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| Vrkhazhian (YŠDD YT-VṚḴẔKM, ''Yašdod Yat-Vṛḵaẕīkam'') is a Northern Hašakaṃ language that is spoken in the region known as Vṛḵaẕ. The earliest form of this language, known as Ancient Vrkhazhi, was spoken around 10 000 years ago.
| | #REDIRECT [[Vrkhazhian]] |
| ==History==
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| ===Dialects===
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| Vrkhazhian has at least two major dialects and at least ten other minor dialects.
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| The table below lists two of the major dialects
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable" id="letters_chart"
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| |+Dialects of Vrkhazhian
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| |-
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| ! Dialect
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| ! Location
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| |-
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| | ʾŪbyahīkam
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| | Centered around the city of ʾŪbya
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| |-
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| | ʾAlšardīkam
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| | To the south of the city of Ḵadač
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| |}
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| ʾŪbyahīkam is recognized as the standard dialect of writing and communication.
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| ==Writing System==
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| ʾAlḵavaht Yat-Vṛḵaẕīkam [ˈʔalxaβaʰt ˈjat-βɹ̩ˈxaʑikam] is the official writing script of Vṛḵaẕīkam [βɹ̩'xaʑikam]. The script consists of 30 letters, their names being asssigned by actual words in the language through acrophony.
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| The writing direction of the script is boustrephedon, and can start in any horizontal direction preferred, though the most common starting direction is Right-to-Left.
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| | |
| ===History===
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| The script has been around for at least 7,500 years, with few changes and alterations to the letter forms since it's inception. The true origins of the writing system is unknown, however, it is based partially off of the logographic script of a sister language known as Ḫadīṯča [χaˈdiθt͡ʃa].
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| ===Letter names===
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| {| class="wikitable" id="letters_chart"
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| |+ʾAlḵavaht Yat-Vṛḵaẕīkam
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| |-
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| ! Letter
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| ! Name
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| ! Meaning
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| ! Phoneme
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| |-
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| | [[File:Al.PNG|30px|ʾAl]]
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| | ʾAl
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| | wind
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| | '''ʾ''' [ʔ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Khav.PNG|30px|Ḵav]]
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| | Ḵav
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| | human
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| | '''ḵ''' [x]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Vav.PNG|29px|Vav]]
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| | Vav
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| | cane
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| | '''v''' [β]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Hith.PNG|30px|Hīt]]
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| | Hīt
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| | lock
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| | '''h''' [h]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Dat.PNG|30px|Dat]]
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| | Dat
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| | skull
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| | '''d''' [d]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Tsim.PNG|30px|Ḏīm]]
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| | Ḏīm
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| | fruit (also blood)
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| | '''ḏ''' [t͡s]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Bal.PNG|30px|Bal]]
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| | Bal
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| | path
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| | '''b''' [b]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Sum.PNG|30px|Sūm]]
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| | Sūm
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| | tunnel
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| | '''s''' [s]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Zhat.PNG|30px|Ẕat]]
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| | Ẕat
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| | helmet (also child)
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| | '''ẕ''' [ʒ~ʑ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Yav.PNG|30px|Yav]]
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| | Yav
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| | scythe
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| | '''y''' [j]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Kah.PNG|30px|Ka]]
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| | Ka
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| | water
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| | '''k''' [k]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Ge.PNG|30px|Gē]]
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| | Gē
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| | wing
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| | '''g''' [g]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Lam.PNG|30px|Lam]]
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| | Lam
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| | hand
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| | '''l''' [l]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Ma'.PNG|30px|Maʾ]]
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| | Maʾ
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| | bowl or cup
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| | '''m''' [m]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Nesh.PNG|30px|Neš]]
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| | Neš
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| | peace
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| | '''n''' [n]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Ghaym.PNG|30px|Ǧaẏm]]
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| | Ǧaẏm
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| | name
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| | '''ǧ''' [ɣ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Pak.PNG|30px|Pak]]
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| | Pak
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| | head
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| | '''p''' [p]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Jim.PNG|30px|Jīm]]
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| | Jīm
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| | pillar
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| | '''j''' [d͡ʒ~d͡ʑ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Ru.PNG|30px|Rū]]
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| | Rū
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| | snake
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| | '''r''' [ɹ~ɾ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Fash.PNG|30px|Faš]]
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| | Faš
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| | vulture
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| | '''f''' [ɸ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Shim.PNG|30px|Šīm]]
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| | Šīm
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| | house
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| | '''š''' [ʃ~ɕ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Waj.PNG|30px|Waj]]
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| | Waj
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| | shield
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| | '''w''' [w]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Tal.PNG|30px|Tal]]
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| | Tal
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| | gate
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| | '''t''' [t]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Chi.PNG|30px|Čī]]
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| | Čī
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| | hook
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| | '''č''' [t͡ʃ~t͡ɕ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Zab.PNG|30px|Zab]]
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| | Zab
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| | branch
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| | '''z''' [z]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Lham.PNG|30px|Ḻam]]
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| | Ḻam
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| | tree
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| | '''ḻ''' [ɬ~ɬʲ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Qhak.PNG|30px|Ḫak]]
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| | Ḫak
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| | roof
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| | '''ḫ''' [χ~ħ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Qar.PNG|30px|Qar]]
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| | Qar
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| | you (2nd person masc. pl.)
