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| Vrkhazhian (YŠDD YT-VṚḴẔKM, ''Yašdod Yat-Vṛḵaẕīkam'') is a Northern Hašakaṃ language that is spoken in the region known as Vṛḵaẕ. The earliest form of this language, known as Ancient Vrkhazhi, was spoken around 10 000 years ago.
| | #REDIRECT [[Vrkhazhian]] |
| ==History==
| |
| ===Dialects===
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| Vrkhazhian has at least two major dialects and at least ten other minor dialects.
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| The table below lists two of the major dialects
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable" id="letters_chart"
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| |+Dialects of Vrkhazhian
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| |-
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| ! Dialect
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| ! Location
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| |-
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| | ʾŪbyahīkam
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| | Centered around the city of ʾŪbya
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| |-
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| | ʾAlšardīkam
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| | To the south of the city of Ḵadač
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| |}
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| | |
| ʾŪbyahīkam is recognized as the standard dialect of writing and communication.
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| | |
| ==Writing System==
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| ʾAlḵavaht Yat-Vṛḵaẕīkam [ˈʔalxaβaʰt ˈjat-βɹ̩ˈxaʑikam] is the official writing script of Vṛḵaẕīkam [βɹ̩'xaʑikam]. The script consists of 30 letters, their names being asssigned by actual words in the language through acrophony.
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| The writing direction of the script is boustrephedon, and can start in any horizontal direction preferred, though the most common starting direction is Right-to-Left.
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| | |
| ===History===
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| The script has been around for at least 7,500 years, with few changes and alterations to the letter forms since it's inception. The true origins of the writing system is unknown, however, it is based partially off of the logographic script of a sister language known as Ḫadīṯča [χaˈdiθt͡ʃa].
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| ===Letter names===
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| {| class="wikitable" id="letters_chart"
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| |+ʾAlḵavaht Yat-Vṛḵaẕīkam
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| |-
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| ! Letter
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| ! Name
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| ! Meaning
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| ! Phoneme
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| |-
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| | [[File:Al.PNG|30px|ʾAl]]
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| | ʾAl
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| | wind
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| | '''ʾ''' [ʔ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Khav.PNG|30px|Ḵav]]
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| | Ḵav
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| | human
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| | '''ḵ''' [x]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Vav2.PNG|30px|Vav]]
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| | Vav
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| | cane
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| | '''v''' [β]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Hith.PNG|30px|Hīt]]
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| | Hīt
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| | lock
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| | '''h''' [h]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Dat.PNG|30px|Dat]]
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| | Dat
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| | skull
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| | '''d''' [d]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Tsim.PNG|30px|Ḏīm]]
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| | Ḏīm
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| | fruit (also blood)
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| | '''ḏ''' [t͡s]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Bal.PNG|30px|Bal]]
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| | Bal
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| | path
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| | '''b''' [b]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Sum.PNG|30px|Sūm]]
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| | Sūm
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| | tunnel
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| | '''s''' [s]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Zhat.PNG|30px|Ẕat]]
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| | Ẕat
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| | helmet (also child)
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| | '''ẕ''' [ʒ~ʑ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Yav.PNG|30px|Yav]]
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| | Yav
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| | scythe
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| | '''y''' [j]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Kah.PNG|30px|Ka]]
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| | Ka
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| | water
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| | '''k''' [k]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Ge.PNG|30px|Gē]]
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| | Gē
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| | wing
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| | '''g''' [g]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Lam.PNG|30px|Lam]]
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| | Lam
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| | hand
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| | '''l''' [l]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Ma'.PNG|30px|Maʾ]]
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| | Maʾ
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| | bowl or cup
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| | '''m''' [m]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Nesh.PNG|30px|Neš]]
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| | Neš
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| | peace
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| | '''n''' [n]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Ghaym.PNG|30px|Ǧaẏm]]
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| | Ǧaẏm
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| | name
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| | '''ǧ''' [ɣ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Pak.PNG|30px|Pak]]
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| | Pak
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| | head
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| | '''p''' [p]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Jim.PNG|30px|Jīm]]
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| | Jīm
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| | pillar
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| | '''j''' [d͡ʒ~d͡ʑ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Ru.PNG|30px|Rū]]
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| | Rū
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| | snake
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| | '''r''' [ɹ~ɾ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Fash.PNG|30px|Faš]]
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| | Faš
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| | vulture
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| | '''f''' [ɸ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Shim.PNG|30px|Šīm]]
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| | Šīm
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| | house
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| | '''š''' [ʃ~ɕ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Waj.PNG|30px|Waj]]
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| | Waj
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| | shield
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| | '''w''' [w]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Tal.PNG|30px|Tal]]
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| | Tal
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| | gate
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| | '''t''' [t]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Chi.PNG|30px|Čī]]
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| | Čī
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| | hook
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| | '''č''' [t͡ʃ~t͡ɕ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Zab.PNG|30px|Zab]]
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| | Zab
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| | branch
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| | '''z''' [z]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Lham.PNG|30px|Ḻam]]
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| | Ḻam
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| | tree
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| | '''ḻ''' [ɬ~ɬʲ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Qhak.PNG|30px|Ḫak]]
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| | Ḫak
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| | roof
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| | '''ḫ''' [χ~ħ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Qar.PNG|30px|Qar]]
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| | Qar
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| | you (2nd person masc. pl.)
