|
|
| (24 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| | {{Deletion|Staigard|Well I have moved all the data somewhere else}} |
|
| |
|
| ==..... 72 Adjectives==
| |
|
| |
|
| === ..... 4 of which serve as intransitive verbs===
| | db-g7 |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| {| border=1
| |
| |align=center| '''bòi <sup>*</sup>
| |
| |align=center| good
| |
| |align=center| '''boizora'''
| |
| |align=center| she is healthy
| |
| |align=center| '''bòis'''<sup>**</sup>
| |
| |align=center| to be healthy/health
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''kéu'''
| |
| |align=center| bad
| |
| |align=center| '''keuzora'''
| |
| |align=center| he is ill
| |
| |align=center| '''kéus'''
| |
| |align=center| to be sick/illness
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''fái'''
| |
| |align=center| rich <sup>**</sup>
| |
| |align=center| '''faizora'''
| |
| |align=center| she is interested
| |
| |align=center| '''fáis'''
| |
| |align=center| to be attentive/attention
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''pàu'''
| |
| |align=center| bland
| |
| |align=center| '''pauzora'''
| |
| |align=center| he is bored
| |
| |align=center| '''pàus'''
| |
| |align=center| to be bored/boredom
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| <sup>*</sup> Note that the adverb version of this word is slightly irregular. Instead of '''boiwe''' it is '''bowe'''. People often shout this when impressed with some athletic feat or sentiment voiced ... '''bowe bowe''' => well done => bravo bravo
| |
| | |
| <sup>**</sup>'''boizis''' is commonly said upon parting for what is expected to be some time. It means "may you be well".
| |
| | |
| Also instead of '''keuwe''' we have '''kewe'''. People often shout '''kewe kewe kewe''' if they are unimpressed with some athletic feat or disagree with a sentiment expressed. Equivalent to "Booo boo".
| |
| | |
| <sup>**</sup>In a non-monetary sense. If applied to food it means many flavours and/or textures. If applied to music it means there is polyphony. If applied to physical design it means baroque.
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| === ... 12 of which don't serve as any type of verbs===
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| {| border=1
| |
| |align=center| '''igwa'''
| |
| |align=center| equal, the same
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''uʒya'''
| |
| |align=center| different, not the same
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''sài'''
| |
| |align=center| young
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''gáu'''
| |
| |align=center| old (of a living thing)
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''jini'''
| |
| |align=center| clever, smart
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''tumu'''
| |
| |align=center| stupid, thick
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''wenfo'''
| |
| |align=center| new
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''yompe'''
| |
| |align=center| old, former, previous
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''cùa'''
| |
| |align=center| east, dawn, sunrise
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''día'''
| |
| |align=center| west, dusk, sundown
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''bene'''
| |
| |align=center| right, positive
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''komo'''
| |
| |align=center| left, negative
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| (Of course you can always use a periphrastic expression if you wanted.)
| |
| | |
| === ... 54 of which serve as transitive verbs===
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| {| border=1
| |
| |align=center| '''boʒi'''
| |
| |align=center| better
| |
| |align=center| '''kegu'''
| |
| |align=center| worse
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''faizai'''
| |
| |align=center| richer
| |
| |align=center| '''paugau'''
| |
| |align=center| blander
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''maze'''
| |
| |align=center| open
| |
| |align=center| '''nago'''
| |
| |align=center| closed
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''saco'''
| |
| |align=center| fast
| |
| |align=center| '''gade'''
| |
| |align=center| slow
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''fazeu'''
| |
| |align=center| empty
| |
| |align=center| '''pagoi'''
| |
| |align=center| full
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''hauʔe'''
| |
| |align=center| beautiful
| |
| |align=center| '''ʔaiho'''
| |
| |align=center| ugly
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''ailia'''
| |
| |align=center| neat
| |
| |align=center| '''aulua'''
| |
| |align=center| untidy
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''joga'''
| |
| |align=center| wide
| |
