Proto-Uralic/Ä: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
| "thigh"
| "thigh"
| *sääri || - || śäjäŕ || - || K. ćɤr || - || - || - || -
| *sääri || - || *śäj'''ä'''ŕ || - || K. ćɤr || - || - || - || -
| *śäxərə better than *śäjərə
| *śäxərə better than *śäjərə; or *śäxärə??
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *i (with a lost medial?)
! colspan="10"| Permic *i (with a lost nonlabial medial?)
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
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|-
|-
| "hand"
| "hand"
| *käti || *kētɤ || käď || ''*kit'' || *ki || keez<br/>~ keze- || *käät || *kööt || -
| *käci || *kētɤ || käď || ''*kit'' || *ki || keez<br/>: keze- || *käätə || *kööt || -
|-
|-
| "power"
| "power"
| *väki || *vēkɤ || '''vij''' || *vi || *vi || vele- ? || *wääɣ || ''*wööɣ'' || -
| *väki || *vēkɤ || '''vij''' || *vi || *vi || vele- ? || *wääɣ || ''*wööɣ'' || -
| Ma. *e > *i _#
| Ma. *e > *i _#
|-
| "sap"
| - || - || - || - || *li || - || - || - || Kam. lêji
| *läŋə or *läjə; rather not *i.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *ɨ (_R), Finnic *ee (_Ri) ≈ older PU *äx_i
! colspan="10"| Permic *ɨ (_R), Finnic *ee (_Ri) ≈ older PU *äx_i
|-
|-
| "tongue"
| "tongue"
| *keeli || *kēlɤ || *käľ || - || *kɨl || - || *kääl || *kööL || *käə-
| *keeli || *kēlɤ || *käľ || - || *kɨl || - || *kääləmt-<br/>"inquire" || *kööL || *käə-
| Mari *kəl "string, handle" from *käwðə via P.
| Mari *kəl "string, handle" from *käwðə via P.
|-
|-
| "broth"
| "broth"
| *leemi || *lēmɤ || *ľäm || *lem || U. lɨm || lee<br/>~ leve- || *lääm || - || *jäm-
| *leemi || *lēmɤ || *ľäm || *lem || U. lɨm || lee<br/>: leve- || *läämə || - || *jäm-
| K. ľem "jelly" rather ← *d₂ümä
| K. ľem "jelly" rather < *d₂ümä
|-
| "to bind; bundle"
| *keer-- || *kērɤ- || kärks || *kerä- || ''ge/ɤrd'',<br/>''ke/ɤrt-'' || ''kür-, küür-'' ||style="color:green"| *kʷäärək || *keerää || *kär-
| OU 'to weave' not here (AASmy 2). P. *kär-tä-, or ← Sl-II *kert-. Cf. also F. '''*kääri-'''?
|-
|-
| "side, pole"
| "side, pole"
| *peeli || - || *päľ || *pel || - || feel || *pääl || - || -
| *peeli || - || *päľ || *pel || - || feel || *päälə || - || -
| cf. *pälä "half", *värə "side"?
| cf. *pälä "half", *wärə "side"?
|-
|-
| "mind"
| "mind"
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|-
|-
| "to swallo"
| "to swallo"
| *neele- || *ńēlɤ- || ''*ńiľə-'' || *nela- || *ńɨl(ɨ)- <!-- -ï in Komi-->|| '''ńel-''' || *ńääl- || *ńeeL- || style="color:red"| '''*nɤl-'''
| *neele- || *ńēlɤ- || ''*ńiľə-'' || *nelä- || *ńɨl(ɨ)- <!-- -ï in Komi-->|| '''ńel-''' || *ńääl- || *ńeeL- || style="color:green"| '''*ńal-'''
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
|-
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| "to drink"
| "to drink"
| - || - || ''*iŕəďə-'' || - || K. *ɨrɤš || - || - || - || -
| - || - || ''*iŕəďə-'' || - || K. *ɨrɤš || - || - || - || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? Smy *ɤ-r- better ← *jëxə-
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? Smy *ɤ-r- better < *jëxə-
|-
|-
| "lung"
| "lung"
Line 83: Line 91:
|-
|-
| "air"
| "air"
| *sää || - || - || - || K. sɨnɤd || eeg<br/>~ ege- || - || - || -
| *sää || - || - || - || K. sɨnɤd || eeg<br/>: ege- || - || - || -
| *säŋə
| *säŋə
|-
|-
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| - || *mēlkɤ || style="color:red"| *mäľkɜ || *mel || U. mɨl || mell || *määɣəl || *mööɣəL || -
| - || *mēlkɤ || style="color:red"| *mäľkɜ || *mel || U. mɨl || mell || *määɣəl || *mööɣəL || -
| F. ''*mälvi'' "bird breast''?
| F. ''*mälvi'' "bird breast''?
|-
| "voice"
| ''*ääni'',<br/>C. <span style="color:red">''*hääli''</span> || *jēnɤ || - || - || - || eenek || - || - || -
| F. *ää > *ee blocked / #_ ?
|-
| "piece"
| *pärek || - || - || - ||  *pɨrɨ || - || *päär || '''*per''' || -
| and Es. peerg < *peere-kä?
|-
|-
| "mare"
| "mare"
Line 131: Line 147:
|-
|-
| "ice"
| "ice"
| *jää || *jēŋɤ || *jäŋ || *i ||style="color:red"| ''*jɤɤ'' || jeeg<br/>~ jege- || *jääŋk || *jööŋk || '''*jaŋ-'''
| *jää || *jēŋɤ || *jäŋ || *i ||style="color:red"| ''*jɤɤ'' || jeeg<br/>: jege- || *jääŋkə || *jööŋk || '''*jaŋ-'''
| *jäŋi.  Ma. *e > *i / _#
| *jäŋi.  Ma. *e > *i / _#
|-
|-
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| *jäŋ-(k)štə-; non-West *jükšə- ??
| *jäŋ-(k)štə-; non-West *jükšə- ??
|-
|-
| "head"
| "head, end"
| *pää || *pēŋɤ || '''pe''' || - || style="color:red"| '''*pooŋ''' || style="color:red"| fej || *pääŋk || - || -
| *pää || - || '''pe''' || - || '''*pooŋ''' || style="color:red"| fej<br/>: feje- || '''*päŋk''' || - || '''#pa'''
| NMs '''puŋk'''?
| better *e??
|-
|-
| "louse"
| "louse"
| *täi || - || - || *ti || U. tej ~ K. toj || tetüü<br/>~ tetve- || *tääkmə || *tööɣtəm || -
| *täi || - || - || *ti || U. tej ~ K. toj || tetüü<br/>: tetve- || *tääkmə || *tööɣtəm || -
| S. *tíkɤ ← Gmc? Ma. *e > *i / _#
| S. *tīkɤ ← Gmc? Ma. *e > *i / _#
|-
| "to wrap"
| ''*keer-tä-'',<br/>''*kääri-'' || *kērɤ- || || || || || *käärɤk || ''*keerää'' || *kär-
| Cf. "to bind", [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kêrə]]
|-
|-
| "bit, to cut"
| "bit, to cut"
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| "cradle"
| "cradle"
| *kätküt || *kētkɤ- || - || - || U. kɤkɨ || - || - || - || *kätə-
| *kätküt || *kētkɤ- || - || - || U. kɤkɨ || - || - || - || *kätə-
|-
| "mound"
| style="color:red"| ''*mättäs'' || *mēktɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *mäktə
| Cf. *mäkə
|-
|-
| "near"
| "near"
Line 169: Line 177:
|-
|-
| "warm"
| "warm"
| *lämpe- || - || *ľämbɜ || '''*leewə''' || - || || - || - || *jämpə-
| *lämpe- || - || *ľämbɜ || ''*liwə'' || - || || - || - || *jämpə-
| Smy. "clothes"
| Smy. "clothes"
|-
|-
| "trace"
| "trace"
| *jälki || - || - || - || - || jel || - ||style="color:green"| '''*jääɣəɭ''' || *jä
| *jälki || - || - || - || - || jel || - ||style="color:green"| '''*jääɣəɭ''' || *jä
| Smy. "foot"
| Smy. 'heel'
|-
|-
| "lichen on trees"
| "lichen on trees"
| - || *jēvjɤmē || - || - || - || - || - || *jeej || ''*jüjə''
| - || *jēvjɤmē || - || - || - || - || - || *jeej || ''*jüjə''
| Smy *äw > *ü ?
| Smy *äw > *ü ?
|-
| "mild"
| '''*leppedä''' || - || Mk. ľäpä || (*liwə) || - || -  || - || *ɬeepət || -
| F → SLu lehpagis? Ma. possibly better < 'warm'
|-
| "fish sp."
| - || - || - || '''*müktə''' || K. ''mɨk'' || - || TJ mäwtək || *mööɣtəɣ || -
| *mäwəktV? PMs *määɣtəɣ (not **mäɣ- > ˣmüw-)
|-
| "7"
| *säjcen || *čēčɤm || ''*śiśəm'' || '''*sĭm''' || *śiźɨm || - || - || - || -
| Core Finnic > *seicen; Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? ← IE?
|-
|-
| "heavy"
| "heavy"
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| "net"
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || - || meet || *määkt || *mööɣət || -
| - || - || - || - || - || meet || *määkt || *mööɣət || -
|-
| "to fit"
| - || - || - || - || - || meeltoo || - || *meeL- || -
|-
|-
| "warm"
| "warm"
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|-
|-
| "to bind"
| "to bind"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńeek || '''*niiɣ-''' || *neeɣəj- || -
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| †ńeek || '''*neeɣ-''' || Kr. neewəj- || -
|-
|-
| "saddle"
| "saddle"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńerëg || '''*ńäɣər''' || *nööɣər || -
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ńerëg || '''*näɣər''' || E '''*nœœɣər''' || -
| or *i with H irregular?
| or *i with H irregular?
|-
| "to tear"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńer- || *ńir(əmt)- || *ńer- || -
| better *e?
