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{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 width=33% class=bordertable; style=margin: 0 0 lem lem; background=#f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;
===Proto-Piti===
|colspan=4; bgcolor=#99FF00; align=center|'''NOVELATINE<br />Sa lêgwa syar dwar valyô'''
Root '''*liːloṕ-''', ''to see''
 
{|- class="wikitable"
| colspan="5"| <center>'''''Indicative'''''</center>
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Pronunciation:
| ||'''''Imperfective present''''' ||'''''Perfective present''''' ||'''''Imperfective past''''' || '''''Perfective past'''''
||West: / sa lɛ̃gwa sjar dwar valjõ /<br> East: / sa lɛ̃gwa ʃar dwar valjõ/
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Spoken in:
| 1s || '''*liːloṕoł''' || '''*loliːṕoł''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕoł''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕoł'''
||Central Italy
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Timeline:
| 2s || '''*liːloṕer''' || '''*loliːṕer''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕer''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕer'''
||Alternate
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Total speakers:
| rowspan="2" | 3s || '''*liːloṕæt́''' || '''*loliːṕæt́''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕæt́''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕæt́''' 
||ca. 5000
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Genealogical classification:
| '''*liːloṕ''' || '''*loliːṕ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕ'''
||Indo-European
:Italic
::Romance
:::'''Novelatine'''
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Written in:
| 1d || '''*liːloṕiʔoł'''<br>'''*liːloṕołiʔ'''|| '''*loliːṕiʔoł'''<br>'''*loliːṕołiʔ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕiʔoł'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕołiʔ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕiʔoł'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕołiʔ'''
||Latin alphabet
|-
|-
|colspan=2; bgcolor="#99FF00"; align="center"|'''Created by:'''
| 2d || '''*liːloṕiʔer'''<br>'''*liːloṕeriʔ'''|| '''*loliːṕiʔer'''<br>'''*loliːṕeriʔ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕiʔer'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕeriʔ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕiʔer'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕeriʔ'''
|-
|-
||[[user:Bukkia|Bukkaa]]||started in November 2012
| rowspan="2" | 3d || '''*liːloṕiʔæt́'''<br>'''*liːloṕæt́iʔ''' || '''*loliːṕiʔæt́'''<br>'''*loliːṕæt́iʔ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕiʔæt́'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕæt́iʔ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕiʔæt́'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕæt́iʔ'''
|}'''Novelatine''' is a language, spoken by a few thousand people in two remote mountain valleys in Central Italy. Its speakers call their own language '''Sa lêgwa syar dwar valyô''', ''The language of the two valleys'', or simply '''Sa lêgwa (nob)''', ''The/Our language''. It is a direct descendent of Latin, and it retained a more conservative grammar, morphology and syntaxis than the other Romance languages. Its lexicon retains many more words directly from Latin than other Romance lexicons.
 
Apart from its conservatism, the main feature is the presence of two distinct dialects, one for each valleys, with some definite differences.
 
==Phonology==
===Ortography===
Novelatine ortography is partially based on standard Italian ortography, while a large part of it was developped independently.
 
{|
!Letter
!IPA pron.
!X-Sampa pron.
!Note and English or other approximation
|-
|-
| A, a || {{IPA|[a]}} || [a] || as in Scottish or Irish ''st'''a'''ck''
| '''*liːloṕiʔ''' || '''*loliːṕiʔ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕiʔ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕiʔ'''
|-
|-
| B, b || {{IPA|[b]}} || [b] || as in '''''b'''ack''
| 1p || '''*liːloṕonoł'''<br>'''*liːloṕołon'''|| '''*loliːṕonoł'''<br>'''*loliːṕołon''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕonoł'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕołon''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕonoł'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕołon'''
|-
|-
| C, c || 1.{{IPA|[k]}}<br>2.{{IPA|[ʧ]}} || 1.[k]<br>2.[tS] || 1. before any consonant, the vowels '''a''', '''o''', '''ô''', '''u''', as in '''''k'''iss''<br>2. before the vowels '''e''', '''i''' and the semivowel '''y''', as in '''''ch'''ip''
| 2p || '''*liːloṕoner'''<br>'''*liːloṕeron'''|| '''*loliːṕoner'''<br>'''*loliːṕeron''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕoner'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕeron''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕoner'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕeron'''
|-
|-
| D, d || {{IPA|[d]}} || [d] || as in ''a'''d'''mit''
| rowspan="2" | 3p || '''*liːloṕonæt́'''<br>'''*liːloṕæt́on''' || '''*loliːṕonæt́'''<br>'''*loliːṕæt́on''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕonæt́'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕæt́on''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕonæt́'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕæt́on'''
|-
|-
| E, e || 1.{{IPA|[ɛ]}} (stressed)<br>2.{{IPA|[e]}} (unstressed)<br>3.{{IPA|[ə]}} (final) || 1.[E]<br>2.[e]<br>3.[@] || 1. always in stressed syllables, as in North American English ''b'''e'''d''<br>2. always in unstressed syllables <small>(see note)</small>, as in British English ''dr'''e'''ss''<br>3. only in the Eastern dialect, in final syllables, as in '''''a'''bout''
| '''*liːloṕon''' || '''*loliːṕon''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕon''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕon'''
|}
 
{|- class="wikitable"
| colspan="5"| <center>'''''Subjunctive'''''</center>
|-
|-
| Ê, ê || 1.{{IPA|[ɛ̃]}} (stressed)<br>2.{{IPA|[ẽ]}} (unstressed) || 1.[E˜]<br>2.[e˜] || similar to French ''br'''in''''' (<small>The two variants follow the same rules of distribution of the letter '''e'''</small>)
| ||'''''Imperfective present''''' ||'''''Perfective present''''' ||'''''Imperfective past''''' || '''''Perfective past'''''
|-
|-
| F, f || {{IPA|[f]}} || [f] || as in '''''f'''ine''
| 1s || '''*liːloṕiɳoł''' || '''*loliːṕiɳoł''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕiɳoł''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕiɳoł'''  
|-
|-
| G, g || 1.{{IPA|[g]}}<br>2.{{IPA|[ʤ]}} || 1.[g]<br>2.[dZ] || 1. before any consonant, the vowels '''a''', '''o''', '''ô''', '''u''', as in '''''g'''un''<br>2. before the vowels '''e''', '''i''' and the semivowel '''y''', as in '''''j'''ump''
| 2s || '''*liːloṕiɳer''' || '''*loliːṕiɳer''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕiɳer''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕiɳer'''  
|-
|-
| H, h || {{IPA|[-]}} || [-] || it has '''no sound''', it is only used with other letters to express other sounds.
| rowspan="2" | 3s || '''*liːloṕiɳæt́''' || '''*loliːṕiɳæt́''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕiɳæt́''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕiɳæt́'''
|-
|-
| I, i || {{IPA|[i]}} || [i] || as in North American English ''fr'''ee'''''
| '''*liːloṕiɳ''' || '''*loliːṕiɳ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕiɳ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕiɳ'''
|-
|-
| ''J, j'' || {{IPA|[-]}} || [-] || it is not part of the alphabet, it can be found only in loanwords, where it retains its original pronunciation.
| 1d || '''*liːloṕiɳiʔoł'''<br>'''*liːloṕiɳołiʔ'''|| '''*loliːṕiɳiʔoł'''<br>'''*loliːṕiɳołiʔ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕiɳiʔoł'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕiɳołiʔ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕiɳiʔoł'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕiɳołiʔ'''
|-
|-
| ''K, k'' || {{IPA|[-]}} || [-] || it is not part of the alphabet, it can be found only in loanwords, where it retains its original pronunciation.
| 2d || '''*liːloṕiɳiʔer'''<br>'''*liːloṕiɳeriʔ'''|| '''*loliːṕiɳiʔer'''<br>'''*loliːṕiɳeriʔ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕiɳiʔer'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕiɳeriʔ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕiɳiʔer'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕiɳeriʔ'''
|-
|-
| L, l || 1.{{IPA|[l]}}<br>2.{{IPA|[ʎ]}} || 1.[l]<br>2.[L] || 1. only the ''clear L'', as in '''''l'''et'', never ''dark L''<br>2. only in the Eastern dialect, when is followed by '''y''' (which is soundless), as in Spanish ''mi'''ll'''ón'' or in Italian ''fi'''gli'''o
| rowspan="2" | 3d || '''*liːloṕiɳiʔæt́'''<br>'''*liːloṕiɳæt́iʔ''' || '''*loliːṕiɳiʔæt́'''<br>'''*loliːṕiɳæt́iʔ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕiɳiʔæt́'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕiɳæt́iʔ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕiɳiʔæt́'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːiɳæt́iʔ'''
|-
|-
| M, m || {{IPA|[m]}} || [m] || as in '''''m'''ap''
| '''*liːloṕiɳiʔ''' || '''*loliːṕiɳiʔ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕiɳiʔ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕiɳiʔ'''
|-
|-
| N, n || 1.{{IPA|[n]}}<br>2.{{IPA|[ŋ]}}<br>3.{{IPA|[ɲ]}} || 1.[n]<br>2.[N]<br>3.[J] || 1. as in '''''n'''ine''<br>2. before '''k''' and '''g''' <small>(see note)</small>, as in ''si'''ng'''''<br>3. only in the Eastern dialect, when is followed by '''y''' (which is soundless), as in Spanish ''ni'''ñ'''o'' or in Italian ''ba'''gn'''o'' or in French ''a'''gn'''eau''
| 1p || '''*liːloṕiɳonoł'''<br>'''*liːloṕiɳołon'''|| '''*loliːṕiɳonoł'''<br>'''*loliːṕiɳołon''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕiɳonoł'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕiɳołon''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕiɳonoł'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕiɳołon'''
|-
|-
| O, o || 1.{{IPA|[ɔ]}} (stressed)<br>2.{{IPA|[o]}} (unstressed) || 1.[O]<br>2.[o] || 1. always in stressed syllables, as in North American English ''th'''ou'''ght''<br>2. always in unstressed syllables <small>(see note)</small>, as in Australian English ''th'''ou'''ght''
| 2p || '''*liːloṕiɳoner'''<br>'''*liːloṕeron'''|| '''*loliːṕiɳoner'''<br>'''*loliːṕeron''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕiɳoner'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕiɳeron''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕiɳoner'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕiɳeron'''
|-
|-
| Ô, ô || 1.{{IPA|[ɔ̃]}} (stressed)<br>2.{{IPA|[õ]}} (unstressed) || 1.[O˜]<br>2.[o˜] || similar to French ''b'''on''''' (<small>The two variants follow the same rules of distribution of the letter '''o'''</small>)
| rowspan="2" | 3p || '''*liːloṕoniɳæt́'''<br>'''*liːloṕiɳæt́on''' || '''*loliːṕiɳonæt́'''<br>'''*loliːṕiɳæt́on''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕiɳonæt́'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕiɳæt́on''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕiɳonæt́'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕiɳæt́on'''
|-
|-
| P, p || {{IPA|[p]}} || [p] || as in ''s'''p'''eed''
| '''*liːloṕiɳon''' || '''*loliːṕiɳon''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕiɳon''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕiɳon'''
|}
 
