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| Vrkhazhian (YŠDD YT-VṚḴẔKM, ''Yašdad Yat-Vṛḵaẕīkam'') is a Northern Hašakaṃ language that is spoken in the region known as Vṛḵaẕ. The earliest form of this language, known as Ancient Vrkhazhi, was spoken around 10 000 years ago.
| | #REDIRECT [[Vrkhazhian]] |
| ==History==
| |
| ===Dialects===
| |
| Vrkhazhian has at least two major dialects and at least ten other minor dialects.
| |
| The table below lists two of the major dialects
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" id="letters_chart"
| |
| |+Dialects of Vrkhazhian
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Dialect
| |
| ! Location
| |
| |-
| |
| | Ḵadačīkam
| |
| | Centered around the city of Yat-Ḵadač
| |
| |-
| |
| | ʾAlšardīkam
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| | To the south of the city of Yat-Šamašet
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Ḵadačīkam is recognized as the standard dialect of writing and communication.
| |
| | |
| ==Writing System==
| |
| ʾAlḵavaht Yat-Vṛḵaẕīkam [ˈʔalxaβaʰt ˈjat-βɹ̩ˈxaʑikam] is the official writing script of Vṛḵaẕīkam [βɹ̩'xaʑikam]. The script consists of 30 letters, their names being asssigned by actual words in the language through acrophony.
| |
| The writing direction of the script is boustrephedon, and can start in any horizontal direction preferred, though the most common starting direction is Right-to-Left.
| |
| | |
| ===History===
| |
| The script has been around for at least 7,500 years, with few changes and alterations to the letter forms since it's inception. The true origins of the writing system is unknown, however, it is based partially off of the logographic script of a sister language known as Ḫadīṯča [χaˈdiθt͡ʃa].
| |
| | |
| ===Letter names===
| |
| {| class="wikitable" id="letters_chart"
| |
| |+ʾAlḵavaht Yat-Vṛḵaẕīkam
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Letter
| |
| ! Name
| |
| ! Meaning
| |
| ! Phoneme
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Al.PNG|30px|ʾAl]]
| |
| | ʾAl
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| | wind
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| | '''ʾ''' [ʔ]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Khav.PNG|30px|Ḵav]]
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| | Ḵav
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| | human
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| | '''ḵ''' [x]
| |
| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Vav2.PNG|30px|Vav]]
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| | Vav
| |
| | cane
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| | '''v''' [β]
| |
| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Hith.PNG|30px|Hīt]]
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| | Hīt
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| | lock
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| | '''h''' [h]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Dat.PNG|30px|Dat]]
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| | Dat
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| | skull
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| | '''d''' [d]
| |
| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Tsim.PNG|30px|Ḏīm]]
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| | Ḏīm
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| | fruit (also blood)
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| | '''ḏ''' [t͡s]
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| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Bal.PNG|30px|Bal]]
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| | Bal
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| | path
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| | '''b''' [b]
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| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Sum.PNG|30px|Sūm]]
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| | Sūm
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| | tunnel
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| | '''s''' [s]
| |
| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Zhat.PNG|30px|Ẕat]]
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| | Ẕat
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| | helmet (also child)
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| | '''ẕ''' [ʒ~ʑ]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Yav.PNG|30px|Yav]]
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| | Yav
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| | scythe
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| | '''y''' [j]
| |
| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Kah.PNG|30px|Ka]]
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| | Ka
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| | water
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| | '''k''' [k]
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| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Ge.PNG|30px|Gē]]
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| | Gē
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| | wing
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| | '''g''' [g]
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| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Lam.PNG|30px|Lam]]
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| | Lam
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| | hand
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| | '''l''' [l]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Ma'.PNG|30px|Maʾ]]
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| | Maʾ
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| | bowl or cup
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| | '''m''' [m]
| |
| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Nesh.PNG|30px|Neš]]
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| | Neš
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| | peace
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| | '''n''' [n]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Ghaym.PNG|30px|Ǧaẏm]]
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| | Ǧaẏm
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| | name
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| | '''ǧ''' [ɣ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Pak.PNG|30px|Pak]]
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| | Pak
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| | head
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| | '''p''' [p]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Jim.PNG|30px|Jīm]]
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| | Jīm
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| | pillar
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| | '''j''' [d͡ʒ~d͡ʑ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Ru.PNG|30px|Rū]]
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| | Rū
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| | snake
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| | '''r''' [ɹ~ɾ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Fash.PNG|30px|Faš]]
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| | Faš
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| | vulture
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| | '''f''' [ɸ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Shim.PNG|30px|Šīm]]
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| | Šīm
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| | house
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| | '''š''' [ʃ~ɕ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Waj.PNG|30px|Waj]]
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| | Waj
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| | shield
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| | '''w''' [w]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Tal.PNG|30px|Tal]]
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| | Tal
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| | gate
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| | '''t''' [t]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Chi.PNG|30px|Čī]]
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| | Čī
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| | hook
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| | '''č''' [t͡ʃ~t͡ɕ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Zab.PNG|30px|Zab]]
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| | Zab
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| | branch
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| | '''z''' [z]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Lham.PNG|30px|Ḻam]]
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| | Ḻam
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| | tree
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| | '''ḻ''' [ɬ~ɬʲ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Qhak.PNG|30px|Ḫak]]
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| | Ḫak
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| | roof
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| | '''ḥ''' [χ~ħ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Qar.PNG|30px|Qar]]
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| | Qar
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| | you (2nd person masc. pl.)
