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| ==4.1 Word Order - '''saɱpa̋fa'''==
| | <font size = 4> |
| *4.1.1 Senjecas has an object-verb (OV) syntax, which means that all modifiers (adjectives, possessives, postpositional phrases, clauses) are placed before the noun they modify. The finite verb is the last element in its sentence.
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| *4.1.2 Sentence order is: (subject) + (adverbial time phrase) + (adverbial place phrase) + (other postpositional phrase) + (object) + finite verb + (interrogative) + (negative).
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The millstone under the oak tree is heavy.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''perk̬ı̋s néra mólta̋ino gų̋ro e̋sa:'''</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The stag whose antlers are broken is fighting.</div>
| | *[[Senjecas Syntax Pt. 1]] |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''ȝo nés cą̋ros ȝa̋faþos vűa—ke̋rɱe ca̋ta:'''</div>
| | *[[Senjecas Syntax Pt. 2]] |
| *4.1.3 A verb in the imperative mood is placed last in the sentence. The imperative form is used for the jussive and the hortatory moods as well. If the context is clear, no personal pronoun is needed as subject. If the imperative verb has a direct object, a predicate adjective, or a dependent verb, these precede the imperative verb. | |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Throw the ball.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''(tú) ge̋lom ȝę̋e:'''</div>
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| *4.1.4 If the personal pronoun is repeated in the sentence, the subject pronoun is omitted. | |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Throw your ball.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''tús ge̋lom ȝę̋e:'''</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Throw his ball.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''(tú) nús ge̋lom ȝę̋e:'''</div>
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| *4.1.5 In an OV language titles are postposed.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">King William I reigned 21 years.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''se̋mtu ɱilhe̋lmu rę̋ᵹu ẋűr sem e̋non e-re̋ƶa:'''</div>
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| ==4.2 Definitions - '''tősas'''==
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| *4.2.1 A '''sentence''' expresses a thought in words. '''Syntax''' treats of the relation of these words to one another. A sentence may contain a declaration, a question, a command (imperative or subjunctive), or an exclamation. Each of these may be either affirmative or negative.
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| *4.2.2 Every sentence must contain a verb. The verb may or may not be accompanied by other words. The '''subject''' is that about which something is stated. The '''predicate''' is that which is stated about the subject. For example, in the sentence '''ma̋kis na̋nmis vų̋a''', the poppies are in bloom, "the poppies" is the subject and "are in bloom" is the predicate.
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| *4.2.3. A verb makes the simplest form of sentence:
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| ::Descriptions of the weather: '''sų̋ɱa''', It is raining.
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| ::When the context is clear: '''(nu) rę̋sa''', He runs.
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| *4.2.4 A simple sentence contains only one '''clause'''.
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| *4.2.5 When any form of '''e̋sa''' or '''vų̋a''', be, connects the subject with a following noun, adjective, or phrase, the verb is called the '''copula''', and what follows is called the predicate, ''e.g.'', '''ma̋nos sőȝos vų̋a''', (my) hands are cold. Because there are two words expressing existence, the copula may not be omitted in Senjecas.
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| *4.2.6 That upon which the action of a verb is exerted is called the '''object'''. The object may be either direct or indirect, ''e.g.'', in '''nu tı̋r mę̋on te̋rnon olnús o e-lűᵹa''', he promised him three measures of wheat, "three measures" is the direct object and "him" the indirect object.
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| *4.2.7 Verbs which can have a direct object are called '''transitive'''; those which cannot are called '''intransitive'''. In Senjecas, most verbs are '''ambitransitive''', that is, they can be either transitive or intransitive.
