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| Vrkhazhian (YŠDD YT-VṚḴẔKM, ''Yašdod Yat-Vṛḵaẕīkam'') is a Northern Hašakaṃ language that was spoken in the region known as Anrqhal. The earliest form of this language, known as Ancient Vrkhazhi, was spoken around 10 000 years ago.
| | #REDIRECT [[Vrkhazhian]] |
| ==History==
| |
| ==Writing System==
| |
| {| class="wikitable" id="letters_chart"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Letter
| |
| ! Name
| |
| ! Meaning
| |
| ! Phoneme
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Al.PNG|30px|ʾAl]]
| |
| | ʾAl
| |
| | wind
| |
| | '''ʾ''' [ʔ]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Khav.PNG|30px|Ḵav]]
| |
| | Ḵav
| |
| | human
| |
| | '''ḵ''' [x]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Vav.PNG|29px|Vav]]
| |
| | Vav
| |
| | cane
| |
| | '''v''' [β]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Hith.PNG|30px|Hīt]]
| |
| | Hīt
| |
| | lock
| |
| | '''h''' [h]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Dat.PNG|30px|Dat]]
| |
| | Dat
| |
| | skull
| |
| | '''d''' [d]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Tsim.PNG|30px|Ḏīm]]
| |
| | Ḏīm
| |
| | fruit (also blood)
| |
| | '''ḏ''' [t͡s]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Bal.PNG|30px|Bal]]
| |
| | Bal
| |
| | path
| |
| | '''b''' [b]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Sum.PNG|30px|Sūm]]
| |
| | Sūm
| |
| | tunnel
| |
| | '''s''' [s]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Zhat.PNG|30px|Ẕat]]
| |
| | Ẕat
| |
| | helmet (also child)
| |
| | '''ẕ''' [ʒ~ʑ]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Yav.PNG|30px|Yav]]
| |
| | Yav
| |
| | scythe
| |
| | '''y''' [j]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Kah.PNG|30px|Ka]]
| |
| | Ka
| |
| | water
| |
| | '''k''' [k]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Ge.PNG|30px|Gē]]
| |
| | Gē
| |
| | wing
| |
| | '''g''' [g]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Lam.PNG|30px|Lam]]
| |
| | Lam
| |
| | hand
| |
| | '''l''' [l]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Ma'.PNG|30px|Maʾ]]
| |
| | Maʾ
| |
| | bowl or cup
| |
| | '''m''' [m]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Nesh.PNG|30px|Neš]]
| |
| | Neš
| |
| | peace
| |
| | '''n''' [n]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Ghaym.PNG|30px|Ǧaẏm]]
| |
| | Ǧaẏm
| |
| | name
| |
| | '''ǧ''' [ɣ]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Pak.PNG|30px|Pak]]
| |
| | Pak
| |
| | head
| |
| | '''p''' [p]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Jim.PNG|30px|Jīm]]
| |
| | Jīm
| |
| | pillar
| |
| | '''j''' [d͡ʒ~d͡ʑ]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Ru.PNG|30px|Rū]]
| |
| | Rū
| |
| | snake
| |
| | '''r''' [ɹ~ɾ]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Fash.PNG|30px|Faš]]
| |
| | Faš
| |
| | vulture
| |
| | '''f''' [ɸ]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Shim.PNG|30px|Šīm]]
| |
| | Šīm
| |
| | house
| |
| | '''š''' [ʃ~ɕ]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Waj.PNG|30px|Waj]]
| |
| | Waj
| |
| | shield
| |
| | '''w''' [w]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Tal.PNG|30px|Tal]]
| |
| | Tal
| |
| | gate
| |
| | '''t''' [t]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Chi.PNG|30px|Čī]]
| |
| | Čī
| |
| | hook
| |
| | '''č''' [t͡ʃ~t͡ɕ]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Zab.PNG|30px|Zab]]
| |
| | Zab
| |
| | branch
| |
| | '''z''' [z]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Lham.PNG|30px|Ḻam]]
| |
| | Ḻam
| |
| | tree
| |
| | '''ḻ''' [ɬ~ɬʲ]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Qhak.PNG|30px|Ḫak]]
| |
| | Ḫak
| |
| | roof
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| | '''ḫ''' [χ~ħ]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Qar.PNG|30px|Qar]]
| |
| | Qar
| |
| | you (2nd person masc. pl.)
