Kana Phonetic Alphabet: Difference between revisions

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== Structure ==
== Structure ==
In KPA, consonant characters, with the exception of coronal and dorsal nasals, come with a following vowel. For example ト stands for [to̝]. To write a consonant without a following vowel, a batsu (☓) is written atop the consonant letter to suppress the following vowel. So <ruby>
In KPA, consonant characters, with the exception of coronal and dorsal nasals, come with a following vowel. For example ト stands for [to̝]. To write a consonant without a following vowel, a ''batsu'' (cross) ☓ is written atop the consonant letter to suppress the following vowel. So <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> stands for [t]. These single consonant are used either for coda consonants, or consonants that are not followed by a vowel because they are in a cluster.<br>
<rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp> stands for [t]. These single consonant are used either for coda consonants, or consonants that are not followed by a vowel because they are in a cluster.
Besides batsu, several other symbols are used above base characters, for making finer distinctions that kana alone can't make. For example 凵 above a consonant marks that it is dental.


== Consonants ==
== Brackets ==
The following charts show how to write single consonants. To write [m] for example, <ruby>
For phonemic transcription, ''sumitsukikakko'' (lenticular brackets) 【】 are used; and for phonetic transcription ''sumitsukikakko shiro'' (white lenticular brackets) 〖〗. ''Kakukakko'' (square brackets) ［］ are used for showing that two or more characters make an affricate or a co-articulated consonant. The kakukakko are thus used similarly to the tiebar ◌͡◌ in [[IPA]]. Orthography may be inclosed in ''kagikakko'' (corner brackets) 「」. But this is only useful for orthographies that use kana.
<rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp> is always used, never <ruby>
<rb>マ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp>, <ruby><rb>ミ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp>, <ruby>
<rb>メ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp> or <ruby>
<rb>モ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp>.
{{Consonants}}


=== Pulmonic Consonants ===
== Phone charts ==
=== Consonants ===
The following charts show how to write single consonants. To write [m] for example, <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> is always used, never <ruby><rb>マ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>, <ruby><rb>ミ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>, <ruby><rb>メ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> or <ruby><rb>モ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>.
<br/>
 
