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| | {{Deletion|Staigard|Well I have moved all the data somewhere else}} |
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| ==..... Word building==
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| | db-g7 |
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| Many '''béu''' words can be analysed as being constructed from more basic elements.
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| In chapter 5 we showed how a noun could be made out of two basic nouns.
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| Here are some more examples ;-
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| {| border=1
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| |align=right| '''bái'''
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| |align=left| to raise
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| |align=right| '''gwaino''' =
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| |align=left| a machine
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| |align=right| '''gwaino bái''' =
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| |align=left| "a machine of levitation"
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| |align=center|'''=>'''
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| |align=right| '''baino''' =
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| |align=left| a lift or an elevator
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| |-
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| |align=right| '''bái''' =
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| |align=left| to rise
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| |align=right| '''tagu''' =
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| |align=left| a tool
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| |align=right| '''tagu bái''' =
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| |align=left| "a rising tool"
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| |align=center|=>
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| |align=right| '''baigu''' =
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| |align=left| a ladder
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| |-
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| |align=right| '''nandau''' =
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| |align=left| a word
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| |align=right| '''toili''' =
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| |align=left| a book
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| |align=right| '''toili nandau''' =
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| |align=left| "a book of words"
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| |align=center|=>
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| |align=right| '''nandɘli''' =
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| |align=left| a dictionary
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| |-
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| |align=right| '''limba''' =
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| |align=left| a tongue or language
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| |align=right| '''megau''' =
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| |align=left| a body of knowledge,
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| |align=right| '''megau limba''' =
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| |align=left| "the study of language"
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| |align=center|=>
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| |align=right| '''limbəgau''' =
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| |align=left| linguistics
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| |}
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| And below is a list of the most common words that are made this way. They are grouped according to their tail element.
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| ..
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| === Word or -DAU===
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| A word = '''nandau'''
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| {| border=1
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| |align=right| '''jodu''' =
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| |align=left| movement ...............
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| |align=right| '''nandau''' =
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| |align=left| a word ....................
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| |align=right| '''nandau jodu''' =
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| |align=left| "a word of movement"
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| |align=center|'''=>'''
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| |align=right| '''jodədau''' =
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| |align=left| a verb
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| |-
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| |align=right| '''fanyo''' =
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| |align=left| an object, a thing(physical)
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| |align=right| '''nandau''' =
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| |align=left| a word
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| |align=right| '''nandau fanyo''' =
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| |align=left| "a word of an object"
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| |align=center|=>
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| |align=right| '''fanyədau''' =
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| |align=left| a noun
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| |-
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| |align=right| '''sài''' =
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| |align=left| a colour
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| |align=right| '''nandau''' =
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| |align=left| a word
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| |align=right| '''nandau sài''' =
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| |align=left| "a word of colour"
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| |align=center|'''=>'''
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| |align=right| '''saidau''' =
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| |align=left| an adjective
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| |}
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| Actually '''jodədau''' has been shortened further and is '''jodau'''
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| Also '''fanyədau''' has been shortened further and is '''fandau'''
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| '''jodauza''' = a predicate (verb phrase)
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| '''fandauza''' = a noun phrase
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| '''jodaunyo''' = a verb phrase OR a simple verb
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| '''fandaunyo''' = a noun phrase OR a noun
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| sky.sound = a vowel sky.sound.za = a diphthong or a triphthong sky.sound. nyo = a vowel OR a diphthong/triphthong
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| earth.sound = a consonant earth.sound.za = a consonant cluster earth.sound.nyo = a consonant OR a consonant cluster
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| === Fellow or -PEU===
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| '''ampeu''' = a comrade, a fellow, a peer, someone of the same social status as you and on friendly terms with you. Not exactly a friend but you rub along with this person for mutual advantage. Emotionally neutral ... between friend and enemy.