{|- class="wikitable"
| colspan="5"| <center>'''''Optative'''''</center>
|-
|-
| ''Q, q'' || {{IPA|[-]}} || [-] || it is not part of the alphabet, it can be found only in loanwords, where it retains its original pronunciation.
| ||'''''Imperfective present''''' ||'''''Perfective present''''' ||'''''Imperfective past''''' || '''''Perfective past'''''
|-
|-
| R, r || {{IPA|[r]}} || [r] || ''rolled R'', as in Italian ''te'''rr'''a'' or in Spanish ''pe'''rr'''o''<br>it can also play the role of a vowel, appearing in the end of a word without a vowel.
| 1s || '''*liːloṕoṕoł''' || '''*loliːṕoṕoł''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕoṕoł''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕoṕoł'''  
|-
|-
| S, s || 1.{{IPA|[s]}}<br>2.{{IPA|[z]}}<br>3.{{IPA|[ʃ]}} || 1.[s]<br>2.[z]<br>3.[S] || 1. in initial position, before any voiceless consonant, and in final position, as in '''''s'''alt''<br>2. in intervocalic position, and before every voiced consonant<small>(see note)</small>, as in ''ro'''s'''e''<br>3. only in the Eastern dialect, when is followed by '''y''' (which is soundless), as in '''''sh'''ow''
| 2s || '''*liːloṕoṕer''' || '''*loliːṕoṕer''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕoṕer''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕoṕer'''  
|-
|-
| T, t || {{IPA|[t]}} || [t] || as in '''''t'''ick''
| rowspan="2" | 3s || '''*liːloṕoṕæt́''' || '''*loliːṕoṕæt́''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕoṕæt́''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕoṕæt́'''
|-
|-
| U, u || {{IPA|[u]}} || [u] || as in North American English ''g'''oo'''se''
| '''*liːloṕoṕ''' || '''*loliːṕoṕ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕoṕ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕoṕ'''
|-
| V, v || 1. {{IPA|[v]}}<br> 2. {{IPA|[ʊ̯]}} (final) || 1.[v]<br>2.[U] || 1. as in '''''v'''alve''<br>2. only in the Eastern dialect, when is in final position, as in ''h'''oo'''k'', but with a labiodental closure.
|-
|-
| W, w || {{IPA|[w]}} || [w] || as in '''''w'''eep''
| 1d || '''*liːloṕoṕiʔoł'''<br>'''*liːloṕoṕołiʔ'''|| '''*loliːṕoṕiʔoł'''<br>'''*loliːṕoṕołiʔ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕoṕiʔoł'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕoṕołiʔ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕoṕiʔoł'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕoṕołiʔ'''
|-
|-
| ''X, x'' || {{IPA|[-]}} || [-] || it is not part of the alphabet, it can be found only in loanwords, where it retains its original pronunciation.
| 2d || '''*liːloṕoṕiʔer'''<br>'''*liːloṕoṕeriʔ'''|| '''*loliːṕoṕiʔer'''<br>'''*loliːṕoṕeriʔ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕoṕiʔer'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕoṕeriʔ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕoṕiʔer'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕoṕeriʔ'''
|-
|-
| Y, y || 1.{{IPA|[j]}}<br>2.[-] || 1.[j]<br>2.[-] || 1. as in '''''y'''ou''<br>2.  only in the Eastern dialect, when is after '''l''', '''n''', and '''s''', it is '''soundless'''.
| rowspan="2" | 3d || '''*liːloṕoṕiʔæt́'''<br>'''*liːloṕoṕæt́iʔ''' || '''*loliːṕoṕiʔæt́'''<br>'''*loliːṕoṕæt́iʔ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕoṕiʔæt́'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕoṕæt́iʔ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕoṕiʔæt́'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕoṕæt́iʔ''' 
|-
|-
| Z, z || 1.{{IPA|[ʦ]}}<br>2.{{IPA|[ʣ]}} || 1.[ts]<br>2.[dz] || 1. as in German '''''Z'''ehn''<br>2. as in Italian '''''z'''ero''<br><small>(see note for more info about their occurence)</small>
| '''*liːloṕoṕiʔ''' || '''*loliːṕoṕiʔ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕoṕiʔ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕoṕiʔ'''
|}
 
====Notes on orthography====
* Initial stops '''b''' {{IPA|[k]}}, '''c''' {{IPA|[k]}}, '''d''' {{IPA|[d]}}, '''g''' {{IPA|[g]}}, '''p''' {{IPA|[p]}} and '''t''' {{IPA|[t]}} are '''''never''''' aspirated.
 
* Voiceless intervocalic stops '''c''' {{IPA|[k]}}, '''p''' {{IPA|[p]}} and '''t''' {{IPA|[t]}} are '''''never''''' voiced.
 
* The letter '''c''' represents two different sounds. When it is followed by a consonant, or the vowel '''a''', '''o''', '''ô''' or '''u''', it represents the consonant [k]:
:can {{IPA|[ˈkan]}}
:cô {{IPA|[kõ]}}
:cru {{IPA|[ˈkru]}}
it represent [k] also when in final position:
:loc {{IPA|[ˈlɔk]}}
it represents the sound {{IPA|[ʧ]}} when followed by '''e''', '''ê''', '''i''' and '''y''':
:ciwta {{IPA|[ˈʧiwta]}}
:vyice {{IPA|[ˈvjiʧe]}}
:êwcyô {{IPA|[ẽˈwʧjõ]}}
if we want '''c''' to represent the sound [k] before one of the previous sounds, a mute '''h''' is inserted.
:alchies {{IPA|[alˈkies]}}
:brachyô {{IPA|[ˈbrakjõ]}}
 
* The letter '''e''' can represent two different sounds, [e] and [ɛ]. It is pronounced as [ɛ] only when '''e''' is stressed. As the stress can move on different syllables, for example in verbal conjugation, the pronunciation of '''e''' can change:
:leger {{IPA|[leˈʤer]}}: lege {{IPA|[ˈlɛʤe]}} - legim {{IPA|[leˈʤim]}}
 
Not every stressed '''e''' must be pronounced as [ɛ]. These instances are largely unpredictable, but a large number of stressed ''e'' has to be pronounced as [ɛ]. A classic instance is the infinitival stressed verbal ending '''-er''', which has always to be pronounced [er].
 
:moner {{IPA|[moˈner]}}
 
The same rules applies to '''ê''', which can represent {{IPA|[ẽ]}} and {{IPA|[ɛ̃]}}.
 
