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| | {{Deletion|Staigard|Well I have moved all the data somewhere else}} |
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| == .. Adjectives => Verbs==
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| ..
| | db-g7 |
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| Some concepts that are coded as adjectives in English, are coded as verbs in '''béu'''. Usually they are body internal processes or states. So joining "to sleep", "to love", "to hate" (which are stative verbs in English) we have concepts like "to be angry", "to be jealous", "to be healthy" encoded as verbs in their base state.
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| [Note ... most of these are mental states]
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| Now in '''béu''' all multi-syllable adjectives become verbs simply by adding the verb train to them. For example ...
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| '''joga''' = wide
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| '''joguran komwe''' = it seems they have widened the road
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| However ... to make the corresponding '''hipe''' you must add the suffix '''ko'''. For example ...
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| '''jogako''' = to widen
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| For the few mono-syllabic adjectives that exist, this suffix must be present all the time. For example ...
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| '''àu''' = black
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| '''auko''' = to blacken
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| '''aukuran komwe''' = it seems they have blackened the road
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| Notice that these derived verbs are all transitive. To have the intransitive sense, you must use the verb '''tezau''' "become" along with the adjective.
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| ..
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| ==..... 72 Adjectives==
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| === ..... 4 of which serve as intransitive verbs===
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| ..
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''bòi <sup>*</sup>
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| |align=center| good
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| |align=center| '''boizora'''
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| |align=center| she is healthy
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| |align=center| '''bòis'''<sup>**</sup>
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| |align=center| to be healthy/health
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| |align=center| '''kéu'''
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| |align=center| bad
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| |align=center| '''keuzora'''
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| |align=center| he is ill
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| |align=center| '''kéus'''
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| |align=center| to be sick/illness
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| |align=center| '''fái'''
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| |align=center| rich <sup>**</sup>
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| |align=center| '''faizora'''
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| |align=center| she is interested
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| |align=center| '''fáis'''
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| |align=center| to be attentive/attention
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| |align=center| '''pàu'''
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| |align=center| bland
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| |align=center| '''pauzora'''
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| |align=center| he is bored
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| |align=center| '''pàus'''
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| |align=center| to be bored/boredom
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| |}
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| <sup>*</sup> Note that the adverb version of this word is slightly irregular. Instead of '''boiwe''' it is '''bowe'''. People often shout this when impressed with some athletic feat or sentiment voiced ... '''bowe bowe''' => well done => bravo bravo
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| <sup>**</sup>'''boizis''' is commonly said upon parting for what is expected to be some time. It means "may you be well".
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| Also instead of '''keuwe''' we have '''kewe'''. People often shout '''kewe kewe kewe''' if they are unimpressed with some athletic feat or disagree with a sentiment expressed. Equivalent to "Booo boo".
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| <sup>**</sup>In a non-monetary sense. If applied to food it means many flavours and/or textures. If applied to music it means there is polyphony. If applied to physical design it means baroque.
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| ..
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| === ... 12 of which don't serve as any type of verbs===
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| ..
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''igwa'''
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| |align=center| equal, the same
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''uʒya'''
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| |align=center| different, not the same
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| |align=center| '''sài'''
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| |align=center| young
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''gáu'''
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| |align=center| old (of a living thing)
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''jini'''
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| |align=center| clever, smart
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''tumu'''
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| |align=center| stupid, thick
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''wenfo'''
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| |align=center| new
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''yompe'''
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| |align=center| old, former, previous
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''cùa'''
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| |align=center| east, dawn, sunrise
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''día'''
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| |align=center| west, dusk, sundown
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''bene'''
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| |align=center| right, positive
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''komo'''
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| |align=center| left, negative
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| |}
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| ..
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| (Of course you can always use a periphrastic expression if you wanted.)
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| === ... 54 of which serve as transitive verbs===
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| ..