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| | '''q''' [q]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Rhat.PNG|30px|Ṟat]]
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| | Ṟat
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| | fear
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| | '''ṟ''' [ʀ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Nhod.PNG|30px|Ṉod]]
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| | Ṉod
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| | ear
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| | '''ṉ''' [ɴ]
| |
| | |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==Phonetics and phonology==
| |
| ===Consonants===
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| |+Vrkhazhian Consonantal Phonemes
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan=2|
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| !Bilabial
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| !Alveolar
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| !(Alveolo)-
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| Palatal
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| !Velar
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| !Uvular
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| !Glottal
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2|Nasal
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| !<small>Light</small>
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| |
| |
| | '''hn''' [ʰn~n̥]
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !<small>Plain</small>
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| | '''m''' [m]
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| | '''n''' [n]
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ṉ''' [ɴ]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !rowspan=3|Stop
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| !<small>Light</small>
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| | '''hp''' [ʰp]
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| | '''ht''' [ʰt]
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| |
| |
| | '''hk''' [ʰk]
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| | '''hq''' [ʰq]
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| |
| |
| |-
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| !<small>Plain</small>
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| | '''p''' [p] '''b''' [b]
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| | '''t''' [t] '''d''' [d]
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| |
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| | '''k''' [k] '''g''' [g]
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| | '''q''' [q]
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| | '''ʾ''' [ʔ]
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| |-
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| !<small>Dark</small>
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| | '''ṗ''' [pʶ~pˤ] '''ḅ''' [bʶ~bˤ]
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| | '''ṭ''' [tʶ~tˤ] '''ḍ''' [dʶ~dˤ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !colspan=2|Affricate
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| |
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| | '''ḏ''' [ʦ]
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| | '''č''' [ʧ~ʨ] '''j''' [ʤ~ʥ]
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !rowspan=2|Fricative
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| !<small>Plain</small>
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| | '''f''' [ɸ] '''v''' [β]
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| | '''s''' [s] '''z''' [z]
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| | '''š''' [ʃ~ɕ] '''ẕ''' [ʒ~ʑ]
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| | '''ḵ''' [x] '''ğ''' [ɣ]
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| | '''ḥ''' [χ~ħ]
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| | '''h''' [h]
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| |-
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| !<small>Dark</small>
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| |
| |
| | '''ṣ''' [sʶ~sˤ] '''ẓ''' [zʶ~zˤ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !rowspan=2|Approximant
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| !<small>Light</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''hr''' [ʰɹ~ʰɾ~ɹ̥̥]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !<small>Plain</small>
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| |
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| | '''r''' [ɹ~ɾ]
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| | '''y''' [j]
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| | '''w''' [w]
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !colspan=2|Trill
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| |
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| | '''rr''' [r]
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| |
| |
| |
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| | '''ṟ''' [ʀ]
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| |
| |
| |-
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| !rowspan=3|Lateral Approximant
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| !<small>Light</small>
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| |
| |
| | '''hl''' [ʰl~l̥]
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !<small>Plain</small>
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| |
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| | '''l''' [l]
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !<small>Dark</small>
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| | '''ḷ''' [lʶ~lˤ]
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !colspan=2|Lateral Fricative
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| |
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| | '''ḻ''' [ɬ~ɬʲ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Vowels===
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| | |
| {|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+Vrkhazhian Vowel Phonemes
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| |-
| |
| !
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| ! style="width: 40px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 40px; " |Central
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| ! style="width: 40px; " |Back
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| |-
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| !Close
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| | '''ī''' [i]
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| | '''i''' [ɨ]
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| | '''ū''' [u]
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| |-
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| !Close-mid
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| | '''ē''' [e]
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| |
| |
| | '''ō''' [o]
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| |-
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| !Mid
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| |
| |
| | '''u''' [ə]
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| |
| |
| |-
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| !Open-mid
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| | '''e''' [ɛ]
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| |
| |
| | '''o''' [ɔ]
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| |-
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| !Open
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| |colspan="3"| '''a''' [a]
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| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+Vrkhazhian Diphthongs
| |
| ! IPA
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| ! Letter
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| ! Example
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| |-
| |
| | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Dipthongs'''
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| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| | ae̯
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| | aẏ
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| | like '''eye'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| | oe̯
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| | oẏ
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| | like b'''oy'''
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| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| | ao̯
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| | aẇ
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| | like c'''ow'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Stress===
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| Stress in Vrkhazhian is generally placed on the last or second-to-last syllable.