In the Eastern dialect, a final '''e''' (IPA: {{IPA|[e]}}), tends to be pronounced as {{IPA|[ə]}}, (it is said to be ''reduced''), and when it is an ''e mobile'', in '''-er''' endings, if unstressed:
:lupe W: {{IPA|[ˈlupe]}} / E: {{IPA|[ˈlupə]}}
:rose W: {{IPA|[ˈrɔze]}} / E: {{IPA|[ˈrɔzə]}}
:veter W: {{IPA|[ˈvɛter]}} / E: {{IPA|[ˈvɛtər]}}
 
* The letter '''g''' represents two different sounds. When it is followed by a consonant, or the vowel '''a''', '''o''', '''ô''' or '''u''', it represents the consonant [g]:
:gawdyô {{IPA|[ˈgawdjõ]}}
:agorafobia {{IPA|[agoˌrafoˈbia]}}
:grôd {{IPA|[ˈgrɔ̃d]}}
it represent [g] also when in final position:
:ewig {{IPA|[eˈwig]}}
it represents the sound {{IPA|[ʤ]}} when followed by '''e''', '''ê''', '''i''' and '''y''':
:agiw {{IPA|[ˈaʤiw]}}
:geno {{IPA|[ˈʤɛno]}}
if we want '''g''' to represent the sound [g] before one of the previous sounds, a mute '''h''' is inserted.
 
* In the Eastern dialect, when a '''l''' (IPA: {{IPA|[l]}}) is followed by a '''y''', it tends to be pronounced as {{IPA|[ʎ]}}, (it is said to be ''palatalized''), while the '''y''' is not pronounced anymore:
:côsilyô W: {{IPA|[kõˈsiljõ]}} / E: {{IPA|[kõˈsiʎõ]}}
:milyô W: {{IPA|[miˈljõ]}} / E: {{IPA|[miˈʎõ]}}
 
* In the Eastern dialect, when a '''n''' (IPA: {{IPA|[n]}}) is followed by a '''y''', it tends to be pronounced as {{IPA|[ɲ]}}, (it is said to be ''palatalized''), while the '''y''' is not pronounced anymore:
:punya W: {{IPA|[ˈpunya]}} / E: {{IPA|[ˈpuɲa]}}
:aragnyowa W: {{IPA|[aˈragnjowa]}} / E: {{IPA|[aˈragɲowa]}}
 
* The letter '''o''' can represent two different sounds, [o] and [ɔ]. It is pronounced as [ɔ] only when '''o''' is stressed. As the stress can move on different syllables, for example in verbal conjugation, the pronunciation of '''o''' can change:
:orar {{IPA|[oˈrar]}}: ore {{IPA|[ˈɔre]}} - orem {{IPA|[oˈrɛm]}}
 
Not every stressed '''o''' must be pronounced as [ɔ]. These instances are largely unpredictable, but a large number of stressed ''o'' has to be pronounced as [ɔ]. Some verbal roots can preserve the [o] pronunciation during conjugation:
 
:vowar {{IPA|[voˈwar]}}: vowe {{IPA|[ˈvowe]}} - vowem {{IPA|[voˈwɛm]}}
 
The same rules applies to '''ô''', which can represent {{IPA|[õ]}} and {{IPA|[ɔ̃]}}.
 
* The letter '''s''' represents two different sounds. When it is in initial position followed by a voiceless consonant or by a vowel, inside the word followed or preceded by a consonat, or in final position, it represents the consonant [s]:
:saw {{IPA|[ˈsaw]}}
:spwêdye {{IPA|[ˈspwɛ̃dje]}}
:serpês {{IPA|[ˈsɛrpẽs]}}
 
if it is inside the word between two vowels, or followed by a voiced consonant, also in initial position, it represents the consonant [z]:
:rosa {{IPA|[ˈrɔza]}}
:êsuwa {{IPA|[ˈɛ̃zuwa]}}
 
during some morphological processes, a [s] could be added after a velar stop ([t] or [d]): when this occurs, [s] merges with these two consonant forming the affricate consonants [ʦ] and [ʣ] respectively, both represented by '''z''':
:''root'' sawut- + ''ending'' -s → sawuz {{IPA|[ˈsawuʦ]}}
:''root'' lyibertad- + ''ending'' -s → lyibertaz {{IPA|[ljiberˈtaʣ]}}
 
In the Eastern dialect, when a '''s''' (IPA: {{IPA|[s]}}) is followed by a '''y''', it tends to be pronounced as {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, (it is said to be ''palatalized''), while the '''y''' is not pronounced anymore:
:syor W: {{IPA|[sjor]}} / E: {{IPA|[ʃor]}}
:caysyô W: {{IPA|[kajˈsjõ]}} / E: {{IPA|[kajˈʃõ]}}
 
* In the Eastern dialect, when a '''v''' (IPA: {{IPA|[v]}}) is in final position, it tends to be pronounced as {{IPA|[ʊ̯]}}:
:brev W: {{IPA|[ˈbrɛv]}} / E: {{IPA|[ˈbrɛʊ̯]}}
:biv W: {{IPA|[ˈbiv]}} / E: {{IPA|[ˈbiʊ̯]}}
:W: Cwo fac? Biv {{IPA|[ˈkwɔ ˈfak ˈbiv]}} / E: Cwo fa? Biv {{IPA|[ˈkwɔ ˈfa ˈbiʊ̯]}} ''What is he/she doing? He/she is drinking''
Since it becomes more like a semivowel, it does not count as a separate syllable. When the final '''v''' is followed by another word (without a pause), with an initial vowel, it is pronounced {{IPA|[v]}}, since it is felt as united with the next word:
:E: brev {{IPA|[ˈbrɛʊ̯]}} / brev côcyô {{IPA|[ˌbrɛʊ̯ kõˈʧjõ]}} / brev oracyô {{IPA|[ˌbrɛv oraˈʧjõ]}}
 
===Stress===
Stress is not fixed in Novelatine, but it usually may fall on the '''last''' (leger, {{IPA|[leˈʤer]}}) or the '''penultimate''' (rosa, {{IPA|[ˈrɔza]}} syllable of a word, more rarely on the ''third'' (ceweber, {{IPA|[ˈʧɛweber]/[ˈʧɛwebər]}} syllable from the last one.
 
As stress is ''not indicated'' in written texts, this feature is maybe the most difficult to learn.
 
The position of stress within a word is not exactly predictable, but it usually follows these general rules:
* The penultimate syllable is stressed when the word ends with a vowel or with '''-s'''
* The ultimate vowel is stressed when the word ends with a consonant, except for '''-s'''
 
There are, however, many exceptions to these rules:
#Some nouns and adjectives, ending in a vowel, are stressed on the last syllable (yuvêtu [juvẽˈtu] - these nouns have often lost a final consonant, which is usually restored in other cases: yuvêtud [juvẽˈtudẽ]).
#Some nouns and adjectives, ending with the '''-er''' group, with ''mobile e'', are stressed on the penultimate (or third from the last) syllable (veter, {{IPA|[ˈvɛter]/[ˈvɛtər]}}).
#The infinitival forms of some III conjugation verbs is not stressed on the last syllable, as its rule would require (perder [ˈpɛrder]).
#All 3rd plural person verbal forms are stressed on the penultimate (or third from the last) syllable, even if all of them end in '''-t''' (the stressed syllable is usually the same of the 3rd singular person). (amêt, {{IPA|[ˈamẽt]}}, cewebrêt, {{IPA|[ˈʧɛwebrẽt]}}).
 
==Noun morphology==
Novelatine retains the complex system of Latin declensions, but the six cases of Latin language have merged in a three-case system: '''Nominative''', '''Genitive''' and '''Accusative'''. Nouns are grouped in four declensions, but as phonological changes modified some endings, each declension group has more subgroups.
 
===First declension===
The first declension has both feminine and masculine nouns, but no neuter nouns. Most nouns (more than 90%) are feminine, and there is no difference in the endings between both genders. The endings are:
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| 1p || '''*liːloṕoṕonoł'''<br>'''*liːloṕoṕołon'''|| '''*loliːṕonoł'''<br>'''*loliːṕoṕołon''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕoṕonoł'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕoṕołon''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕoṕonoł'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕoṕołon'''
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || -'''a''' || -'''e'''
| 2p || '''*liːloṕoṕoner'''<br>'''*liːloṕoṕeron'''|| '''*loliːṕoṕoner'''<br>'''*loliːṕoṕeron''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕoṕoner'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕoṕeron''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕoṕoner'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕoṕeron'''
|-
|-
| Genitive || -'''e''' || -'''arô'''
| rowspan="2" | 3p || '''*liːloṕoṕonæt́'''<br>'''*liːloṕoṕæt́on''' || '''*loliːṕoṕonæt́'''<br>'''*loliːṕoṕæt́on''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕoṕonæt́'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕoṕæt́on''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕoṕonæt́'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕoṕæt́on'''
|-
|-
| Accusative || -'''ô''' || -'''es'''
| '''*liːloṕoṕon''' || '''*loliːṕoṕon''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕoṕon''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕoṕon'''
|}
|}