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Derivatives & such
|-
| "mound"
| style="color:red"| ''*mättäs'' || *mēktɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *mäktə
| Cf. *mäkə
|-
| "sun"
| *päjvä || '''*peajvē''' || - || - || K. bi || - || - || - || *päjwä
| possibly *päjə-wä. Permic CV ⇒ *i
|-
| "badger"
| - || - || Mk. ńärgas || *nerɣə || U. '''nardɨ''' || - || - || - || ''*narkå''
| #närə-ka
|}
|}


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! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *o
! colspan="10"| Finnic *a-i (main development?), *ä-- (derivatives)
|-
|-
| "winter"
| "winter"
| ''*talvi'' || *tālvē || Er. ťeľe, Mk. '''ƭaľa''' || *tel(ə) || *tol || teel<br/>~ tele- || *tääl || '''*teləɣ''' || -
| *talvi || *tālvē || Er. ťeľe, Mk. '''ƭaľa''' || *tel(ə) || *tol || teel<br/>: tele- || *täälə || '''*teləɣ''' || -
| *w > Ms ∅
| *w > Ms ∅
|-
| "to load"
| *sälyttä- || - || - || - || K. sɤl- || ell- || *tääl- || *ɬeeL- || '''*tij-'''
| or -ə??
|-
|-
| "to cut"
| "to cut"
| *sälä || *čālē- || - || *šelä- || *ćol- || sel- || '''*sil-''' || '''*süüL-''' || *sälä-
| ''*säli-'',<br/>''*sälek'' || *čālē- || - || *šelä- || *ćol- || sel- || '''*sil-''' || '''*süüL-''' || *sälä-
|-
|-
| "half"
| "half"
| ''*pooli'' || '''*pealē''' || *päľɜ || *pele || *pol || feel<br/>~ fele- || - ||style="color:green"| *peeɭək || *pälä
| *pooli || '''*pealē''' || *päľɜ || *pele || *pol || feel<br/>: fele- || - ||style="color:green"| *peeɭək || *pälä
| cf. *pälə "side"; preF *palə → Slavic *polъ [*palʊ] → Mo *pola "spouse"?
| cf. *pälə "side"; preF *palə → Slavic *polъ [*palʊ] → Mo *pola "spouse"?
|-
|-
| "to wade"
| "to wade"
| ''*koolë-'' || *kālē- || *käľə- || *kelä-, *kelðə- || '''*köl-''', *kolt- || kel- || style="color:red"| *kʷääl- || '''*küüL-'''  || -
| *koolë- || *kālē- || *käľə- || *kelä-, *kelðə- || '''*köl-''', *kolt- || kel- || style="color:red"| *kʷääl- || '''*küüL-'''  || -
| F. ''*kaalat-'' ← S; Ma & P. #2 "to fish with a pull-net"
| F. ''*kaalat-'' ← S; Ma & P. #2 "to fish with a pull-net"
|-
|-
| "ungulate sp."
| "root, vein"
| - || *vāðōk || style="color:red"| '''vedraš''' || '''*wü̆ľə''' || *vol || - || - || '''*we₂lii''' || -
| Liv. sūoŗ || *sārē || - || *šer || U. ''ser'' || eer<br/>: ere- || *täärə || *ɬeer || -
| SMo "cow", MaP "horse", Kh. "reindeer". Es '''veis''' ← *vetä-, perhaps also Mo. Cf also Gmc *weθruz, L. ''vitulus'' etc.)
| F. *soori < *sarə; Udm. e / _r?
|-
| "to load"
| ''*sälyttä-'' || - || - || - || K. sɤl- || ell- || *tääl- || *ɬeeL- || '''*tij-'''
| could be *ä-ə?
|-
| "moisture"
| *kasi || *kāsē || - || - || - || - || EW *köäťəľ || *keeLää || ''*käta''
|-
| "moth"
| *koi || - || Er. '''ki''' || Me. kije || k''e''/ɤj || - || Tv '''kij, käj''' || *keej || -
| F. from *kooji < *kajə; ES '''*koajɤ''' ← F? U. e / _Ć
|-
| "gall"
| *sappi || *sāppē || *säpɜ || - || s''e''/ɤp || epe || *tääpə || - || -
|-
|-
| "to scoop"
| "to scoop"
| - || - || - || - || U. omɨrt- || - || *äämärt- || *eemər- || -
| F. *ammi? || - || - || - || U. omɨrt- || - || *äämärt- || *eemər- || -
| and cf. F ''*amme-''?!
| if not F. < *ama-
|-
| "dirt"
| *saksi || *sāksē || '''*seksɜ''' || - || s''e''/ɤs || - || - || - || -
| F > *sa(a)s-ta
|-
| "scab"
| *loomi || - || Er. ľeme || Hi. lim ~ Me. '''lümö''' || *lom || - || - || - || -
|-
| "tree sp."
| *sarni || - || - || *šertńe || '''*śir''' || - || - || - || -
| F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| not in F. but regular enough
|-
| "spleen"
| - ||style="color:green"| *ðāpðē || - || *lep(ə) || '''*loop''' || leep || - || *leepət || Ne. ''rapśaa''
| S. *l-ð > *ð-ð?
|-
| "woman; weasel"
| - || *kāðvē || - || - || - || style="color:red"| †helɟ || *kääľ || *kööjəɣ || *käjwä
| Ms. *ľɣ > ľ; MHu. > ''hölgy''
|-
| "twig"
| - || *sāŋkē || - || *šeŋge || - ||style="color:red"| eek || - || '''*ɬöŋk''' || -
|-
|-
| "smoke hole"
| "to shoo"
| ''*räppänä'' || '''*reapēnē''' || - || - || *ropɨ- || - || - || - || -
| - || *ārē- || - || - || - || - || *äärt- || *eerət- ||
|-
|-
| "to turn"
| "water"
| '''*kääntä-''' || - || - || - || *kož- || - || - || - || -
| - || *čācē || - || - || - || - || - || *seeč- || Ne. ''sada''
|-
|-
| "scab"
| "to find place"
| ''*loomi'' || - || E. ľeme || Hi. lim ~ Me. '''lümö''' || *lom || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || *t''e''/ɤrɨ- || teer- || - || - || -
| Udm. e / _r?
|-
|-
| "to ruminate"
| "to put in/on"
| *mär-ehti- || style="color:red"| ''*smērēcē-'' || - || - || *roməćtɨ-<!--U. -s´t- --> || - || - || - ||
| - || *cākē- || - || *čie- || - || - || - || - || -
| Looks substratal, P. metathesis?
| Ma. *e > *i in hiatus (StUE1)
|-
|-
| "kidney"
| "mare"
| - || - || - || *werɣə || K. vɤrk || - || - || - || -
| - || *āltō || *äľďɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← II *vr̥tka
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"|  
|-
|-
| "iron"
| "ungulate sp."
| - || - || '''kšńi''' || '''*kü̆rtńe''' || *kort || - || - || - || -
| - || *vāðōk || style="color:red"| '''vedraš''' || '''*wü̆ľə''' || *vol || - || - || '''*we₂lii''' || -
| ← Ir. *kaart-
| SMo "cow", MaP "horse", Kh. "reindeer". Es '''veis''' ← *vetä-, perhaps also Mo. Cf also Gmc *weθruz, L. ''vitulus'' etc.)
|-
|-
| "moment"
| "moment"
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| "ring"
| "ring"
| - || - || - || *jĭr || *jor<!--U. -os--> || - || - || - || Ne. jorka ?
| - || - || - || *jĭr || *jor<!--U. -os--> || - || - || - || Ne. jorka ?
| U. *jeros > ''joros''?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *i (medial loss?)