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| | '''q''' [q]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Rhat.PNG|30px|Ṟat]]
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| | Ṟat
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| | fear
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| | '''ṟ''' [ʀ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Nhod.PNG|30px|Ṉod]]
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| | Ṉod
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| | ear
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| | '''ṉ''' [ɴ]
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| | |
| |}
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| | |
| ==Phonetics and phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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| |+Vrkhazhian Consonantal Phonemes
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| |-
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| ! colspan=2|
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| !Bilabial
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| !Alveolar
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| !(Alveolo)-
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| Palatal
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| !Velar
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| !Uvular
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| !Glottal
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2|Nasal
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| !<small>Light</small>
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| | '''hn''' [ʰn~n̥]
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| |-
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| !<small>Plain</small>
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| | '''m''' [m]
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| | '''n''' [n]
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| | '''ṉ''' [ɴ]
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| |
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| |-
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| !rowspan=3|Stop
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| !<small>Light</small>
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| | '''hp''' [ʰp]
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| | '''ht''' [ʰt]
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| | '''hk''' [ʰk]
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| | '''hq''' [ʰq]
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| |
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| |-
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| !<small>Plain</small>
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| | '''p''' [p] '''b''' [b]
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| | '''t''' [t] '''d''' [d]
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| |
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| | '''k''' [k] '''g''' [g]
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| | '''q''' [q]
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| | '''ʾ''' [ʔ]
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| |-
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| !<small>Dark</small>
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| | '''ṗ''' [pʶ~pˤ] '''ḅ''' [bʶ~bˤ]
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| | '''ṭ''' [tʶ~tˤ] '''ḍ''' [dʶ~dˤ]
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| |
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| |
| |
| |
| |
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| |-
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| !colspan=2|Affricate
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| | '''ḏ''' [ʦ]
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| | '''č''' [ʧ~ʨ] '''j''' [ʤ~ʥ]
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| |
| |
| |
| |
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2|Fricative
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| !<small>Plain</small>
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| | '''f''' [ɸ] '''v''' [β]
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| | '''s''' [s] '''z''' [z]
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| | '''š''' [ʃ~ɕ] '''ẕ''' [ʒ~ʑ]
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| | '''ḵ''' [x] '''ğ''' [ɣ]
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| | '''ḫ''' [χ~ħ]
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| | '''h''' [h]
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| |-
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| !<small>Dark</small>
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| | '''ṣ''' [sʶ~sˤ] '''ẓ''' [zʶ~zˤ]
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| |
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| |
| |
| |
| |
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2|Approximant
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| !<small>Light</small>
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| | '''hr''' [ʰɹ~ʰɾ~ɹ̥̥]
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
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| |-
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| !<small>Plain</small>
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| | '''r''' [ɹ~ɾ]
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| | '''y''' [j]
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| | '''w''' [w]
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| |
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| |-
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| !colspan=2|Trill
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| | '''rr''' [r]
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| | '''ṟ''' [ʀ]
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| |-
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| !rowspan=3|Lateral Approximant
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| !<small>Light</small>
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| | '''hl''' [ʰl~l̥]
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| |
| |
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| |-
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| !<small>Plain</small>
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| | '''l''' [l]
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| |
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| |-
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| !<small>Dark</small>
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| | '''ḷ''' [lʶ~lˤ]
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| |-
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| !colspan=2|Lateral Fricative
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| | '''ḻ''' [ɬ~ɬʲ]
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
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| |-
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| |}
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| | |
| ===Vowels===
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| | |
| {|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+Vrkhazhian Vowel Phonemes
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| |-
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| !
