Uralo-Siberian languages: Difference between revisions

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==History==
==History==


Structural similarities between Uralic and Eskimo-Aleut languages
Structural similarities between Uralic and Eskimo-Aleut languages were observed early.  In 1746, the Danish theologian Marcus Wöldike compared Greenlandic to Hungarian.  In 1818, Rasmus Rask considered Greenlandic to be related to the Uralic languages, and presented a list of lexical correspondences.  (Rask also considered Uralic and Altaic to be related to each other.)  In 1959, Knut Bergsland published the paper ''The Eskimo-Uralic Hypothesis'', in which he, like other authors before him, presented a number of grammatical similarities and a small number of lexical correspondences.   In 1962, Morris Swadesh proposed a relationship between the Eskimo-Aleut and Chukotko-Kamchatkan language families. In 1998, Michael Fortescue put all the strings together in his book, ''Language Relations across Bering Strait''.  
were observed early.  In 1746, the Danish theologian Marcus Wöldike
compared Greenlandic to Hungarian.  In 1818, Rasmus Rask considered
Greenlandic to be related to the Uralic languages, and presented
a list of lexical correspondences.  (Rask also considered
Uralic and Altaic to be related to each other.)  In 1959,
Knut Bergsland published the paper ''The Eskimo-Uralic Hypothesis'',
in which he, like other authors before him, presented a number of
grammatical similarities and a small number of lexical correspondences.
In 1962, Morris Swadesh proposed a relationship between the
Eskimo-Aleut and Chukotko-Kamchatkan language families.
In 1998, Michael Fortescue put all the strings together in his
book, ''Language Relations across Bering Strait''.


==Evidence==
==Evidence==
Line 27: Line 15:
===Phonology===
===Phonology===


The consonant inventories of the reconstructed protolanguages of the
The consonant inventories of the reconstructed protolanguages of the four Uralo-Siberian families show similarities which invite comparison, such as the single set of voiceless stops matched by a set of nasals at the same places of articulation, and a set of consonants usually reconstructed as voiced fricatives at some of these places. Fortescue (1998:129 ff.) reconstructs the following.
four Uralo-Siberian families are very similar to each other.  A common
 
feature is that there are only voiceless and no voiced stops, while
====Consonants====
there is a set of voiced (but no voiceless) non-sibilant fricatives
 
with the same places of articulation (labial, dental, palatal and
{|class="wikitable"
velar; in Chukotko-Kamchatkan and Eskimo-Aleut, also uvular).
!  
There are also nasals in the same places of articulation.  In addition,
! Labial
there are three sibilants, and liquids and semivowels.
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! Stops
| *p || *t || *t' || *k
|-
! Voiced fricatives
| *v || *ð || *ð' || *ɣ
|-
! Nasals
| *m || *n || *n' || *ŋ
|-
! Affricates
|   || *c ||   ||  
|-
! Sibilants
|   || *s || *s' ||  
|-
! Laterals
|   || *l || (*l') ||  
|-
! Glides
| *w || *r || *j ||  
|-
|}
 
====Vowels====
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! Close
| *i (*ü) ||   || (*ï) *u
|-
! Mid
| *e || *ə || *o
|-
! Open
| *ä ||   || *a
|-
|}
 
====Sound correspondences====
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Uralo-<br>Siberian || Uralic || Yukaghir || Chukotko-<br>Kamchatkan || Eskimo-<br>Aleut
|-
| *p || *p || *p-/-w- || *p || *p
|-
| *t || *t || *t-/-ð- || *t || *t
|-
| *t' || *c || *c' || *t || *t'
|-
| *k || *k || *k-/-ɣ- || *k/q || *k/q
|-
| *v || *w || *w || *v || *v
|-
| *ð || *ð || *ð || *ð/Ø- || *ð
|-
| *ð' || *ð' || *ð/l' || *(l') || ð/l/Ø-
|-
| *ɣ || *ɣ || *ɣ/w || *ɣ/R || *ɣ/R
|-
| *m || *m || *m/-w- || *m || *m/-w-
|-
| *n || *n || *n/n' || *n || *n
|-
| *n' || *n' || *n/n' || *(j) || *n'
|-
| *ŋ || *ŋ || *ŋ || *ŋ || *ŋ
|-
| *s || *s || *l-/j-/Ø || Ø || Ø
|-
| *s' || *s'/c' || *s'/c' || *c/l || s'
|-
| *c || *c || *c'/-c- || *c || *c
|-
| *l || *l || *l/l' || *l || *-l-/Ø-
|-
| *l' || *(l') || *l/l' || *(l') || *(-l'-/Ø)
|-
| *r || *r || *r || *r || *l
|-
| *w || *w || *w || *w || -v-(Ø-)
|-
| *j || *j || *j || *j || -j-/Ø-
|-
| *a || *a/ï || *a/e/ï || *æ~a || *a
|-
| *ä || *ä || *e/a || *æ~a || *a
|-
| *e || *e || *e || *i~e || *i
|-
| *i || *i || *i || *i~e || *i
|-
| *o || *o || *o || *u~o || *u
|-
| *u || *u/ü || ? || *u~o || *u
|-
| *ə || *-ə/-ï || *ə || *ə || *ə
|-
|}


===Morphology===
===Morphology===
Line 55: Line 150:
|}
|}


Uwe Seefloth reconstructed a [[Seefloth's Paradign|verbal paradigm]] for Uralo-Siberian on Samoyedic and Eskimo-Aleut data.
Uwe Seefloth reconstructed a [[Seefloth's Paradigm|verbal paradigm]] for Uralo-Siberian on Samoyedic and Eskimo-Aleut data.