*Example: '''Rosa''', ''rose'', feminine
{|- class="wikitable"
 
| colspan="5"| <center>'''''Potential'''''</center>
{|  
|-
!colspan=4|
| ||'''''Imperfective present''''' ||'''''Perfective present''''' ||'''''Imperfective past''''' || '''''Perfective past'''''
|-
|-
!Case
| 1s || '''*liːloṕæʈoł''' || '''*loliːṕæʈoł''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕæʈoł''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕæʈoł'''
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || ros'''a''' || ros'''e'''
| 2s || '''*liːloṕæʈer''' || '''*loliːṕæʈer''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕæʈer''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕæʈer'''  
|-
|-
| Genitive || ros'''e''' || ros'''arô'''
| rowspan="2" | 3s || '''*liːloṕæʈæt́''' || '''*loliːṕæʈæt́''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕæʈæt́''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕæʈæt́'''
|-
|-
| Accusative || ros'''ô''' || ros'''es'''
| '''*liːloṕæʈ''' || '''*loliːṕæʈ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕæʈ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕæʈ'''
|}
 
*Example: '''Êcowa''', ''inhabitant'', masculine
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| 1d || '''*liːloṕæʈiʔoł'''<br>'''*liːloṕæʈołiʔ'''|| '''*loliːṕæʈiʔoł'''<br>'''*loliːṕæʈołiʔ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕæʈiʔoł'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕæʈołiʔ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕæʈiʔoł'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕæʈołiʔ'''
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || êcow'''a''' || êcow'''e'''
| 2d || '''*liːloṕæʈiʔer'''<br>'''*liːloṕæʈeriʔ'''|| '''*loliːṕæʈiʔer'''<br>'''*loliːṕæʈeriʔ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕæʈiʔer'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕæʈeriʔ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕæʈiʔer'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕæʈeriʔ'''
|-
|-
| Genitive || êcow'''e''' || êcow'''arô'''
| rowspan="2" | 3d || '''*liːloṕæʈiʔæt́'''<br>'''*liːloṕæʈæt́iʔ''' || '''*loliːṕæʈiʔæt́'''<br>'''*loliːṕæʈæt́iʔ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕæʈiʔæt́'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕæʈæt́iʔ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕæʈiʔæt́'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕæʈæt́iʔ'''
|-
|-
| Accusative || êcow'''ô''' || êcow'''es'''
| '''*liːloṕæʈiʔ''' || '''*loliːṕæʈiʔ''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕæʈiʔ''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕæʈiʔ'''
|}
 
Even if both genders share the same endings, nouns agree with adjectives, articles, pronouns and verbs according the real gender:
* '''Se bone poeta''': ''the good poet''
* '''Sa rosa pulcra''': ''the beautiful rose''
 
Remember also, that some nouns (mostly modern loanwords), whose roots end with a velar stop, '''c''' [k] or '''g''' [g], should preserve this pronunciation in all declined forms, even in front of '''e''':
 
* Example: '''Elica''', ''screw'':
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| 1p || '''*liːloṕæʈonoł'''<br>'''*liːloṕæʈołon'''|| '''*loliːṕæʈonoł'''<br>'''*loliːṕæʈołon''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕæʈonoł'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕæʈołon''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕæʈonoł'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕæʈołon'''
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || elic'''a''' || elic'''''h''e'''
| 2p || '''*liːloṕæʈoner'''<br>'''*liːloṕæʈeron'''|| '''*loliːṕæʈoner'''<br>'''*loliːṕæʈeron''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕæʈoner'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕæʈeron''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕæʈoner'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕæʈeron'''
|-
|-
| Genitive || elic'''''h''e''' || elic'''arô'''
| rowspan="2" | 3p || '''*liːloṕonæʈæt́'''<br>'''*liːloṕæʈæt́on''' || '''*loliːṕæʈonæt́'''<br>'''*loliːṕæʈæt́on''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕæʈonæt́'''<br>'''*ʔaliːloṕæʈæt́on''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕæʈonæt́'''<br>'''*ʔaloliːṕæʈæt́on'''
|-
|-
| Accusative || elic'''ô''' || elic'''''h''es'''
| '''*liːloṕæʈon''' || '''*loliːṕæʈon''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕæʈon''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕæʈon'''
|}
|}


===Second declension===
{|- class="wikitable"
The second declension has only masculine and neuter nouns. Each gender forms a different subgroup. There is also a ''-er'' subgroup:
| colspan="5"| <center>'''Indefinite moods'''</center>
 
|-
====Masculine subgroup====
| ||'''''Imperfective present''''' ||'''''Perfective present''''' ||'''''Imperfective past''''' || '''''Perfective past'''''
The endings for the masculine second declension are:
 
{|  
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| ''Infinite<sub><small>1</small></sub>'' || '''*liːloṕæme''' || '''*loliːṕæme''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕæme''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕæme'''
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || -'''e''' || -'''yi'''
| ''Infinite<sub><small>2</small></sub>''|| '''*liːloṕika''' || '''*loliːṕika''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕika''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕika'''  
|-
|-
| Genitive || -'''yi''' || -'''erô'''
| ''Active participle'' || '''*liːloṕiːto'''|| '''*loliːṕiːto''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕiːto''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕiːto'''
|-
|-
| Accusative || -'''ô''' || -'''es'''
| ''Passive participle'' || '''*liːloṕuki'''|| '''*loliːṕuki''' || '''*ʔaliːloṕuki''' || '''*ʔaloliːṕuki'''
|}
|}


*Example: '''Lupe''', ''wolf''


{|  
===Kī́rtako===
!colspan=4|
Verb '''lī́lopɑme''', ''to see''
{|-
|-
|-
!Case
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#FFD482;"| <center>'''''Indicative'''''</center>
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || lup'''e''' || lup'''yi'''
| || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Imperfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Perfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Imperfective<br>past''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Perfective<br>past'''  
|-
|-
| Genitive || lup'''yi''' || lup'''erô'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopow || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́pow || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopow || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́pow
|-
|-
| Accusative || lup'''ô''' || lup'''es'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́loper || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́per || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́loper || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́per
|}
|-
 
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopɑt || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́pɑt || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopɑt || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́pɑt
If the root already ends with an '''-y-''' or with a -'''w'''-, the -yi endings become simply '''-i-''':
|-
 
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lop || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́p || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lop || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́p
*Example: '''Casye''', ''cheese''
 
{|  
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| 1p || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́loponow || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́ponow || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́loponow || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́ponow
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || casy'''e''' || casy'''i'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́loponer || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́poner || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́loponer || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́poner
|-
|-
| Genitive || casy'''i''' || casy'''erô'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́loponɑt || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́ponɑt || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́loponɑt || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́ponɑt
|-
|-
| Accusative || casy'''ô''' || casy'''es'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopon || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́pon || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopon || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́pon
|}
|}


*Example: '''Ecwe''', ''horse''


{|  
{|-
!colspan=4|
|-
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#FFD482;"| <center>'''''Subjunctive'''''</center>
|-
| || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Imperfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Perfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Imperfective<br>past''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Perfective<br>past'''
|-
|-
!Case
| 1s || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopiñow || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́piñow || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopiñow || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́piñow
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || ecw'''e''' || ecw'''i'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopiñer || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́piñer || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopiñer || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́piñer
|-
|-
| Genitive || ecw'''i''' || ecw'''erô'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopiñɑt || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́piñɑt || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopiñɑt || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́piñɑt
|-
|-
| Accusative || ecw'''ô''' || ecw'''es'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopiñ || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́piñ || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopiñ || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́piñ
|}
 
====Neuter subgroup====
The endings for the neuter second declension are:
 
{|  
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| 1p || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopiñonow || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́piñonow || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopiñonow || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́piñonow
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || -'''ô''' || -'''a'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopiñoner || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́piñoner || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopiñoner || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́piñoner
|-
|-
| Genitive || -'''yi''' || -'''erô'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́loponɑt || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́ponɑt || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopiñonɑt || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́piñonɑt
|-
|-
| Accusative || -'''ô''' || -'''a'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopiñon || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́piñon || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopiñon || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́piñon
|}
|}


*Example: '''Pomô''', ''apple''


{|  
{|-
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#FFD482;"| <center>'''''Conditional'''''</center>
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || pom'''ô''' || pom'''a'''
| || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Imperfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Perfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Imperfective<br>past''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Perfective<br>past'''  
|-
|-
| Genitive || pom'''yi''' || pom'''erô'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopɑtsow || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́pɑtsow || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopɑtsow || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́pɑtsow
|-
| Accusative || pom'''ô''' || pom'''a'''
|}
 
If the root already ends with an '''-y-''', the -yi ending becomes simply '''-i-''':
 