| |align=center| '''teza'''
| |
| |align=center| narrow
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''ái'''
| |
| |align=center| white
| |
| |align=center| '''àu'''
| |
| |align=center| black
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''hái'''
| |
| |align=center| high
| |
| |align=center| '''ʔàu'''
| |
| |align=center| low
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''guboi'''
| |
| |align=center| deep
| |
| |align=center| '''sikeu'''
| |
| |align=center| shallow
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''seltia'''
| |
| |align=center| bright
| |
| |align=center| '''goljua'''
| |
| |align=center| dim
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''taiti'''
| |
| |align=center| tight
| |
| |align=center| '''jauju'''
| |
| |align=center| loose
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''jutu'''
| |
| |align=center| big
| |
| |align=center| '''tiji'''
| |
| |align=center| small
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''felgi'''
| |
| |align=center| hot
| |
| |align=center| '''polzu'''
| |
| |align=center| cold
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''baga'''
| |
| |align=center| simple
| |
| |align=center| '''kaza'''
| |
| |align=center| complex
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''naike'''
| |
| |align=center| sharp
| |
| |align=center| '''maubo'''
| |
| |align=center| blunt
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''nucoi'''
| |
| |align=center| wet
| |
| |align=center| '''mideu'''
| |
| |align=center| dry
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''wobua'''
| |
| |align=center| heavy
| |
| |align=center| '''yekia'''
| |
| |align=center| light
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''pujia'''
| |
| |align=center| thin
| |
| |align=center| '''fitua'''
| |
| |align=center| thick
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''yubau'''
| |
| |align=center| strong
| |
| |align=center| '''wikai'''
| |
| |align=center| weak
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''fuje'''
| |
| |align=center| soft
| |
| |align=center| '''pito'''
| |
| |align=center| hard
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''gelbu'''
| |
| |align=center| rough
| |
| |align=center| '''solki'''
| |
| |align=center| smooth
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''ʔoica'''
| |
| |align=center| clear
| |
| |align=center| '''heuda'''
| |
| |align=center| hazy
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''selce'''
| |
| |align=center| sparce
| |
| |align=center| '''goldo'''
| |
| |align=center| dense
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''cadai'''
| |
| |align=center| fragrant
| |
| |align=center| '''dacau'''
| |
| |align=center| stinking
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''detia'''
| |
| |align=center| elegant
| |
| |align=center| '''cojua'''
| |
| |align=center| crude
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| {| border=1
| |
| |align=center| '''bozor'''
| |
| |align=center| he improves
| |
| |align=center| '''kegor'''
| |
| |align=center| he worsens
| |
| |align=center| '''boʒido'''
| |
| |align=center| to improve
| |
| |align=center| '''kegudo'''
| |
| |align=center| to made worse
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''faizor'''
| |
| |align=center| she develops
| |
| |align=center| '''paugau'''
| |
| |align=center| she runs down
| |
| |align=center| '''faizaido'''
| |
| |align=center| to enrich/develope
| |
| |align=center| '''paugaudo'''
| |
| |align=center| to run down
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''mazor'''
| |
| |align=center| he opens
| |
| |align=center| '''nagor'''
| |
| |align=center| he closes
| |
| |align=center| '''mazedo'''
| |
| |align=center| to open
| |
| |align=center| '''nagodo'''
| |
| |align=center| to shut
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''sacori'''
| |
| |align=center| she speeds up
| |
| |align=center| '''gadori'''
| |
| |align=center| she slows down
| |
| |align=center| '''sacodo'''
| |
| |align=center| to accelerate
| |
| |align=center| '''gadedo'''
| |
| |align=center| to decelerate
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''fazor'''
| |
| |align=center| he empties
| |
| |align=center| '''pagor'''
| |
| |align=center| he fills
| |
| |align=center| '''fazedo'''
| |
| |align=center| to empty
| |
| |align=center| '''pagodo'''
| |
| |align=center| to fill
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''hauʔor'''
| |
| |align=center| she beautifies
| |
| |align=center| '''ʔaihor'''
| |
| |align=center| she makes ugly
| |
| |align=center| '''hauʔedo'''
| |
| |align=center| beautify
| |
| |align=center| '''ʔaihodo'''
| |
| |align=center| to make ugly
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''ailor'''
| |
| |align=center| he tidies up
| |