! colspan="10"| Udm e ~ Komi ɤ
|-
| "sun"
| *päjvä || '''*peajvē''' || - || - || K. bi || - || - || - || *päjwä
| or possibly *päjə-wä
|-
| "larch"
| - || - || - || - || K. ńia || - || CMs ''*ńik'' || '''*nääŋk''' || -
| Medials messy. PMs *ä possible
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Udm e ~ Komi ɤ (largely irregular)
|-
| "root, vein"
| Liv. sūoŗ || *sārē || - || *šer || U. ser || eer<br/>~ ere- || *täär || *ɬeer || -
| F. *soori < *sarə
|-
| "moth"
| *koi || ES '''*koajɤ''' || Er. '''ki''' || Me. kije || ke/ɤj || - || Tv '''kij, käj''' || *keej || -
| F. from *kooji < *kajə; S ← F?
|-
|-
| "back"
| "back"
| Fi. '''perä'''<br/>~ E. ''pära'' || - || '''*pŕa''' || - || be/ɤr || - || '''*pärəɣ''' || '''*pertaɣ''' || -
| Fi. '''perä'''<br/>~ E. ''pära'' || - || '''*pŕa''' || - || be/ɤr || - || '''*pärəɣ''' || '''*pertaɣ''' || -
| ObU *perɜ > *per-əɣ
| ObU *perɜ > *per-əɣ
|-
| "gall"
| *sappi? || *sāppē || *säpɜ || - || se/ɤp || epe || *tääp || - ||style="color:red"| ''*pə̈tä''
| Smy. metathesis < *täpə̈? also F. cf. Gmc. *sap-?!
|-
| "to bind"
| - || - || kärks || *kerä- || ge/ɤrd, ke/ɤrt- || ''kür-, küür-'' || '''*kiir-''' || '''*kiir-''' ||
| Cf. "to wrap"
|-
| "dirt"
| Krl. soaksi || *sāksē || '''*seksɜ''' || - || se/ɤs || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "part"
| "part"
| - || - || - || "рызе" || *re/ɤć || rees || -rFś || - || -  
| - || - || - || "рызе" || *re/ɤć || rees || -rFś || - || -  
| cf. Fi. ''räsä'' "broken", unless a variant of ''risa''; Ms. dmnt.
| cf. Fi. ''räsä'' "broken", unless a variant of ''risa''; Ms. dmnt.
|-
| "to find place"
| - || - || - || - || *te/ɤrɨ- || teer- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to prepare"
| "to prepare"
Line 336: Line 382:
| or *kinśä with K. irregular?  
| or *kinśä with K. irregular?  
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Komi /e/
! colspan="10"| *ä-ä type 2: F *ä-ä ~ S *ā-ē; Komi *e; Ms *ee ~ Kh *ää (*ii)
| all with -CC-?
|-
| "tongue"
| - || *ńālmē || - || ''*ńĭlmə'' || - || ńelv, ńeev || *ńeeləm || *ńääLəm || style="color:red"| -
| Ne. ''ńāᵒḿu'' better ← *ńåə- < *ńalə-
|-
| "power"
| '''*tarmo''',<br/>Fi. tärmä || *tārmō || - || - || - || - || *teeriŋ || *täärəm || -
|-
| "(to) cover"
| *läppä || Lu '''liehppa''' || - || *leweðä-<br/>*lewäš || U. ''ľipɨ-''<br/>~ K. lep || lep- || *leep- || - || -
|-
| "lasso; trap"
| NF *lämsä || *lāmčē || - || - || K. leć || - || *leesə || ''*lii₁s'' || *jä²sɜn
| Medials messy; F perhaps ← Gmc *slamsa-, OU ← K?
|-
|-
| "needle"
| "needle"
| *äjmä || *ājmē || - || *imə || K. jem || - || - || - || *äjmä
| *äjmä || *ājmē || - || *imə || K. jem || - || - || - || *äjmä
| Ma. *ej > *i. Also cf. U. <span style="color:red">'''veń'''</span>
| Ma. *ej > *i. Also cf. U. <span style="color:red">'''veń'''</span>
|-
| "old man"
| *äjjä || *ājjē || - || - || '''*ajɨ''' || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *äjsä
| Contam. of *äjjä + *äććä in Smy?
|-
| "lath"
| '''*tarja''' || - || - || #tiər || - || - || N '''tarəs''' || *täärəs || -
| Fi. ~ ''tärjä'', contam. with *sarja? *tärə-, derivs?
|-
| "larch"
| - || - || - || - || K. ń/nia<br/>~ ńeja || - || EWMs ''ńix'' || *nääŋk || -
| Medials messy. PMs *ee, shortened?
|-
| "worm"
| - || - || - || - || K. perk || feerëg || *peer(ə)k || - || -
| medials?? probably nor *-rkk-
|-
| "bay, lake"
| - || - || - || - || U kalɤm<br/>~ K. kela || || *keeləɣ ||style="color:green"| ''*kœœɭəɣ'' || -
| Ud. a / _l ? Sk. *kuəľ not here (< PS *wåj)
|-
| "spot"
| *täplä || *tāplē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With F *ä-ä ~ S *ea-ē
|-
|-
| "thumb"
| "thumb"
| - || '''*pealkē''' || style="color:red"| *päľka || - || U. pɤlɨ<br/> ~ K. pel || - || - || - || '''*pej'''
| - || ''*pealkē'' || style="color:red"| *päľka || - || U. pɤlɨ<br/> ~ K. pel || - || - || - || '''*pej'''
| *pälə-kkä, cf. "side"? F. *pewka- ← Gmc.
| *pälə-kkä, cf. "side"? F. *pewka- ← Gmc.
|-
|-
| "bog"
| "bog"
| - || '''*jeaŋkē''' || - || - || K. jeg || - || *jääŋk || *jööŋk || -
| - || ''*jeaŋkē'' || - || - || K. jeg || - || *jääŋkə || *jööŋk || -
| Fi. jänkä prob. ← S.
| Fi. jänkä prob. ← S.
|-
|-
| "lasso"
| "smoke hole"
| ''*lämsä'' || *lāmčē || - || - || K. leć || - || '''*liis''' || '''*lii₁s''' || *jä²sɜn
| ''*räppänä'' || ''*reapēnē'' || - || - || *ropɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lichen"
| ''*jäkälä'' || ''*jeakēl'' || - || - || K. ''jal'' || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "worm"
| "to understand"
| - || - || - || - || K. perk || feerëg || *päärk || - || -
| Fi ''äly'' || ''*ealvē-'' || - || - || K. ''al'' || - || - || - || - || -
| <s>*a-stem per no rk-metathesis</a>
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Komi /e/
|-
|-
| "to freeze"
| "to freeze"
| (*jääty-) || - || - || - || K. jed- || - || *jäänt- ||style="color:green"| '''*jentəɭ-''' ||
| (*jääty-) || - || - || - || K. jed- || - || *jäänt- ||style="color:green"| '''*jentəɭ-''' ||
| *jäŋ-tä-. Also K. jo/ɤdmɨ "to harden"
| *jäŋ-tä-. Also K. jo/ɤdmɨ "to harden"
|-
| "(to) cover"
| ''*läppä'' || Lu liehppa || - || style="color:red"| *leweðä-<br/>*lewäš || U. ''ľipɨ-'' ~ K. lep || lep- || '''*liip-''' || - || -
| Mari
|-
|-
| "to reach"
| "to reach"
Line 375: Line 461:
| - || - || - || - || ''*löb-'' || lebëg-, libëg- || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || ''*löb-'' || lebëg-, libëg- || - || - || -
| Rather *e? Cf. F. *lentä- ??
| Rather *e? Cf. F. *lentä- ??
|-
| "thin"
| - || - || - || - || *vek-- || veekoń || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to understand; think"
| "to understand; think"
Line 385: Line 474:
| "block"
| "block"
| - || - || - || - || U džɤk ~<br/>K džek || '''čök''' || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || U džɤk ~<br/>K džek || '''čök''' || - || - || -
|-
| "board"
| ''*parti'' || || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*börd'' || - || *päärt || *peert || -
| cf. Gmc *burd; F. '''*parti''' possibly via another route
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| remainder
! colspan="10"| remainder
|-
| "moisture"
| ''*kasi'' || *kāsē || - || - || - || - || EW *köäťəľ || *keeLää || ''*käta''
|-
| "twig"
| - || *sāŋkē || - || *šeŋge || - ||style="color:red"| eek || - || '''*ɬöŋk''' || -
|-
| "to flee;<br/>to disappear"
| - || *pātārɤ- || - || - || - || - || *päätər- || - || -
| ← II *patar- "flying" (StUE1)
|-
| "tree sp."
| ''*sarni'' || - || - || *šertńe || '''*śir''' || - || - || - || -
| F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
|-
| "to put in/on"
| - || *cākē- || - || *čie- || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *e > *i / _ (StUE1)
|-
| "goose"
| ''*hanhi'' || - || Er. <span style="color:green">šenže</span> || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B.