*Example: '''Brachyô''', ''arm''
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| 2s || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopɑtser || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́pɑtser || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopɑtser || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́pɑtser
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || brachy'''ô''' || brachy'''a'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopɑtsɑt || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́pɑtsɑt || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopɑtsɑt || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́pɑtsɑt
|-
|-
| Genitive || brachy'''i''' || brachy'''erô'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopɑts || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́pɑts || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopɑts || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́pɑts
|-
|-
| Accusative || brachy'''ô''' || brachy'''a'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopɑtsonow || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́pɑtsonow || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopɑtsonow || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́pɑtsonow
|}
 
====-er subgroup====
The '''-er''' subgroup contains only masculine nouns whose nominative singular form ends with '''-er'''. They add the usual second declension endings in other cases, some nouns losing the '''-e''' (the ''mobile -e-''), while some other nouns preserve it:
 
{|  
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| 2p || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopɑtsoner || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́pɑtsoner || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopɑtsoner || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́pɑtsoner
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || - || -'''yi'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopɑtsonɑt || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́pɑtsonɑt || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopɑtsonɑt || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́pɑtsonɑt
|-
|-
| Genitive || -'''yi''' || -'''erô'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopɑtson || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́pɑtson || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopɑtson || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́pɑtson
|-
| Accusative || -'''ô''' || -'''es'''
|}
|}


*Example: '''Ager''', ''field''


{|  
{|-
!colspan=4| With mobile -e-
|-
|-
!Case
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#FFD482;"| <center>'''''Infinitive'''''</center>
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || ager || agr'''yi'''
| || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Imperfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Perfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Imperfective<br>past''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Perfective<br>past'''  
|-
|-
| Genitive || agr'''yi''' || agr'''erô'''
| ''Indicative'' || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopɑme || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́pɑme || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopɑme || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́pɑme
|-
|-
| Accusative || agr'''ô''' || agr'''es'''
| ''Subjunctive'' || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopiñɑme || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́piñɑme || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopiñɑme || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́piñɑme
|-
| ''Conditional'' || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopɑtsɑme || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́pɑtsɑme || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopɑtsɑme || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́pɑtsɑme
|}
|}


*Example: '''Pwer''', ''boy''


{|  
{|-
!colspan=4| Without mobile -e-
|-
|-
!Case
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#FFD482;"| <center>'''''Agentive participle'''''</center>
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || pwer || pwer'''yi'''
| || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Imperfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Perfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Imperfective<br>past''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Perfective<br>past'''  
|-
|-
| Genitive || pwer'''yi''' || pwer'''erô'''
| ''Indicative'' || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopī́to || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́pī́to || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopī́to || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́pī́to
|-
|-
| Accusative || pwer'''ô''' || pwer'''es'''
| ''Subjunctive'' || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopiñī́to || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́piñī́to || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopiñī́to || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́piñī́to
|-
| ''Conditional'' || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopɑtsī́to || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́pɑtsī́to || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopɑtsī́to || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́pɑtsī́to
|}
|}


====Labial subgroup====
Some nouns, whose root ends in '''-w-''', change this last consonant in '''-l-''' before the ''-yi'' endings (singular genitive and nominative masculine plural):


*Example: '''Mawô''', ''evil''
{|-
 
|-
{|
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#FFD482;"| <center>'''''Passive participle'''''</center>
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Imperfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Perfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Imperfective<br>past''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Perfective<br>past'''
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || maw'''ô''' || maw'''a'''
| ''Indicative'' || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopuki || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́puki || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopuki || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́puki
|-
|-
| Genitive || mal'''yi''' || maw'''erô'''
| ''Subjunctive'' || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopiñuki || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́piñuki || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopiñuki || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́piñuki
|-
|-
| Accusative || maw'''ô''' || maw'''a'''
| ''Conditional'' || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopɑtsuki || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lolī́pɑtsuki || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalī́lopɑtsuki || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔalolī́pɑtsuki
|}
|}


===Third declension===
===Iðâɣ===
The third declension is the most complex and large noun declension group. There are many subgroup, as many nouns has little differences, even if the declension pattern remains the same.
Verb '''lîβam''', ''to see''
 
{|-
The basic declension patterns for masculine/feminine and for neuter nouns are:
|-
 
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
{|  
!colspan=4| Masculine/Feminine
|-
|-
!Case
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || - || -'''s'''
| ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Imperfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past perfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future perfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future in past'''
|-
|-
| Genitive || -'''s''' || -'''ô'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβò || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβò || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tòrò êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áðòrò êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣò lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣò êβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣò lîβam
|-
|-
| Accusative || -'''ê''' || -'''es'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβəh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβəh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tôh êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áðôh êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kîh lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kîh êβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣîh lîβam
|}
 
{|  
!colspan=4| Neuter
|-
|-
!Case
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîp || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êp || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tòr êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áðòr êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kìɣ lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kìɣ êβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣìɣ lîβam
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || - || -'''a'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβonò || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβonò || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tòrô êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áðòrô êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣô lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣô êβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣô lîβam
|-
|-
| Genitive || -'''s''' || -'''ô'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβonəh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβonəh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tòrôh êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áðòrôh êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣôh lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣôh êβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣôh lîβam
|-
|-
| Accusative || - || -'''a'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβon || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβon || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tôr êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áðôr êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kîɣ lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kîɣ êβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣîɣ lîβam
|}
|}


If the root ends with a bilabial stop ({{IPA|[t]}} or {{IPA|[d]}}), these consonants merge with the ending ''-s'' in '''z''' ({{IPA|[ʦ]}} or {{IPA|[ʣ]}} respectively), in the genitive singular, and in the masculine and feminine nominative plural:


* Example: '''Ciwta''', ''city'', substantive of the nominative vowel subgroup.
{|-
 
|-
{|
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
!Case
|-
!Singular
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Passive'''</center>
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || ciwta || ciwta'''z'''
| ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Imperfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past perfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future perfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future in past'''
|-
|-
| Genitive || ciwta'''z''' || ciwtad'''ô'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣò lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣò lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣò êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣò êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣò kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣò kiɣam êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣò kiɣam êβuɣi
|-
|-
| Accusative || ciwtad'''ê''' || ciwtad'''es'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kîh lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣîh lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kîh êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣîh êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kîh kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kîh kiɣam êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣîh kiɣam êβuɣi
|}
 
If the last consonant of the noun root is '''-s-''', or there are two or more consonants, the singular genitive ending becomes '''-is''', while the plural nominative ending becomes '''-es''':
 
* Example: '''Pader''', ''father'', substantive with ''mobile -e-''.
 
{|  
!colspan=4|  
|-
|-
!Case
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kìɣ lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣìɣ lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kìɣ êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣìɣ êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kìɣ kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kìɣ kiɣam êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣìɣ kiɣam êβuɣi
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || pader || padr'''es'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣô lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣô lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣô êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣô êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣô kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣô kiɣam êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣô kiɣam êβuɣi
|-
|-
| Genitive || padr'''is''' || padr'''ô'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣôh lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣôh lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣôh êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣôh êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣôh kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣôh kiɣam êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣôh kiɣam êβuɣi
|-
|-
| Accusative || padr'''ê''' || padr'''es'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kîɣ lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣîɣ lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kîɣ êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣîɣ êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kîɣ kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kîɣ kiɣam êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣîɣ kiɣam êβuɣi
|}
|}


====First subgroup====
The first subgroup contains nouns whose singular nominative form coincides with their root. They simply add the regular endings.


* Example: '''Can''', ''dog''.
{|-
 
|-
{|
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Subjunctive'''</center>
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || can || can'''s'''
| ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Imperfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past perfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future perfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future in past'''
|-
|-
| Genitive || can'''s''' || can'''ô'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβinò || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβinò || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tìnò êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áðìnò êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinò lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinò êβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣinò lîβam
|-
|-
| Accusative || can'''ê''' || can'''es'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβinəh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβinəh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tìnəh êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áðìnəh êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kinîh lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kinîh êβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣinîh lîβam
|}
 
====Second subgroup (Vowel nominative form)====
The second subgroup contains nouns whose root is the plural genitive without the -ô ending. The nominative form usually ends with a vowel, as the root's last consonant was lost in this form.
 
* Example: '''Du''', ''leader''.
 