| |align=center| '''aulor'''
| |
| |align=center| he messes up
| |
| |align=center| '''ailido'''
| |
| |align=center| to tidy up
| |
| |align=center| '''auludo'''
| |
| |align=center| to mess up
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''jogor'''
| |
| |align=center| he widens
| |
| |align=center| '''tezor'''
| |
| |align=center| he narrows
| |
| |align=center| '''jogado'''
| |
| |align=center| to broaden
| |
| |align=center| '''tezado'''
| |
| |align=center| to narrow
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| {| border=1
| |
| |align=center| '''aidor'''
| |
| |align=center| he whitens
| |
| |align=center| '''audor'''
| |
| |align=center| he blackens
| |
| |align=center| '''aido'''
| |
| |align=center| to whiten
| |
| |align=center| '''audo'''
| |
| |align=center| to blacken
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''haidor'''
| |
| |align=center| she raises/rises
| |
| |align=center| '''ʔaudor'''
| |
| |align=center| she lowers
| |
| |align=center| '''haido'''
| |
| |align=center| to raise
| |
| |align=center| '''ʔaudo'''
| |
| |align=center| to lower
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''gubodor'''
| |
| |align=center| she deepens
| |
| |align=center| '''sikedor'''
| |
| |align=center| she makes shallow
| |
| |align=center| '''gubodo'''
| |
| |align=center| to deepen
| |
| |align=center| '''sikedo'''
| |
| |align=center| to make shallow
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''seltidor'''
| |
| |align=center| he brightens
| |
| |align=center| '''goljudor'''
| |
| |align=center| he dims
| |
| |align=center| '''seltido'''
| |
| |align=center| to brighten
| |
| |align=center| '''goljudo'''
| |
| |align=center| to dim
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''taitidor'''
| |
| |align=center| she tightens
| |
| |align=center| '''jaujudor'''
| |
| |align=center| she loosens
| |
| |align=center| '''taitido'''
| |
| |align=center| to tighten
| |
| |align=center| '''jaujudo'''
| |
| |align=center| to loosen
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''jutudor'''
| |
| |align=center| he expands
| |
| |align=center| '''tijidor'''
| |
| |align=center| he shrinks
| |
| |align=center| '''jutudo'''
| |
| |align=center| to enlarge
| |
| |align=center| '''tijido'''
| |
| |align=center| to shrink
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''felgidor'''
| |
| |align=center| she heats up
| |
| |align=center| '''polzudor'''
| |
| |align=center| she cools down
| |
| |align=center| '''felgido'''
| |
| |align=center| to heat up
| |
| |align=center| '''polzudo'''
| |
| |align=center| to cool down
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''bagador'''
| |
| |align=center| she simplifies
| |
| |align=center| '''kazador'''
| |
| |align=center| she complicates
| |
| |align=center| '''bagado'''
| |
| |align=center| simplify
| |
| |align=center| '''kazado'''
| |
| |align=center| to complicate
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''naikedor'''
| |
| |align=center| he sharpens
| |
| |align=center| '''maubodor'''
| |
| |align=center| he makes blunt
| |
| |align=center| '''naikedo'''
| |
| |align=center| to sharpen
| |
| |align=center| '''maubodo'''
| |
| |align=center| to blunt
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''nucodor'''
| |
| |align=center| she makes wet
| |
| |align=center| '''midedor'''
| |
| |align=center| she dries
| |
| |align=center| '''nucodo'''
| |
| |align=center| to make wet
| |
| |align=center| '''midedo'''
| |
| |align=center| to dry
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''wobudor'''
| |
| |align=center| he loads up
| |
| |align=center| '''yekidor'''
| |
| |align=center| he unloads
| |
| |align=center| '''wobudo'''
| |
| |align=center| to load up
| |
| |align=center| '''yekido'''
| |
| |align=center| to unload
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''pujidor'''
| |
| |align=center| he makes thin
| |
| |align=center| '''fitudor'''
| |
| |align=center| he thickens
| |
| |align=center| '''pujido'''
| |
| |align=center| to make thin
| |
| |align=center| '''fitudo'''
| |
| |align=center| to thicken
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''yubador'''
| |
| |align=center| she strengthens
| |
| |align=center| '''wikador'''
| |
| |align=center| she weakens
| |
| |align=center| '''yubado'''
| |
| |align=center| to strengthen
| |
| |align=center| '''wikado'''
| |
| |align=center| to weaken
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''fujedor'''
| |
| |align=center| softens
| |
| |align=center| '''pitodor'''
| |
| |align=center| she hardens
| |
| |align=center| '''fujedo'''
| |
| |align=center| to soften
| |
| |align=center| '''pitodo'''
| |
| |align=center| to harden
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''gelbudor'''
| |
| |align=center| she roughens
| |