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''boʒi'''
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| |align=center| better
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| |align=center| '''kegu'''
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| |align=center| worse
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| |align=center| '''faizai'''
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| |align=center| richer
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| |align=center| '''paugau'''
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| |align=center| blander
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| |align=center| '''maze'''
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| |align=center| open
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| |align=center| '''nago'''
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| |align=center| closed
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| |align=center| '''saco'''
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| |align=center| fast
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| |align=center| '''gade'''
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| |align=center| slow
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| |align=center| '''fazeu'''
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| |align=center| empty
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| |align=center| '''pagoi'''
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| |align=center| full
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| |align=center| '''hauʔe'''
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| |align=center| beautiful
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| |align=center| '''ʔaiho'''
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| |align=center| ugly
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| |align=center| '''ailia'''
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| |align=center| neat
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| |align=center| '''aulua'''
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| |align=center| untidy
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| |align=center| '''joga'''
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| |align=center| wide
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| |align=center| '''teza'''
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| |align=center| narrow
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| |align=center| '''ái'''
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| |align=center| white
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| |align=center| '''àu'''
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| |align=center| black
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| |align=center| '''hái'''
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| |align=center| high
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| |align=center| '''ʔàu'''
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| |align=center| low
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| |align=center| '''guboi'''
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| |align=center| deep
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| |align=center| '''sikeu'''
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| |align=center| shallow
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| |align=center| '''seltia'''
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| |align=center| bright
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| |align=center| '''goljua'''
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| |align=center| dim
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| |align=center| '''taiti'''
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| |align=center| tight
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| |align=center| '''jauju'''
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| |align=center| loose
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| |align=center| '''jutu'''
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| |align=center| big
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| |align=center| '''tiji'''
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| |align=center| small
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| |align=center| '''felgi'''
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| |align=center| hot
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| |align=center| '''polzu'''
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| |align=center| cold
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| |align=center| '''baga'''
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| |align=center| simple
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| |align=center| '''kaza'''
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| |align=center| complex
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| |align=center| '''naike'''
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| |align=center| sharp
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| |align=center| '''maubo'''
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| |align=center| blunt
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| |align=center| '''nucoi'''
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| |align=center| wet
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| |align=center| '''mideu'''
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| |align=center| dry
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| |align=center| '''wobua'''
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| |align=center| heavy
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| |align=center| '''yekia'''
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| |align=center| light
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| |align=center| '''pujia'''
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| |align=center| thin
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| |align=center| '''fitua'''
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| |align=center| thick
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| |align=center| '''yubau'''
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| |align=center| strong
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| |align=center| '''wikai'''
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| |align=center| weak
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| |align=center| '''fuje'''
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| |align=center| soft
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| |align=center| '''pito'''
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| |align=center| hard
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| |align=center| '''gelbu'''
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| |align=center| rough
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| |align=center| '''solki'''
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| |align=center| smooth
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| |align=center| '''ʔoica'''
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| |align=center| clear
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| |align=center| '''heuda'''
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| |align=center| hazy
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| |align=center| '''selce'''
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| |align=center| sparce
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| |align=center| '''goldo'''
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| |align=center| dense
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| |align=center| '''cadai'''
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| |align=center| fragrant
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| |align=center| '''dacau'''
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| |align=center| stinking
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| |align=center| '''detia'''
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| |align=center| elegant
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| |align=center| '''cojua'''
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| |align=center| crude
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| |}
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| ..