<div style="text-align: center;">
 
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
!colspan=27 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Pulmonic Consonants
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-Alv. ||colspan=2| Retroflex ||colspan=2| Alv.-Pal. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Uvular ||colspan=2| Pharyngeal ||colspan=2| Epiglottal ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Nasal || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || ン゜ || ン || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || ん゜ || ん
|-
| {{IPA|m̥}} || {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|ɱ̊}} || {{IPA|ɱ}} || {{IPA|n̪̊}} || {{IPA|n̪}} || {{IPA|n̥}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|n̠̊}} || {{IPA|n̠}} || {{IPA|ɳ̊}} || {{IPA|ɳ}} || {{IPA|n̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|n̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɲ̊}} || {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ̊}} || {{IPA|ŋ}} || {{IPA|ɴ̥}} || {{IPA|ɴ}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Plosive || <ruby><rb>プ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ブ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>プ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ブ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ヨ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ヨ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>グ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>グ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>グ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || colspan=2 | <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ッ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>・</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>
|-
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|p̪}} || {{IPA|b̪}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || {{IPA|t̠}} || {{IPA|d̠}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|t̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|d̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|c}} || {{IPA|ɟ}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|ɡ}} || {{IPA|q}} || {{IPA|ɢ}} || {{IPA|q̠}} || {{IPA|ɢ̠}} || colspan=2 | {{IPA|ʡ}} || {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Affricate || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}}
|-
| {{IPA|p͡ɸ}} || {{IPA|b͡β}} || p̪͡f || b̪͡v || {{IPA|t͡s̪}} || {{IPA|d͡z̪}} || {{IPA|t͡s}} || {{IPA|d͡z}} || {{IPA|t͡ʃ}} || {{IPA|d͡ʒ}} || {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ}} || {{IPA|ɖ͡ʐ}} || {{IPA|t͡ɕ}} || {{IPA|d͡ʑ}} || {{IPA|c͡ç}} || {{IPA|ɟ͡ʝ}} ||​ {{IPA|k͡x}} || {{IPA|ɡ͡ɣ}} || {{IPA|q͡χ}} || {{IPA|ɢ͡ʁ}} || {{IPA|q̠͡ħ}} || {{IPA|ɢ̠͡ʕ}} || {{IPA|ʡ͡ʜ}} || {{IPA|ʡ͡ʢ}} || {{IPA|ʔ͡h}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Affr. || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}}
|-
| || || || || {{IPA|t̪͡ɬ̪}} || {{IPA|d̪͡ɮ̪}} || {{IPA|t͡ɬ}} || {{IPA|d͡ɮ}} || {{IPA|t̠͡ɬ̠}} || {{IPA|d̠͡ɮ̠}} || {{IPA|ʈ͡ɭ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ɖ͡ɭ̝}} || {{IPA|t͡ɬ̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|d͡ɮ̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|c͡ʎ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ɟ͡ʎ̝}} || {{IPA|k͡ʟ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ɡ͡ʟ̝}} || {{IPA|q͡ʟ̠̊˔}} || {{IPA|ɢ͡ʟ̠˔}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Sibilant Fric. || || || || || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>シ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ジ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>
|-
| || || || || {{IPA|s̪}} || {{IPA|z̪}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || {{IPA|ʂ}} || {{IPA|ʐ}} || {{IPA|ɕ}} || {{IPA|ʑ}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Non-Sibilant Fric. || <ruby><rb>ふ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ぶ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || ヴ || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ユ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ユ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <span id="ref_voiceless_glottal_fricative"><ruby><rb>ホ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></span>[[Kana_Phonetic_Alphabet#n_glottal_fricative|<sup>1</sup>]] || <span id="ref_breathy_glottal_fricative"><ruby><rb>ホ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>自手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></span>[[Kana_Phonetic_Alphabet#n_glottal_fricative|<sup>2</sup>]]
|-
| {{IPA|ɸ}} || {{IPA|β}} || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|θ̠}} || {{IPA|ð̠}} || {{IPA|}} || {{IPA|}} || {{IPA|θ̢}} || {{IPA|ð̢}} || {{IPA|}} || {{IPA|}} || {{IPA|ç}} || {{IPA|ʝ}} || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|χ}} || {{IPA|ʁ̝}} || {{IPA|ħ}} || {{IPA|ʕ̝}} || {{IPA|ʜ}} || {{IPA|ʢ̝}} || {{IPA|h̝}} || {{IPA|ɦ̝}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Fric. || || || || || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>
|-
| || || || || {{IPA|ɬ̪}} || {{IPA|ɮ̪}} || {{IPA|ɬ}} || {{IPA|ɮ}} || {{IPA|ɬ̠}} || {{IPA|ɮ̠}} || {{IPA|ɭ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ɭ̝}} || {{IPA|ɬ̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɮ̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ʎ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ʎ̝}} || {{IPA|ʟ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ʟ̝}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠̊˔}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠˔}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Approximant || <ruby><rb>ふ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>斤☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ぶ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>斤☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>斤☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>斤</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ユ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ユ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>Ⓧ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>Ⓧ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ホ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ホ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>自☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>
|-
| {{IPA|ɸ̞}} || {{IPA|β̞}} || {{IPA|ʋ̥}} || {{IPA|ʋ}} || {{IPA|θ̞}} || {{IPA|ð̞}} || {{IPA|ɹ̥}} || {{IPA|ɹ}} || {{IPA|ɹ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ɹ̠}} || {{IPA|ɻ̊}} || {{IPA|ɻ}} || {{IPA|ɹ̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɹ̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|j̊}} || {{IPA|j}} || {{IPA|ɰ̊}} || {{IPA|ɰ}} || {{IPA|χ̞}} || {{IPA|ʁ̞}} || {{IPA|ħ̞}} || {{IPA|ʕ̞}} || {{IPA|ʜ̞}} || {{IPA|ʢ̞}} || {{IPA|h̞}} || {{IPA|ɦ̞}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Appr. || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|-
| || || || || {{IPA|l̪̊}} || {{IPA|l̪}} || {{IPA|l̥}} || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|l̠̊}} || {{IPA|l̠}} || {{IPA|ɭ̊}} || {{IPA|ɭ}} || {{IPA|l̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|l̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ʎ̥}} || {{IPA|ʎ}} || {{IPA|ʟ̥}} || {{IPA|ʟ}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Flap or Tap ||
|-
| {{IPA|ⱱ̟̊}} || {{IPA|ⱱ̟}} || {{IPA|ⱱ̥}} || {{IPA|ⱱ}} || {{IPA|ɾ̪̊}} || {{IPA|ɾ̪}} || {{IPA|ɾ̥}} || {{IPA|ɾ}} || {{IPA|ɾ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ɾ̠}} || {{IPA|ɽ̊}} || {{IPA|ɽ}} || {{IPA|ɾ̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɾ̠ʲ}} || || || || || {{IPA|q̆}} || {{IPA|ɢ̆}} || || || {{IPA|ʡ̥̆}} || {{IPA|ʡ̆}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Flap ||
|-
| || || || || {{IPA|ɺ̪̊}} || {{IPA|ɺ̪}} || {{IPA|ɺ̥}} || {{IPA|ɺ}} || {{IPA|ɺ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ɺ̠}} || {{IPA|ɺ̢̊}} || {{IPA|ɺ̢}} || {{IPA|ɺ̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɺ̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ʎ̥̆}} || {{IPA|ʎ̆}} || {{IPA|ʟ̥̆}} || {{IPA|ʟ̆}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠̥̆}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠̆}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
| {{IPA|ʙ̥}} || {{IPA|ʙ}} || {{IPA|ʙ̪̊}} || {{IPA|ʙ̪}} || {{IPA|r̪̊}} || {{IPA|r̪}} || {{IPA|r̥}} || {{IPA|r}} || {{IPA|r̠̊}} || {{IPA|r̠}} || {{IPA|ɽ̊͡r̥}} || {{IPA|ɽ͡r}} || {{IPA|r̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|r̠ʲ}} || || || || || {{IPA|ʀ̥}} || {{IPA|ʀ}} || || || {{IPA|}} ||
|}
 