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| ---------
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| '''polji''' = womb ... '''poljəpeu''' = a twin
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| '''hodo''' = class (in a school) ... '''hodəpeu''' = a class mate
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| '''donəpeu''' = a companion
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| year'''peu''' = somebody born in the same year as you
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| name'''peu''' = a namesake, somebody with the same name as you
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| country'''peu''' = a compatriate
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| zz = aim, objective, a purpose, a cause ... zz'''peu''' = a comrade, a fellow traveller
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| All these words are their own plural
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| === Subject or -GAU===
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| A field of study = '''megau'''
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| '''peugəŋgau''' = the entirety of human knowledge
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| '''laigau''' = calculus
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| === Book or -LI===
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| A book = '''toili'''
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| === Tool or -GU===
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| A tool = '''tagu'''
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| === Machine or -NO===
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| '''sweˊ''' = to speak
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| '''sweno''' = the telephone
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| === Belief/theory or -GAI===
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| === Wagon or -WEU===
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| A vehicle = '''wèu'''
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| === Building or -DO===
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| '''bundo''' = building
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| ??or should it be '''bundu''' ??
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| === Side or -ʔA===
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| '''ʔà''' = side
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| '''aibaʔa''' = a triangle
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| '''ugaʔa''' = a square
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| '''idaʔa''' = a pentagon
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| '''elaʔa''' = a hexagon
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| --------------
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| '''ò atas nambo''' = he/she is above the house ... however if "house" is understood, and mention of it is dropped, we must add '''ʔa''' to '''atas''' ... for example ...
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| '''ò atasʔa''' = he/she is above
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| ---------------
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| '''dauniʔa''' = underneath
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| '''liʒiʔa''' = on the left hand side
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| '''luguʔa''' = on the right hand side
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| ------------------
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| noldo, suldo, westa, istu niaka, muaka faceside backside etc. etc.
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| === Face (or 2D stretch but typically non-horizontal) or -ʔAU===
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| '''daʔau''' = face
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| '''ugaʔau''' = a tetrahedron
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| '''elaʔau''' = a cube
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| '''ezaʔau''' = an octahedron
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| '''ajauʔau''' = a dodecahedron
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| '''ajauzaʔau''' = an icosahedron
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| === Volume/Room or -ʔAI===
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| '''daʔai''' = volume, room
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| '''moʃiʔai''' = water room = bathrooom
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| = bedroom
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| = cookroom
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| = livingroom
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| = store room
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| You can name the regular shapes in 4 dimensions.
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| '''idaʔai''' = a 5-cell
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| '''ezaʔai''' = an 8-cell
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| '''ajaugaʔai''' = a 16-cell
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| '''uvauʔai''' = a 24-cell
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| '''apauʔai''' = 120-cell
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| '''agaivauʔai''' = 600-cell
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| === A station/base or -HEU ===
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| The original meaning of '''hèu''' is "farm" .... i.e. a sort of spread out place where many activities take place. There are store houses and/or workshops related to these different activities plus a fair amount of open space.
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| From this original meaning, '''hèu''' has become an affix with the meaning "station". As in police station, army base, petrol station, townhall etc. etc.
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| '''kas''' = rule, power '''hèu kas''' => '''kas.heu''' = the townhall
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| === A rule/power or -KAS ===
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| '''londoŋkas''' = the UK
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| '''pariskas''' = france
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| === Professional or -TAI===
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| a professional (a person who's job requires book-learning) = '''notai'''
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| === A container or -COI ===
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| A container = '''mencoi'''
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| === Tradesman or -VAU===
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| The suffix '''-va''' indicates a person who has learnt skills through instruction and practice, practice, practice.
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| a pair of hand = '''duvau'''
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| --------------
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| '''damaivau''' = metalworker
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| '''weuvau''' = a truck driver
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| --------------
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| "deckhand" would not be translated into '''béu''' using -'''vau''' because it would be classed as casual labour and not skilled labour.
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| === Shop or -VU===
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| shop/stall = '''kanfu''' '''kanfu pabla''' = a stall .... "stall" usually simply designated as '''pabla''' "table"
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| ------
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| '''gozəvu''' = a fruit shop, a fruit stall
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| ===Shopkeeper or -VAI===
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| A Seller/Shopkeeper/Merchant = '''kanfai'''
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| '''gozəvai''' = a fruiterer
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| === Stuff/powder ? or -YO===
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| powder = '''ponyo'''
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| -----------------------
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| '''bunduyo''' = cement
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| wheat'''yo''' = flour
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| maize'''yo''' = maize flour
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| '''ʔazwoyo''' = milk powder
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| === Language or -BA ===
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| A tongue, a language = '''limba'''
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| === Metal or -MOI===
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| metal = '''delmoi'''
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| --------
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| copper = '''ʔolimoi'''
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| bronze = '''pwemoi'''
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| iron/steel = '''gumoi'''
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| tin = '''fujemoi'''
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| lead = '''wobumoi'''
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| aluminium = '''yekimoi'''
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| zinc <= needle ??