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''bozor'''
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| |align=center| he improves
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| |align=center| '''kegor'''
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| |align=center| he worsens
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| |align=center| '''boʒido'''
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| |align=center| to improve
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| |align=center| '''kegudo'''
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| |align=center| to made worse
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| |align=center| '''faizor'''
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| |align=center| she develops
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| |align=center| '''paugau'''
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| |align=center| she runs down
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| |align=center| '''faizaido'''
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| |align=center| to enrich/develope
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| |align=center| '''paugaudo'''
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| |align=center| to run down
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| |align=center| '''mazor'''
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| |align=center| he opens
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| |align=center| '''nagor'''
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| |align=center| he closes
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| |align=center| '''mazedo'''
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| |align=center| to open
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| |align=center| '''nagodo'''
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| |align=center| to shut
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| |align=center| '''sacori'''
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| |align=center| she speeds up
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| |align=center| '''gadori'''
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| |align=center| she slows down
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| |align=center| '''sacodo'''
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| |align=center| to accelerate
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| |align=center| '''gadedo'''
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| |align=center| to decelerate
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| |align=center| '''fazor'''
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| |align=center| he empties
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| |align=center| '''pagor'''
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| |align=center| he fills
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| |align=center| '''fazedo'''
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| |align=center| to empty
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| |align=center| '''pagodo'''
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| |align=center| to fill
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| |align=center| '''hauʔor'''
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| |align=center| she beautifies
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| |align=center| '''ʔaihor'''
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| |align=center| she makes ugly
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| |align=center| '''hauʔedo'''
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| |align=center| beautify
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| |align=center| '''ʔaihodo'''
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| |align=center| to make ugly
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| |align=center| '''ailor'''
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| |align=center| he tidies up
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| |align=center| '''aulor'''
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| |align=center| he messes up
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| |align=center| '''ailido'''
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| |align=center| to tidy up
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| |align=center| '''auludo'''
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| |align=center| to mess up
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| |align=center| '''jogor'''
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| |align=center| he widens
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| |align=center| '''tezor'''
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| |align=center| he narrows
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| |align=center| '''jogado'''
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| |align=center| to broaden
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| |align=center| '''tezado'''
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| |align=center| to narrow
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| |}
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| ..
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''aidor'''
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| |align=center| he whitens
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| |align=center| '''audor'''
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| |align=center| he blackens
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| |align=center| '''aido'''
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| |align=center| to whiten
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| |align=center| '''audo'''
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| |align=center| to blacken
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| |align=center| '''haidor'''
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| |align=center| she raises/rises
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| |align=center| '''ʔaudor'''
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| |align=center| she lowers
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| |align=center| '''haido'''
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| |align=center| to raise
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| |align=center| '''ʔaudo'''
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| |align=center| to lower
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| |align=center| '''gubodor'''
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| |align=center| she deepens
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| |align=center| '''sikedor'''
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| |align=center| she makes shallow
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| |align=center| '''gubodo'''
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| |align=center| to deepen
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| |align=center| '''sikedo'''
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| |align=center| to make shallow
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| |align=center| '''seltidor'''
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| |align=center| he brightens
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| |align=center| '''goljudor'''
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| |align=center| he dims
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| |align=center| '''seltido'''
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| |align=center| to brighten
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| |align=center| '''goljudo'''
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| |align=center| to dim
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| |align=center| '''taitidor'''
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| |align=center| she tightens
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| |align=center| '''jaujudor'''
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| |align=center| she loosens
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| |align=center| '''taitido'''
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| |align=center| to tighten
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| |align=center| '''jaujudo'''
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| |align=center| to loosen
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| |align=center| '''jutudor'''
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| |align=center| he expands
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| |align=center| '''tijidor'''
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| |align=center| he shrinks
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| |align=center| '''jutudo'''
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| |align=center| to enlarge
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| |align=center| '''tijido'''
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| |align=center| to shrink
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| |align=center| '''felgidor'''
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| |align=center| she heats up
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| |align=center| '''polzudor'''
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| |align=center| she cools down
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| |align=center| '''felgido'''
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| |align=center| to heat up
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| |align=center| '''polzudo'''
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| |align=center| to cool down
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| |align=center| '''bagador'''
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| |align=center| she simplifies
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| |align=center| '''kazador'''
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| |align=center| she complicates
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| |align=center| '''bagado'''
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| |align=center| simplify
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| |align=center| '''kazado'''
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| |align=center| to complicate