</div>
[[Kana_Phonetic_Alphabet#ref_voiceless_glottal_fricative|<sup>1</sup>]] [[Kana_Phonetic_Alphabet#ref_breathy_glottal_fricative|<sup>2</sup>]]<span id="n_glottal_fricative">[h ɦ] can be written as <ruby><rb>ホ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> <ruby><rb>ホ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>自☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> without the 手 diacritic unless there is need to specify that these sounds have friction.</span><br>
The characters with ン, ん, or ヴ as their base are special in that they do not require ☓ on top. ン is never followed by a vowel, while ん and ヴ do not specify an inherent vowel; instead a following vowel must be explicitly written after them.
 
=== Vowels ===
<br/>
<div style="text-align: center;">
 
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
!colspan=11 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Vowels
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Close || {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|y}} || {{IPA|i̠}} || {{IPA|y̠}} || {{IPA|ɨ}} || {{IPA|ʉ}} || {{IPA|ɯ̟}} || {{IPA|u̟}} || {{IPA|ɯ}} || {{IPA|u}}
|-
| {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|y}} || {{IPA|i̠}} || {{IPA|y̠}} || {{IPA|ɨ}} || {{IPA|ʉ}} || {{IPA|ɯ̟}} || {{IPA|u̟}} || {{IPA|ɯ}} || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Near-close || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ʊ}} || ||
|-
| {{IPA|i̞}} || {{IPA|y̞}} || {{IPA|ɪ}} || {{IPA|ʏ}} || {{IPA|ɨ̞}} || {{IPA|ʉ̞}} || {{IPA|ʊ̜}} || {{IPA|ʊ}} || {{IPA|ɯ̞}} || {{IPA|u̞}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Close-mid || || || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
| {{IPA|e}} || {{IPA|ø}} || {{IPA|e̠}} || {{IPA|ø̠}} || {{IPA|ɘ}} || {{IPA|ɵ}} || {{IPA|ɤ̟}} || {{IPA|o̟}} || {{IPA|ɤ}} || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Mid || {{IPA|e̞}} || {{IPA|ø̞}} || {{IPA|e̽}} || {{IPA|ø̽}} || {{IPA|ə̜}} || {{IPA|ə̹}} || {{IPA|ɤ̽}} || {{IPA|o̽}} || {{IPA|ɤ̞}} || {{IPA|o̞}}
|-
| {{IPA|e̞}} || {{IPA|ø̞}} || {{IPA|e̽}} || {{IPA|ø̽}} || {{IPA|ə̜}} || {{IPA|ə̹}} || {{IPA|ɤ̽}} || {{IPA|o̽}} || {{IPA|ɤ̞}} || {{IPA|o̞}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Open-mid || || || {{IPA|ɛ}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
| {{IPA|ɛ}} || {{IPA|œ}} || {{IPA|ɛ̠}} || {{IPA|œ̠}} || {{IPA|ɜ}} || {{IPA|ɞ}} || {{IPA|ʌ̟}} || {{IPA|ɔ̟}} || {{IPA|ʌ}} || {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Near-open || || || {{IPA|æ}}
|-
| {{IPA|æ}} || {{IPA|æ̹}} || {{IPA|a̽}} || {{IPA|ɶ̽}} || {{IPA|ɐ}} || {{IPA|ɐ̹}} || {{IPA|ɑ̽}} || {{IPA|ɒ̽}} || {{IPA|ɑ̝}} || {{IPA|ɒ̝}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Open || || || || || {{IPA|a}}
|-
| {{IPA|a}} || {{IPA|ɶ}} || {{IPA|a̠}} || {{IPA|ɶ̠}} || {{IPA|ä}} || {{IPA|ɶ̈}} || {{IPA|ɑ̟}} || {{IPA|ɒ̟}} || {{IPA|ɑ}} || {{IPA|ɒ}}
|}
 