{|  
!colspan=4|  
|-
|-
!Case
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβin || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβin || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tìn êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áðìn êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kìɣin lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kìɣin êβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣìɣin lîβam
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || du || duc'''s'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβinonò || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβinonò || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tìnô êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áðìnô êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinô lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinô êβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣinô lîβam
|-
|-
| Genitive || duc'''s''' || duc'''ô'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβinonəh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβinonəh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tìnôh êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áðìnôh êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinôh lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinôh êβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣinôh lîβam
|-
|-
| Accusative || duc'''ê''' || duc'''es'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβinon || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβinon || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tîn êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áðîn êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kîɣin lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kîɣin êβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣîɣin lîβam
|}
|}


A small group of nouns lose two consonant in the nominative form, typically a consonant, preceded by '''w''':


* Example: '''No''', ''night''.
{|-
 
|-
{|
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Subjunctive'''</center>
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Passive'''</center>
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || no || now'''z'''
| ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Imperfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past perfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future perfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future in past'''
|-
|-
| Genitive || now'''z''' || nowt'''ô'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinò lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣinò lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinò êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣinò êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinò kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinò kiɣam êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣinò kiɣam êβuɣi
|-
|-
| Accusative || nowt'''ê''' || nowt'''es'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kinîh lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣinîh lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kinîh êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣinîh êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kinîh kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kinîh kiɣam êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣinîh kiɣam êβuɣi
|}
 
====Third subgroup (Nasal subgroup)====
The second subgroup contains nouns whose root is the plural genitive without the -ô ending. The nominative form usually ends with a nasal vowel, as the root's last consonant '''-n''' merged with the previous vowel in this form. The masculine and feminine nouns usually has -ô at the nominative form, while the neuter nouns usually has -ê.
 
* Example: '''Opyinyô''', ''opinion, thought''.
 
{|  
!colspan=4| Masculine/Feminine declension
|-
|-
!Case
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kìɣin lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣìɣin lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kìɣin êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣìɣin êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kìɣin kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kìɣin kiɣam êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣìɣin kiɣam êβuɣi
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || opyinyô || opyinyon'''s'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinô lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣinô lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinô êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣinô êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinô kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinô kiɣam êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣinô kiɣam êβuɣi
|-
|-
| Genitive || opyinyon'''s''' || opyinyon'''ô'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinôh lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣinôh lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinôh êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣinôh êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinôh kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinôh kiɣam êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣinôh kiɣam êβuɣi
|-
|-
| Accusative || opyinyon'''ê''' || opyinyon'''es'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kîɣin lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣîɣin lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kîɣin êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣîɣin êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kîɣin kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kîɣin kiɣam êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣîɣin kiɣam êβuɣi
|}
|}


* Example: '''Nomê''', ''noun, name''.


{|  
{|-
!colspan=4| Neuter declension
|-
|-
!Case
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Conditional'''</center>
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || nomê || nomin'''a'''
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
| Genitive || nomin'''s''' || nomin'''ô'''
| ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Imperfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past perfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future perfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future in past'''
|-
|-
| Accusative || nomê || nomin'''a'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβasò || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβasò || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tàsò êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áðàsò êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasò lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasò êβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣasò lîβam
|}
|-
 
| 2s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβasəh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβasəh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tàsəh êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áðàsəh êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kjâh lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kjâh êβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣjâh lîβam
====Fourth subgroup (Palatal subgroup)====
The fourth group contains nouns whose plural genitive form adds an '''-y-''' infix before the usual -ô endings. Neuter nouns in this subgroup add the -y- infix also within the plural nominative and accusative forms.
 
* Example: '''Awr''', ''ear''.
 
{|  
!colspan=4|  
|-
|-
!Case
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβas || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβas || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tàs êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áðàs êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kjàɣ lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kjàɣ êβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣjàɣ lîβam
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || awr || awr'''s'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβasonò || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβasonò || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tàsô êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áðàsô êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasô lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasô êβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣasô lîβam
|-
|-
| Genitive || awr'''s''' || awr'''yô'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβasonəh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβasonəh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tàsôh êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áðàsôh êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasôh lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasôh êβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣasôh lîβam
|-
|-
| Accusative || awr'''ê''' || awr'''es'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβason || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβason || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tâs êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áðâs êβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kjâɣ lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kjâɣ êβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣjâɣ lîβam
|}
|}


* Example: '''Mar''', ''sea''.


{|  
{|-
!colspan=4|  
|-
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Conditional'''</center>
|-
|-
!Case
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Passive'''</center>
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || mar || mar'''ya'''
| ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Imperfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past perfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future perfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future in past'''
|-
|-
| Genitive || mar'''s''' || mar'''yô'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasò lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣasò lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasò êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣasò êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasò kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasò kiɣam êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣasò kiɣam êβuɣi
|-
|-
| Accusative || mar || mar'''ya'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kjâh lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣjâh lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kjâh êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣjâh êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kjâh kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kjâh kiɣam êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣjâh kiɣam êβuɣi
|}
 
====Fifth subgroup (Labial subgroup)====
The fifth group contains nouns whose the root's last consonant '''-l-''' becomes an -w in the singular nominative form and in the singular accusative form for neuter nouns. The plural forms add the palatal infix -y- according to the rules of the palatal subgroup.
 
* Example: '''Pew''', ''skin''.
 
{|  
!colspan=4|  
|-
|-
!Case
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kjàɣ lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣjàɣ lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kjàɣ êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣjàɣ êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kjàɣ kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kjàɣ kiɣam êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣjàɣ kiɣam êβuɣi
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || pew || pel'''s'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasô lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣasô lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasô êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣasô êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasô kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasô kiɣam êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣasô kiɣam êβuɣi
|-
|-
| Genitive || pel'''s''' || pel'''yô'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasôh lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣasôh lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasôh êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣasôh êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasôh kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasôh kiɣam êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣiɣasôh kiɣam êβuɣi
|-
|-
| Accusative || pel'''ê''' || pel'''es'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kjâɣ lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣjâɣ lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kjâɣ êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣjâɣ êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kjâɣ kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kjâɣ kiɣam êβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣjâɣ kiɣam êβuɣi
|}
|}


* Example: '''Animaw''', ''animal''.


{|  
{|-
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Infinite'''</center>
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || animaw || animal'''ya'''
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
| Genitive || animal'''s''' || animal'''yô'''
| ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past'''  
|-
|-
| Accusative || animaw || animal'''ya'''
| '''Indicative''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβam
|-
| '''Subjunctive''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβinam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβinam
|-
| '''Conditional''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβasam || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβasam
|}
|}


====Sixth subgroup (Rhotic subgroup)====
The fifth group contains nouns whose the root's last consonant '''-r-''' becomes an -s in the singular nominative form and in the singular accusative form for neuter nouns. The plural forms add the palatal infix -y- according to the rules of the palatal subgroup.


* Example: '''Mus''', ''mouse''.
{|-
 
|-
{|  
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Infinite'''</center>
!colspan=4|  
|-
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Passive'''</center>
|-
|-
!Case
| ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past'''
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || mus || mur'''s'''
| '''Indicative''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣam êβuɣi
|-
|-
| Genitive || mur'''s''' || mur'''yô'''
| '''Subjunctive''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣinam êβuɣi
|-
|-
| Accusative || mur'''ê''' || mur'''es'''
| '''Conditional''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasam lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiɣasam êβuɣi
|}
|}


* Example: '''Os''', ''mouth''.


{|  
{|-
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Participles'''</center>
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || os || or'''ya'''
| ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past'''  
|-
|-
| Genitive || or'''s''' || or'''yô'''
| '''Active''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβíðə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβíðə
|-
|-
| Accusative || os || or'''ya'''
| '''Passive''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβuɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| êβuɣi
|}
|}


====Seventh subgroup (participial subgroup)====
===Læntixu===
The sixth subgroup contains nouns whose conjugation is the same as the past participles. The nominative singular final consonant -s is replaced in all other forms with a '''-t''', which merges with the ending ''-s'' in '''-z''', when required. The plural forms follow the palatal subgroup declension pattern.
Verb '''ʎiloɸæm‘''', ''to see''
 
{|-
* Example: '''Dês''', ''tooth''.
|-
 
| || colspan="8" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
{|  
|-
!colspan=4|  
| ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Continous present''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Continuous past''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past perfect''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future 1''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future 2''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Future Perfect'''
|-
|-
!Case
| 1s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸof || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| owf ʎiloɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| owf loʎiɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| iwf ʎiloɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| iwf loʎiɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| gjixof ʎiloɸiñæm‘ || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| jimof ʎiloɸiñæm‘ || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| emof ʎiloɸiñæm‘
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || dês|| dê'''z'''
| 2s-3s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸæh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ojh ʎiloɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ojh loʎiɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| joh ʎiloɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| joh loʎiɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| gjixæh ʎiloɸiñæm‘ || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| jimæh ʎiloɸiñæm‘|| style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| emæh ʎiloɸiñæm‘
|-
|-
| Genitive || dê'''z''' || dêt'''yô'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸonof || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| onof ʎiloɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| onof loʎiɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| inof ʎiloɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| inof loʎiɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| gjixonof ʎiloɸiñæm‘ || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| jimonof ʎiloɸiñæm‘ || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| emonof ʎiloɸiñæm‘
|-
|-
| Accusative || dêt'''ê''' || dêt'''es'''
| 2p-3p || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸonæh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| onæh ʎiloɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| onæh loʎiɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| inæh ʎiloɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| inæh loʎiɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| gjixonæh ʎiloɸiñæm‘ || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| jimonæh ʎiloɸiñæm‘ || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| emonæh ʎiloɸiñæm‘
|}
|}


* Example: '''Pôs''', ''bridge''.