===Lexicon===
===Lexicon===


Fortescue (1998) lists 95 lexical correspondence sets
Fortescue (1998) lists 95 lexical correspondence sets with reflexes in at least three of the four language families, and even more shared by two of the languages.  Examples are '''*ap(p)a''' 'grandfather', '''*kað'a''' 'mountain' and many others.
with reflexes in at least three of the four language families,
and even more shared by two of the languages.  Examples are
'''*ap(p)a''' 'grandfather', '''*kað'a''' 'mountain' and
many others.


==Sources==
==Sources==
Line 70: Line 161:
*Michael Fortescue (1998) ''Language Relations across Bering Strait''. ISBN 0-304-70330-3.
*Michael Fortescue (1998) ''Language Relations across Bering Strait''. ISBN 0-304-70330-3.


''This article is a copy of the [[Wikipedia:Uralo-Siberian languages|Wikipedia]] article.''
''This article is derived from the [[Wikipedia:Uralo-Siberian languages|Wikipedia]] article.''


[[Category:Imported from Wikipedia]]
[[Category:Imported from Wikipedia]]

Latest revision as of 12:00, 12 April 2017

Uralo-Siberian is a hypothetical language family consisting of the following language families:

  • Uralic
  • Yukaghir
  • Chukotko-Kamchatkan
  • Eskimo-Aleut

History

Structural similarities between Uralic and Eskimo-Aleut languages were observed early. In 1746, the Danish theologian Marcus Wöldike compared Greenlandic to Hungarian. In 1818, Rasmus Rask considered Greenlandic to be related to the Uralic languages, and presented a list of lexical correspondences. (Rask also considered Uralic and Altaic to be related to each other.) In 1959, Knut Bergsland published the paper The Eskimo-Uralic Hypothesis, in which he, like other authors before him, presented a number of grammatical similarities and a small number of lexical correspondences. In 1962, Morris Swadesh proposed a relationship between the Eskimo-Aleut and Chukotko-Kamchatkan language families. In 1998, Michael Fortescue put all the strings together in his book, Language Relations across Bering Strait.

Evidence

Phonology

The consonant inventories of the reconstructed protolanguages of the four Uralo-Siberian families show similarities which invite comparison, such as the single set of voiceless stops matched by a set of nasals at the same places of articulation, and a set of consonants usually reconstructed as voiced fricatives at some of these places. Fortescue (1998:129 ff.) reconstructs the following.

Consonants

  Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Stops *p *t *t' *k
Voiced fricatives *v *ð *ð' *ɣ
Nasals *m *n *n' *ŋ
Affricates   *c    
Sibilants   *s *s'  
Laterals   *l (*l')  
Glides *w *r *j  

Vowels

  Front Central Back
Close *i (*ü)   (*ï) *u
Mid *e *ə *o
Open *ä   *a

Sound correspondences

Uralo-
Siberian		 Uralic Yukaghir Chukotko-
Kamchatkan		 Eskimo-
Aleut
*p *p *p-/-w- *p *p
*t *t *t-/-ð- *t *t
*t' *c *c' *t *t'
*k *k *k-/-ɣ- *k/q *k/q
*v *w *w *v *v
*ð *ð *ð *ð/Ø- *ð
*ð' *ð' *ð/l' *(l') ð/l/Ø-
*ɣ *ɣ *ɣ/w *ɣ/R *ɣ/R
*m *m *m/-w- *m *m/-w-
*n *n *n/n' *n *n
*n' *n' *n/n' *(j) *n'
*ŋ *ŋ *ŋ *ŋ *ŋ
*s *s *l-/j-/Ø Ø Ø
*s' *s'/c' *s'/c' *c/l s'
*c *c *c'/-c- *c *c
*l *l *l/l' *l *-l-/Ø-
*l' *(l') *l/l' *(l') *(-l'-/Ø)
*r *r *r *r *l
*w *w *w *w -v-(Ø-)
*j *j *j *j -j-/Ø-
*a *a/ï *a/e/ï *æ~a *a
*ä *ä *e/a *æ~a *a
*e *e *e *i~e *i
*i *i *i *i~e *i
*o *o *o *u~o *u
*u *u/ü ? *u~o *u
*ə *-ə/-ï *ə *ə *ə

Morphology

Apparently shared elements of Uralo-Siberian morphology include the following:

*-t plural
*-k dual
*m- 1st person
*t- 2nd person
*ka interrogative pronoun
*-n genitive case

Uwe Seefloth reconstructed a verbal paradigm for Uralo-Siberian on Samoyedic and Eskimo-Aleut data.

Lexicon

Fortescue (1998) lists 95 lexical correspondence sets with reflexes in at least three of the four language families, and even more shared by two of the languages. Examples are *ap(p)a 'grandfather', *kað'a 'mountain' and many others.

Sources

  • Knut Bergsland (1959) The Eskimo-Uralic hypothesis. Journal de la Societé Finno-Ougrienne, 61, 1-29.
  • Michael Fortescue (1998) Language Relations across Bering Strait. ISBN 0-304-70330-3.

This article is derived from the Wikipedia article.

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