</div>
 
=== Diacritics ===
<br/>
<div style="text-align: center;">
 
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
!colspan=11 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Diacritics
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| Diacritic || colspan=2| Examples || Symbol name || Meaning || Origin
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
|-
| ☓ || || || Batsu || Consonant is not followed by vowel || From various uses of crosses with negative meanings such "prohibited", "does not exist", "wrong", etc.
|-
! colspan=6 | Articulation
|-
| 凵 || || || Ha || [[Dental_consonant|Dental]] (or [[Wikipedia:Labiodental_consonant|labiodental]] if applied to a bilabial consonant) ||
|-
| 幺 || || || || [[Wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|Postalveolar]] ||
|-
| 厂 || || || Iwa || [[Wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|Retroflex]] ||
|-
| シ || || || Katakana shi || [[Wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal_consonant|Alveolo-palatal]] ||
|-
| ユ || || || Katakana yu || [[Wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|Palatal]] ||
|-
| ク || || || Katakana ku || [[Velar_consonant|Velar]] ||
|-
| ん || || || Hiragana n || [[Wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|Uvular]] ||
|-
| 口 || || || Kuchi || [[Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_consonant|Pharyngeal]] ||
|-
| 皿 || || || Sara || [[Wikipedia:Epiglottal_consonant|Epiglottal]] ||
|-
| ・ || || || || [[Wikipedia:Glottal_consonant|Glottal]] ||
|-
| 手 || || || Te || [[Fricative]] ||
|-
| 斤 || || || || [[Wikipedia:Approximant_consonant|Approximant]] ||
|-
| 中 || || || Naka || [[Wikipedia:Central_consonant|Central consonant]] ||
|-
| Ⓧ || || || || Non-labialized consonant or [[Wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel]] || A batsu negating a maru
|-
! colspan=6 | Phonation
|-
| ゜ || || || Handakuten || [[Wikipedia:Voicelessness|Voiceless]] || From Japanese orthography where it is used on syllabics beginning with /p/.
|-
| ゛ || || || Dakuten || [[Wikipedia:Modal_voice|Voiced]] || From Japanese orthography where it is used for deriving voiced syllabics from unvoiced ones.
|-
| 自 || || || Ji || [[Wikipedia:Breathy_voice|Breathy voice]] ||
|}
 
</div>

Latest revision as of 06:10, 18 September 2013

The Kana Phonetic Alphabet (KPA) is a phonetic transcription method using primarily katakana. Hiragana, kanji or kanji radicals, and other symbols are also used.

Structure

In KPA, consonant characters, with the exception of coronal and dorsal nasals, come with a following vowel. For example ト stands for [to̝]. To write a consonant without a following vowel, a batsu (cross) ☓ is written atop the consonant letter to suppress the following vowel. So ト(☓) stands for [t]. These single consonant are used either for coda consonants, or consonants that are not followed by a vowel because they are in a cluster.
Besides batsu, several other symbols are used above base characters, for making finer distinctions that kana alone can't make. For example 凵 above a consonant marks that it is dental.

Brackets

For phonemic transcription, sumitsukikakko (lenticular brackets) 【】 are used; and for phonetic transcription sumitsukikakko shiro (white lenticular brackets) 〖〗. Kakukakko (square brackets) ［］ are used for showing that two or more characters make an affricate or a co-articulated consonant. The kakukakko are thus used similarly to the tiebar ◌͡◌ in IPA. Orthography may be inclosed in kagikakko (corner brackets) 「」. But this is only useful for orthographies that use kana.