{|  
{|-
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| || colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Subjunctive'''</center>
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || pôs|| pô'''z'''
| ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past perfect'''
|-
|-
| Genitive || pô'''z''' || pôt'''yô'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸiñof || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ojñof loʎiɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ijñof loʎiɸjiθu
|-
|-
| Accusative || pôt'''ê''' || pôt'''es'''
| 2s-3s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸiñæh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ojñæh loʎiɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ijñæh loʎiɸjiθu
|}
 
====Irregular subgroup====
There are a number of nouns, which have an irregular behavior, even if they follow the usual third declension pattern:
* ''nom.'' capo; ''gen.'' capiz; ''acc.'' capo; ''pl. nom.'' capita; ''pl. gen.'' capitô ''pl. acc.'' capita (''head'', neuter)
* ''nom.'' fwe; ''gen.'' fwors; ''acc.'' fworê; ''pl. nom.'' fwors; ''pl. gen.'' fworô; ''pl. acc.'' fwores (''flower'', feminine)
* ''nom.'' die; ''gen.'' diey; ''acc.'' diê; ''pl. nom.'' dies; ''pl. gen.'' dierô; ''pl. acc.'' dies (''day'', masculine)
 
===Fourth declension===
The fourth declension has masculine, feminine and neuter nouns. There are two subgroups the '''-e subgroup''' and the '''-o subgroup'''.
 
====-e subgroup====
The '''-e subgroup''' contains both masculine and feminine nouns. Most nouns are masculine (more than 95 %), but the few feminine nouns are very used. These are the endings.
 
{|  
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || -'''e''' || -'''os'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸiñonof || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ojñonof loʎiɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ijñonof loʎiɸjiθu
|-
|-
| Genitive || -'''os''' || -'''wô'''
| 2s-3s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸiñonæh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ojñonæh loʎiɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ijñonæh loʎiɸjiθu
|-
| Accusative || -'''ô''' || -'''es'''
|}
|}


*Example: '''Pase''', ''step'', masculine


{|  
{|-
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| || colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Conditional'''</center>
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || pas'''e''' || pas'''os'''
| ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Continuous present''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past'''
|-
|-
| Genitive || pas'''os''' || pas'''wô'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸæsof || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ojsof ʎiloɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ojsof loʎiɸjiθu
|-
|-
| Accusative || pas'''ô''' || pas'''es'''
| 2s-3s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸæsæh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ojsæh ʎiloɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ojsæh loʎiɸjiθu
|}
 
*Example: '''Dome''', ''house'', ''home'', feminine
 
{|  
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| 1s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸæsonof || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ojsonof ʎiloɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ojsonof loʎiɸjiθu
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || dom'''e''' || dom'''os'''
| 2s-3s || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸæsonæh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ojsonæh ʎiloɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ojsonæh loʎiɸjiθu
|-
| Genitive || dom'''os''' || dom'''wô'''
|-
| Accusative || dom'''ô''' || dom'''es'''
|}
|}


====-o subgroup====
The '''-o subgroup''' contains only neuter nouns. These are the endings.


{|  
{|-
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Infinite'''</center>
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || -'''o''' || -'''wa'''
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
| Genitive || -'''os''' || -'''wô'''
| ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past'''  
|-
|-
| Accusative || -'''o''' || -'''wa'''
| '''Indicative''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸæm‘ || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ojæm‘ loʎiɸjiθu
|-
| '''Subjunctive''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸiñæm‘ || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ojñæm‘ loʎiɸjiθu
|}
|}


*Example: '''Geno''', ''knee''


{|  
{|-
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| <center>'''Participles'''</center>
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || gen'''o''' || gen'''wa'''
| ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Past'''  
|-
|-
| Genitive || gen'''os''' || gen'''wô'''
| '''Active''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸjiθu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| loʎiɸjiθu
|-
|-
| Accusative || gen'''o''' || gen'''wa'''
| '''Passive''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸux‘ || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| loʎiɸux‘
|}
|}


===Loanwords===
===Ancient Figo===
Novelatine has assimilated a number of loanwords during its develop. Some loanwords entered the language a long time ago and they were absorbed and adapted to its morphological system, while other loanwords are younger and underwent different treatments.
Verb '''līločem''', ''to see''
 
{|-
As Novelatine is surrounded by the Italian language, most loanwords come from this language, but in the past also French loanwords entered its vocabulary, while in most modern times the loanwords come mostly from English.
 
Ancient loanwords were adapted to the language, and now they do not raise particular problems:
 
* '''môgyar''', ''to dinner'', from Italian '''mangiare''', ''to eat'', with a slight shift in meaning, from which Novelatine speakers derived '''môgya''', ''dinner'', which does not exist in Italian.
 
Most modern loanwords, however, usually enter the language unchanged, and this could be a problem if the desinence does not fit the usual declension patterns of Novelatine.
 
Some loanwords are still adapted to the declensions, especially if they are very used words:
 
* * Example: '''Computer''', ''computer'', masculine.
 
{|  
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| ||colspan="6" style="background-color:#83FF82;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || computer || computer'''s'''
| ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''Present''' ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''Past''' ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''Perfect''' ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''Plusquamperfect''' ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''Future''' ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''Future perfect'''
|-
|-
| Genitive || computer'''s''' || computer'''ô'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločow || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčow || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločagow || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčagow || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločiga imēhow || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčiga imēhow
|-
|-
| Accusative || computer'''ê''' || computer'''es'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločər || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčər || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločagər || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčagər || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločiga imēhər || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčiga imēhər
|}
 
Other loanwords are left unchanged in all cases, and they are labelled as ''indeclinable nouns'', while their role, number and gender are usually expressed by articles, adjectives and verbs.
 
* '''Software''', ''software'', masculine:
** '''Se software sties computers nove e''', ''the software of this computer is new''
** '''Se programater sies software''', ''the programmer of the software''
 
Loanwords from Italian language are particular, especially proper nouns: Feminine nouns, already ending with '''-a''', are declined without any problems, usually retaining the original pronunciation of the last consonant of the root.
 
* '''Monica''', → ''gen.'', '''Moniche'''
 
Masculine nouns, which in Italian usually end with '''-o''', are usually declined as a second declension noun, as the '''-o''' would replace the usual '''-e''' ending:
 
* '''Massimo''' → ''gen.'', '''Massimyi''', ''acc.'', '''Massimô'''
 
They usually retain the original pronunciation of the last consonant of the root. The masculine nouns in '''-a''' decline as a first declension noun:
 
* '''Andrea''' → ''gen.'', '''Andree''', ''acc.'', '''Andreô'''
 
Other nouns, ending with other vowels (as '''Daniele'''), or with a consonant (mostly foreign noun as '''Michael''' or '''Ivan''') are left unchanged, even if sometimes they are declined, especially when one native speaker is named with them. They are not declined when referring to foreign people.
 
==Articles, Adjectives and Pronouns==
===Articles===
Novelatine has a definite article, '''se'''. The western dialect has an indefinite article, the numeral '''une''', while the eastern dialect usually uses no indefinite article. The article ''une'' declines as a normal first class adjective.
 