| |
| | '''q''' [q]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Rhat.PNG|30px|Ṟat]]
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| | Ṟat
| |
| | fear
| |
| | '''ṟ''' [ʀ]
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Nhod.PNG|30px|Ṉod]]
| |
| | Ṉod
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| | ear
| |
| | '''ṉ''' [ɴ]
| |
| | |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==Phonetics and phonology==
| |
| ===Consonants===
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| |+Vrkhazhian Consonantal Phonemes
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan=2|
| |
| !Bilabial
| |
| !Alveolar
| |
| !(Alveolo)-
| |
| Palatal
| |
| !Velar
| |
| !Uvular
| |
| !Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2|Nasal
| |
| !<small>Light</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''hn''' [ʰn~n̥]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>Plain</small>
| |
| | '''m''' [m]
| |
| | '''n''' [n]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ṉ''' [ɴ]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=3|Stop
| |
| !<small>Light</small>
| |
| | '''hp''' [ʰp]
| |
| | '''ht''' [ʰt]
| |
| |
| |
| | '''hk''' [ʰk]
| |
| | '''hq''' [ʰq]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>Plain</small>
| |
| | '''p''' [p] '''b''' [b]
| |
| | '''t''' [t] '''d''' [d]
| |
| |
| |
| | '''k''' [k] '''g''' [g]
| |
| | '''q''' [q]
| |
| | '''ʾ''' [ʔ]
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>Dark</small>
| |
| | '''ṗ''' [pʶ~pˤ] '''ḅ''' [bʶ~bˤ]
| |
| | '''ṭ''' [tʶ~tˤ] '''ḍ''' [dʶ~dˤ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|Affricate
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ḏ''' [ʦ]
| |
| | '''č''' [ʧ~ʨ] '''j''' [ʤ~ʥ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2|Fricative
| |
| !<small>Plain</small>
| |
| | '''f''' [ɸ] '''v''' [β]
| |
| | '''s''' [s] '''z''' [z]
| |
| | '''š''' [ʃ~ɕ] '''ẕ''' [ʒ~ʑ]
| |
| | '''ḵ''' [x] '''ğ''' [ɣ]
| |
| | '''ḫ''' [χ~ħ]
| |
| | '''h''' [h]
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>Dark</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ṣ''' [sʶ~sˤ] '''ẓ''' [zʶ~zˤ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2|Approximant
| |
| !<small>Light</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''hr''' [ʰɹ~ʰɾ~ɹ̥̥]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>Plain</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''r''' [ɹ~ɾ]
| |
| | '''y''' [j]
| |
| | '''w''' [w]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|Trill
| |
| |
| |
| | '''rr''' [r]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ṟ''' [ʀ]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=3|Lateral Approximant
| |
| !<small>Light</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''hl''' [ʰl~l̥]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>Plain</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''l''' [l]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>Dark</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ḷ''' [lʶ~lˤ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|Lateral Fricative
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ḻ''' [ɬ~ɬʲ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Vowels===
| |
| | |
| {|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
| |
| |+Vrkhazhian Vowel Phonemes
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| ! style="width: 40px; " |Front
| |
| ! style="width: 40px; " |Central
| |
| ! style="width: 40px; " |Back
| |
| |-
| |
| !Close
| |
| | '''ī''' [i]
| |
| | '''i''' [ɨ]
| |
| | '''ū''' [u]
| |
| |-
| |
| !Close-mid
| |
| | '''ē''' [e]
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ō''' [o]
| |
| |-
| |
| !Mid
| |
| |
| |
| | '''u''' [ə]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !Open-mid
| |
| | '''e''' [ɛ]
| |
| |
| |
| | '''o''' [ɔ]
| |
| |-
| |
| !Open
| |
| |colspan="3"| '''a''' [a]
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+Vrkhazhian Diphthongs
| |
| ! IPA
| |
| ! Letter
| |
| ! Example
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Dipthongs'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| | ae̯
| |
| | aẏ
| |
| | like '''eye'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| | oe̯
| |
| | oẏ
| |
| | like b'''oy'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| | ao̯
| |
| | aẇ
| |
| | like c'''ow'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Stress===
| |
| Stress in Vrkhazhian is generally placed on the last or second-to-last syllable.
| |
| | |
| ==Grammar==
| |
| ===Morphology===
| |
| ====Nominative morphology====
| |
| ====Vebal morphology====
| |
| =====Verb stems=====
| |
| ===Pronouns===
| |
| ===Conjunctions===
| |
| ===Syntax===
| |
| ==Vocabulary==
| |
| ==Example text==
| |