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| ==4.3 Predicate Noun and Adjective – '''ɱa̋iþo fę̋tok̬e fęþga̋nok̬e'''==
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| *4.3.1 With verbs signifying to be, to become, to appear, to taste, to be named, to be chosen, to be made, to be thought, to be regarded, ''etc.'', a noun or adjective in the predicate is in the same case as the subject. These verbs are called copulative verbs.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The king has become angered by your speech.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''re̋ᵹu tús leuðsaɱős ge̋gaþu ı̨̋la:'''</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">This man is king.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''i-ɱı̋ru re̋ᵹu e̋sa:'''</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">These apples taste good.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''i-abe̋los da̋los ƶę̋sa:'''</div>
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| *4.3.2 The predicate adjective with these verbs agrees with the subject in class, number and case.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">That girl is very pretty.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''a-pa̋ḷu lábu gőbu e̋sa:'''</div>
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| *4.3.3 A predicate adjective or noun is placed immediately before the finite verb phrase.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">This custom is popular with the young people.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''i-gűa bekűm áða le̋uða vų̋a:'''</div>
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| ==4.4 Apposition – '''ȝővta'''==
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| *4.4.1 A substantive annexed to another substantive to describe it, and denoting the same person or thing, agrees with it in case. This is called '''apposition'''. The noun thus used is called an '''appositive''' and is placed after the noun to which it is an appositive.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">I, the prince, have given an order.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''mu asűru ę̋vom ę̋va:'''</div>
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| *4.4.2 This structure is also used to translate the expressions "none other than" and "nothing else but", using '''nyf̣únu''', no one else.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Walking up the steps was none other than my old school buddy.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''renı̋ȝon ána ne̋ðantu nyf̣únu ƶę̋ru mu-túnępǫ̋nu e-vűa:'''</div>
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| *4.4.3 A noun may be in apposition with the subject or the object of a sentence, where in English "as" or a like word would be used.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Horses are being offered to the sun god as a sacrifice.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''mőres lı̋to sųlȝuműs o lı̋taþes ı̋la:'''</div>
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| *4.4.4 The appositive of contents denotes a receptacle and that which it contains.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The child is carrying a basket of peaches.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''cı̋cu k̬e̋som te̋fin ne̋xa:'''</div>
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| ==4.5 Adjectives – '''fęþga̋nlos'''==
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| ===4.5.1 Agreement of Adjectives – '''fęþganlőm ċőxa'''===
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| *4.5.1.1 Attributive adjectives agree with their substantives in class only. This applies to adjectives of whatever kind: determinate, non-determinate, or participles.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">red box, '''re̋uðo ı̋vko'''; red boxes, '''re̋uðo ı̋vkos'''</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">red bird, '''re̋uðe ɱe̋ȝe'''; red birds, '''re̋uðe ɱe̋ȝes'''</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">red flower, '''re̋uði na̋ni'''; red flowers, '''re̋uði na̋nis'''</div>
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| *4.5.1.2 If, however, the attributive adjective is separated from its substantive by another phrase, it must then agree in class, case and number.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">the white cow in the stable.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''pa̋ȝes ᵹomős éna ɱa̋kes:'''</div>
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| *4.5.1.3 Because they are not preposed, predicate adjectives must agree with their substantives in class, case and number. They may be connected to their substantives by the copula or a copulative verb, becoming a part of the predicate or assertion made of the subject.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The doves are white.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''pelőnves pa̋ȝes e̋sa:'''</div>
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| *4.5.1.4 An attributive adjective ('''šę̋ðɱo fęþga̋nlo''') qualifying several substantives agrees with the nearest substantive in class and is understood with the rest.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">the injured horse and rider.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''ma̋te mőrek̬e mı̋mluk̬e '''</div>
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| *4.5.1.5 A predicate adjective ('''ɱa̋iþo fęþga̋nlo''') qualifying several substantives agrees in class, number and case with the nearest substantive.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The horse and rider are injured.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''mőrek̬e mı̋mluk̬e ma̋tu vų̋a:'''</div>
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| ===4.5.2 Adjectives as Nouns - '''fęþga̋nlos fęþőm góþa'''===
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| *4.5.2.1 An attributive adjective may be used as a noun. It is put in the class of the missing noun.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''pőri''', just; '''pőru''', just man </div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''vı̋ni''', important; '''vı̋nos''', important things </div>
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| ==4.6 The Cases – '''ne̋udas'''==
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| ===4.6.1 The Nominative Case - '''fęþne̋uda'''===
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| *The nominative case marks substantives that are used as the subject of a finite verb or in the predicate after copulative verbs.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''ɱı̋ru e-ǧe̋ma:''', the man came.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''nu ɱı̋ru e̋sa:''', He is a man.</div>
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| ===4.6.2 The Stative Case - '''ðęne̋uda'''===
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| *The primary function of the stative case is to state the position of a thing or an idea, either literally or figuratively. Other uses include the partitive idea or the idea of separation or source. A substantive in the stative case may limit the meaning of another substantive, to express various relations, many of which are denoted by "of" or by the possessive case in English.