| |align=center| '''solkidor'''
| |
| |align=center| she smoothes
| |
| |align=center| '''gelbudo'''
| |
| |align=center| to roughen
| |
| |align=center| '''solkido'''
| |
| |align=center| to smooth
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''ʔoicador'''
| |
| |align=center| she explains
| |
| |align=center| '''heudador'''
| |
| |align=center| she confuses
| |
| |align=center| '''ʔoicado'''
| |
| |align=center| to explain
| |
| |align=center| '''heudado'''
| |
| |align=center| to muddy the waters
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''selcedor'''
| |
| |align=center| he prunes
| |
| |align=center| '''goldodor'''
| |
| |align=center| he intensifies
| |
| |align=center| '''selcedo'''
| |
| |align=center| to prune
| |
| |align=center| '''goldodo'''
| |
| |align=center| to intensify
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''cadador'''
| |
| |align=center| she make fragrant
| |
| |align=center| '''dacador'''
| |
| |align=center| she makes stinky
| |
| |align=center| '''cadado'''
| |
| |align=center| to make fragrant
| |
| |align=center| '''dacado'''
| |
| |align=center| to make stinky
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''detidor'''
| |
| |align=center| he decorates/embellishes
| |
| |align=center| '''cojudor'''
| |
| |align=center| he spoils
| |
| |align=center| '''detido'''
| |
| |align=center| to decorate
| |
| |align=center| '''cojudo'''
| |
| |align=center| to decorate in a gauche style
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| The top 4 adjectives in the table above are actually irregular comparatives.
| |
| | |
| The standard method for forming the comparative and superlative is ... '''ái''' = white : '''aige''' = whiter : '''aimo''' = whitest
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| However not quite all antonyms fall into the above pattern. For example ...
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| '''loŋga''' = tall, '''tìa''' = short
| |
| | |
| '''wazbia''' = far, '''mùa''' = near ... '''wazbo''' = distance, '''wazbai''' = about 3,680 mtr (the unit of distance)
| |
|
| |
| ..
| |
| | |
| == ..... Quantity==
| |
| | |
| === ... many, a lot===
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| '''haì''' = many
| |
| | |
| '''haì bawa''' = many men
| |
| | |
| This word is only used with countable nouns. With un-countable nouns we use '''hè'''.
| |
| | |
| '''hè''' comes after the noun that it qualifies.
| |
| | |
| '''moze hè''' = a lot of water
| |
| | |
| '''hè''' also can qualify verbs and adjectives. As with normal adverbs, if it doesn't immediately follow the verb it must take the form '''hewe'''.
| |
| | |
| '''glá doikori hè''' = the woman has walked a lot
| |
| | |
| '''glá (rò) hauʔe hè''' = the woman is very beautiful
| |
| | |
| '''hewe glá doikori''' = the woman has walked a lot
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| === ... few, a little, a bit a little bit===
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| '''uhai''' = few
| |
| | |
| '''uhe''' = a little
| |
| | |
| However a word meaning the same as '''uhe''' is '''iyo''' (also '''iyowe''', when used as an adverb separated from the verb). '''iyo''' occurs twice as much as '''uhe'''.
| |
| | |
| '''hemai''' = amount, quantity .... there is no word *'''haimai'''
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| === ... to a greater degree===
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| Appended to an adjective, '''ge''' indicates to a greater degree.
| |
| | |
| Appended to an adjective, '''mo''' indicates to the greatest degree.
| |
| | |
| When we have this sort of construction, we are usually comparing to people or things. The background person or thing has the '''pilana''' '''wo'''. For example ....
| |
| | |
| '''jene jutuge jonowo''' = Jane is bigger than John
| |
| | |
| '''jene jutumo''' = Jane is biggest
| |
| | |
| Note ... In English the words "more" (also "most", "less" and "least") can occur with multi-syllable adjectives. Also "more" can qualify nouns and verbs as well. The '''béu''' equivalent of "more" when qualifying nouns (non-countable) and verbs is '''hege'''. '''haige''' is used for countable nouns.
| |
| | |
| [ '''haige''' would translate Thai " ììk ", as in " ììk nɯɯŋ bìa " ]
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| === ... to a less degree===
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| Also we have '''zo''' which indicates a lesser degree.
| |
| | |
| Plus we have '''zmo''' which indicated the least degree.
| |
| | |
| However the above two suffixes don't appear that often. The most common adjectives have polar forms. And it is usual to switch to the form which will allow you to express yourself using the '''ge''' or the '''mo''' suffix. But here is an example from an adjective that doesn't have a polar form.