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| |align=center| '''naikedor'''
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| |align=center| he sharpens
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| |align=center| '''maubodor'''
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| |align=center| he makes blunt
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| |align=center| '''naikedo'''
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| |align=center| to sharpen
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| |align=center| '''maubodo'''
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| |align=center| to blunt
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| |align=center| '''nucodor'''
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| |align=center| she makes wet
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| |align=center| '''midedor'''
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| |align=center| she dries
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| |align=center| '''nucodo'''
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| |align=center| to make wet
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| |align=center| '''midedo'''
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| |align=center| to dry
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''wobudor'''
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| |align=center| he loads up
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| |align=center| '''yekidor'''
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| |align=center| he unloads
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| |align=center| '''wobudo'''
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| |align=center| to load up
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| |align=center| '''yekido'''
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| |align=center| to unload
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| |align=center| '''pujidor'''
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| |align=center| he makes thin
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| |align=center| '''fitudor'''
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| |align=center| he thickens
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| |align=center| '''pujido'''
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| |align=center| to make thin
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| |align=center| '''fitudo'''
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| |align=center| to thicken
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''yubador'''
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| |align=center| she strengthens
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| |align=center| '''wikador'''
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| |align=center| she weakens
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| |align=center| '''yubado'''
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| |align=center| to strengthen
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| |align=center| '''wikado'''
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| |align=center| to weaken
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''fujedor'''
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| |align=center| softens
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| |align=center| '''pitodor'''
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| |align=center| she hardens
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| |align=center| '''fujedo'''
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| |align=center| to soften
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| |align=center| '''pitodo'''
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| |align=center| to harden
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''gelbudor'''
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| |align=center| she roughens
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| |align=center| '''solkidor'''
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| |align=center| she smoothes
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| |align=center| '''gelbudo'''
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| |align=center| to roughen
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| |align=center| '''solkido'''
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| |align=center| to smooth
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''ʔoicador'''
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| |align=center| she explains
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| |align=center| '''heudador'''
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| |align=center| she confuses
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| |align=center| '''ʔoicado'''
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| |align=center| to explain
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| |align=center| '''heudado'''
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| |align=center| to muddy the waters
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''selcedor'''
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| |align=center| he prunes
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| |align=center| '''goldodor'''
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| |align=center| he intensifies
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| |align=center| '''selcedo'''
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| |align=center| to prune
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| |align=center| '''goldodo'''
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| |align=center| to intensify
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''cadador'''
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| |align=center| she make fragrant
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| |align=center| '''dacador'''
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| |align=center| she makes stinky
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| |align=center| '''cadado'''
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| |align=center| to make fragrant
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| |align=center| '''dacado'''
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| |align=center| to make stinky
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''detidor'''
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| |align=center| he decorates/embellishes
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| |align=center| '''cojudor'''
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| |align=center| he spoils
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| |align=center| '''detido'''
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| |align=center| to decorate
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| |align=center| '''cojudo'''
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| |align=center| to decorate in a gauche style
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| |}
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| ..
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| The top 4 adjectives in the table above are actually irregular comparatives.
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| The standard method for forming the comparative and superlative is ... '''ái''' = white : '''aige''' = whiter : '''aimo''' = whitest
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| ..
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| However not quite all antonyms fall into the above pattern. For example ...
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|
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|
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| '''loŋga''' = tall, '''tìa''' = short
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| '''wazbia''' = far, '''mùa''' = near ... '''wazbo''' = distance, '''wazbai''' = about 3,680 mtr (the unit of distance)
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|
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| ..
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| == ..... Quantity==
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| === ... many, a lot===
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| ..
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| '''haì''' = many
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| '''haì bawa''' = many men
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| This word is only used with countable nouns. With un-countable nouns we use '''hè'''.
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| '''hè''' comes after the noun that it qualifies.
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| '''moze hè''' = a lot of water
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| '''hè''' also can qualify verbs and adjectives. As with normal adverbs, if it doesn't immediately follow the verb it must take the form '''hewe'''.
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| '''glá doikori hè''' = the woman has walked a lot
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| '''glá (rò) hauʔe hè''' = the woman is very beautiful
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| '''hewe glá doikori''' = the woman has walked a lot
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| ..
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| === ... few, a little, a bit a little bit===
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| ..
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| '''uhai''' = few
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| '''uhe''' = a little
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| | |
| However a word meaning the same as '''uhe''' is '''iyo''' (also '''iyowe''', when used as an adverb separated from the verb). '''iyo''' occurs twice as much as '''uhe'''.
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| | |
| '''hemai''' = amount, quantity .... there is no word *'''haimai'''
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| ..
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| === ... to a greater degree===
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| ..
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| Appended to an adjective, '''ge''' indicates to a greater degree.
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| Appended to an adjective, '''mo''' indicates to the greatest degree.