|-
| "to breathe"
| *läkkä- || - || *ľäk'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *läppä-
|-
|-
| "friend"
| "friend"
Line 424: Line 483:
| "paw"
| "paw"
| *käpsä || - || - || '''*küpš''' || U. '''kus-''' ~ K. '''kɨs, kɤs''' || - ||style="color:red"| '''*kʷät''' || *kööpəL || -
| *käpsä || - || - || '''*küpš''' || U. '''kus-''' ~ K. '''kɨs, kɤs''' || - ||style="color:red"| '''*kʷät''' || *kööpəL || -
|-
| "paw"
| *käppä || - || käpä || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. prev, also Fi. käpälä
|-
|-
| "this"
| "this"
Line 434: Line 489:
|-
|-
| "these"
| "these"
| *nä-mä || *nā || nä || Hi. '''ni''' ~ Me. '''tɤ''' || K. na || ''-ni'', -ne || *-nää || ''*-nä'' || *nä
| *nä-mä || *nā || *ńä || *nĭjne<!--Hi. nɤ ~ Me. ni--> || K. na || ''-ni'', -ne || ? *-nää || ? *-nää || *nä
| Ugr. lativ
| Ugr. lativ ending
|-
|-
| "ass"
| "ass"
| - || - || - || *šeŋgə || - || šegg || style="color:red"| *sääŋkʷ || - || '''*čɤŋkå'''
| - || - || - || *šeŋgə || - || šegg || style="color:red"| *sääŋkʷ || - || '''*čɤŋkå'''
| *č not palatalized in Smy?  
| *č not palatalized in Smy?  
|-
| "tongue"
| - || *ńālmē || - || '''*ńĭlmə''' || - || ńelv, ńeev || '''*ńiiləm''' || '''*ńääLəm''' || style="color:red"| '''*nåjmå'''<!--Ne. næmu -->
| *ńälma ~ *ńElm ~ *nalma
|-
| "spleen"
| - ||style="color:green"| *ðāpðē || - || *lep(ə) || '''*loop''' || leep || - || *leepət || Ne. ''rapśaa''
| S. *l-ð > *ð-ð?
|-
|-
| "to chop"
| "to chop"
| - || *āktē- || - || - || '''*ooktɨ-''' || üt- || '''*jäkt-''' || *ööɣət- || -
| - || *āktē- || - || - || '''*ooktɨ-''' || üt- || '''*jäkt-''' || *ööɣət- || -
| Ms *ää > *ä / _kt? Cf. "to believe". P *oktɨ- "gather" not here (''contra'' HPUL)
| Ms *ää > *ä / _kt? Cf. "to believe". P *oktɨ- "gather" not here (''contra'' HPUL)
|-
| "woman; weasel"
| - || *kāðvē || - || - || - || style="color:red"| ''hölɟ'' || *kääľ || *kööjəɣ || *käjwä
| Ms. *ľɣ > ľ
|-
| "to shoo"
| - || *ārē- || - || - || - || - || *äärt- || *eerət- ||
|-
| "water"
| - || *čācē || - || - || - || - || - || *seeč- || Ne. ''sada''
|-
|-
| "big, mother"
| "big, mother"
Line 470: Line 507:
| Fi. tähde || *tāktē || - || - || - || tetem || - || - || -
| Fi. tähde || *tāktē || - || - || - || tetem || - || - || -
| F. "leftovers"
| F. "leftovers"
|-
| "old man"
| *äjjä || *ājjē || - || - || '''*ajɨ''' || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *äjsä
| Contam. of *äjjä + *äććä in Smy?
|-
|-
| "elm"
| "elm"
| - || - || śäľi || '''*šol''' || - || '''sil''' || - || - || -
| - || - || śäľi || '''*šol''' || - || '''sil''' || - || - || -
| F. *salaka, *halaka "willow" ← Gmc.
| F. *salaka, *halaka "willow" ← Gmc.
|-
| "power"
| '''*tarmo''',<br/>Fi. tärmä || *tārmō || - || - || - || - || '''*tiiriŋ''' || '''*täärəm''' || -
|-
|-
| "star"
| "star"
| ''*tähti'' || *tāstē || *ťäšťɜ || '''*tištə''' || - || - || - || - || -
| ''*tähti'' || *tāstē || *ťäšťɜ || '''*tištə''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Or -i?
| Or -i?
|-
| "mare"
| - || *āltō || *äľďɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "spot"
| *täplä || *tāplē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Khanty *ää (most spotty, perhaps most *-ə)
! colspan="10"| With Ms *ää ~ Kh *ää (most spotty, perhaps most *-ə)
|-
|-
| "to cut"
| "to cut"
| ''*vejci''<br/>Võ. väić || - || - || - || K. vɤź- || veeš- || - || *wäänć- || -
| ''*vejci''<br/>Võ. väić || - || - || - || K. vɤź- || veeš- || - || *wäänć- || -
| #wänśə. F. "knife"
| nom. *wäńćə (> F. "knife"), verb *wäńć-ä-?
|-
|-
| "girl"
| "girl"
Line 505: Line 529:
| *särki || - || *säŕgɜ || style="color:red"| *šereŋɣə || - || - || *täärəɣ || *ɬäärəɣ || -
| *särki || - || *säŕgɜ || style="color:red"| *šereŋɣə || - || - || *täärəɣ || *ɬäärəɣ || -
| Liv. ''särg'' w/o umlaut (< *särkä?)
| Liv. ''särg'' w/o umlaut (< *särkä?)
|-
| "father"
| - || W *āččē || - || - || - || - || *ääći || *ääćii || NE #åt³sä-
| S. also E *ëćē = F. *icä?
|-
|-
| "soft"
| "soft"
| - || SS nemok || - || - || - || - || *ńäämkəm|| *ńäämək ||
| - || OSw "nemok"? || - || - || - || - || *ńäämək || *ńäämək ||
|-
|-
| "lap"
| "lap"
Line 526: Line 554:
| Newer loans, e.g. from Permic?
| Newer loans, e.g. from Permic?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Rather loans in part
! colspan="10"| Loans: old
|-
| "board"
| *parci || || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*börd'' || - || *päärtə || *peert || -
| ← IE *bʰerdʰ-; separately in P.?
|-
| "lake"
| *jarvi,<br/>''*järvi'' || *jāvrē || style="color:red"| järkä || *jer || - || - || - || - || -
| +Merya #jäkrä; ← IE *jewHro-
|-
| "to flee;<br/>to disappear"
| - || *pātārɤ- || - || - || - || - || *päätər- || - || -
| ← II *patar- "flying" (StUE1)
|-
| "goose"
| *hanhi || - || Er. <span style="color:green">šenže</span> || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *šänšä ← B.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans: likely parallel
|-
|-
| "to tire; be ill"
| "to tire; be ill"
Line 533: Line 579:
|-
|-
| "crust"
| "crust"
| *kärnä || ''*kearnē'' || style="color:red"| '''kšńat'''<!--Who the hell comes up with these comparisions?--> || - || - || - || || '''*käärńə-''' ||
| *kärnä || ''*kearnē'' || style="color:red"| ''kšńat'' || - || - || - || || '''*käärńə-''' ||
| F & S. ← Gmc. *herna
| F & S. ← Gmc. *herna
|-
|-
Line 543: Line 589:
| *vähä || - || Er. vež- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *vähä || - || Er. vež- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc *wēxa-, also Er.?
| F. ← Gmc *wēxa-, also Er.?
|-
| "kidney"
| - || - || - || *werɣə || K. vɤrk || - || - || - || -
| ← II *vr̥tka
|-
| "iron"
| - || - || ''kšńi'' || '''*kü̆rtńe''' || *kort || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. *kaart-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Permic *a
! colspan="10"| With Permic *a
Line 551: Line 605:
|-
|-
| "bird sp."
| "bird sp."
| Es. ähk || - || *šäkša-- || *ćećkem || K. ''čakčej'' || - || - || - || -
| Es. ähk(a-) || - || *šäkša-- || *ćećkem || K. ''čakčej'' || - || - || - || -  
|-
| "lichen"
| *jäkälä  || '''*jeakēl''' || - || - || K. ''jal'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to understand"
| Fi äly || '''*ealvē-''' || - || - || K. ''al'' || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "backside"
| "backside"
Line 575: Line 623:
|-
|-
| "trap"
| "trap"
| - || - || - || - || ''*naľk'' || - || *ńääľ || - || -
| - || - || - || - || ''*naľk'' || - || *ńääľə || - || -
| Cf. F. ''nalkki'' ??
| Cf. Fi. ''nalkki'' ??
|-
|-
| "year; time"
| "year; time"
| - || - || - || - || ''*ar'' || - || #arəm || - ||  -
| - || - || - || - || ''*ar'' || - || #arəm || - ||  -
| But Smy *ërö < *ëd₁ə
| But Smy *ërö < *ëd₁ə
|-
| "time"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''kad'' || †kedig,<br/>keedig || - || - || -
|-
| "to knead"
| - || - || - || *nüštəlä- || U. ''nadź-'' || - || - || - || -
| Weak
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: FP only
! colspan="10"| TBS: FP only
Line 590: Line 645:
| '''*majaka''' || *mājēkē || ''mijav'' || - || ''mɨ/oj'' || - || - || - || -
| '''*majaka''' || *mājēkē || ''mijav'' || - || ''mɨ/oj'' || - || - || - || -
| NB Mo. *i, P. ɨ~o also in "to leave"
| NB Mo. *i, P. ɨ~o also in "to leave"
|-
| "lake"
| *jarvi,<br/>''*järvi'' || *jāvrē || style="color:red"| järkä || *jer || - || - || - || - || -
| +Merya #jäkrä. Cf. IE
|-
|-
| "rotten"
| "rotten"
Line 611: Line 662:
|-
|-
| "sickness"
| "sickness"
| *närä- || - || - || - || K. ńora || - || - || - || -
| *närä || - || - || - || K. ńora || - || - || - || -
| Weak
|-
| "hill"
| - || '''*tēvā''' || - || - || K. di || - || - || - || -
| S. uninheritable
|-
|-
| "to choke, strangle"
| "to choke, strangle"
Line 629: Line 675:
|-
|-
| "aunt; mother"
| "aunt; mother"
| *tätVj || - || "ťäďä" || - || - || - || - || - || -  
| *tätej || - || "ťäďä" || - || - || - || - || - || -  
| Lallwort
| Lallwort
|-
| "paw"
| *käppä || - || *käpɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *käpsä, also Fi. käpälä
|-
| "to breathe"
| *läkkä- || - || *ľäk'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "valley"
| "valley"
Line 646: Line 699:
| "to see"
| "to see"
| - || - || - || - || K. vidlɨ- || veed- || - || N. waant- || -
| - || - || - || - || K. vidlɨ- || veed- || - || N. waant- || -
| Cf. IE
| Better *E? Cf. IE
|-
| "bay, lake"
| - || - || - || - || U kal- ~ K. kel- || || *keeləɣ ||style="color:green"| ''*kœœɭəɣ'' || Sk. ''kweľ ~ köl''
| P. *aa / _l ?
