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| Vrkhazhian (YŠDD YT-VṚḴẔKM, ''Yašdod Yat-Vṛḵaẕīkam'') is a Northern Hašakaṃ language that was spoken in the region known as Anrqhal. The earliest form of this language, known as Ancient Vrkhazhi, was spoken around 10 000 years ago.
| | #REDIRECT [[Vrkhazhian]] |
| ==History==
| |
| ==Writing System==
| |
| {| class="wikitable" id="letters_chart"
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| |-
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| ! Letter
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| ! Name
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| ! Meaning
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| ! Phoneme
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| |-
| |
| | [[File:Al.PNG|30px|ʾAl]]
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| | ʾAl
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| | wind
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| | '''ʾ''' [ʔ]
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| |-
| |
| | [[File:Khav.PNG|30px|Ḵav]]
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| | Ḵav
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| | human
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| | '''ḵ''' [x]
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Vav.PNG|29px|Vav]]
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| | Vav
| |
| | cane
| |
| | '''v''' [β]
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Hith.PNG|30px|Hīt]]
| |
| | Hīt
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| | lock
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| | '''h''' [h]
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Dat.PNG|30px|Dat]]
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| | Dat
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| | skull
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| | '''d''' [d]
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| | |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==Phonetics and phonology==
| |
| ===Consonants===
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| |+Vrkhazhian Consonantal Phonemes
| |
| |-
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| ! colspan=2|
| |
| !Bilabial
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| !Alveolar
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| !(Alveolo)-
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| Palatal
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| !Velar
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| !Uvular
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| !Glottal
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| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2|Nasal
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| !<small>Light</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''hn''' [ʰn~n̥]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !<small>Plain</small>
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| | '''m''' [m]
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| | '''n''' [n]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ṉ''' [ɴ]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=3|Stop
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| !<small>Light</small>
| |
| | '''hp''' [ʰp]
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| | '''ht''' [ʰt]
| |
| |
| |
| | '''hk''' [ʰk]
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| | '''hq''' [ʰq]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>Plain</small>
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| | '''p''' [p] '''b''' [b]
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| | '''t''' [t] '''d''' [d]
| |
| |
| |
| | '''k''' [k] '''g''' [g]
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| | '''q''' [q]
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| | '''ʾ''' [ʔ]
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| |-
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| !<small>Dark</small>
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| | '''ṗ''' [pʶ~pˤ] '''ḅ''' [bʶ~bˤ]
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| | '''ṭ''' [tʶ~tˤ] '''ḍ''' [dʶ~dˤ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !colspan=2|Affricate
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ḏ''' [ʦ]
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| | '''č''' [ʧ~ʨ] '''j''' [ʤ~ʥ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !rowspan=2|Fricative
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| !<small>Plain</small>
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| | '''f''' [ɸ] '''v''' [β]
| |
| | '''s''' [s] '''z''' [z]
| |
| | '''š''' [ʃ~ɕ] '''ẕ''' [ʒ~ʑ]
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| | '''ḵ''' [x] '''ğ''' [ɣ]
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| | '''ḫ''' [χ~ħ]
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| | '''h''' [h]
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| |-
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| !<small>Dark</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ṣ''' [sʶ~sˤ] '''ẓ''' [zʶ~zˤ]
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !rowspan=2|Approximant
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| !<small>Light</small>
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| |
| |
| | '''hr''' [ʰɹ~ʰɾ~ɹ̥̥]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>Plain</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''r''' [ɹ~ɾ]
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| | '''y''' [j]
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| | '''w''' [w]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !colspan=2|Trill
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| |
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| | '''rr''' [r]
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ṟ''' [ʀ]
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| |
| |
| |-
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| !rowspan=3|Lateral Approximant
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| !<small>Light</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''hl''' [ʰl~l̥]
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !<small>Plain</small>
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| |
| |
| | '''l''' [l]
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !<small>Dark</small>
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| |
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| | '''ḷ''' [lʶ~lˤ]
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !colspan=2|Lateral Fricative
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| |
| |
| | '''ḻ''' [ɬ~ɬʲ]
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Vowels===
| |
| | |
| {|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
| |
| |+Vrkhazhian Vowel Phonemes
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| ! style="width: 40px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 40px; " |Central
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| ! style="width: 40px; " |Back
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| |-
| |
| !Close
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| | '''ī''' [i]
| |
| | '''i''' [ɨ]
| |
| | '''ū''' [u]
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| |-
| |
| !Close-mid
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| | '''ē''' [e]
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ō''' [o]
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| |-
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| !Mid
| |
| |
| |
| | '''u''' [ə]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !Open-mid
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| | '''e''' [ɛ]
| |
| |
| |
| | '''o''' [ɔ]
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| |-
| |
| !Open
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| |colspan="3"| '''a''' [a]
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+Vrkhazhian Diphthongs
| |
| ! IPA
| |
| ! Letter
| |
| ! Example
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Dipthongs'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| | ae̯
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| | aẏ
| |
| | like '''eye'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| | oe̯
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| | oẏ
| |
| | like b'''oy'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| | ao̯
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| | aẇ
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| | like c'''ow'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Stress===
| |
| Stress in Vrkhazhian is generally placed on the last or second-to-last syllable.
| |
| | |
| ==Grammar==
| |
| ===Morphology===
| |
| ====Nominative morphology====
| |
| ====Vebal morphology====
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| =====Verb stems=====
| |
| ===Pronouns===
| |
| ===Conjunctions===
| |
| ===Syntax===
| |
| ==Vocabulary==
| |
| ==Example text==
| |