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| When we have this sort of construction, we are usually comparing to people or things. The background person or thing has the '''pilana''' '''wo'''. For example ....
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| '''jene r jutuge jonowo''' = Jane is bigger than John
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| '''jene r jutumo''' = Jane is biggest
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| Note ... In English the words "more" (also "most", "less" and "least") can occur with multi-syllable adjectives. Also "more" can qualify nouns and verbs as well. The '''béu''' equivalent of "more" when qualifying nouns (non-countable) and verbs is '''hege'''. '''haige''' is used for countable nouns.
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| | |
| [ '''haige''' would translate Thai " ììk ", as in " ììk nɯɯŋ bìa " ]
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| ..
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| === ... to a less degree===
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| | |
| ..
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| Also we have '''zo''' which indicates a lesser degree.
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| Plus we have '''zmo''' which indicated the least degree.
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| | |
| However the above two suffixes don't appear that often. The most common adjectives have polar forms. And it is usual to switch to the form which will allow you to express yourself using the '''ge''' or the '''mo''' suffix. But here is an example from an adjective that doesn't have a polar form.
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| | |
| '''dè r mutuzo''' = that one is not so important
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| '''dí r mutuzmo''' = this one is the least important
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| | |
| ..
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| === ... to the same degree===
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| | |
| ..
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| | |
| As well as '''ge''', '''mo''', '''zo''' and '''zmo''' there is one more suffix that is appended to adjectives. It is '''la''' (note this is a '''pilana''' when appended to nouns)
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| | |
| '''jene r jutula jonowo''' = Jane is as big as John
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| '''jene r ʔes jutumi jonowo''' = Jane is as big as John
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| '''jene r uʔes jutumi jonowo''' = Jane is not the same size as John
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| ..
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| === ... Antonym phonetic correspondence===
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| | |
| ..
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| In the above lists, it can be seen that each pair of adjectives have pretty much the exact opposite meaning from each other. However in '''béu''' there is ALSO a relationship between the sounds that make up these words.
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| In fact every element of a word is a mirror image (about the L-A axis in the chart below) of the corresponding element in the word with the opposite meaning.
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''ʔ'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''m'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''y'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''j'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''ai'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''f'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''e'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''b'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''eu'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''g'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''u'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''d'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''ua'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=left| '''high tone'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''l'''
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| |align=center| ===========================
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| |align=center| '''a'''
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| |align=center| ============================
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| |align=left| '''neutral'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''c'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''ia'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=left|'''low tone'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''s/ʃ'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''i'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''k'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''oi'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''p'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''o'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''t'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''au'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''w'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''n'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''h'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
| |
| |}
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| | |
| | |
| -----
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| | |
| Note ... The original idea of having a regular correspondence between the two poles of a antonym pair came from an earlier idea for the script. In this early script, the first 8 consonants had the same shape as the last 8 consonants but turned 180˚. And in actual fact the two poles of a antonym pair mapped into each other under a 180˚ turn.
| |
| | |
| -----
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| | |
| An adjectives is called '''moizana''' in '''béu''' .... NO NO NO
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| '''moizu''' = attribute, characteristic, feature
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| And following the way '''béu''' works, if there is an action that can be associated with noun (in any way at all), that noun can be co-opted to work as an verb.
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| Hence '''moizori''' = he/she described, he/she characterized, he/she specified ... '''moizus''' = the noun corresponding to the verb on the left
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| '''moizo''' = a specification, a characteristic asked for ... '''moizoi''' = specifications ... '''moizana''' = things that describe, things that specify
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| '''nandau moizana''' = an adjective, but of course, especially in books about grammar, this is truncated to simply '''moizana'''
| |
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| ..
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| | |
| == ..... Adverbs==
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| | |
| There are 4 types of word that function as adverbs in '''béu'''.
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| | |
| 1) There are adjectives which are changed into adverbs by suffixing -'''we'''. For example ...
| |
| | |
| '''saco''' = quick
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| '''sacowe''' = quickly
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| THIS type of adverbs can have any position within a sentence. However if they immediately follow the verb which they are qualifying, the suffix is deleted. For example ...