| |
| | |
| '''dè è mutuzo''' = that one is not so important
| |
| | |
| '''dí è mutuzmo''' = this one is the least important
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| === ... to the same degree===
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| As well as '''ge''', '''mo''', '''zo''' and '''zmo''' there is one more suffix that is appended to adjectives. It is '''la''' (note this is a '''pilana''' when appended to nouns)
| |
| | |
| '''jene jutula jonowo''' = Jane is as big as John
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| === ... Antonym phonetic correspondence===
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| In the above lists, it can be seen that each pair of adjectives have pretty much the exact opposite meaning from each other. However in '''béu''' there is ALSO a relationship between the sounds that make up these words.
| |
| | |
| In fact every element of a word is a mirror image (about the L-A axis in the chart below) of the corresponding element in the word with the opposite meaning.
| |
| | |
| {| border=1
| |
| |align=center| '''ʔ'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''m'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''y'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''j'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''ai'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''f'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''e'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''b'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''eu'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''g'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''u'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''d'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''ua'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=left| '''high tone'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''l'''
| |
| |align=center| ===========================
| |
| |align=center| '''a'''
| |
| |align=center| ============================
| |
| |align=left| '''neutral'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''c'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''ia'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=left|'''low tone'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''s/ʃ'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''i'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''k'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''oi'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''p'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''o'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''t'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''au'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''w'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''n'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''h'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| -----
| |
| | |
| Note ... The original idea of having a regular correspondence between the two poles of a antonym pair came from an earlier idea for the script. In this early script, the first 8 consonants had the same shape as the last 8 consonants but turned 180˚. And in actual fact the two poles of a antonym pair mapped into each other under a 180˚ turn.
| |
| | |
| -----
| |
| | |
| An adjectives is called '''moizana''' in '''béu''' .... NO NO NO
| |
| | |
| '''moizu''' = attribute, characteristic, feature
| |
| | |
| And following the way '''béu''' works, if there is an action that can be associated with noun (in any way at all), that noun can be co-opted to work as an verb.
| |
| | |
| Hence '''moizori''' = he/she described, he/she characterized, he/she specified ... '''moizus''' = the noun corresponding to the verb on the left
| |
| | |
| '''moizo''' = a specification, a characteristic asked for ... '''moizoi''' = specifications ... '''moizana''' = things that describe, things that specify
| |
| | |
| '''nandau moizana''' = an adjective, but of course, especially in books about grammar, this is truncated to simply '''moizana'''
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| == ..... Adverbs==
| |
| | |
| There are 4 types of word that function as adverbs in '''béu'''.
| |
| | |
| 1) There are adjectives which are changed into adverbs by suffixing -'''we'''. For example ...
| |
| | |
| '''saco''' = quick
| |
| | |
| '''sacowe''' = quickly
| |
| | |
| THIS type of adverbs can have any position within a sentence. However if they immediately follow the verb which they are qualifying, the suffix is deleted. For example ...
| |
| | |
| '''doikora saco namboye''' = '''doikora namboye sacowe''' = '''sacowe doikora namboye''' = she is walking quickly home
| |
| | |
| 2) There are nouns which are changed into adverbs by suffixing -'''we'''. For example ...
| |
| | |
| '''deuta''' = soldier
| |
| | |
| '''deutɘwe''' = "in the manner of a soldier"
| |
| | |
| Note that the final vowel in '''deuta''' changes here. This is because as well as being a suffix, '''wé''' is a noun in its own right meaning "way" or "method" (see the section on word building)
| |
| | |
| Just as '''saco''' is an adjective which is considered an adverb when immediately following a verb, so '''deutɘwe''' is an adverb that is considered an adjective when immediately following a noun.
| |
| | |
| Also a noun is formed by suffixing -'''mi''' to the end.
| |
| | |
| '''deutɘwemi''' = soldierliness
| |
| | |
| 3) One of the functions of a nouns with '''pilana''' 1 => 8 + 15 is as an adverb. This type of adverb must follow the verb immediately. In a similar manner to type 2), if this form comes after a noun it is considered an adjective. For example ...
| |
| | |
| '''moŋgos flora ama pazbamau''' (the gibbon is eating an apple on the apple) '''pazbamau''' is an adjective describing where the apple is (or was).
| |
| | |
| '''moŋgos flora pazbamau ama''' (the gibbon is eating an apple on the apple) '''pazbamau''' is an adverb describing where the "eating" is taking place.
| |
| | |
| Note ... In English, the sentence "the monkey eats the apple on the table" is ambiguous.
| |
| | |
| Go thru the other '''pilana''' ???
| |
| | |
| 4) This type of adverbs are nouns that are stand for time periods. For example tomorrow, yesterday, the past et. etc. Basically when they are not copula subjects, copula complements or in the ergative case, they are adverbs.
| |
| | |
| 5) Words such as "often" ??? ( = many times ???) ... a particle ???