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| ====4.6.2.1 The Stative Case with Nouns – '''fętőm súna ðęne̋uda'''====
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| *4.6.2.1.1 The '''stationary stative''' is used to mark the objects of postpositions that do not indicate a change of position.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The wounded saiga stood under the fir tree.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''ɱą̋aþe dı̋ᵹe ðanı̋s néra e-cűra:'''</div>
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| {|
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| !ɱą̋-a-þe||dı̋ᵹ-e||ðan-ı̋s||néra||e=cűr-a
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| |-
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| |wound-IND-PPTCP||saiga-NOM.SG||fir.tree-STA.SG|| under||PST=stand-IND
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| |}
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| *4.6.2.1.2 The '''local stative''' indicates the place at which something happens. It is used with the postposition '''éna'''.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The two armies clashed at the foot of the mountain.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''d̮ő őmus ǧarős tųfős éna e-tų̋ga:'''</div>
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| {|
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| !d̮ő||őm-us||ǧar-ős||tųf-ős||éna||e=tų̋g-a
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| |-
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| |two||army-NOM.PL||mountain-STA.SG||base-STA.SG||at||PST=clash-IND
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| |}
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| *4.6.2.1.3 The '''temporal stative''' indicates the time at which something happens. It is used with the postposition '''éna'''.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The caravan will set out at dawn.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''sa̋þo vaiᵹa̋s éna u-vı̋da:'''</div>
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| {|
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| !sa̋þ-o||vaiᵹ-a̋s||éna||u=vı̋d-a||
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| |-
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| |caravan-NOM.SG||dawn-STA.SG||at||FUT=leave-IND
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| |}
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| *4.6.2.1.4 The '''possessive stative''' indicates possession or some other close relationship.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''tąta̋s ɱę̋so''', the father’s house</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''ɱirűm leidę̋fto''', the men’s team</div>
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| *4.6.2.1.5 The '''subjective stative''' indicates the subject of an action or feeling.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The love of the people (''i.e.'', that the people have) for their king is great.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''leuðűs ɱe̋na nu-ręᵹűs o me̋ƶa vų̋a:'''</div>
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| {|
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| !leuð-űs||ɱe̋n-a||nu=ręᵹ-űs||o||me̋ƶ-a||vų̋-a
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| |-
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| | people-STA.PL||love-NOM.SG||their=king-STA.SG||for||great-NOM.SG||be-IND
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| |}
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| *4.6.2.1.6 The '''objective stative''' indicates the object of an action or feeling.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The murder of the prince saddened the people.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''asurűs ką̋da le̋uðum e-se̋uga:'''</div>
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| {|
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| !asur-űs||ką̋d-a||le̋uð-um||e-se̋ug-a
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| |-
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| |prince-STA.SG||murder-NOM.SG||people-MOT.SG||PST=sadden-IND
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| |}
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| *4.6.2.1.7 '''The metrical stative''' marks substantives which measure space, time or value.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''tı̋r aha̋s ta̋ᵹo''', a three-day’s journey</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''bűn peda̋m ǫ̋ni da̋ri''', an eight-foot tall tree</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''d̬ő ẋur oȝe̋m mőre''', a horse worth 40 sheep</div>
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| *4.6.2.1.8 The '''partitive stative''' indicates the whole about which parts are spoken.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''zɔðlűm ɱe̋umus''', many of the farmers</div>
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| *4.6.2.1.9 The '''numerical stative''' is used with the nouns '''sa̋to''', hundred; '''ṭűmo''', thousand; and the higher numbers. They and their compounds are used with a stative plural noun.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''ną̋l ną̋ɱos''', four ships</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''nąɱőm ną̋l sa̋tos''', 400 ships</div>
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| ====4.6.2.2 The Stative Case with Verbs – '''kątőm súna ðęne̋uda'''====
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| *4.6.2.2.1 As the attributive stative stands in the relation of an attributive adjective to its substantive, so an expression in the stative case may stand in the relation of a predicate adjective to a verb. Verbs signifying “to be”, “to become”, and other copulative verbs may have a predicate stative expressing any of the relations of the attributive possessive.