|-
| "weasel"
| - || - || - || - || U. jurmek || - || - || - || Sk. ńärmäk
| Bad (initial mismatch)
|-
|-
| "to heat"
| "to heat"
Line 666: Line 711:
| "to disappear"
| "to disappear"
| - || - || - || - || U. vez- || ve(e)s- || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || U. vez- || ve(e)s- || - || - || -
|-
| "sack"
| - || - || - || - || U. '''puj(ɨ)''' || - || *pääjəp || - || -
| or *pejV? SMs ä ~ EMs öä < *ää, but NMs a < *ä (WMs a undiagnostic)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: East only
! colspan="10"| TBS: East only
Line 684: Line 733:
|-
|-
| "dog"
| "dog"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ëb''' || *äämp || *äämp || -
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ëb''' || *äämpə || *äämp || -
|-
|-
| "strawberry"
| "strawberry"
Line 700: Line 749:
|-
|-
| "to lurk"
| "to lurk"
| - || - || - || - || - || leš- || *lääć- || N laaśii || -
| - || - || - || - || - || leš- || *lääć- || N laaśii- || -
|-
|-
| "thin"
| "thin"
Line 708: Line 757:
| "tail"
| "tail"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *määnśək || *määsəɣ || Sk. ''mäča''
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *määnśək || *määsəɣ || Sk. ''mäča''
|-
| "to ambush"
| - || - || - || - || - || leš- || *lääć- || *lääći- || -
|-
|-
| "horse; herd"
| "horse; herd"
Line 720: Line 766:
|-
|-
| "to scoop"
| "to scoop"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɬäät- || #tädä-
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɬäät- || *täti-
| cf. Komi šɤt- 'to bring in'?!
|-
|-
| "rapids"
| "rapids"
| - || - || - || - || -|| šellöö || *säärlii || - || -
| - || - || - || - || -|| šellöö || *säärlV<!-- TJ -ii ~ N -aa--> || - || -
| *č- or *ś-?
| *č- or *ś-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
Line 740: Line 787:
| - || *lāvē || - || - || - || - || N <span style="color:red">'''leekʷ'''</span> || style="color:green"| *ľööɣii || -
| - || *lāvē || - || - || - || - || N <span style="color:red">'''leekʷ'''</span> || style="color:green"| *ľööɣii || -
| Kh *ɬööɣ "slave" probs not here
| Kh *ɬööɣ "slave" probs not here
|-
| "father"
| - || *āččē || - || - || - || - || *ääći || *ääćii || NE #åt³sä-
| S. also *ëćē
|-
|-
| "sap"
| "sap"
| - || *ālē || - || - || - || - || '''*iľ''',<br/> Tv <span style="color:red">'''oľ'''</span> || W <span style="color:green">'''*eɭə(ɣ)'''</span><br/>~ V <span style="color:green">'''öɭ'''</span> || '''*ï/ülə'''
| - || *ālē || - || - || - || - || '''*iľ''',<br/> Tv <span style="color:red">'''oľ'''</span> || W <span style="color:green">'''*eɭə(ɣ)'''</span><br/>~ V <span style="color:green">'''öɭ'''</span> || '''*ï/ülə'''
| Cf. "cambium"
| Cf. "cambium"
|-
| "voice"
| *ääni,<br/>Es. <span style="color:red">ääl</span> || *jēnɤ || - || - || - || eenek || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to burn"
| "to burn"
Line 770: Line 810:
| '''*rokka''' || - || - || - || '''*rook''' || - || W raɣt,<br/>*räk- || *rook,<br/>*rääk ||
| '''*rokka''' || - || - || - || '''*rook''' || - || W raɣt,<br/>*räk- || *rook,<br/>*rääk ||
| *rokka ~ *rekkä??
| *rokka ~ *rekkä??
|-
| "hook"
| - || U. ŋieocie || - || - || - || - || *ńäš || '''*ńäs''' ~ ńiisi || -
|-
|-
| "hill"
| "hill"
Line 801: Line 838:
|-
|-
| "blood"
| "blood"
| - || *kēlō- || - || - || - || - || ''*kiil(ə)p'' || *käLə- ? || Ne. śelw-
| - || *kēlō- || - || - || - || - || ''*keel(ə)p'' || *käLə- ? || Ne. śelw-
| NS also kīlu-
| NS also kīlu-
|-
| "lath"
| *tarja || - || - || *teer || - || - || N tarəs || *täärəs || -
| Fi. '''tärjä'''
|-
|-
| "tail; back"
| "tail; back"
Line 834: Line 867:
| '''*vetä-''' || - || *väďa- ~<br/>*väťa- || #wi/üðe- || - || vezet- || - || - || -
| '''*vetä-''' || - || *väďa- ~<br/>*väťa- || #wi/üðe- || - || vezet- || - || - || -
|better *ä than *e? also cf. Er. ''viťi-''
|better *ä than *e? also cf. Er. ''viťi-''
|-
|-
| "net"
| "net"
| - || - || - || *wäpte-/əš || *vötes || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *wäpte-/əš || *vötes || - || - || - || -
|-
| "trap"
| - ||style="color:red"| ''*šeaššē'' || - || ? ''*ćüćäš'' || - || - || *seesəɣ || - || -
| but Ma. ← *ćüće- 'to dig' (MaWb)
|-
| "hard sno"
| - || *čiekɤr || - || - || - || - || CMs #ćAɣr || '''*ćaɣər''' ||style="color:red"| #käkar
| probably rather TN śexer, Km šëër ← OU
|-
| "to kick, jump"
| - || *čēkčɤ- || - || '''*ćükće-''' || *ćekćɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||  
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Rejectable
! colspan="10"| Rejectable
|-
| "to ruminate"
| *märeh(ti-) || style="color:red"| ''*smērēcē-'' || - || - || *roməćtɨ-<!--U. -śt- --> || - || - || - ||
| P. probably better ← II *raumantH-
|-
|-
| "chin"
| "chin"
| - || - || - || - || ''*aŋ'' || || '''*iiɣən''' ||style="color:green"| *ääɣəɳ || *aŋ
| - || - || - || - || ''*aŋ'' || || '''*eeɣən''' ||style="color:green"| *ääɣəɳ || *aŋ
| OUg better ~ *jekən, Smy ← *aŋ 'mouth' < *oŋə
| OUg better ~ *jekən, Smy ← *aŋ 'mouth' < *oŋə
|-
|-
Line 853: Line 904:
| "weak"
| "weak"
| - || - || - || '''*läńćərä''' || K. ľić || - || - || style="color:green"| ''*ɭääsək'' || -
| - || - || - || '''*läńćərä''' || K. ľić || - || - || style="color:green"| ''*ɭääsək'' || -
| Medials inconsistent, Ma unetymological
| Medials inconsistent, Ma unetymological (better < *lańśə 'soft'?)
|-
| "weasel"
| - || - || - || - || U. jurmek || - || - || - || Sk. ńärmäk
| *je- ~ *ńä-?!
|-
|-
| "to go"
| "to go"
Line 866: Line 921:
| - || *tīŋɤ || - || - ||  - || - || - || - || TNe tɨna
| - || *tīŋɤ || - || - ||  - || - || - || - || TNe tɨna
| *ŋ ~ *n? *ī ~ *ï?
| *ŋ ~ *n? *ī ~ *ï?
|-
| "leather ~ bark"
| - || *čɤvtē || - || - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *käpti
|-
| "to turn"
| '''*kääntä-''' || - || - || - || *kož- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hill"
| - || '''*tēvā''' || - || - || K. <span style="color:green">di</span> || - || - || - || -
| S. uninheritable
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 14:31, 16 December 2018

→ Finnic *ä, Moksha ä, Mari *e, Mansi *ää, Khanty *ee (/ *öö next to a velar), Smy. *ä

Std. PU *ä_ə

> S. *ē_ɤ (ā_ō)

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
Permic *o (_l when V₂ not lost early?!)
