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The '''International Phonetic Alphabet''' is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages. See [[Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet]]. | The '''International Phonetic Alphabet''' is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages. See [[Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet]]. | ||
==Consonants== | |||
===Pulmonic Consonants=== | |||
{| | |||
! !! colspan="2"| [[Labial consonant|Labial]] !! colspan="4"| [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]] !! colspan="3"| [[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]] !! colspan="2"| [[Radical consonant|Radical]] !! | |||
|- | |||
| || [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] || [[Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]] || [[Dental consonant|Dental]] || [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] || [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]] || [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] || [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] || [[Velar consonant|Velar]] || [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] || [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]] || [[Epiglottal consonant|Epiglottal]] || [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] | |||
|- | |||
! align="left"| Nasal | |||
| [[Bilabial nasal|m]] || [[Labiodental nasal|ɱ]] || [[Dental nasal|n̪]] || [[Alveolar nasal|n]] || [[Postalveolar nasal|n̠]] || [[Retroflex nasal|ɳ]] || [[Palatal nasal|ɲ]] || [[Velar nasal|ŋ]] || [[Uvular nasal|ɴ]] | |||
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="3" align="center"| N/A | |||
|- | |||
! align="left"| Plosive | |||
| [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] [[Voiced bilabial stop|b]] || [[Voiceless labiodental stop|p̪]] [[Voiced labiodental stop|b̪]] || [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|d]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar stop|t̠]] [[Voiced postalveolar stop|d̠]] || [[Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]] [[Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]] || [[Voiceless palatal stop|c]] [[Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]] || [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] [[Voiced velar stop|ɡ]] || [[Voiceless uvular stop|q]] [[Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]] || style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8"| N/A || [[Epiglottal stop|ʡ]] || [[Glottal stop|ʔ]] | |||
|- | |||
! align="left"| Affricate | |||
| [[Voiceless bilabial affricate|pɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial affricate|bβ]] || [[Voiceless labiodental affricate|pf]] [[Voiced labiodental affricate|bv]] || [[Voiceless interdental affricate|tθ]] [[Voiced interdental affricate|dð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]] [[ Voiced alveolar affricate|dz]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar affricate|ʧ]] [[Voiced postalveolar affricate|ʤ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈʂ]] [[Voiced retroflex affricate|ɖʐ]] || [[Voiceless palatal affricate|cç]] [[Voiced palatal affricate|ɟʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar affricate|kx]] || [[Voiceless uvular affricate|qχ]] | |||
|- | |||
! align="left"| Fricative | |||
| [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] [[Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]] || [[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] [[Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]] [[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] || [[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] [[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] || [[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]] [[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]] || [[Voiceless epiglottal fricative|ʜ]] [[Voiced epiglottal fricative|ʢ]] || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]] | |||
|- | |||
! align="left"| Approximant | |||
| [[Bilabial approximant|β̞]] || [[Labiodental approximant|ʋ]] || [[Dental approximant|ɹ̪]] || [[Alveolar approximant|ɹ]] || [[Postalveolar approximant|ɹ̠]] || [[Retroflex approximant|ɻ]] || [[Palatal approximant|j]] || [[Velar approximant|ɰ]] || [[Uvular approximant|ʁ̞]] || [[Pharyngeal approximant|ʕ̞]] | |||
|- | |||
! align="left"| Trill | |||
| [[Bilabial trill|ʙ]] || || [[Dental trill|r̪]] || [[Alveolar trill|r]] || [[Postalveolar trill|r̠]] || | |||
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="center"| N/A | |||
| [[Uvular trill|ʀ]] | |||
|- | |||
! align="left"| Tap or Flap | |||
| || <!--[[Labiodental flap|{{b\}}]]--> || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]] | |||
|- | |||
! align="left"| Lateral affricate | |||
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="2" rowspan="3" align="center" valign="center"| N/A | |||
| || [[Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate|tɬ]] [[Voiced alveolar lateral affricate|dɮ]] || || || || || | |||
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="3" rowspan="3" align="center" valign="center"| N/A | |||
|- | |||
! align="left"| Lateral fricative | |||