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| gold = '''koimoi''' ... '''kòi''' = sun, day (24 hours)
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| silver = '''deumoi''' ... '''dèu''' = moon
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| === Water or -SE===
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| water = '''moze'''
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| --------------
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| '''moze amazon''' = water of Apple => Apple Juice = '''amaze'''
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| '''ʔolaze''' = orange juice
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| '''habis''' = bee
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| '''habize''' = honey ... (some erosion here)
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| === Air/gas or -LE===
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| Air/gas = '''gale''' ... '''jamu''' = wind
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| hydrogen = '''mozele'''
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| helium = '''koile'''
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| === Disease or ʔI===
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| '''lisʔi''' = disease
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| === Fish or -SAI===
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| a fish = '''fizai''' ..... note ... fish in general are '''fiʒi'''
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| ------
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| cuttlefish = '''byozai''' ..... the plural is '''byozai.a''' .... they all take their plurals in the same way.
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| === Trees or -PAI===
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| a tree = '''ʔupai'''
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| Note ... a forest is '''ʔupo'''
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| Apple tree = '''amapai'''
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| Mango tree = '''byopai'''
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| === Fruit/nuts or -SO ===
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| '''gozo''' = fruit
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| Apple = '''amazo'''
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| Mango = '''byozo'''
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| ?? add wood & leaf to ... fruit & tree??
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| === Shape/form or -PE ===
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| '''mepe''' = shape, form
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| ---------
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| '''hiape''' = reddish .... from '''hìa''' = red
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| ----------------
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| We do not want a "unit", "boat".
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| ⁕⁕'''nandauli''' is a good example of '''béu''' word building. '''toili''' = book, '''nandau''' = word, '''toili nandaun''' = book of words. However if two words such as these
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| '''geudidau''' means extended word. It is also a good example of an extended word, in itself.
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| '''geuda''' is a verb mean'''béu'''ing to extend in one direction (usually not up). '''geudo''' is an noun meaning an extension or appendix. '''geudi''' is an adjective meaning extended.
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| '''nandau geudi''' = extended word ... now when a noun and a following adjective occur together a lot (and maybe take on a meaning slightly different) the concept they represent is normally upgraded to a word, by deleting all but the last CV (consonant vowel) in the first word, and sticking this CV on to the end of the second word.
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| Hence we get '''geudidau'''. In theory there is no limit to the combinations that can occur. However in practice (outside of technical language) there are slightly under a hundred different CV's, and the number of elements that every CV can combine with, varies from 3 or 4 up to about 40.
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| In English we have a number of common endings, such as "-ism", "-ology", "ist", etc. etc. In '''béu''' the end-stuck CV's can be thought of as equivalent to these English endings : the main difference is that this word building process is much more prevalent in '''béu'''.
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| The CV '''-dau''' (from '''nandau''') is found in combination with a number of other elements. For example ;-
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| Note that in the last example, the meaning of the extended word has shifted a bit with respect to the meaning of the original words.
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| It is possible to extend further an extended word. For example ;-
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| '''kaza''' is an adjective meaning compicated and also is a noun meaning "a complicated thing" or "a complex".
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| '''kaza cwipadaun''' = a complex of a noun => '''cwipadauza''' = a noun phrase
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| ==..... More word building==
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| ..
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| The above are examples of non-basic words originating from two nouns.
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| There is also another kind of non-basic word. This one originating from a noun and a particle.
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| The particle is not an independent word and usually only exists as a suffix ( -'''da''' is an exception to this, it can occur as a prefix as well)
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| Note that in some occasions a bit of erosion has occurred. For example ...
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| "bee" = '''habis''' and not '''*alhabis'''
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| "society" = '''peugan''' and not '''*ampeugan'''
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| The reason for this ... well common words should not be to long. But why did I not just create a new short word for the concepts "bee" and "society". It was not that I am trying to construct a language family with a different set of phonological rules to derive each of the daughter languages from the Ur-language. The fact is that I expect people (on some level at last) to associate the first syllable in "bee" with the last syllable in "flower", first syllable in "society" with the last syllable in "associate". Also I expect people to associate the concept of "bee" to the concept of "flower", the concept of "society" to the concept of "society" (again probably at a subconscious level).
