <= needle ??

cadmium = zinc.ita

gold = koimoi ... kòi = sun, day (24 hours)

silver = deumoi ... dèu = moon

..

A Walker Scott ----

..

Palladium is literally "wimp platinum".

pruvdrangphwéo ['pʰɹuv.dɹɐŋ.ɸwø] n. palladium ...... heavy silver

drrog-hlyś ['drɔɡ.ɬyɕ] n. thulium ... hlyś [ɬyɕ] n. wimp : drrog = metal

ñongbbuegh ['ɲɔŋ.bʱɯɣ] n. cadmium < zinc.shit : bbuegh ['bʱɯɣ] n. excrement

..

.. Fellow ..... -PEU

..

ampeu = a comrade, a fellow, a peer, someone of the same social status as you and on friendly terms with you. Not exactly a friend but you rub along with this person for mutual advantage. Emotionally neutral ... between friend and enemy.

..

polji = womb ... polpeu = a twin, a triplet etc ... polpau = (twins) (i.e. two of them)

hodo = class (in a school) ... hodəpeu = a class mate

donəpeu = a companion

yearpeu = somebody born in the same year as you

namepeu = a namesake, somebody with the same name as you

countrypeu = a compatriate

gòs = aim, objective, purpose, goal ... gospeu = a comrade, a fellow traveller

All these words are their own plural

..

.. Member ..... -CO

..

This one deletes the last vowel of the root if attached to a diphthong ...... like -ko or -da or -la.

kuda = a shop .... kanfu ??

kudaco = a shop assistant

beuco = an active member of the béu community ... as opposed to a beumai who follows béu in a private manner ???

..

.. Station ...... -HEU

..

farm = anhèu .... i.e. a sort of spread out place where many activities take place. There are store houses and/or workshops related to these different activities plus a fair amount of open space. From this original meaning, hèu has become an affix with the meaning "station". As in police station, army base, petrol station, townhall etc. etc.

..

ngeuheu = an airport

gaugoheu = factory .... gaugo = workshop

tunheu = a townhall .... tun = rule, power

..

school is not hauheu rather it is banhai ... just one of these things

.. Wagon ...... -WEU

..

wèu = A vehicle, a wagon

..

train = soweu

bus = liloweu => loweu

..

.. Building ....... -GO

..

jengo = building ... from the verb ... jenga = "to build" < Swahili

..

gaugo = workshop

haugo = schoolhouse ... a very small village would have haugo ... maybe one room and one teacher : A city would have banhai

dwego = a godown, warehouse

whorehouse

bath-house

..

.. Subject ....... -GAU

..

A field of study, a subject = megau

..

peugagau = the entirety of human knowledge

slaigau = calculus

noigau = arithmetic

limbagau = linguistics

..

.. Language ....... -BA

..

A tongue, a language = limba

..

englaba = English

flozeba = French

doicaba = German

italyaba = Italian

..

.. Mistress ....... -GWI

..

Any compounds formed with -gu can also form with -gwi

..

.. Machine ...... -NYO

..

ploinyo = a machine

..

gàu = to do : gaunyo = a robot

blá = to speak : blanyo = the telephone

wè = to think : wenyo = a computer

ngeu = to fly : ngeunyo = an aeroplane

bái = to rise : bainyo = an elevator

kwè = to turn : kwenyo = lathe

heca = to see : henyo = TV <= hecanyo

..

wèu = a vehicle : weunyo = a motor, an engine

..

-NYO together with the -YO (powder < ponyo) tell us something interesting about béu syllable boundaries. In Ch 1, in the section "Word Medial" we can see that 35 consonant clusters can occur word medially. Normally these clusters are split between the syllables. For example pon-yo. However if the first syllable has a diphthong AND the consonant cluster is identical to one of the clusters allowed word initially, then the entire consonant cluster is in the second syllable. Hence ploinyo (which is a basic word and in no way derived) would be ploi-nyo.

Look back at ... Ch 5, "Assembling words".

..

.. Small birds ...... -DI

..

bodi = a small bird

..

robin = halondi < halon = red hot coal lump

swift = sacodi < Swifts are the fastest of birds. Larger species are amongst the fastest fliers in the animal kingdom, with the white-throated needletail having been reported flying at up to 169 km/h (105 mph). Even the common swift can cruise at a maximum speed of 31 m/s or 112 km/h (70 mph).

swallow = taigudi < The swallow is called the "bird of freedom" because it cannot endure captivity and will only mate in the wild

tit = "chattering"

starling = "echo" < Starlings have diverse and complex vocalizations and have been known to embed sounds from their surroundings into their own calls, including car alarms and human speech patterns.

thrush/blackbird = autedi "blackishbird"

..

.. Container ....... -COI

..

A container = mencoi

..

.. Stuff/powder ..... -YO

..

powder = ponyo

..

bunduyo = cement

wheatyo = flour

maizeyo = maize flour

ʔazwoyo = milk powder

fainyo = condiment : fáin = to enrich

..

.. Volume/room ... -ʔAU

..

foʔau = volume, room

..

mozeʔau = bathrooom < fo?au moze

mauma?au = bedroom

nje?au = livingroom

dwe?au = store room

kyo?au = waiting room

ntu?au = kitchen

..

The 6 regular shapes in 4 dimensions ...

foʔadan = a 5-cell < odan fo?au

foʔazan = an 8-cell

foʔajaigan = a 16-cell < ajaigan fo?au

foʔafain = a 24-cell < ifain fo?au

foʔapain = 120-cell < yapain fo?au

foʔagaufain = 600-cell < 42012 < egaufain fo?au

THE NUMBERS ABOVE NEED UPDATING

..

.. Belief/theory ... - GAI

..

Index

  1. Introduction to Béu
  2. Béu : Chapter 1 : The Sounds
  3. Béu : Chapter 2 : The Noun
  4. Béu : Chapter 3 : The Verb
  5. Béu : Chapter 4 : Adjective
  6. Béu : Chapter 5 : Questions
  7. Béu : Chapter 6 : Derivations
  8. Béu : Chapter 7 : Way of Life 1
  9. Béu : Chapter 8 : Way of life 2
  10. Béu : Chapter 9 : Word Building
  11. Béu : Chapter 10 : Gerund Phrase
  12. Béu : Discarded Stuff
  13. A statistical explanation for the counter-factual/past-tense conflation in conditional sentences
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