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| == ..... Correlatives==
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| {| border=1
| |
| |align=center| '''juvan'''
| |
| |align=center| nothing
| |
| |align=center| '''juda'''
| |
| |align=center| nowhere
| |
| |align=center| '''juku'''
| |
| |align=center| never
| |
| |align=center| '''jubu'''
| |
| |align=center| nobody
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''ivan'''
| |
| |align=center| anything
| |
| |align=center| '''ida'''
| |
| |align=center| anywhere
| |
| |align=center| '''iku'''
| |
| |align=center| anytime
| |
| |align=center| '''ibu'''
| |
| |align=center| anybody
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''evan'''
| |
| |align=center| something
| |
| |align=center| '''eda'''
| |
| |align=center| somewhere
| |
| |align=center| '''eku'''
| |
| |align=center| sometime
| |
| |align=center| '''ebu'''
| |
| |align=center| somebody
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''uvan'''
| |
| |align=center| everything
| |
| |align=center| '''uda'''
| |
| |align=center| everywhere
| |
| |align=center| '''uku'''
| |
| |align=center| always
| |
| |align=center| '''ubu'''
| |
| |align=center| everybody
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| [[Image:TW_288.png]]
| |
| | |
| These correlatives are always written in their shorthand form. See the chart above.
| |
| | |
| The first column is a contraction of '''jù fanyo''', '''í fanyo''', '''é fanyo''' and '''ù fanyo''' ('''fanyo''' = thing)
| |
| | |
| The second column is a contraction of '''jù dá''', '''í dá''', '''é dá''' and '''ù dá''' ('''dá''' = place)
| |
| | |
| The third column is a contraction of '''jù kyù''', '''í kyù''', '''é kyù''' and '''ù kyù''' ('''kyù''' = time/occasion)
| |
| | |
| The last column is a contraction of '''jù glabu''', '''í glabu''', '''é glabu''' and '''ù glabu''' ('''glabu''' = person)
| |
| | |
| The non-contracted forms are still used, usually when emphasis is wanted.
| |
| | |
| There is another row in the above table.
| |
| | |
| [[Image:TW_289.png]]
| |
| | |
| This is the plural equivalent of the third row of the table above. The emphatic form of the above series would be ...
| |
| | |
| '''è fanyo''', '''è dá''', '''è kyù''' and '''è glabu''' .... if these elements were under<sup>*</sup> the main verb, it would be more normal to use ...
| |
| | |
| '''fanyoi''', '''nò dá''', '''nò kyù''' and '''glabua''' .... and actually, if any word from the third row of the main table came under the main verb, you could just use ...
| |
| | |
| '''fanyo''', '''dá''', '''kyù''' and '''glabu''' ... in this position you have probably a 50% chance of coming across '''evan''' and a similar chance to come across '''fanyo''' ... the same with '''eda''', '''eku''' and '''ebu'''.
| |
| | |
| One interesting point is ... well for example '''ubu''' can mean "each person" and "all the people". If '''ubu''' was the S or A argument there could be one of two verbs in a SVC. One would have the meaning "to do together"/"to cooperate" and the other would have the meaning "to work alone". If '''ubu''' was the O argument or has some other roll in the sentence there is a partical that can be put in above<sup>*</sup> '''ubu'''. This particle means something like "individual" or "independent" and would disambiguate the meaning of the '''béu''' sentence.
| |
| | |
| <sup>*</sup>I was going to say 'after" and "before", however as the '''béu''' writing system is vertical I thought I should get in the spirit of things and use "under" and "above".