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| I feel that in doing things the above way makes '''béu''' more "poetic". Also that it holds the whole thing together.
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| ..
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| === Nominalizer -VAN===
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| ..
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| This suffix usually produces an uncountable tangible nouns ... well sort of tangible.
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| ..
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''yái'''
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| |align=center| to have
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| |align=center| '''yaivan'''
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| |align=center| gear, moveable property
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''wàu'''
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| |align=center| to own
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| |align=center| '''wauvan'''
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| |align=center| possessions, property
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''flò'''
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| |align=center| to eat
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| |align=center| '''flovan'''
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| |align=center| food
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''dó'''
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| |align=center| to do, to make, to produce
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| |align=center| '''dovan'''
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| |align=center| products, produce (the noun)
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''náu'''
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| |align=center| to give
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| |align=center| '''nauvan'''
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| |align=center| tribute, tax
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''glà'''
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| |align=center| to store
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| |align=center| '''glavan'''
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| |align=center| reserves, stores
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| |}
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| ..
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| === Nominalizer to make uncountable intangible nouns -GAN===
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| ..
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| This suffix is sometimes used to make a more complex concept from a simple concept. Of course there must be some relationship between the base concept and the derived concept, however tenuous.
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| Also it is used in a few instances to give a sort of "collective" meaning. The items in the below table all have a "collective" derivation.
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''hái'''
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| |align=center| high, tall
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| |align=center| '''haigan'''
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| |align=center| the first dimension
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''joga'''
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| |align=center| broad
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| |align=center| '''jogan'''
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| |align=center| the second dimension
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''guboi'''
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| |align=center| deep
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| |align=center| '''gugan'''
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| |align=center| the third dimension
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''xxx'''
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| |align=center| position
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| |align=center| '''xxgan'''
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| |align=center| space
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''kyù'''
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| |align=center| occasion (time)
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| |align=center| '''kyugan'''
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| |align=center| time (in the general sense)
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| |}
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| And not forgetting '''dekogan''' meaning "spacetime".
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| Also (very important) ...
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| '''béu''' = A culture, with the speaking, reading and writing the '''béu''' language having a significant roll.
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| '''beugan''' = The community of '''béu'''. That is the sum total of all people who follow '''béu''' together with all written texts, buildings and other artifacts to do with '''béu'''
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| Another important one ...
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| '''peugan''' = society at large, society in general, the entirety of humanity
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| ..
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| === Used to derive names of states or dynasties -TUN===
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| ..
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| No longer a word in its own right. It might originally have meant something like "power" or "rule". Now used purely as an affix. A number of countries that have a capital city a lot bigger that any urban center are named after their capital. For example ...
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| '''londontun''' = The United Kingdom
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| '''palistun''' = France
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| '''baŋkotun''' = Thailand
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| Also used for naming dynasties. For example ...
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| '''yuantun''' = The YUAN dynasty in China
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| '''wilyamtun''' = The system of government in England after the Norman Conquest.
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| ..
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| === Adjectivalizer to make adjectives with the meaning "attracted to" -BIS===
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| ..
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| -'''bis''' is affixed to a few nouns and a few adjectives. Its has the sense of "liking", "tending towards", "accustomed to" or "addicted to".
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''ái'''
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| |align=center| white
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| |align=center| '''aibis'''
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| |align=center| faded
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''lozo'''
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| |align=center| grey
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| |align=center| '''lozbis'''
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| |align=center| grizzled
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''pà'''
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| |align=center| I
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| |align=center| '''pabis'''
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| |align=center| selfish
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''mama'''
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| |align=center| mother
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| |align=center| '''mambis'''
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| |align=center| motherbound
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''nambo'''
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| |align=center| house
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| |align=center| '''nambis'''
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| |align=center| domesticated
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''toili'''
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| |align=center| book
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| |align=center| '''tolbis'''
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| |align=center| bookish
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''alka'''
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| |align=center| alcohol
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| |align=center| '''alkabis'''
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| |align=center| (an) alcoholic
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''alha'''
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| |align=center| flower
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| |align=center| '''habis'''
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| |align=center| a bee
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''ʔinte'''
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| |align=center| ant
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| |align=center| '''ʔintebis'''
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| |align=center| an anteater, pangolin or aardvark
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| |}
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| As you can see, the derived word can have some erosion.