Phone charts

Consonants

The following charts show how to write single consonants. To write [m] for example, ム(☓) is always used, never マ(☓), ミ(☓), メ(☓) or モ(☓).

Pulmonic Consonants
Bilabial Labiod. Dental Alveolar Post-Alv. Retroflex Alv.-Pal. Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Epiglottal Glottal
Nasal ム(☓)゜ ム(☓) ム(凵☓)゜ ム(凵☓) ン(凵)゜ ン(凵) ン゜ ン ン(幺)゜ ン(幺) ン(厂)゜ ン(厂) ン(シ)゜ ン(シ) ン(ユ)゜ ン(ユ) ン(ク)゜ ン(ク) ん゜ ん
m̥ m ɱ̊ ɱ n̪̊ n̪ n̥ n n̠̊ n̠ ɳ̊ ɳ n̠̊ʲ n̠ʲ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ
Plosive プ(☓) ブ(☓) プ(凵☓) ブ(凵☓) ト(凵☓) ド(凵☓) ト(☓) ド(☓) ト(幺☓) ド(幺☓) ト(厂☓) ド(厂☓) ト(シ☓) ド(シ☓) ト(ヨ☓) ド(ヨ☓) ク(☓) グ(☓) ク(ん☓) グ(ん☓) ク(口☓) グ(口☓) ク(皿☓) ッ(・)
p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d t̠ d̠ ʈ ɖ t̠ʲ d̠ʲ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ q̠ ɢ̠ ʡ ʔ
Affricate ts dz
p͡ɸ b͡β p̪͡f b̪͡v t͡s̪ d͡z̪ t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ c͡ç ɟ͡ʝ ​ k͡x ɡ͡ɣ q͡χ ɢ͡ʁ q̠͡ħ ɢ̠͡ʕ ʡ͡ʜ ʡ͡ʢ ʔ͡h
Lateral Affr. ts dz
t̪͡ɬ̪ d̪͡ɮ̪ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ t̠͡ɬ̠ d̠͡ɮ̠ ʈ͡ɭ̝̊ ɖ͡ɭ̝ t͡ɬ̠ʲ d͡ɮ̠ʲ c͡ʎ̝̊ ɟ͡ʎ̝ k͡ʟ̝̊ ɡ͡ʟ̝ q͡ʟ̠̊˔ ɢ͡ʟ̠˔
Sibilant Fric. ス(凵☓) ズ(凵☓) ス(☓) ズ(☓) ス(幺☓) ズ(幺☓) ス(厂☓) ズ(厂☓) シ(☓) ジ(手☓)
s̪ z̪ s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ
Non-Sibilant Fric. ふ(☓) ぶ(手☓) フ(☓) ヴ ト(凵手☓) ド(凵手☓) ト(手☓) ド(手☓) ト(幺手☓) ド(幺手☓) ト(厂手☓) ド(厂手☓) ト(シ手☓) ド(シ手☓) ユ(手☓)゜ ユ(手☓) フ(ク☓) ヴ(ク) フ(ん☓) ヴ(ん) フ(口☓) ヴ(口) フ(皿☓) ヴ(皿) ホ(手☓)1 ホ(自手☓)2
ɸ β f v θ ð θ̠ ð̠ θ̢ ð̢ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ̝ ħ ʕ̝ ʜ ʢ̝ h̝ ɦ̝
Lateral Fric. ル(凵手☓)゜ ル(凵手☓) ル(手☓)゜ ル(手☓) ル(幺手☓)゜ ル(幺手☓) ル(厂手☓)゜ ル(厂手☓) ル(シ手☓)゜ ル(シ手☓) ル(ユ手☓)゜ ル(ユ手☓) ル(ク手☓)゜ ル(ク手☓) ル(ん手☓)゜ ル(ん手☓)
ɬ̪ ɮ̪ ɬ ɮ ɬ̠ ɮ̠ ɭ̝̊ ɭ̝ ɬ̠ʲ ɮ̠ʲ ʎ̝̊ ʎ̝ ʟ̝̊ ʟ̝ ʟ̠̊˔ ʟ̠˔
Approximant ふ(斤☓) ぶ(斤☓) フ(斤☓) ヴ(斤) ル(凵中☓)゜ ル(凵中☓) ル(中☓)゜ ル(中☓) ル(幺中☓)゜ ル(幺中☓) ル(厂中☓)゜ ル(厂中☓) ル(シ中☓)゜ ル(シ中☓) ユ(☓)゜ ユ(☓) ヲ(Ⓧ☓)゜ ヲ(Ⓧ☓) ヲ(ん☓)゜ ヲ(ん☓) ヲ(口☓)゜ ヲ(口☓) ヲ(皿☓)゜ ヲ(皿☓) ホ(☓) ホ(自☓)
ɸ̞ β̞ ʋ̥ ʋ θ̞ ð̞ ɹ̥ ɹ ɹ̠̊ ɹ̠ ɻ̊ ɻ ɹ̠̊ʲ ɹ̠ʲ j̊ j ɰ̊ ɰ χ̞ ʁ̞ ħ̞ ʕ̞ ʜ̞ ʢ̞ h̞ ɦ̞
Lateral Appr. l
l̪̊ l̪ l̥ l l̠̊ l̠ ɭ̊ ɭ l̠̊ʲ l̠ʲ ʎ̥ ʎ ʟ̥ ʟ ʟ̠̊ ʟ̠
Flap or Tap
ⱱ̟̊ ⱱ̟ ⱱ̥ ⱱ ɾ̪̊ ɾ̪ ɾ̥ ɾ ɾ̠̊ ɾ̠ ɽ̊ ɽ ɾ̠̊ʲ ɾ̠ʲ q̆ ɢ̆ ʡ̥̆ ʡ̆
Lateral Flap
ɺ̪̊ ɺ̪ ɺ̥ ɺ ɺ̠̊ ɺ̠ ɺ̢̊ ɺ̢ ɺ̠̊ʲ ɺ̠ʲ ʎ̥̆ ʎ̆ ʟ̥̆ ʟ̆ ʟ̠̥̆ ʟ̠̆
Trill r
ʙ̥ ʙ ʙ̪̊ ʙ̪ r̪̊ r̪ r̥ r r̠̊ r̠ ɽ̊͡r̥ ɽ͡r r̠̊ʲ r̠ʲ ʀ̥ ʀ