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| *4.6.2.2.2 The Possessive Stative:
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">This law is the prince's.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''i-þőro asurűs e̋sa:'''</div>
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| {|
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| !i=þőr-o||asur-űs||e̋s-a
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| |-
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| |this=law-NOM.SG||prince-STA.SG||be-IND
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| |}
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| *4.6.2.2.3 The Metrical Stative:
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The six-foot high tower has crumbled.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''rűþ peda̋m þǫ̋ro mımı̨̋ka:'''</div>
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| {|
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| !rűþ||ped-a̋m||þǫ̋r-o||mı~mı̨̋k-a
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| |-
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| |six||foot||STA.SG||tower-NOM.SG||PRF~crumble-IND
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| |}
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| *4.6.2.2.4 Partitive Stative:
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">My father was one of the hunted men.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''mu-tą̋ta vędaþűm se̋m e-e̋sa:'''</div>
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| {|
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| !mu=tą̋t-a||vęd-a-þ-űm||se̋m||e=e̋s-a
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| |-
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| |my=father-NOM.SG||hunt-IND-PPTCP-STA.PL||PST=be-IND
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| |}
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| *4.6.2.2.5 Any verb may take a partitive stative if its action affects the object only in part.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">He sends the soldiers [''i.e.'', all of them].</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''nu sőþlun mı̋þa:'''</div>
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| {|
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| !n-u||sőþl-un||mı̋þ-a
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| |-
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| |3-NOM.SG||soldier-MOT.PL||send-IND
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| |}
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">He sends some of the soldiers.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''nu soþlűmɘ mı̋þa:'''</div>
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| {|
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| !n-u||soþl-űm||mı̋þ-a
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| |-
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| |3-NOM.SG||soldier-STA.PL-EUPH||send-IND
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| |}
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| *4.6.2.2.6 The verbs '''ge̋ma''', seize; '''da̋ba''', pull; '''zı̋da''', drag; and '''nę̋ȝa''', lead, may have a direct object motive with a stative of the part seized, pulled, ''etc.'', the stative coming before the direct object motive.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The lion had seized him by the leg.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''sı̋nᵹe lakős þum e-gıge̋ma:'''</div>
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| {|
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| !sı̋nᵹ-e||lak-ős||þ-um||e-gı~ge̋m-a
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| |-
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| |lion-NOM.SG||leg-STA.SG||4-MOT.SG||PST=PRF~seize-IND
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| |}
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The two priestesses will lead the heifer by the horns.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''d̬ő tove̋rus kidőm kase̋rem u-nę̋ȝa:'''</div>
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| {|
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| !d̬ő||tove̋r-us||kid-őm||kase̋r-em||u=nę̋ȝ-a
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| |-
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| |two||priestess-NOM.PL||horn-STA.SG||heifer-MOT.SG||FUT=lead-IND
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| |}
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| *4.6.2.2.7 The verbs '''ą̋ɱa''', hear; '''tűna''', learn; '''pe̋ua''', seek; and '''ı̋ga''', request, may take a motive of the thing heard, ''etc.'', and a stative of the person from whom it was heard, learned, ''etc''.
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The people sought a ruling from the prince.</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''le̋uðu asurűs re̋kam e-pe̋ua:'''</div>
| |
| {|
| |
| !le̋uð-u||asur-űs||re̋k-am||e=pe̋u-a
| |
| |-
| |
| |people-NOM.SG||prince-STA.SG||ruling-MOT.SG||PST=seek-IND
| |
| |}
| |
| *4.6.2.2.8 The verbs '''pę̋la''', fill; '''þı̋a''', stuff; and '''są̋a''', sate; take the motive of the thing filled and the stative of the contents.
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The harvesters filled the baskets with grain.</div>
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''kőilus etenős k̬ę̋son e-pę̋la:'''</div>
| |
| {|
| |
| !kőil-us||eten-ős||k̬ę̋s-on||e=pę̋l-a
| |
| |-
| |
| |harvester-NOM.PL||grain-STA.SG||basket-MOT.PL||PST=fill-IND
| |
| |}
| |
| *4.6.2.2.9 The verbs '''pa̋usa''', release; '''še̋va''', free; '''őȝa''', remove; '''de̋usa''', cease; '''műta''', deprive; '''ka̋da''', rob; and '''vǫ̋ura''', steal, take the motive of the thing or person released and the stative of the thing released from.
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The soldiers released the prisoners from their chains.</div>
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''sőþlus þúm bukőm kőlaþun e-pą̋usa:'''</div>
| |
| {|
| |
| !sőþl-us||þ-úm||buk-őm||kől-a-þ-un||e=pą̋us-a
| |
| |-
| |
| |soldier-NOM.SG||4-STA.PL||chain-STA.PL||imprison-IND-PPTCP-MOT.PL||PST=releave-IND
| |
| |}
| |
| *4.6.2.2.10 Verbs signifying to accuse, to prosecute, to convict, to acquit, and to condemn, take a stative of the crime and a motive of the person.