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| ..
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| === Adjectivalizer to make adjectives with the meaning "repelled by" -DUS===
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| ..
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| '''dus''' is affixed to a few nouns and a few adjectives. Its has the sense of "disliking", "scared of", "avoiding" or "hating".
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''ʔazwo'''
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| |align=center| milk
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| |align=center| '''ʔazwodus'''
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| |align=center| lactose intolerant
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''glabu'''
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| |align=center| person
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| |align=center| '''glabudus'''
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| |align=center| timid, shy (of an animal)
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''moze'''
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| |align=center| water
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| |align=center| '''mozdusʔi'''
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| |align=center| rabies
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''peugan'''
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| |align=center| society
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| |align=center| '''peugandus'''
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| |align=center| antisocial, an antisocial person
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| |align=center| '''peugandusmai'''
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| |align=center| antisocial behaviour
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''---'''
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| |align=center| an electron
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| |align=center| '''---bis'''
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| |align=center| positively charged
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| |align=center| '''---dus'''
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| |align=center| negatively charged
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| |align=center| '''---gan'''
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| |align=center| charge (electrical)
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''kòi'''
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| |align=center| sun
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| |align=center| '''koidus'''
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| |align=center| nocturnal
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| |}
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| ..
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| === Group or -BU===
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| ..
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| '''peubu''' = a society, association,
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| '''lentobu''' = a league (or should that be a club ?)
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| '''kodaibu''' = cooperative
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| pull'''bu''' = team, club
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| treaty'''bu''' = alliance
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| '''donobu''' = a gang, a band
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| '''alhabu''' = a bunch of flowers, a bouquet ... '''fizbu''' = a school of fish ... '''bodebu''' = a flock of birds ... '''pobu''' = forest
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| ..
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| === Member or -KI===
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| ..
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| '''beuki''' = an officeholder of '''beugan'''
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| '''puliski''' = a policeman (or woman)
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| ..
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| === Person or -ME===
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| ..
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| to compete, to struggle'''me''' = a capitalist
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| to share'''me''' = a socialist
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| to be equal, to be the same'''me''' = a communist
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| ..
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| === A place/shop or -DA ===
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| ..
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| Not part of any independent word.
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| '''floda''' = a restaurant
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| '''solbeda''' = a bar
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| (Yes it means about the same as '''bwò''' ???)
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| ..
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| === Something more complex -SA ===
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| ..
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| '''fandau''' = a noun, '''fandauza''' = a noun phrase
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| '''jodau''' = a verb, '''jodauza''' = a predicate
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| '''hipe''' = an infinitive, '''hipe''' = an infinitive phrase (these are the equivalent of complement clauses in '''béu''')
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| ..
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| === Something more complex OR the original thing -NYO ===
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| ..
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| '''fandau''' = a noun, '''fandaunyo''' = a noun phrase OR a noun
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| '''jodau''' = a verb, '''jodaunyo''' = a predicate OR a verb
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| ..
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| == Depository for béu linguistic terms==
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| LINGUISTIC JARGON ... In the Western linguistic tradition, these markers are said to represent "person" and "number". Person is either first, second or third person (i.e. I, you, he or she). In the béu linguistic tradition they are called '''cenʔo'''-markers. ('''cenʔo''' = musterlist, people that you know, acquaintances, protagonist, list of characters in a play)
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| These markers represent the subject (the person that is performing the action). Whenever possible the pronoun that represents the subject is dropped, it is not needed because we have that information inside the verb with the '''cenʔo'''-markers.
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| Now these markers represent what are called tense/aspect markers in the Western linguistic tradition. In the '''béu''' linguistic tradition, they are called '''gwomai''' or "modifications". ('''gwoma''' = to alter, to modify, to adjust, to change one attribute of something).
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| 4) and finally one of the 4 '''teŋko'''-markers shown below is added.
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| '''teŋkai''' is a verb, meaning "to prove" or "to testify" or "to give evidence" or "to demonstrate" ... '''teŋko''' is a noun derived from the above, and means "proof" or "evidence".
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| By the way, the '''béu''' terms for the five aspects represented by these 5 rows are ... '''baga''', '''dewe''', '''liʒi''', '''pomo''' and '''fene''' ... i.e. in the tense/aspect table.