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| | '''q''' [q]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Rhat.PNG|30px|Ṟat]]
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| | Ṟat
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| | fear
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| | '''ṟ''' [ʀ]
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| | |
| |-
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| | [[File:Nhod.PNG|30px|Ṉod]]
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| | Ṉod
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| | ear
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| | '''ṉ''' [ɴ]
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| | |
| |}
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| ==Phonetics and phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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| |+Vrkhazhian Consonantal Phonemes
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| |-
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| ! colspan=2|
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| !Bilabial
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| !Alveolar
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| !(Alveolo)-
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| Palatal
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| !Velar
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| !Uvular
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| !Glottal
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2|Nasal
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| !<small>Light</small>
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| | '''hn''' [ʰn~n̥]
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| |-
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| !<small>Plain</small>
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| | '''m''' [m]
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| | '''n''' [n]
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| | '''ṉ''' [ɴ]
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| |-
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| !rowspan=3|Stop
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| !<small>Light</small>
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| | '''hp''' [ʰp]
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| | '''ht''' [ʰt]
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| | '''hk''' [ʰk]
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| | '''hq''' [ʰq]
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| |-
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| !<small>Plain</small>
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| | '''p''' [p] '''b''' [b]
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| | '''t''' [t] '''d''' [d]
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| | '''k''' [k] '''g''' [g]
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| | '''q''' [q]
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| | '''ʾ''' [ʔ]
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| |-
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| !<small>Dark</small>
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| | '''ṗ''' [pʶ~pˤ] '''ḅ''' [bʶ~bˤ]
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| | '''ṭ''' [tʶ~tˤ] '''ḍ''' [dʶ~dˤ]
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| |-
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| !colspan=2|Affricate
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| | '''ḏ''' [ʦ]
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| | '''č''' [ʧ~ʨ] '''j''' [ʤ~ʥ]
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2|Fricative
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| !<small>Plain</small>
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| | '''f''' [ɸ] '''v''' [β]
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| | '''s''' [s] '''z''' [z]
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| | '''š''' [ʃ~ɕ] '''ẕ''' [ʒ~ʑ]
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| | '''ḵ''' [x] '''ğ''' [ɣ]
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| | '''ḫ''' [χ~ħ]
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| | '''h''' [h]
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| |-
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| !<small>Dark</small>
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| | '''ṣ''' [sʶ~sˤ] '''ẓ''' [zʶ~zˤ]
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2|Approximant
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| !<small>Light</small>
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| | '''hr''' [ʰɹ~ʰɾ~ɹ̥̥]
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| |-
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| !<small>Plain</small>
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| | '''r''' [ɹ~ɾ]
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| | '''y''' [j]
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| | '''w''' [w]
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| |-
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| !colspan=2|Trill
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| | '''rr''' [r]
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| | '''ṟ''' [ʀ]
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| |-
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| !rowspan=3|Lateral Approximant
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| !<small>Light</small>
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| | '''hl''' [ʰl~l̥]
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| |-
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| !<small>Plain</small>
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| | '''l''' [l]
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| |-
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| !<small>Dark</small>
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| | '''ḷ''' [lʶ~lˤ]
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| |-
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| !colspan=2|Lateral Fricative
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| | '''ḻ''' [ɬ~ɬʲ]
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| |
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| |
| |
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| |-
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| |}
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| ===Vowels===
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| {|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+Vrkhazhian Vowel Phonemes
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| |-
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| !