"to fill" *täwci - - *tić *dol- tel- *tääɣəl *teeL *tärə S. *teavtɤ ← F.
"rope" *kewci *kēvðɤ - - *kol - *kʷääləɣ *kööLəɣ *kürə Smy *äw > *ü ? Within F, cf. Võ käütämä "to fasten" with *ä retained. Mari *kəl ← P.
"sister-in-law" *kälü *kālōj kel - U. kaľi
~ K. kel		 - - *kööLə *kälü Perhaps *kälü rather than *käləw. K. *-ëľ > el?
"joint" *jäsen - jäźńä Hi. ježəŋ ~
Me. jɤžəŋ		 *joz iiz - - - Ma. *ə with Hi. *jə > je ??
"to order" *käske- - - *küštə- *kos
"thigh" *sääri - *śäjäŕ - K. ćɤr - - - - *śäxərə better than *śäjərə; or *śäxärə??
Permic *i (with a lost nonlabial medial?)
""
"hand" *käci *kētɤ käď *kit *ki keez
: keze-		 *käätə *kööt -
"power" *väki *vēkɤ vij *vi *vi vele- ? *wääɣ *wööɣ - Ma. *e > *i _#
"sap" - - - - *li - - - Kam. lêji *läŋə or *läjə; rather not *i.
Permic *ɨ (_R), Finnic *ee (_Ri) ≈ older PU *äx_i
"tongue" *keeli *kēlɤ *käľ - *kɨl - *kääləmt-
"inquire"		 *kööL *käə- Mari *kəl "string, handle" from *käwðə via P.
"broth" *leemi *lēmɤ *ľäm *lem U. lɨm lee
: leve-		 *läämə - *jäm- K. ľem "jelly" rather < *d₂ümä
"to bind; bundle" *keer-- *kērɤ- kärks *kerä- ge/ɤrd,
ke/ɤrt-		 kür-, küür- *kʷäärək *keerää *kär- OU 'to weave' not here (AASmy 2). P. *kär-tä-, or ← Sl-II *kert-. Cf. also F. *kääri-?
"side, pole" *peeli - *päľ *pel - feel *päälə - - cf. *pälä "half", *wärə "side"?
"mind" *meeli *mēlɤ *mäľ - *mɨl - - - -
"side" *veeri *vērɤ *väŕə - - - - - -
"to swallo" *neele- *ńēlɤ- *ńiľə- *nelä- *ńɨl(ɨ)- ńel- *ńääl- *ńeeL- *ńal- Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
"to drink" *seeme- - *śimə- - - - - - - Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
"to drink" - - *iŕəďə- - K. *ɨrɤš - - - - Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? Smy *ɤ-r- better < *jëxə-
"lung" *tävvü - ťevlav - *tɨ tüdöö - - *täjwä ? Cf. "to fill"
"air" *sää - - - K. sɨnɤd eeg
: ege-		 - - - *säŋə
"to enter" - - - *pŭre- *pɨr- feer- - - - Or *pura- with H irregular
"woodpecker" *kärki - *käŕgä *kerɣə *kɨr - - - -
"to press" - - *ńäŕgə- - *nɨr- - - *nööɣər- - (AA, p.c.)
"nose" - *nērɤ *ńäŕ *ner *nɨr - - *niir *ńärə
"breast" - *mēlkɤ *mäľkɜ *mel U. mɨl mell *määɣəl *mööɣəL - F. *mälvi "bird breast?
"voice" *ääni,
C. *hääli		 *jēnɤ - - - eenek - - - F. *ää > *ee blocked / #_ ?
"piece" *pärek - - - *pɨrɨ - *päär *per - and Es. peerg < *peere-kä?
"mare" Liv. keev *kēvɤ -
Kh *ii₁ / _k?
"to depart" *läkte- *lēktɤ- #ľixtə- *lektä- lɨ/okt- - - *ɬii₁ɣət- - re P/Mo cf. *mäjäkä
"osprey; gull" *sääksi *čēkčɤ - - K. ćikći - *siɣs *sii₁ɣəs - some confusion w/ *čäkčij? two roots?
"to see" *näke- *nēkɤ- näj- - U. naal- ? neez- *näɣəl-,
*niiɣəl-		 *nii₁- -
"fog" - *cēkɤ - - - - - *čii₁ɣ - StUE4
"hill" *mäki - - - - - - *mii₁ɣ -
Remainder (no regular Permic reflex??)
"ice" *jää *jēŋɤ *jäŋ *i *jɤɤ jeeg
: jege-		 *jääŋkə *jööŋk *jaŋ- *jäŋi. Ma. *e > *i / _#
"string" *jänti - - - - ideg *jääntəɣ *jöntəɣ *jänti
"to become cold" *jäähty- *jēŋsō- jäkše- *jükše- - - - *jöɣLi- - *jäŋ-(k)štə-; non-West *jükšə- ??
"head, end" *pää - pe - *pooŋ fej
: feje-		 *päŋk - #pa better *e??
"louse" *täi - - *ti U. tej ~ K. toj tetüü
: tetve-		 *tääkmə *tööɣtəm - S. *tīkɤ ← Gmc? Ma. *e > *i / _#
"bit, to cut" *säŋki *čēŋkɤ- Er. śive- - *ćeeg- seg- *sääŋk- *sööŋk- - Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
"cradle" *kätküt *kētkɤ- - - U. kɤkɨ - - - *kätə-
"near" *lähe- - - *lišnə - - - - *jät- Cf. *läkte-
"warm" *lämpe- - *ľämbɜ *liwə - - - *jämpə- Smy. "clothes"
"trace" *jälki - - - - jel - *jääɣəɭ *jä Smy. 'heel'
"lichen on trees" - *jēvjɤmē - - - - - *jeej *jüjə Smy *äw > *ü ?
"mild" *leppedä - Mk. ľäpä (*liwə) - - - *ɬeepət - F → SLu lehpagis? Ma. possibly better < 'warm'
"fish sp." - - - *müktə K. mɨk - TJ mäwtək *mööɣtəɣ - *mäwəktV? PMs *määɣtəɣ (not **mäɣ- > ˣmüw-)
"7" *säjcen *čēčɤm *śiśəm *sĭm *śiźɨm - - - - Core Finnic > *seicen; Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? ← IE?
"heavy" *läülV *lēvlɤ - *lelə - - - - - Ms. *ľuuľ "weak", Kh. *ɬöL "cold" prob. don't belong
"a bird" E. ähk - *šäkšəj *ćećkem K. čakčej - - - -
"to suffer" *kärsi- *kērtɤ- *kiŕďə- *kerð/ta- - - - - - ← Gmc. *hardja-
"to hide" *kätke- - *käkšə- Cf. "cradle"
"to trust" - - - - - mer- *määr- - -
"to dive" - - - - - meriit- *määrəkt- *merət- -
"net" - - - - - meet *määkt *mööɣət -
"to fit" - - - - - meeltoo - *meeL- -
"warm" - - - - - meleg *määli *meeLək -
"to bind" - - - - - †ńeek *neeɣ- Kr. neewəj- -
"saddle" - - - - - ńerëg *näɣər E *nœœɣər - or *i with H irregular?
"to tear" - - - - - ńer- *ńir(əmt)- *ńer- - better *e?
"" - - - - - - - - -
Derivatives & such
"mound" *mättäs *mēktɤ - - - - - - *mäktə Cf. *mäkə
"sun" *päjvä *peajvē - - K. bi - - - *päjwä possibly *päjə-wä. Permic CV ⇒ *i
"badger" - - Mk. ńärgas *nerɣə U. nardɨ - - - *narkå #närə-ka

*ä_a, etc.

> F. *ä_ä (/ *-jC-, *Ć-?) ~ *a_e (default?), S. *ā_ē, Ma. *e

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
Finnic *a-i (main development?), *ä-- (derivatives)
"winter" *talvi *tālvē Er. ťeľe, Mk. ƭaľa *tel(ə) *tol teel
: tele-		 *täälə *teləɣ - *w > Ms ∅
"to cut" *säli-,
*sälek		 *čālē- - *šelä- *ćol- sel- *sil- *süüL- *sälä-
"half" *pooli *pealē *päľɜ *pele *pol feel
: fele-		 - *peeɭək *pälä cf. *pälə "side"; preF *palə → Slavic *polъ [*palʊ] → Mo *pola "spouse"?
"to wade" *koolë- *kālē- *käľə- *kelä-, *kelðə- *köl-, *kolt- kel- *kʷääl- *küüL- - F. *kaalat- ← S; Ma & P. #2 "to fish with a pull-net"
"root, vein" Liv. sūoŗ *sārē - *šer U. ser eer
: ere-		 *täärə *ɬeer - F. *soori < *sarə; Udm. e / _r?
"to load" *sälyttä- - - - K. sɤl- ell- *tääl- *ɬeeL- *tij- could be *ä-ə?