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| ! style="width: 40px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 40px; " |Central
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| ! style="width: 40px; " |Back
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| |-
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| !Close
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| | '''ī''' [i]
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| | '''i''' [ɨ]
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| | '''ū''' [u]
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| |-
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| !Close-mid
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| | '''ē''' [e]
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| |
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| | '''ō''' [o]
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| |-
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| !Mid
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| | '''u''' [ə]
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| |
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| |-
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| !Open-mid
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| | '''e''' [ɛ]
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| |
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| | '''o''' [ɔ]
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| |-
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| !Open
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| |colspan="3"| '''a''' [a]
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| |}
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
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| |+Vrkhazhian Diphthongs
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| ! IPA
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| ! Letter
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| ! Example
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| |-
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| | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Dipthongs'''
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| |-
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| |-
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| | ae̯
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| | aẏ
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| | like '''eye'''
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| |-
| |
| |-
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| | oe̯
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| | oẏ
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| | like b'''oy'''
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| |-
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| |-
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| | ao̯
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| | aẇ
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| | like c'''ow'''
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| |-
| |
| |}
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| | |
| ===Stress===
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| Stress in Vrkhazhian is generally placed on the last or second-to-last syllable.
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| | |
| ==Grammar==
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| ===Morphology===
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| ====Overview====
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| Vrkhazhian is a highly inflecting triconsonantal root language.
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| Most roots consist of three consonants (triliteral), though there are many words that consist of two letter (biliteral) roots. Vrkhazhian does not recognize four- and five-letter roots.
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| Between and around these roots various infixes, suffixes, and prefixes are used to carry grammatical functions or derived words.
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| | |
| The consonants <y>/j/ and <w>/w/ are considered weak roots, and roots containng these consonants caue irregular verb forms to appear.
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| | |
| ====Nominal morphology====
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| Vrkhazhian has three grammatical genders, masculine, feminine and neuter.
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| Grammatical gender in Vrkhazhian is strictly semantic, thus most nouns, such as inanimate objects, fall into the category of neuter.
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| | |
| Vrkhazhian has two numbers (singular and plural)and five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, lative, and ablative).
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| The table below shows the noun ''vīkīm'' (ruler) in the various cases.
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
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| |+ Noun paradigm
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| !
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| ! Noun (masc.) !! Noun (fem.) !! Noun (neut.)
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| |-
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| ! Nominative/Accusative singular
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| | ''vīkīm-ī'' || ''vīkīm-ē'' || ''vīkīm''
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| |-
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| ! Genitive singular
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| | ''vīkīm-īn'' || ''vīkīm-an'' || ''vīkīm-ūn''
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| |-
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| ! Lative singular
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| | ''vīkīm-ab-ī'' || ''vīkīm-ab-ē'' || ''vīkīm-ab''
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| |-
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| ! Ablative singular
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| | ''vīkīm-ad-ī'' || ''vīkīm-ad-ē'' || ''vīkīm-ad''
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| |-
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| ! Nominative/Accusative plural
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| | ''vīkīm-īl'' || ''vīkīm-ot'' || ''vīkīm-al''
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| |-
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| ! Genitive plural
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| | ''vīkīm-īḵ'' || ''vīkīm-aḵ'' || ''vīkīm-īr''
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| |-
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| ! Lative plural
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| | ''vīkīm-īb-īl'' || ''vīkīm-īb-ot'' || ''vīkīm-īb-al''
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| |-
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| ! Ablative plural
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| | ''vīkīm-īd-īl'' || ''vīkīm-īd-ot'' || ''vīkīm-īd-al''
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Construct state=====
| |
| Nouns in Vrkhazhian can also be placed in the construct state, which is used for genitive constructions and denotes that the noun is the possessed object.
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| Using the noun ''ʾalkad'' (soldier, guard), the conjugations of the construct state are shown below:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Noun paradigm
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| !
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| ! Noun (masc.) !! Noun (fem.) !! Noun (neut.)
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| |-
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| ! Singular
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| | ''ʾalkad-ū'' || ''ʾalkad-a'' || ''ʾalkad-īm''
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| |-
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| ! Plural
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| | ''ʾalkad-īṯ'' || ''vīkīm-aṯ'' || ''ʾalkad-av''
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Vebal morphology====
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| =====Verb stems=====
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| ===Pronouns===
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| ===Conjunctions===
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| ===Syntax===
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| | |
| ==Vocabulary==
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| ==Example text==
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| | |
| [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A_priori_conlangs]] [[Category:Vrkhazhi]]
| |