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The woman accused him of murder.</div>
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''ǧe̋nu kąda̋s num e-ka̋ca:'''</div>
| |
| {|
| |
| !ǧe̋n-u||kąd-a̋s||þ-um||e=ka̋c-a
| |
| |-
| |
| |woman-NOM.SG||murder-STA.SG||4-MOT.SG||PST=accuse-IND
| |
| |}
| |
| *4.6.2.2.11 The objective stative follows many adjectives derived from the verbs in paragraphs 4.6.2.2.8 and 4.6.2.2.9.
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The basket was full of grain.</div>
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''k̬ę̋so etenős pę̋lo e-vų̋a:'''</div>
| |
| {|
| |
| !k̬ę̋s-o||eten-ős||pę̋lo-||e=vų̋-a
| |
| |-
| |
| |basket-NOM.SG||grain-STA.SG||full-NOM.SG||PST=be-IND
| |
| |}
| |
| *4.6.2.2.12 Adjectives and adverbs of the comparative and equative degrees take the separative stative with the postposition '''sóma'''.
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The cheetah runs faster than the ostrich.</div>
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''nı̋be talresle̋' sóma ǫ́svi rę̋sa:'''</div>
| |
| {|
| |
| !nı̋b-e||talresl-e̋-'||sóma||o~ós-vi||rę̋s-a
| |
| |-
| |
| |cheetah-NOM.SG||ostrich-STA.SG-ELIS||than||COMP~fast-ADV||run-IND
| |
| |}
| |
| *4.6.2.2.13 The indirect object of the action of a transitive verb is put in the stative with the postposition '''o'''.
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Give this book to the student.</div>
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''tunűs o i-lűvom dǫ̋e:'''</div>
| |
| {|
| |
| !tun-űs||o||i=lűv-om||dǫ̋-e
| |
| |-
| |
| |student-STA.SG||to||this=book-MOT.SG||give-IMP
| |
| |}
| |
| *4.6.2.2.14 The person or thing for whose advantage or disadvantage anything is or is done, is put in the stative with the postpositio '''éra'''.
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Every good father labors for his children.</div>
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''vı̋su vą̋du tą̋ta nu-ƶǫnaþűm éra dą̋ra:'''</div>
| |
| {|
| |
| !vı̋su||vą̋du||tą̋t-a||nu=ƶǫnaþ-űm||éra||dą̋r-a
| |
| |-
| |
| |every||good||father-NOM.SG||his=child-STA.PL||for||work-IND
| |
| |}
| |
| *4.6.2.2.15 Alienable possession, ''i.e.'', possession of tangible things which one might somehow cease to own or possess, is expressed with the verb '''űda''', possess.
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">I have (own, possess) three cows.</div>
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''mu tı̋r ɱa̋ken űda:'''</div>
| |
| {|
| |
| !m-u||tı̋r||ɱa̋k-en||űd-a
| |
| |-
| |
| |1-NOM.SG||three||cow-MOT.PL||own-IND
| |
| |}
| |
| *4.6.2.2.16 Inalienable possession, ''i.e.'', possession of those things which cannot exist apart from a possessor, ''e.g.'', body parts or kin, is expressed by making that which is possessed the subject of the sentence and the possessor the indirect object with the permanent existential verb '''e̋sa'''.
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">I have blue eyes.</div>
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''kǫ̋xo t̬a̋los mús o e̋sa:'''</div>
| |
| {|
| |
| !kǫ̋xo||t̬a̋l-os||m-ús||o||e̋s-a
| |
| |-
| |
| |blue||eye-NOM.PL||1-STA.SG||to||be-IND
| |
| |}
| |
| *4.6.2.2.17 A special case of alienable possession exists when the object possessed is not one’s own or has been acquired illegally by using the temporary existential verb '''vűa'''.
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">I have three cows (''which I have stolen'' or ''which belong to my neighbor'').</div>
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">'''tı̋r ɱa̋kes mús o vų̋a:'''</div>
| |
| {|
| |
| !tı̋r||ɱa̋k-es||m-ús||o||vų̋-a
| |
| |-
| |
| |three||cow-NOM.PL||1-STA.SG||to||be-IND
| |
| |}
| |