"moisture" *kasi *kāsē - - - - EW *köäťəľ *keeLää *käta
"moth" *koi - Er. ki Me. kije ke/ɤj - Tv kij, käj *keej - F. from *kooji < *kajə; ES *koajɤ ← F? U. e / _Ć
"gall" *sappi *sāppē *säpɜ - se/ɤp epe *tääpə - -
"to scoop" F. *ammi? - - - U. omɨrt- - *äämärt- *eemər- - if not F. < *ama-
"dirt" *saksi *sāksē *seksɜ - se/ɤs - - - - F > *sa(a)s-ta
"scab" *loomi - Er. ľeme Hi. lim ~ Me. lümö *lom - - - -
"tree sp." *sarni - - *šertńe *śir - - - - F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
not in F. but regular enough
"spleen" - *ðāpðē - *lep(ə) *loop leep - *leepət Ne. rapśaa S. *l-ð > *ð-ð?
"woman; weasel" - *kāðvē - - - †helɟ *kääľ *kööjəɣ *käjwä Ms. *ľɣ > ľ; MHu. > hölgy
"twig" - *sāŋkē - *šeŋge - eek - *ɬöŋk -
"to shoo" - *ārē- - - - - *äärt- *eerət-
"water" - *čācē - - - - - *seeč- Ne. sada
"to find place" - - - - *te/ɤrɨ- teer- - - - Udm. e / _r?
"to put in/on" - *cākē- - *čie- - - - - - Ma. *e > *i in hiatus (StUE1)
"mare" - *āltō *äľďɜ - - - - - -
"ungulate sp." - *vāðōk vedraš *wü̆ľə *vol - - *we₂lii - SMo "cow", MaP "horse", Kh. "reindeer". Es veis ← *vetä-, perhaps also Mo. Cf also Gmc *weθruz, L. vitulus etc.)
"moment" Fi. hetki
~ Ka. hätki		 - ška - *čož - - - - WTF?
"ring" - - - *jĭr *jor - - - Ne. jorka ? U. *jeros > joros?
Udm e ~ Komi ɤ
"back" Fi. perä
~ E. pära		 - *pŕa - be/ɤr - *pärəɣ *pertaɣ - ObU *perɜ > *per-əɣ
"part" - - - "рызе" *re/ɤć rees -rFś - - cf. Fi. räsä "broken", unless a variant of risa; Ms. dmnt.
"to prepare" - *lāčē- - *lĭšte- le/ɤśal-,
*le/ɤśɜtɨ-		 - - - -
"hemp" - - - *kĭńe ke/ɤn - - - - Wanderwort.
"to freeze" - - - Hi. kiže- ke/ɤdź- - - - *kə̈nsä- or *kinśä with K. irregular?
*ä-ä type 2: F *ä-ä ~ S *ā-ē; Komi *e; Ms *ee ~ Kh *ää (*ii) all with -CC-?
"tongue" - *ńālmē - *ńĭlmə - ńelv, ńeev *ńeeləm *ńääLəm - Ne. ńāᵒḿu better ← *ńåə- < *ńalə-
"power" *tarmo,
Fi. tärmä		 *tārmō - - - - *teeriŋ *täärəm -
"(to) cover" *läppä Lu liehppa - *leweðä-
*lewäš		 U. ľipɨ-
~ K. lep		 lep- *leep- - -
"lasso; trap" NF *lämsä *lāmčē - - K. leć - *leesə *lii₁s *jä²sɜn Medials messy; F perhaps ← Gmc *slamsa-, OU ← K?
"needle" *äjmä *ājmē - *imə K. jem - - - *äjmä Ma. *ej > *i. Also cf. U. veń
"old man" *äjjä *ājjē - - *ajɨ - - - *äjsä Contam. of *äjjä + *äććä in Smy?
"lath" *tarja - - #tiər - - N tarəs *täärəs - Fi. ~ tärjä, contam. with *sarja? *tärə-, derivs?
"larch" - - - - K. ń/nia
~ ńeja		 - EWMs ńix *nääŋk - Medials messy. PMs *ee, shortened?
"worm" - - - - K. perk feerëg *peer(ə)k - - medials?? probably nor *-rkk-
"bay, lake" - - - - U kalɤm
~ K. kela		 *keeləɣ *kœœɭəɣ - Ud. a / _l ? Sk. *kuəľ not here (< PS *wåj)
"spot" *täplä *tāplē - - - - - - -
With F *ä-ä ~ S *ea-ē
"thumb" - *pealkē *päľka - U. pɤlɨ
~ K. pel		 - - - *pej *pälə-kkä, cf. "side"? F. *pewka- ← Gmc.
"bog" - *jeaŋkē - - K. jeg - *jääŋkə *jööŋk - Fi. jänkä prob. ← S.
"smoke hole" *räppänä *reapēnē - - *ropɨ- - - - -
"lichen" *jäkälä *jeakēl - - K. jal - - - -
"to understand" Fi äly *ealvē- - - K. al - - - - -
With Komi /e/
"to freeze" (*jääty-) - - - K. jed- - *jäänt- *jentəɭ- *jäŋ-tä-. Also K. jo/ɤdmɨ "to harden"
"to reach" - - - - K. šergɤd- eer- *täärt- *ɬeerəmt- -
"to believe" - - - - *öskɨ- - *äɣt- *ööɣəL- - Ms. cf. *aa > *a / _ɣt. Cf. *usko-?
"to fly" - - - - *löb- lebëg-, libëg- - - - Rather *e? Cf. F. *lentä- ??
"thin" - - - - *vek-- veekoń - - -
"to understand; think" - - - - #väälal- veel- - - -
"old" - - - - K. vener veen - - - Or *winä?
"block" - - - - U džɤk ~
K džek		 čök - - -
remainder
"friend" - *lāvē - - - - N. leekʷ *ɬöɣ - Ms. transfer of labzn? S. ← ObU?
"paw" *käpsä - - *küpš U. kus- ~ K. kɨs, kɤs - *kʷät *kööpəL -
"this" *tä-mä *tā tä Hi. ti ~ Me. tɤ *ta te- *ti *te ? *tê- East *tê, if not rel. to "that"
"these" *nä-mä *nā *ńä *nĭjne K. na -ni, -ne ? *-nää ? *-nää *nä Ugr. lativ ending
"ass" - - - *šeŋgə - šegg *sääŋkʷ - *čɤŋkå *č not palatalized in Smy?
"to chop" - *āktē- - - *ooktɨ- üt- *jäkt- *ööɣət- - Ms *ää > *ä / _kt? Cf. "to believe". P *oktɨ- "gather" not here (contra HPUL)
"big, mother" *emä *eamē - - - eme - - *ämä F & S. with analogy from *ena? Cf. F. *ämmä
"bone" Fi. tähde *tāktē - - - tetem - - - F. "leftovers"
"elm" - - śäľi *šol - sil - - - F. *salaka, *halaka "willow" ← Gmc.
"star" *tähti *tāstē *ťäšťɜ *tištə - - - - - Or -i?
With Ms *ää ~ Kh *ää (most spotty, perhaps most *-ə)
"to cut" *vejci
Võ. väić		 - - - K. vɤź- veeš- - *wäänć- - nom. *wäńćə (> F. "knife"), verb *wäńć-ä-?
"girl" *nejt--
Võ. näio		 *nējtɤ E. ńi - *nɨl - *nääj
"lady"		 *nääj
"lady"		 *nä *näjə. Cf. Ms *nee ~ Kh *nii₂ŋ "woman"
"roach; ruffe" *särki - *säŕgɜ *šereŋɣə - - *täärəɣ *ɬäärəɣ - Liv. särg w/o umlaut (< *särkä?)
"father" - W *āččē - - - - *ääći *ääćii NE #åt³sä- S. also E *ëćē = F. *icä?
"soft" - OSw "nemok"? - - - - *ńäämək *ńäämək
"lap" - - *äľ Hi. elt- ~ Me. ölt- *wol - *ääl *ääL -
"(to) bend" - - *mäńə- - - meen *määnəj-,
*mii₂n		 #mËnə-
"to choke" - - - - *čök-,
U. džok- ~ K. džag-		 - *šük- *čääkən- -
"to feel" - - - - K. malal - *määlVćl- *määL- - Es. mälu < *mälə "mind"
"honey" - - - *mü(j) - - *määɣ *määɣ Newer loans, e.g. from Permic?
Loans: old
"board" *parci - - *börd - *päärtə *peert - ← IE *bʰerdʰ-; separately in P.?
"lake" *jarvi,
*järvi		 *jāvrē järkä *jer - - - - - +Merya #jäkrä; ← IE *jewHro-
"to flee;
to disappear" 		- *pātārɤ- - - - - *päätər- - - ← II *patar- "flying" (StUE1)
"goose" *hanhi - Er. šenže - - - - - - *šänšä ← B.
Loans: likely parallel
"to tire; be ill" *väsü- *vēsɤ- - - *viśɨ- - - - - FS ← Gmc *wēsia-
"crust" *kärnä *kearnē kšńat - - - *käärńə- F & S. ← Gmc. *herna
"to go" *käve- - - Hi. kej ~ Me. kaj - - - - - F. ← Gmc. *skeewjan
"small, few" *vähä - Er. vež- - - - - - - F. ← Gmc *wēxa-, also Er.?
