Mansi

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Proto-Mansi

Vowels are coverable and commonly transcribed as a cubic system distinguishing only [±close], [±front], [±labial], [±long]: hence *i *ii *üü *ï *ïï *u *uu *ä *ää *a *aa *å. Long *üü and short *ï are extremely rare and seem to have no regular etymological origin.

In practice the inventory appears to not been quite that neat: long *ii *ïï *uu are better understood as mid vowels [eː ɤː oː]. (Current transcription: *ee *ëë *uu.)

Consonants: *m *n *ń *-ŋ-, *p *t *ć *k *kʷ, *s *š *-ɣ-, *w *l *ĺ *j, *r

• *kʷ was rare at this stage but did exist: *kʷaal- to hear", *kʷälən "animal hide", *kʷääl- "to wade", *kʷääləɣ "rope", *ëëŋkʷ- "to open", *jeekʷ- "to dance", *ńiŋkʷ "maggot", *sääŋkʷ "hips", *šeeŋkʷ "fog".
  • Update: also all cases of *ü are better analyzable as *äkʷ, *kʷä already by Proto-Mansi. Possibly also *kʷiš "hoop"?
• *š represent both PU *č, and under certain conditions PU *ś.
  • *ś > *š seems to be regular before PU *i *e: *śilmä #śEnə *śečä (or *čečä?) *śepä *śe/êkä *śêðäm #śêrV, EU *śêlə
  • not in *śe(x)rV > *sir
  • also cases of irregular *ä > *i: *śälä- > *šil- (but: *śäkśə > *siɣs; assimilation?)
  • II loans: #śasra > #šaatər, *śëta > *šɤɤt, *śorBa > *šaarp (but *śëlka > *sɤɤl)
  • not normally before *ë *ä *ü: *śëmə *śo/ëðka *śëla- *śäŋkə *śäxə *śüðʲə *śülkə-.
  • also *śuðʲa > *šaĺ, *śa/ora > *šuur-, *śopa > #šop, #śona > #šon, Ug. *soŋkə > *šuum; F. sampi ~ *šupəɣ, H. záp, szőr ~ *#šaapəl, *šäär
  • related? *sejə > *säj (but *sewə- > *tii-)
• There seems to be a soundlaw *p > ∅ before coronals
  • *aptə- *ëptə #Säptə *ipsə *küpsV > *uut- *ëët *säät *ät *kʷät (but N äp?)
  • *sopśə > *taas
  • *čuPčV > *šošəɣ (vs. Khanty #čaapčə(k))

Dialectal developments

(cf. Honti, Kálmán, Sammallahti '88; Zhivlov '06)

• Tavda (Tavdin, South Mansi)
  • *a *ä > *aa *ää / 2nd syllable
  • *ëë > ʌː
    • > eː / _[+palatal]
  • *oo > [uo] (perhaps in part a retention from POU)
  • *ee > ii, except / _r
  • *k > ∅ / ŋ_#
  • Short front vowel redistribution
    • Preliminary cheshirization: *l *n *t > ĺ ń ť / *i_
    • *i > ä
    • *ä > ü / _Cʷ_ (earlier than *ɣ > *w)
    • *ä > i / _j_ (including former *ij but not *ji?), _Ć, ? _š
    • vowel shortening applies only after all this
  • *ow > oː / _C (but not *uw!)
  • *ɣ > j / i_ ë_, > k / C_, > w elsewhere (chronology problem: fronting later than *äj > ij, earlier than *i > *ä: *riɣ- > räj-, but *käj- > kij-? Was there an intermediate *ʝ?)
  • *ë *ä > [ʌ ɛ]
  • *u > o
  • vowel harmony & "thematic verbs" retained
• Core Mansi
  • *ln > nl in *kalna "armpit", *polna "hemp" (but not *äälən "salmon", *a(a)lən "silver"; note the long vowels?)
  • *lm > ml in *aalm- "drape"?
  • *aa > *oo
  • *ć > ś
  • vowel harmony not present (lost?)
  • Central Mansi
    • *ee > [ie]
    • *ää > *öä
    • *ä > *ää
    • *ü *üü *ii introduced from somewhere (??)
    • Konda (aka East Mansi; Upper, Mid, Lo subdialects)
      • *a > å [ɒ]; > ɔ / _{w ɣ kʷ}
      • *i *ï *u > [ɪ ə ʊ] (written as ‹e a o›!)
      • *-əɣ > -iː
      • Lower Konda: *ë *ëë > [ɑ ɑː] (elsewhere [ɤ ɤː], cf. North), *ə > [ɒ], *k > x / _B, xʷå > xɔ
      • Lower + Mid: kʷ > k / V_
      • Upper + Mid: ∅ > w / #_ʊ, *öä > [oɒ] / _ɣ, *š > s
      • Upper Konda: *üü > [yö] (!?)
    • West Mansi (Pelymka, Mid/Lo Lozva, N/S Vagilsk)
      • *a *o > aa oo (cf. *ä > *ää)
      • *oo > [ɵː] (from both PMs *aa, *a)
      • *öä > oa > P/ML [ɔɒ], LL [oɔ], SV [oɑ]; except NV > [yœ]
      • *ï *ëë remain [ɨ ɤː]
      • *Sɣ *Rɣ > Sː Rː
        • *rɣəC > *rC
      • Pelymka
        • *a > ä / _ɣ , > o / p_
        • *ë > a (short only!)
        • oaj aaj > aj
        • ŋ > ŋk / _ś, _l (elsewhere?)
        • i > ɨ / š_
  • North Mansi (Upper Lozva, Sosva, Sygva)
    • The only dialect group that isn't extinct/moribund; also the basis for literary Mansi.
    • *k > x / _B (before vowel backing/fronting)
    • *ɣ > ŋ / _(ə)n
    • Schwa-epenthesis in various falling-sonority word-final heterorganic consonant clusters (due to Khanty influence?)
      • *-x{t s} *-rx *-jt *-ŋn *-ɣ{s l r} *-wp *-w{l ĺ} > -xə{t s} -rx -jət -ŋən -ɣə{s l r} -wəp -wə{l ĺ}
      • remaining clusters: -lk -rp -kʷs -wt -ws
      • epenthesis is common Mansi in rising-sonority, two-sonorant and CCC clusters *** *ï > i
    • *a > [ɵ] ‹о›
      • but remains [ɑ] ‹а› adjacent to plain velars (phonetic uvulars?), unless a labial consonant follows
    • *ëë > [ɑː] ‹а (а̄)›
    • *ää *ä > *aa *a [ɑː ɑ]
      • *kʷa- > ko- (fed by the previous)
      • *-aŋ > -uŋ
    • *Sɣ > Sː / _V#
    • Sosva
      • *š > s
      • *oo > [uo]
      • *kʷoo- > kuu-