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| '''doikor saco nambon''' = '''doikor nambon sacowe''' = '''sacowe doikor nambon''' = she is walking quickly home
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| 2) There are nouns which are changed into adverbs by suffixing -'''we'''. For example ...
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| '''deuta''' = soldier
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| '''deutəwe''' = "in the manner of a soldier"
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| Note that the final vowel in '''deuta''' changes here. This is because as well as being a suffix, '''wé''' is a noun in its own right meaning "way" or "method" (see the section on word building)
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| | |
| Just as '''saco''' is an adjective which is considered an adverb when immediately following a verb, so '''deutəwe''' is an adverb that is considered an adjective when immediately following a noun.
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| Also a noun is formed by suffixing -'''mi''' to the end.
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| | |
| '''deutəwemi''' = soldierliness
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| | |
| 3) One of the functions of a nouns with '''pilana''' 1 => 8 + 15 is as an adverb. This type of adverb must follow the verb immediately. In a similar manner to type 2), if this form comes after a noun it is considered an adjective. For example ...
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| | |
| '''moŋgos flor halma pazbamau''' (the gibbon eats an apple on the table) '''pazbamau''' is an adjective describing where the apple is.
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| '''moŋgos flor pazbamau halma''' (the gibbon is eating an apple on the table) '''pazbamau''' is an adverb describing where the "eating" is taking place.
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| Note ... In English, the sentence "the monkey eats the apple on the table" is ambiguous.
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| Go thru the other '''pilana''' ???
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| 4) This type of adverbs are nouns that are stand for time periods. For example tomorrow, yesterday, the past et. etc. Basically when they are not copula subjects, copula complements or in the ergative case, they are adverbs.
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| | |
| 5) Words such as "often" ??? ( = many times ???) ... a particle ???
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| ..
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| | |
| == ..... Ten Key Verbs==
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| ..
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| {|border=1
| |
| |align=center| '''cùa'''
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| |align=center| to leave, to depart
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| |align=center| to stop
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''día'''
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| |align=center| to arrive, to reach
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| |align=center| to start
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''slòi'''
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| |align=center| to stay, to live
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| |align=center| to continue
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''yái'''
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| |align=center| to have on your person
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| |align=center| mild obligation
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''byó'''
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| |align=center| to possess legally
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| |align=center| strong obligation
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''dwài'''
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| |align=center| to pursue, to chase
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| |align=center| to try
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''mài'''
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| |align=center| to get, to receive
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| |align=center| to have permission to
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''holda'''
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| |align=center| to catch
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| |align=center| to succeed, to manage to
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''blèu'''
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| |align=center| to hold
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| |align=center| to be able to (physically)
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''glù'''
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| |align=center| to know
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| |align=center| to be able to (mentally)
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ..
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| | |
| '''cùa''' and '''día''' are transitive verbs and the object slot is usually filled by a location. However the object slot is sometimes filled with a '''hipe''', in which case '''cùa''' and '''día''' mean "to stop" and "to start" respectively. For example ...
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| | |
| '''jonos dri london''' = John arrived in London
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| '''jonos dri solbe''' = John started to drink
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| However when the subject of '''día''' and the '''hipe''' subject are different then the verb '''gàu''' "to do" or "to make" must be used. For example ...
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| | |
| '''jonos gri jene solbe''' = John made Jane drink
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| '''jonos gri jene día solbe''' = John made Jane to start to drink
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| [Note that is the above example, the '''hipe''' word order is set. That is '''jene día solbe''' is in a fixed order]
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| | |
| [Actually '''jonos gri jene día solbe''' is also expressible as '''jonos dainri jenen solbe'''. So we have two new verbs ... '''dianau''' and '''cuanau'''. Notice that Jane is in the dative case so these two new verbs are (V2)]
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| | |
| The engine '''dri doika''' = The engine started
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| | |
| Here '''doika''' "to walk" is a sort of dummy verb meaning to operate/run. It is necessary since '''día''' is a transitive verb.
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| '''slòi''' is an transitive verb meaning "to stay". The object slot is usually filled by a location. However the object slot is sometimes filled with a '''hipe''', in which case '''slè''' means "continue". There is no verb '''sloinau''' ... or is there ??