"kidney" - - - *werɣə K. vɤrk - - - - ← II *vr̥tka
"iron" - - kšńi *kü̆rtńe *kort - - - - ← Ir. *kaart-
With Permic *a
"tree stump" - *jɤlŋēs - - U. jal - - *jöŋkəL *jä Check Smy.
"bird sp." Es. ähk(a-) - *šäkša-- *ćećkem K. čakčej - - - -
"backside" - NW *kācākɤ - - K. kadž - - - -
"birch bark vessel" - - - *leŋəš *ľaŋes - - *jeŋəL -
"house" - - - *mĭt *matɤ - - - *mat
"fish sp." - - - - U. karei - *käärɣəj *köörə Ne. xirii
"net" - - - - *ka(d)ź - - Kam. koťəp -
"trap" - - - - *naľk - *ńääľə - - Cf. Fi. nalkki ??
"year; time" - - - - *ar - #arəm - - But Smy *ërö < *ëd₁ə
"time" - - - - K. kad †kedig,
keedig		 - - -
"to knead" - - - *nüštəlä- U. nadź- - - - - Weak
TBS: FP only
"woodpecker" *hähnä *čāšnē - *šištə *śiź - - - -
"beaver" *majaka *mājēkē mijav - mɨ/oj - - - - NB Mo. *i, P. ɨ~o also in "to leave"
"rotten" *mätä *mēckɤ - *määkš - - - - - Medials incoherent
"fine; short" *hɤɤno - - - K. dženɨt - - - - Bad. K ~ F hiven = *čiŋɜ-?
"whetstone" *hɤɤra - - - U. šer - - - -
"cambium; milk" Fi. jälsi - - - *jɤl - - - - Bad semantics
"sickness" *närä - - - K. ńora - - - -
"to choke, strangle" *läppä(htä)- *lɤppɤsē- *ľäpəja-,
*ľäpsta-		 - - - - - - Cf. *läkkä-
"near" *lähe-,
*läs-nä		 - - *lĭš-nə - - - - -
"thin" E *väčkü - - *wĭćkəž - - - - -
"aunt; mother" *tätej - "ťäďä" - - - - - - Lallwort
"paw" *käppä - *käpɜ - - - - - - Cf. *käpsä, also Fi. käpälä
"to breathe" *läkkä- - *ľäka- - - - - - -
"valley" - *leakē ľäj - - - - - - Cf. *lakc'i; WPIE *lakos
TBS: Permic + East
"rare; open" - - - - U. šer - *täärəɣ *Lii₂r(tV) -
"even" - - - - U. voľɨt ~
K. voľk(ɨd)		 - - E weeľəɣ ~
W *weĽək		 -
"to see" - - - - K. vidlɨ- veed- - N. waant- - Better *E? Cf. IE
"to heat" - - - - U est(ɨ)-
K ɤzji-		 - - W *eL-,
V öl-		 - cf. PIE *h₂as-? also cf. *ešə-
"sour" - - - - U šɤm ~
K šom		 - - *čii₂m Nothing works. Cf. *šAppa(ma), *čɜGɜ-, *šoKɜ-
"to disappear" - - - - U. vez- ve(e)s- - - -
"sack" - - - - U. puj(ɨ) - *pääjəp - - or *pejV? SMs ä ~ EMs öä < *ää, but NMs a < *ä (WMs a undiagnostic)
TBS: East only
"squirrel" - - - - - evet N. tapriś - Sk. #täpäk Or H ~ V iiwə, Trj jiipət (*-ɬääŋkii)
"to lift" - - - - - emel- *äälm- *ääl(əm)- *(j)i²lə-
"daughter" - - - - - ia- *ääwi *ööɣii - H. in ia-fia "one's children"
"other side" - - - - - elv *ääləm *ääLəm -
"dog" - - - - - ëb *äämpə *äämp -
"strawberry" - - - - - epër *ääpərjek - -
"to harden (steel)" - - - - - edz- E öät- *äät- -
"glue" - - - - - eńv *eeľəm E eejəm ~
W *ääjəm		 H *ľm > *ńm > ńv?
"to walk; have room" - - - - - leep- *lääp- *Leep-
"to lurk" - - - - - leš- *lääć- N laaśii- -
"thin" - - - - - veezna *(w)iś *wääńć - and K. vɤsńi??
"tail" - - - - - - *määnśək *määsəɣ Sk. mäča
"horse; herd" - - - - - meen - *määnəŋ - *E possible
"to look" - - - - - tekint- - E. tääɣən- -
"to scoop" - - - - - - - *ɬäät- *täti- cf. Komi šɤt- 'to bring in'?!
"rapids" - - - - - šellöö *säärlV - - *č- or *ś-?
TBS: Rest
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"son-in-law" *vävvü *vīvɤ Mk. ov *wiŋə - vöö - W *weeŋ ~
E wooŋ		 *weŋü
"younger male relat." - *lāvē - - - - N leekʷ *ľööɣii - Kh *ɬööɣ "slave" probs not here
"sap" - *ālē - - - - *iľ,
Tv oľ		 W *eɭə(ɣ)
~ V öɭ		 *ï/ülə Cf. "cambium"
"to burn" - - - #Iŋä- K. ɨń eeg- - *jääŋ(L)əL- - *äŋə-
"raspberry" - - *ińəźəŋ Me. (eŋ)əž ~
Hi. (əŋg)əž		 U. (em)edź
~ K. (ɤm)edź		 - - *-ääńć - Probs a compound also in Ma. (← eŋa- ~ əŋgä- 'to burn'?), P.
"don't" *älä ɤlēk iľa(k) - - - Tv äl /
wil, ul		 *ääL (#i) much irregular. very analogy
"child; young" - - *ejď - - i-fjú - *ääj -
"porridge" *rokka - - - *rook - W raɣt,
*räk-		 *rook,
*rääk		 *rokka ~ *rekkä??
"hill" *kääp(p)ä - - - - - *käp - - F. may be ← B.
"palm" N *kämmen,
S *kämmäl		 - - - - - - *köömən - S. *keamë- ← F.
"hard" *kämä - kemä - - kemeeń - - *kom?
"small bird" - - - *kaj (?!) - - So. koj Kaz. kuj Mt, Tv kai "goose"
"spear, spit" - *sńipčō - *jɤpš *jooć/ś - - *jii₂pəs *japsə Ma (++?) cf. Trk?
"belt" *jee *jiəj ? Cf. "vyö"
"juniper" *kataka *kɤsŋɤs;
*koaccēvē "needle"		 - "MRS" kož K. kač - *kääš- - - F. from *kača "resin" (vs. S. *kāssē "wax" < G?), or B.?
"blood" - *kēlō- - - - - *keel(ə)p *käLə- ? Ne. śelw- NS also kīlu-
"tail; back" *häntä *cɤ/īckɤ - - - - *šiš *čönč - best *e
"otter" NF? *hähkä - - - - - - - Sk. töötə Ma. šä/aškə ← Trk.
"string" Fi. jänni - - - - - - Vj jönää
~ W *jen		 - Bad (prob variants of *jäntə)
"wagtail" #västɜräkkɜ - *uśkəŕəj - - - *wärćək *we/örćək - S. #peštōr ← Kar. päistärikko
"animal hair" - - - *wäjä - - - - Ne. #ẃeići
"to help" - - Er. čaŋgoďe- - - šegiit- - - - *č-ŋk-nt-, but wtf vowels?
"to pull, lead" *vetä- - *väďa- ~
*väťa-		 #wi/üðe- - vezet- - - - better *ä than *e? also cf. Er. viťi-
"net" - - - *wäpte-/əš *vötes - - - -
"trap" - *šeaššē - ? *ćüćäš - - *seesəɣ - - but Ma. ← *ćüće- 'to dig' (MaWb)
"hard sno" - *čiekɤr - - - - CMs #ćAɣr *ćaɣər #käkar probably rather TN śexer, Km šëër ← OU
"to kick, jump" - *čēkčɤ- - *ćükće- *ćekćɨ- - - - -
""
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Rejectable
"to ruminate" *märeh(ti-) *smērēcē- - - *roməćtɨ- - - - P. probably better ← II *raumantH-
"chin" - - - - *aŋ *eeɣən *ääɣəɳ *aŋ OUg better ~ *jekən, Smy ← *aŋ 'mouth' < *oŋə
"cereal" - - - *šeðäŋə K. *šoogdi e(e)d - *ɬäänt - H+Kh < *sewə-ntä
"weak" - - - *läńćərä K. ľić - - *ɭääsək - Medials inconsistent, Ma unetymological (better < *lańśə 'soft'?)
"weasel" - - - - U. jurmek - - - Sk. ńärmäk *je- ~ *ńä-?!
"to go" - - - - - üldöz- *jäl- VVj jel- - OU better < *elä-
"berry stew" - - - - K. ľaz(j-) - - *lüüs - Zero phonetic match
"tip of nose" - *tīŋɤ - - - - - - TNe tɨna *ŋ ~ *n? *ī ~ *ï?
"leather ~ bark" - *čɤvtē - - - - - - *käpti
"to turn" *kääntä- - - - *kož- - - - -
"hill" - *tēvā - - K. di - - - - S. uninheritable
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