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| doikoryi => He/she had not walked ... doikorya => He/she hasn't walked yet ... doikoryu => He/she will not have walked
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| Quite often this tense is followed by the word ki.e. This emphasises the "present time" meaning (This probably would not be necessary if the -w- tense had not included the "at least once" meaning). ???
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| Limitations of my tense/aspect system ...
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| Note .... Even with 16 tense/aspect markers, not every situation can be exactly expressed.
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| For example suppose two old friends from secondary school meet up again. One is a lot more muscular than before. He could explain his new muscles by saying "I have been working out" (using the progressive plus the perfect aspects). The "have" is appropriate because we are focusing on "state" rather than "action". The "am working out" is appropriate because it takes many instances of "working out" (or working out over some period of time) to build up muscles. '''béu''' has no tense/aspect marker so appropriate.
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| Every language has a limited range of ways to give nuances to an action, and language "A" might have to resort to a phrase to get a subtle idea across while language "B" has an obligatory little affix on the verb to economically express the exact same idea. You could swamp a language with affixes to exactly meet every little nuance you can think of.
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| By the way, for the above example, in '''béu''', the muscular schoolmate would use the '''r''' form of the verb plus the '''béu''' equivalent of "now" '''ki''', to explain his present condition ... good enough.
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| AND I EXPLAIN WHAT THE PERFECT IS ...
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| While the perfect tense, logically this doesn't have that much difference from the past tense it is emphasising a state rather than an action. It represents the state at the time of speaking as the outcome of past events. We have this tense/aspect in English and it is realized as "have xxxxen". For example if you wanted to talk to John and you went to his office, his secretary might say "he has gone to lunch" (as opposed to "he went for lunch"), which emphasises the absence of John. And think about the difference in meaning between "she has fallen in love" and "she fell in love" ... the first one means "she is in love" while the second one just talks about some of her history.
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| MORE ABOUT THE "ALREADY" & THE "NOT YET" TENSE
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| I read the book on geometry .... this doesn't specify whether you read it all or whether you read just a bit of it. .... (the past tense)
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| So ... I have read the book on geometry ... is more specific ... I have read it all the way thro'. .... (the perfect)
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| And by default, the perfect implies current relevance, it describes what kind of person I am NOW .... a person with some knowledge of geometry.
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| Now in the example above the "time window" is not important (assuming you don't forget things easily). If you read the book five years ago or last week ... you are still a person with some knowledge of geometry.
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| I will talk about "wide time" and "narrow time". "narrow time" comprises only the recent past but "wide time" comprises the recent past plus time periods further back.
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| But take this example .... a man saying to his daughter ... "Have you cooked chilli con carne" (OK ... assume the man is speaking a language with no definite article. In English "Have you cooked the chilli con carne" is "narrow time", "have you cooked chilli con carne" is "wide time".
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| | |
| Does he mean ... "have you finished tonights meal" or is he saying "do you possess the ability to cook chilli con carne" .... "narrow time" versus "wide time"
| |
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| To make himself explicit he will perhaps add "already" to help specify "narrow time". Or he may add "ever" or "before" to help specify "wide time".
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| IS THIS ONE OF THE REASONS THAT SOME LANGUAGES HAVE 4 PAST TENSES ... TO GIVE THIS "narrow time", "wide time" distinction ???
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| So people find it necessary to define the 2 situations (one regular one a once-off) in a different way tense-wise.
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| ==This is rubbish==
| |
| | |
| The '''plovaza''' (adjective phrase) is a clause that sets the scene for the main action.
| |
|
| |
| 1) "waiting on tables six nights a week", Kirsty had come to know all the regular customers // "their mains flowing", they ran across the field and down to the river.
| |
| | |
| 2) "his leg broken", he slowly crawled up the sand dune and ...
| |
| | |
| 3) "having to pack all the stereos before lunch", he did not stop for a tea-break.
| |
| | |
| ------
| |
| In English grammar this is called a nominative absolute construction. It is a free-standing (absolute) part of a sentence that describes or modifies the main subject and verb. It is usually at the beginning or end of the sentence, although it can also appear in the middle. Its parallel is the ablative absolute in Latin, or the genitive absolute in Greek.
| |
| ------
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| ==Index==
| |
| | |
| {{Béu Index}}
| |
