|
|
| (3 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Kala 2}}
| | * |
| | |
| __NOTOC__
| |
| | |
| * A typical verb denotes the occurrence or abandonment of an action (run, stop), a relationship (have, lose), or a state (stand, melt). Most verbs can be reused without change as a noun. | |
| | |
| = tense =
| |
| | |
| A typical verb denotes the occurrence or abandonment of an action (run, stop), a relationship (have, lose), or a state (stand, melt). '''Kala''' does not distinguish perfect and imperfect aspects of the verb (e.g. "I ate", "I used to eat", "I have eaten", "I had eaten"). Almost any verb can be reused without change as a noun.
| |
| | |
| == present tense ==
| |
| | |
| The present tense is unmarked in '''Kala'''.
| |
| | |
| * '''nam ina'''
| |
| : 1{{sc|pl}} eat
| |
| : ''We are eating''. / ''We eat''.
| |
| | |
| * '''ha moku'''
| |
| : 3{{sc|sg}} sleep
| |
| : ''She is sleeping''. / ''He sleeps''.
| |
| | |
| == past tense ==
| |
| | |
| Past tense is marked by '''-ye''' from [[Kala_lexicon#a|'''aye''']].
| |
| | |
| * '''kam hinaye'''
| |
| : 3{{sc|pl}} here.{{sc|pst}}
| |
| : ''They were here''.
| |
| | |
| * '''etla tanyaye'''
| |
| : {{sc|p}}4{{sc|sg}} damage.{{sc|pst}}
| |
| : ''It was damaged''.
| |
| | |
| == future tense ==
| |
| | |
| Future tense is marked by '''-tli''' from [[Kala_lexicon#a|'''atli''']].
| |
| | |
| * '''na'am tsala inatli'''
| |
| : 1{{sc|pl.excl}} sauce eat.{{sc|fut}}
| |
| : ''We (but not you) will eat the sauce''.
| |
| | |
| * '''tametla tanyatli'''
| |
| : 2{{sc|sg-p}}-4{{sc|sg}} damage.{{sc|fut}}
| |
| : ''You (all) will damage it''.
| |
| | |
| = modifiers =
| |
| | |
| == ability ==
| |
| | |
| * '''-pa''' from [[Kala_lexicon#pa|pala]] is used to signify ability or possibility. This does not indicate the permissive.
| |
| -
| |
| * '''na yalapa'''
| |
| : 1{{sc|sg}} go-able
| |
| : ''I am able to go''. / ''I can go''.
| |
| | |
| == attempt ==
| |
| | |
| * '''-pya''' from [[Kala_lexicon#a|upya]] is used to signify an attempt.
| |
| -
| |
| * '''na inapya'''
| |
| : 1{{sc|sg}} eat-attempt
| |
| : ''I am trying to eat''.
| |
| | |
| == negation ==
| |
| | |
| * '''-k''' from [[Kala_lexicon#nka|nke]] is used to signify negation.
| |
| -
| |
| * '''na yalak'''
| |
| : 1{{sc|sg}} go.{{sc|neg}}
| |
| : ''I am not going''. / ''I do not go''.
| |
| | |
| == initiate ==
| |
| | |
| * '''-mu''' from [[Kala_lexicon#ma|mula]] is used to signify beginning an action.
| |
| -
| |
| * '''na yalamu'''
| |
| : 1{{sc|sg}} go-begin
| |
| : ''I begin to go''.
| |
| | |
| == permissive ==
| |
| | |
| * '''-myo''' from [[Kala_lexicon#ma|myonta]] is used to signify permission or allowance.
| |
| -
| |
| * '''na yalamyo'''
| |
| : 1{{sc|sg}} go-{{sc|perm}}
| |
| : ''I am allowed to go''.
| |
| | |
| == suggestive ==
| |
| | |
| * '''-ne''' from [[Kala_lexicon#na|neya]] is used to signify something that should or ought to be done.
| |
| -
| |
| * '''ta yalamyo'''
| |
| : 2{{sc|sg}} go-{{sc|sug}}
| |
| : ''You should go''.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:600px;"
| |
| ! usage || suffix || from || example
| |
| |-
| |
| | need, necessity || '''-he''' || '''heya'''<br>to need; require || '''na yalahe'''<br>I need to go.
| |
| |-
| |
| | deintensify || '''-hi''' || '''ahi'''<br>small; little || '''na inahi'''<br>I am snacking.
| |
| |-
| |
| | appear, seem || '''-tse''' || '''tse'e'''<br>to seem; appearance || '''ha yalatse'''<br>He seems to be going.
| |
| |-
| |
| | want, desire || '''-ue''' || '''ueha'''<br>to want; desire || '''na yalaue'''<br>I want to go.
| |
| |-
| |
| | intention, volition || '''-ue''' || '''ueyo'''<br>to intend to || '''na yalaue'''<br>I intend to go.
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| = conditional =
| |
| | |
| * ''They would be happy if the sun were shining.''
| |
| :{|
| |
| |'''sama''' ||'''a''' ||'''yatli''' ||'''kam''' ||'''noya'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |sun ||be ||if-X-then-Y ||3{{sc|pl}} ||happy
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| * ''We doubted he would go.''
| |
| :{|
| |
| |'''na'am''' ||'''iya''' ||'''ha''' ||'''yala''' ||'''ketsaye'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |1{{sc|pl.excl}} ||{{sc|cond}} ||3{{sc|sg}} ||go ||doubt-{{sc|pst}}
| |
| |}
| |
| * she would have been a good musician
| |
| | |
| | |
| == Index ==
| |
| | |
| {{Kala index}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Kala]]
| |