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| == ..... Signage==
| |
| | |
| === ... Road===
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| [[Image:TW 232.png]]
| |
| | |
| [[Image:TW_233.png]]
| |
| | |
| [[Image:TW_240.png]]
| |
| | |
| The above is what you pass through when you enter a town. There can be no "Welcome to Pleasantsville" written. It should just be a plane red colour on top. The name of the town on the sides.
| |
| | |
| On the opposite side of this sign, the red colour will be green. There will be nothing at all written anywhere on the other side ... next town ???
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| === ... Major Buildings===
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| Quite similar to the node sign for roads is the sign giving directions in major buildings (such as airports, train stations etc.). However the position of the coloured circles does not show the angle that the joining road takes at the intersection. It shows the angle from the reader to the destination beacon. Actually there is a big black ring on the floor and it is assumed that the reader is within this ring. It is the angle from this ring to the destination beacon that is represented by the position of the coloured circles.
| |
| | |
| At the bottom of the below diagram, can be seen the destination beacon. It is a sphere about 50 cm in diameter. It is supported by a black pillar which is about 6 foot high. The beacon colour follows the colour of the circle in the sign. The beacon should be located in a clear (unobstructed) area maybe about 20 or 30 mtrs from the destination (for example toilets, information desk, screens displaying timetables, passport control etc. etc.). For course the destination should be clearly visible from near the beacon.
| |
| | |
| [[Image:TW_241.png]]
| |
| | |
| The signs at the middle of the above diagram are found near stairways and escalators. Upon stepping off a stairway the sign on the LHS should be clearly visible. This shows what floor you are on (ground floor is floor one by the way). The other two signs are positioned near the entrance to a stairway and tell you where the stairway is going.
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| === ... Streets===
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| [[Image:TW_244.png]]
| |
| | |
| Above can be seen a street sign. These street signs are placed in from the corner, a distance equal to half the width of the street (measured building wall to building wall). They are well above head hight and offset from the wall by 60 % of their width. In the middle section is written the name of the street.
| |
| | |
| In the top section there is the distance along the street of the nearest corner. In the bottom section is the distance along the street of the next corner (measured in units of 2.13 mtrs ... houses do not have numbers as such ... they are all addressed as to how many mtrs they are along the street). Now the sign shown is what you see looking from the corner towards the street. What is written on the back side of the sign is exactly the same as you would see if you looked over directly behind you and saw the sign across the street (i.e. at an intersection you will see eight signs, but they come in pairs that are exactly the same).
| |
| | |
| One side of the street will have negative numbers. If you are walking away from the centre of town, then the negative numbered side will be on your left. If you are walking around the centre in an anti-clockwise direction, then the negative numbers will be on your left.
| |
| | |
| The start of the street is marked will the symbol for zero (a black dot), and no black triangle.
| |
| | |
| The end of the street is marked by that part of the sign having a red background (and no triangle).
| |
| | |
| [[Image:TW_245.png]]
| |
| | |
| To try and give you an idea of the system, I have drawn the diagram above. The signs 1, 2 and 3 are what you see on "olive street" at positions 1, 2 and 3.
| |
| | |
| What I have shown as pink should actually be red. I have done a bad drawing. Every instance of "olive" should be the exact same size. A lot of the signs will be different heights as no blank spaces are allowed inside a sign. Only one font and font size are allowed for every sign in a town.
| |
| | |
| One further point. If you are walking from the centre of town, and the street you are on is within 18 degrees of directly out from the centre, then every street name you see will have a green background (However the red background has precedence when green and red both apply).
| |
| | |
| No street can be longer than 1,872 units long (about 4 km)
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| == ..... Symbols ==
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| Words are not always written out in full. Certain common words have their own special symbol. For instance the ergative pronouns ...
| |
| | |
| [[Image:TW_234.png]]
| |
| | |
| And the non-ergative pronouns ...
| |
| | |
| [[Image:TW_235.png]]
| |
| | |
| The words "table" = '''pazba''', "bracket" = '''gizgi''', "interior wall" = '''ozdo''' and "chair" = '''yuzlu''' have probably got some relationship with the above symbols.
| |
| | |
| And the determiners ...
| |
| | |
| [[Image:TW_236.png]]
| |
| | |
| Note that '''dè''' looks similar to the sign for '''dùa''' ... similar but not exactly the same. The two slanting strokes meet the vertical stroke exactly halfway along for '''dè'''.
| |
| | |
| And the particles '''lè''' "and" and '''lú''' "or" ...
| |
| | |
| [[Image:TW_243.png]]
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| == ..... Index==
| |
| | |
| {{Béu Index}}
| |