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| The verb '''yái''' means "to have on your person" or perhaps "to have easy access to" if we are talking about a larger object. For example ...
| |
| | |
| '''jonos yór halma''' = John has an apple
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| | |
| As with all transitive verbs it has a passive form.
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| | |
| '''jono yawor''' = John is present
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| | |
| '''halma yawor hí jono''' = The apple is on John's person
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| | |
| '''yái''' is also used to show location.
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| | |
| '''ʔupais yór bode''' = "there are small birds in the tree"
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| | |
| [when location comes first '''yái''' is used with no '''pilana''']
| |
| | |
| '''bode r ʔupaiʔi''' = "small birds are in the tree"
| |
| | |
| [when location comes last the copula and the general location '''pilana''' are used]
| |
| | |
| Usually an physical object is the O argument. But sometimes it is a '''hipe'''. For example ...
| |
| | |
| '''yér flayo jodoi''' = You should feed the animals OR You ought to feed the animals
| |
| | |
| The above means that you have a weak obligation to feed the animals.
| |
| | |
| The negatives of the above are quite logical (unlike there English equivalents) ...
| |
| | |
| '''yerj flayo jodoi''' = You don't have to feed the animals
| |
| | |
| '''yér jù flayo jodoi''' = You oughtn't to feed the animals
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| The verb '''byó''' means "to possess legally" to "own"
| |
| | |
| '''jenes byór wèu''' = Jane owns a car
| |
| | |
| And the passive form ...
| |
| | |
| '''wéu byowor hí jene''' = The car is owned by Jane
| |
| | |
| Usually an physical object is the O argument. But sometimes it is a '''hipe'''. For example ...
| |
| | |
| '''byér flayo jodoi''' = You have to feed the animals OR You must feed the animals
| |
| | |
| The above means that you have a strong obligation to feed the animals ... maybe it is your job.
| |
| | |
| The negatives of the above are quite logical (unlike there English equivalents) ...
| |
| | |
| '''byerj flayo jodoi''' = You don't have to feed the animals
| |
| | |
| '''byér jù flayo jodoi''' = You mustn't feed the animals
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| Note on English usage (in fact all the Germanic languages) ... the way English handles negating modal words is a confusing. Consider "She can not talk". Since the modal is negated by putting "not" after it and the main verb is negated by putting "not" in front of it, this could either mean ...
| |
| | |
| a) She doesn't have the ability to talk
| |
| | |
| or
| |
| | |
| b) She has the ability to not talk
| |
| | |
| Note only when the meaning is a) can the proposition be contracted to "she can't talk". In fact, when the meaning is b), usually extra emphasis would be put on the "not". a) is the usual interpretation of "She can not talk" and if you wanted to express b) you would rephrase it to "She can keep silent". This rephrasing is quite often necessary in English when you have a modal and a negative main verb to express.
| |
| | |
| In '''béu''' a negative on the active verb and a negative on the '''hipe''' is perfectly possible. This is shown below ...
| |
| | |
| '''jenes blrj flò cokolate''' => Jane can't eat chocolates (Jane lacks the ability to eat chocolates) ... for example she is a diabetic and can not eat anything sweet.
| |
| | |
| '''jenes blr jù flò cokolate''' => Jane can '''not''' eat chocolates (Jane have the ability not to eat chocolates)... meaning she has the willpower to resist them.
| |
| | |
| '''jenes blrj jù flò cokolate''' => Jane can not not eat chocolates (Jane lacks the ability, not to eat chocolates) ... meaning she can't resist them.
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| ?? we use '''mas''' and '''loi''' loi ??? = others ???
| |
| | |
| | |
| slight obligation => might ???
| |
| | |
| obligation/duty => inevitability
| |
| | |
| physical ability => sometimes
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| '''anzu''' = duty
| |
| | |
| '''seŋgo''' = obligation
| |
| | |
| '''alfa''' = ability
| |
| | |
| '''hempo''' = permission or leave
| |
| | |
| '''hento''' = knowledge
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| == ..... Index==
| |
| | |
| {{Béu Index}}
| |