1 2[h ɦ] can be written as ホ(☓) ホ(自☓) without the 手 diacritic unless there is need to specify that these sounds have friction.
The characters with ン, ん, or ヴ as their base are special in that they do not require ☓ on top. ン is never followed by a vowel, while ん and ヴ do not specify an inherent vowel; instead a following vowel must be explicitly written after them.

Vowels


Vowels
Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i y i̠ y̠ ɨ ʉ ɯ̟ u̟ ɯ u
i y i̠ y̠ ɨ ʉ ɯ̟ u̟ ɯ u
Near-close ʊ
i̞ y̞ ɪ ʏ ɨ̞ ʉ̞ ʊ̜ ʊ ɯ̞ u̞
Close-mid e o
e ø e̠ ø̠ ɘ ɵ ɤ̟ o̟ ɤ o
Mid e̞ ø̞ e̽ ø̽ ə̜ ə̹ ɤ̽ o̽ ɤ̞ o̞
e̞ ø̞ e̽ ø̽ ə̜ ə̹ ɤ̽ o̽ ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
ɛ œ ɛ̠ œ̠ ɜ ɞ ʌ̟ ɔ̟ ʌ ɔ
Near-open æ
æ æ̹ a̽ ɶ̽ ɐ ɐ̹ ɑ̽ ɒ̽ ɑ̝ ɒ̝
Open a
a ɶ a̠ ɶ̠ ä ɶ̈ ɑ̟ ɒ̟ ɑ ɒ

Diacritics


Diacritics
Diacritic Examples Symbol name Meaning Origin
☓ Batsu Consonant is not followed by vowel From various uses of crosses with negative meanings such "prohibited", "does not exist", "wrong", etc.
Articulation
凵 Ha Dental (or labiodental if applied to a bilabial consonant)
幺 Postalveolar
厂 Iwa Retroflex
シ Katakana shi Alveolo-palatal
ユ Katakana yu Palatal
ク Katakana ku Velar
ん Hiragana n Uvular
口 Kuchi Pharyngeal
皿 Sara Epiglottal
・ Glottal
手 Te Fricative
斤 Approximant
中 Naka Central consonant
Ⓧ Non-labialized consonant or unrounded vowel A batsu negating a maru
Phonation
゜ Handakuten Voiceless From Japanese orthography where it is used on syllabics beginning with /p/.
゛ Dakuten Voiced From Japanese orthography where it is used for deriving voiced syllabics from unvoiced ones.
自 Ji Breathy voice
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