| [[Voiceless dental lateral fricative|ɬ̪]] [[Voiced dental lateral fricative|ɮ̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]] [[Voiced alveolar lateral fricative|ɮ]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar lateral fricative|ɬ̠]] [[Voiced postalveolar lateral fricative|ɮ̠]] || [[Voiced retroflex lateral fricative|ɭ̝]] || [[Voiced palatal lateral fricative|ʎ̝]] || [[Voiced velar lateral fricative|ʟ̝]] || | |||
|- | |||
! align="left"| Lateral approximant | |||
| [[Dental lateral approximant|l̪]] || [[Alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || [[Postalveolar lateral approximant|l̠]] || [[Retroflex lateral approximant|ɭ]] || [[Palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]] || [[Velar lateral approximant|ʟ]] || | |||
|} | |||
---- | '''Coarticulated pulmonic consonants''' | ||
{| | |||
| [[Voiceless labial-velar approximant|ʍ]] || Voiceless labial-velar fricative (approximant) | |||
|- | |||
| w || [[Labial-velar approximant]] (semivowel) | |||
|- | |||
| ɥ || [[Labial-palatal approximant]] (semivowel) | |||
|- | |||
| [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] [[Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]] || Alveolo-palatal fricatives | |||
|- | |||
| ɺ || [[Alveolar lateral flap]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[Voiceless postalveolar-velar fricative|ɧ]] || Supposedly, simultaneous [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] and [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]. In practice, mostly used for a [[macrophoneme]] of [[Swedish]] varying from [fʷ] to [ʂ] to [χ]. | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="2"| Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. | |||
{{ | [[Voiceless labial-velar stop|k͡p]] [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] | ||
|} | |||
===Non-pulmonic Consonants=== | |||
{| | |||
! Clicks !! Voiced Implosives !! Ejectives | |||
|- | |||
| [[Bilabial click|ʘ]] Bilabial || [[Bilabial implosive|ɓ]] Bilabial || ʼ as in: | |||
|- | |||
| [[Dental click|ǀ]] Dental || [[Alveolar implosive|ɗ]] Dental/alveolar || [[Bilabial ejective|pʼ]] Bilabial | |||
|- | |||
| [[Alveolar click|ǃ]] (Post)alveolar || [[Palatal implosive|ʄ]] Palatal || [[Alveolar ejective|tʼ]] Dental/alveolar | |||
|- | |||
| ǂ Palatoalveolar <!-- palatoalveolar=alveolo-palatal? --> || [[Velar implosive|ɠ]] Velar || [[Velar ejective|kʼ]] Velar | |||
|- | |||
| [[Lateral alveolar click|ǁ]] Lateral alveolar || [[Uvular implosive|ʛ]] Uvular || [[Alveolar ejective fricative|sʼ]] Alveolar fricative | |||
|} | |||
[[Unicode]] symbols for voiceless implosives exist (ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ) but these are considered depreciated. | |||
==Vowels== | |||
{| | |||
| || Front || || Central || || Back | |||
|- | |||
| Close || i · y || || ɨ · ʉ || || ɯ · u | |||
|- | |||
| || || ɪ · ʏ || || ʊ | |||
|- | |||
| Close-mid || e · ø || || ɘ · ɵ || || ɤ · o | |||
|- | |||
| || || || ə | |||
|- | |||
| Open-mid || ɛ · œ || || ɜ · ɞ || || ʌ · ɔ | |||
|- | |||
| || æ || || ɐ | |||
|- | |||
| Open || a · ɶ || || || || ɑ · ɒ | |||
|} | |||
==Suprasegmentals== | |||
{| | |||
| ˈ || Primary stress || ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən | |||
|- | |||
| ˌ || Secondary stress | |||
|- | |||
| ː || Long || eː | |||
|- | |||
| ˑ || Half-long || eˑ | |||
|- | |||
| ˘ || Extra short || ĕ | |||
|- | |||
| . || Syllable break || ɹi.ækt | |||
|- | |||
| || Minor (foot) group | |||
|- | |||
| || Major (intonation) group | |||
|- | |||
| ‿ || Linking (absence of a break) | |||
|} | |||
'''Tones & Word Accents''' | |||
{| | |||
! Level !! Contour | |||
|- | |||
| e̋ or ˥ | |||
|- | |||
| é ˦ | |||
|- | |||
| ē ˧ | |||
|- | |||
| è ˨ | |||
|- | |||
| ȅ ˩ | |||
|} | |||
==Diacritics== | |||
{| | |||
| ◌̥ || Voiceless n̥ [[Voiceless alveolar stop|d̥]] || ◌̤ || Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ || ◌̪ || Dental [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]] | |||
|- | |||
| ̬ || Voiced [[Voiced alveolar fricative|s̬]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|t̬]] || ̰ || Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ || ̺ || Apical t̺ d̺ | |||
|- | |||
| ʰ || Aspirated tʰ dʰ || ̼ || Linguolabial [[Voiceless linguolabial stop|t̼]] [[Voiced linguolabial stop|d̼]] || ̻ || Laminal t̻ d̻ | |||
|- | |||
| ˒ || More rounded ɔ̜ || ʷ || Labialized tʷ dʷ || ~ || Nasalized ẽ | |||
|- | |||
| ˓ || Less rounded ɔ̹ || ʲ || Palatalized tʲ dʲ | |||
|- | |||
| ˖ || Advanced [[Close back-central rounded vowel|u̟]] || ˠ || Velarized tˠ dˠ || ˡ || [[Lateral release]] dˡ | |||
|- | |||
| ˗ || Retracted [[Close front-central vowel|i̠]] || ˤ || Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ || ̚ || No audible release d̚ | |||
|- | |||
| ¨ || Centralized ë || ̴ || Velarized or pharyngealized [[ɫ]] | |||
|- | |||
| ̽ || Mid-centralized e̽ || ˔ || Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = [[Voiced alveolar fricative]]) | |||
|} | |||
[[Category:Phonetic alphabets]] | |||
[[Category:Linguistics]] |
Latest revision as of 07:29, 26 January 2011
The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages. See Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet.