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| | |
| ==Grammar==
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| ===Morphology===
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| ====Overview====
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| Vrkhazhian is a highly inflecting triconsonantal root language.
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| Most roots consist of three consonants (triliteral), though there are many words that consist of two letter (biliteral) roots. Vrkhazhian does not recognize four- and five-letter roots.
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| Between and around these roots various infixes, suffixes, and prefixes are used to carry grammatical functions or derived words.
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| | |
| The consonants <y>/j/ and <w>/w/ are considered weak roots, and roots containng these consonants caue irregular verb forms to appear.
| |
| | |
| ====Nominal morphology====
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| Vrkhazhian has three grammatical genders, masculine, feminine and neuter.
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| Grammatical gender in Vrkhazhian is strictly semantic, thus most nouns, such as inanimate objects, fall into the category of neuter.
| |
| | |
| Vrkhazhian has two numbers (singular and plural)and five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, lative, and ablative).
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| The table below shows the noun ''vīkīm'' (ruler) in the various cases.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Noun paradigm
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| !
| |
| ! Noun (masc.) !! Noun (fem.) !! Noun (neut.)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Nominative/Accusative singular
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| | ''???'' || ''???'' || ''vīkīm''
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| |-
| |
| ! Genitive singular
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| | ''???'' || ''???'' || ''vīkīm-ūn''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Lative singular
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| | ''???'' || ''???'' || ''vīkīm-ab''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Ablative singular
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| | ''???'' || ''???'' || ''vīkīm-ad''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Nominative/Accusative plural
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| | ''???'' || ''???'' || ''vīkīm-al''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Genitive plural
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| | ''???'' || ''???'' || ''vīkīm-īr''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Lative plural
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| | ''???'' || ''???'' || ''vīkīm-īb-al''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Ablative plural
| |
| | ''???'' || ''???'' || ''vīkīm-īd-al''
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Construct state=====
| |
| Nouns in Vrkhazhian can also be placed in the construct state, which is used for genitive constructions and denotes that the noun is the possessed object.
| |
| Using the noun ''ʾalkad'' (soldier, guard), the conjugations of the construct state are shown below:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Noun paradigm
| |
| !
| |
| ! Noun (masc.) !! Noun (fem.) !! Noun (neut.)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Singular
| |
| | ''ʾalkad-ī'' || ''ʾalkad-a'' || ''ʾalkad-ū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Plural
| |
| | ''ʾalkad-īṯ'' || ''ʾalkad-aṯ'' || ''ʾalkad-ūm''
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Vebal morphology====
| |
| Verbs in Vrkhazhian are conjugated for number (singular and plural), tense (infinitive, past, past participle, present, present participle, and future) and voice (active and passive)
| |
| =====Verb patterns=====
| |
| The table below shows the conjugation of the root DNJ - "crush"
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Verb Conjugations
| |
| !
| |
| ! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Infinitive
| |
| | ''dannaja'' || ''ʾadnīyaj'' || to crush || ''dūnnēja'' || ''ʾadnūšīj'' || to be crushed
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Past
| |
| | ''nōdnoj'' || ''nadnūjam'' || crushed || ''nūdnūj'' || ''nīdnajam'' || was crushed
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Past Participle
| |
| | ''yūdnoj'' || ''yūdnējam'' || was crushing || ''yīdnaj'' || ''yīdnūjam'' || was being crushed
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Present
| |
| | ''dūnaj'' || ''dūnjam'' || crush || ''danēj'' || ''danjam'' || is crushed
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Present Participle
| |
| | ''hūdnaj'' || ''hūdnījam'' || is crushing || ''hadnēj'' || ''hadnojam'' || is being crushed
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Future
| |
| | ''ʾadnej'' || ''ʾadnejam'' || will crush || ''ʾīdnīj'' || ''ʾīdnījam'' || will be crushed
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Verb moods=====
| |
| | |
| Vrkhazhian has three moods, jussive, potential and conditional.
| |
| The table below shows the conjugation of the root ṖMT - "walk"
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+Verb Mood
| |
| !
| |
| ! Singular !! Plural !! Translation
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Jussive
| |
| | ''šīṗmūt'' || ''šīṗmatam'' || I must/should walk
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Potential
| |
| | ''kaṗmet'' || ''kaṗmatam'' || I can walk
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Conditional
| |
| | ''ʾīmaṗmat'' || ''ʾīmaṗmūtam'' || I would walk
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Pronouns===
| |
| ====Personal Pronouns====
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+Pronoun
| |
| !
| |
| ! Subject !! Object !! Genitive !! Lative !! Ablative
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1sg neuter
| |
| | ẕaẏ || šadīb || šadīkī
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2sg masc.
| |
| | ʾīšī || ʾīšīb || ʾīšakī
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2sg fem.
| |
| | ʾatī || ʾatīb || ʾatakī
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Interogative Pronouns====
| |
| ===Conjunctions===
| |
| ===Syntax===
| |
| | |
| ==Vocabulary==
| |
| ==Example text==
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A_priori_conlangs]] [[Category:Vrkhazhi]]
| |