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| ! style="width: 40px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 40px; " |Central
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| ! style="width: 40px; " |Back
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| |-
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| !Close
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| | '''ī''' [i]
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| | '''i''' [ɨ]
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| | '''ū''' [u]
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| |-
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| !Close-mid
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| | '''ē''' [e]
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| | '''ō''' [o]
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| |-
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| !Mid
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| | '''u''' [ə]
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| |-
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| !Open-mid
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| | '''e''' [ɛ]
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| | '''o''' [ɔ]
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| |-
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| !Open
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| |colspan="3"| '''a''' [a]
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| |}
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
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| |+Vrkhazhian Diphthongs
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| ! IPA
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| ! Letter
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| ! Example
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| |-
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| | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Dipthongs'''
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| |-
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| |-
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| | ae̯
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| | aẏ
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| | like '''eye'''
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| |-
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| |-
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| | oe̯
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| | oẏ
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| | like b'''oy'''
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| |-
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| |-
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| | ao̯
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| | aẇ
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| | like c'''ow'''
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| |-
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| |}
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| | |
| ===Stress===
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| Stress in Vrkhazhian is generally placed on the last or second-to-last syllable.
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| | |
| ==Grammar==
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| ===Morphology===
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| ====Overview====
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| Vrkhazhian is a highly inflecting triconsonantal root language.
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| Most roots consist of three consonants (triliteral), though there are many words that consist of two letter (biliteral) roots. Vrkhazhian does not recognize four- and five-letter roots.
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| Between and around these roots various infixes, suffixes, and prefixes are used to carry grammatical functions or derived words.
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| | |
| The consonants <y>/j/ and <w>/w/ are considered weak roots, and roots containng these consonants caue irregular verb forms to appear.
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| | |
| ====Nominal morphology====
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| Vrkhazhian has three grammatical genders, masculine, feminine and neuter.
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| Grammatical gender in Vrkhazhian is strictly semantic, thus most nouns, such as inanimate objects, fall into the category of neuter.
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| | |
| Vrkhazhian has two numbers (singular and plural)and five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, lative, and ablative).
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| The table below shows the nouns ''haz'' (man, masc.), ''ṉaj'' (woman, fem.) and ''šīm'' (house, neut.) in the various cases.
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| NOTE: nouns that already possess gender are not inflected for gender in the singular. However, for the sake of example, these particular nouns are inflected.
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
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| |+ Noun paradigm
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| !
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| ! Noun (masc.) !! Noun (fem.) !! Noun (neut.)
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| |-
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| ! Nominative/Accusative singular
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| | ''hazī'' || ''ṉajē'' || ''šīm''
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| |-
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| ! Genitive singular
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| | ''hazīn'' || ''ṉajan'' || ''šīmūn''
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| |-
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| ! Lative singular
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| | ''hazab'' || ''ṉajab'' || ''šīmab''
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| |-
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| ! Ablative singular
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| | ''hazad'' || ''ṉajad'' || ''šīmad''
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| |-
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| ! Nominative/Accusative plural
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| | ''hazīl'' || ''ṉajot'' || ''šīmal''
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| |-
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| ! Genitive plural
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| | ''hazīḵ'' || ''ṉajaḵ'' || ''šīmīr''
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| |-
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| ! Lative plural
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| | ''hazībīl'' || ''ṉajībot'' || ''šīmībal''
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| |-
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| ! Ablative plural
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| | ''hazīdīl'' || ''ṉajīdot'' || ''šīmīdal''
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| |-
| |
| |}
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| | |
| =====Construct state=====
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| Nouns in Vrkhazhian can also be placed in the construct state, which is used for genitive constructions and denotes that the noun is the possessed object.
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| | |
| ====Vebal morphology====
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| =====Verb stems=====
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| ===Pronouns===
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| ===Conjunctions===
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| ===Syntax===
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| ==Vocabulary==
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| ==Example text==
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| [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A_priori_conlangs]] [[Category:Vrkhazhi]]
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