Consonants
Pulmonic Consonants
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Radical | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | |
Nasal | m | ɱ | n̪ | n | n̠ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | N/A | ||
Plosive | p b | p̪ b̪ | t̪ d̪ | t d | t̠ d̠ | ʈ ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q ɢ | N/A | ʡ | ʔ |
Affricate | pɸ bβ | pf bv | tθ dð | ts dz | ʧ ʤ | ʈʂ ɖʐ | cç ɟʝ | kx | qχ | |||
Fricative | ɸ β | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʂ ʐ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | χ ʁ | ħ ʕ | ʜ ʢ | h ɦ |
Approximant | β̞ | ʋ | ɹ̪ | ɹ | ɹ̠ | ɻ | j | ɰ | ʁ̞ | ʕ̞ | ||
Trill | ʙ | r̪ | r | r̠ | N/A | ʀ | ||||||
Tap or Flap | ɾ̪ | ɾ | ɾ̠ | ɽ | ||||||||
Lateral affricate | N/A | tɬ dɮ | N/A | |||||||||
Lateral fricative | ɬ̪ ɮ̪ | ɬ ɮ | ɬ̠ ɮ̠ | ɭ̝ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝ | ||||||
Lateral approximant | l̪ | l | l̠ | ɭ | ʎ | ʟ |
Coarticulated pulmonic consonants
ʍ | Voiceless labial-velar fricative (approximant) |
w | Labial-velar approximant (semivowel) |
ɥ | Labial-palatal approximant (semivowel) |
ɕ ʑ | Alveolo-palatal fricatives |
ɺ | Alveolar lateral flap |
ɧ | Supposedly, simultaneous ʃ and x. In practice, mostly used for a macrophoneme of Swedish varying from [fʷ] to [ʂ] to [χ]. |
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. |
Non-pulmonic Consonants
Clicks | Voiced Implosives | Ejectives |
---|---|---|
ʘ Bilabial | ɓ Bilabial | ʼ as in: |
ǀ Dental | ɗ Dental/alveolar | pʼ Bilabial |
ǃ (Post)alveolar | ʄ Palatal | tʼ Dental/alveolar |
ǂ Palatoalveolar | ɠ Velar | kʼ Velar |
ǁ Lateral alveolar | ʛ Uvular | sʼ Alveolar fricative |
Unicode symbols for voiceless implosives exist (ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ) but these are considered depreciated.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |||
Close | i · y | ɨ · ʉ | ɯ · u | ||
ɪ · ʏ | ʊ | ||||
Close-mid | e · ø | ɘ · ɵ | ɤ · o | ||
ə | |||||
Open-mid | ɛ · œ | ɜ · ɞ | ʌ · ɔ | ||
æ | ɐ | ||||
Open | a · ɶ | ɑ · ɒ |
Suprasegmentals
ˈ | Primary stress | ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən |
ˌ | Secondary stress | |
ː | Long | eː |
ˑ | Half-long | eˑ |
˘ | Extra short | ĕ |
. | Syllable break | ɹi.ækt |
Minor (foot) group | ||
Major (intonation) group | ||
‿ | Linking (absence of a break) |
Tones & Word Accents
Level | Contour |
---|---|
e̋ or ˥ | |
é ˦ | |
ē ˧ | |
è ˨ | |
ȅ ˩ |
Diacritics
◌̥ | Voiceless n̥ d̥ | ◌̤ | Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ | ◌̪ | Dental t̪ d̪ |
̬ | Voiced s̬ t̬ | ̰ | Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ | ̺ | Apical t̺ d̺ |
ʰ | Aspirated tʰ dʰ | ̼ | Linguolabial t̼ d̼ | ̻ | Laminal t̻ d̻ |
˒ | More rounded ɔ̜ | ʷ | Labialized tʷ dʷ | ~ | Nasalized ẽ |
˓ | Less rounded ɔ̹ | ʲ | Palatalized tʲ dʲ | ||
˖ | Advanced u̟ | ˠ | Velarized tˠ dˠ | ˡ | Lateral release dˡ |
˗ | Retracted i̠ | ˤ | Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ | ̚ | No audible release d̚ |
¨ | Centralized ë | ̴ | Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ | ||
̽ | Mid-centralized e̽ | ˔ | Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = Voiced alveolar fricative) |