Proto-Mansi *ŋ?

• *ŋ > w ~ ɣ ~ j
  • 'spear': Tv awtaa ~ C *aawta (VS awta!) ~ N owta; — Kh *ooŋt-
  • 'end': Tv awl ~ C *oowl ~ N oowl; — Kh *aaləŋ
  • 'round': Tv päwər ~ C *pääwər ~ N powr~puwr (< *paɣʷr?); — Kh TrJ *peŋər--
  • 'Tavda; Sosva; Irtysh': Tv täwt ~ E töäwt ~ N taaɣt; — Kh *Leŋət
  • 'to enter': Tv tooj- ~ C *tuuw-; — Kh *ɬaŋaa-
  • 'summer': Tv toj ~ C *tuj ~ N tuj~tuw; — Kh *ɬoŋ
  • 'woods': Tv wäänəw ~ C *wöäniɣ; — Kh *wääntəŋ (← Ir.)
• *ŋ > n
  • 'we': *mään; Kh *meŋ
  • 'spindle': *jint; — Kh *jööŋət
• retention (_#?)
  • 'soft': *lańćəŋ; — Kh W *ɭoońćəɣ
  • 'barbel': Tv kääsəŋ ~ C *köäsəŋ ~ N kaasəw; — Kh S kosə
  • 'swan': *kʷotaŋ; — Kh *kotəŋ
  • "woods; hill': E pöäŋtər; — Kh S peŋtər
• ŋt > wn ?? (or *wŋt?)
  • 'to count': E lownt- ~ N *lowint-; — Kh *loŋət-

Vowel shortening

In South + West + East: *VV > *V / _CC. Must be an areal development between the three, given vowel quality adjustments fed in per individual 'lects. Subdialectal developments of *ë can well be later though.

• *ä > Central *ää > ä
• *a > West *aa > a
• *o > West *oo > o
• *ää > South ä, East *öä > ö, West *oa > a
• *aa > South a, Central *oo > o
• *ee > South ii > i, Central e
• *ëë > South ë~e, Central ë~a
• *oo > South o, Central uu > u

In one context shortening appears to have applied already in Proto-Mansi.

• *aa > *a / _ɣt
• This could also be a retention of pre-Proto-Mansi *a. Possibly *a vs. *aa was originally rather *ɔ vs. *a (cf. *-a > /aa/ in South).

Some CVC roots also undergo shortening. Could be via simplified CVCC forms or due to regular CVC roots actually being CVCə, or something else entirely. Seems to be mostly a Western phenomenon.

• *poot 'pot' > Pel. put (but: plural *poot-ət > puut-ət)
• *aaš 'sheep', *taas 'net needle', *kool 'fish' > Pel. oš, tos, kul (but Konda ooš, toos, xuul!)
• *jeew (?) 'tree' > Centr. jiw (NB Khanty *juuk, Smy *jë)