====Definite article====
The definite article '''se''' has an irregular declension:
 
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| 3s || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločeš || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčeš || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločageš || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčageš || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločiga imēheš || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčiga imēheš
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || se || sa || sô || syi || se || sa
| 3s || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līloč || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīč || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločag || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčag || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločiga imēh || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčiga imēh
|-
|-
| Genitive || sies || sies || sies || syor || syar || syor
| 1d || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločohi || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčohi || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločagohi || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčagohi || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločiga imēhohi || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčiga imēhohi 
|-
|-
| Accusative || sô || sô || sô || ses || ses || sa
| 2d || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločəri || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčəri || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločagəri || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčagəri || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločiga imēhəri || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčiga imēhəri
|}
 
The nominative singular masculine and neuter forms usually lose their vowel before another vowel and get an apostrophe, while the nominative neuter singular and all accusative singular forms become '''son''' before another vowel:
 
* '''S'agricowa son agrô si cow''': ''the farmer cultivates his own field''
 
In the eastern dialect the nominative plural masculine form, '''syi''', gets shorter too:
 
* W: '''Syi agricowe ses agres si cow''' - E: '''Sy'agricowe ses agres si col''': ''the farmers cultivate their own fields''
 
In the eastern dialect, especially in most marginal area, all plural forms uses the '''sy-'' alternative root (pronounced {{IPA|[ʃ]}}-):
 
* W: '''Syi agricowe ses agres si cow''' - E: '''Sy'agricowe syes agres si col''': ''the farmers cultivate their own fields''
 
In the northern villages of the western valley, before another vowel the accusative forms and the neuter forms in the singular become '''som''' instead of ''son''
 
* W: '''S'agricowa som agrô si cow''': ''the farmer cultivates his own field''
 
The articles usually merge with the preposition '''ad''', because of the normal merging of the sounds [d] + [s] = [ʣ]. As the preposition '''ad''' can be followed by the accusative or the genitive case, these are the merged forms:
 
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| 3d || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločeši || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčeši || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločageši || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčageši || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločiga imēheši || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčiga imēheši
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| '''''ad''''' + Genitive || azies || azies || azies || azyor || azyar || azyor
| 3d || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līloči || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīči || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločagi || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčagi || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločiga imēhi || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčiga imēhi
|-
|-
| '''''ad''''' + Accusative || azô || azô || azô || azes || azes || aza
| 1p || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločohon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčohon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločagohon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčagohon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločiga imēhohon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčiga imēhohon
|}
 
===Adjectives===
Adjectives usually decline according to the gender and the number of the noun they qualify. They are usually placed after their nouns, but sometimes they are found before them.
 
Adjectives are divided in two class, according to their declension pattern:
 
====1st class====
The adjectives in this class decline like I and II declension nouns. They use the I declension endings for feminine nouns, and the II declension endings for masculine and neuter nouns:
 
* Example: '''Nove''', ''new''
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| 2p || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločəron || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčəron || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločagəron || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčagəron || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločiga imēhəron || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčiga imēhəron
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || nov'''e''' || nov'''a''' || nov'''ô''' || nov'''yi''' || nov'''e''' || nov'''a'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločešon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčešon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločagešon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčagešon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločiga imēhešon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčiga imēhešon
|-
|-
| Genitive || nov'''yi''' || nov'''e''' || nov'''yi''' || nov'''erô''' || nov'''arô''' || nov'''erô'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločagon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčagon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločiga imēhon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčiga imēhon
|-
|-
| Accusative || nov'''ô''' || nov'''ô''' || nov'''ô''' || nov'''es''' || nov'''es''' || nov'''a'''
|}
|}


They follow the same rules of the II declension, as there are adjectives with ''mobile e'' or with a palatal infix ''-y-''


* Example: '''Veter''', ''old'', adjective with ''mobile e''
{|-
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| ||colspan="4" style="background-color:#83FF82;"| <center>'''Subjunctive'''</center>
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || veter || vetr'''a''' || vetr'''ô''' || vetr'''yi''' || vetr'''e''' || vetr'''a'''
| ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''Present''' ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''Past''' ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''Perfect''' ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''Plusquamperfect'''
|-
|-
| Genitive || vetr'''yi''' || vetr'''e''' || vetr'''yi''' || vetr'''erô''' || vetr'''arô''' || vetr'''erô'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočow || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočow || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočagow || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočagow
|-
|-
| Accusative || vetr'''ô''' || vetr'''ô''' || vetr'''ô''' || vetr'''es''' || vetr'''es''' || vetr'''a'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočər || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočər || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočagər || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočagər
|}
 
* Example: '''Lyiber''', ''free'', adjective without ''mobile e''
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| 3s || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočeš || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočeš || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočageš || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočageš
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || lyiber || lyiber'''a''' || lyiber'''ô''' || lyiber'''yi''' || lyiber'''e''' || lyiber'''a'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločoč || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčoč || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočag || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočag
|-
|-
| Genitive || lyiber'''yi''' || lyiber'''e''' || lyiber'''yi''' || lyiber'''erô''' || lyiber'''arô''' || lyiber'''erô'''
| 1d || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočohi || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočohi || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočagohi || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočagohi
|-
| Accusative || lyiber'''ô''' || lyiber'''ô''' || lyiber'''ô''' || lyiber'''es''' || lyiber'''es''' || lyiber'''a'''
|}
 
 
====2nd class====
The adjectives in this class decline like III declension nouns. They use the normal III declension endings for masculine, feminine and neuter nouns, with the same root. They can belong to anyone of all III declension subgroup, except the first one.
 
* Example: '''Brev''', ''short'', ''brief'', adjective belonging to the ''palatal subgroup''.
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| 2d || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočəri || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočəri || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočagəri || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočagəri
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || brev || brev || brev || brev'''s''' || brev'''s''' || brev'''ya'''
| 3d || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočeši || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočeši || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočageši || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočageši
|-
|-
| Genitive || brev'''s''' || brev'''s''' || brev'''s''' || brev'''yô''' || brev'''yô''' || brev'''yô'''
| 3d || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločoči || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčoči || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočagi || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočagi
|-
|-
| Accusative || brev'''ê''' || brev'''ê''' || brev || brev'''es''' || brev'''es''' || brev'''ya'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočohon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočohon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočagohon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočagohon
|}
 
* Example: '''Ceweber''', ''famous'', adjective belonging to the ''palatal subgroup'' with ''mobile e''.
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| 2p || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočəron || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočəron || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočagəron || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočagəron
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || ceweber  || ceweber || ceweber || cewebre'''s''' || cewebre'''s''' || cewebr'''ya'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočešon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočešon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočagešon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočagešon
|-
|-
| Genitive || cewebri'''s''' || cewebri'''s''' || cewebri'''s''' || cewebr'''yô''' || cewebr'''yô''' || cewebr'''yô'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočagon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočagon
|-
|-
| Accusative || cewebr'''ê''' || cewebr'''ê''' || ceweber || cewebr'''es''' || cewebr'''es''' || cewebr'''ya'''
|}
|}


* Example: '''Awda''', ''brave'', ''bold'', ''audacious'', adjective belonging to the ''vowel nominative subgroup'' (for this group the plural forms are the same ones of the palatal subgroup).
 
{|  
{|-
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| ||colspan="4" style="background-color:#83FF82;"| <center>'''Potential'''</center>
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || awda || awda || awda || awdac'''s''' || awdac'''s''' || awdac'''ya'''
| ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''Present''' ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''Past''' ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''Perfect''' ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''Plusquamperfect'''
|-
|-
| Genitive || awdac'''s''' || awdac'''s''' || awdac'''s''' || awdac'''yô''' || awdac'''yô''' || awdac'''yô'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločečow || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčečow || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočagow || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočagow
|-
|-
| Accusative || awdac'''ê''' || awdac'''ê''' || awda || awdac'''es''' || awdac'''es''' || awdac'''ya'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločečər || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčečər || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločečagər || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčečagər
|}
 
* Example: '''Agiw''', ''nimble'', ''agile'', adjective belonging to the ''labial subgroup''.
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| 3s || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločečeš || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčečeš || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločečageš || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčečageš
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || agiw || agiw || agiw || agil'''s''' || agil'''s''' || agil'''ya'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločeč || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčeč || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločečag || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčečag
|-
|-
| Genitive || agil'''s''' || agil'''s''' || agil'''s''' || agil'''yô''' || agil'''yô''' || agil'''yô'''
| 1d || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločečohi || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčečohi || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločečagohi || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčečagohi
|-
|-
| Accusative || agil'''ê''' || agil'''ê''' || agiw || agil'''es''' || agil'''es''' || agil'''ya'''
| 2d || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočəri || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočəri || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočagəri || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočagəri
|}
 
====Comparison====
There are two ways for creating the various degree of comparison. One is directly retained from the ancient Latin, while the other one is a more recent creation.
 
The first form of comparison is built by adding some endings to the adjective's root:
 
 
* '''Nove''', ''new'', 1st class
 
{|
!colspan=7|Declension of the comparative form
|-
|-
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
| 3d || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločečeši || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčečeši || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločečageši || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčečageši
|-
|-
!Case
| 3d || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločeči || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčeči || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločočagi || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčočagi
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || nov'''yer''' || nov'''yer''' || nov'''ye'''|| nov'''yers''' || nov'''yers''' || nov'''yera'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločečohon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčečohon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločečagohon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčečagohon
|-
|-
| Genitive || nov'''yers''' || nov'''yers''' || nov'''yers''' || nov'''yerô''' || nov'''yerô''' || nov'''yerô'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločečəron || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčečəron || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločečagəron || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčečagəron
|-
|-
| Accusative || nov'''yerê''' || nov'''yerê''' || nov'''ye''' || nov'''yeres''' || nov'''yeres''' || nov'''yeres'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločečešon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčečešon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločečagešon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčečagešon
|}
 
* '''Nove''', ''new'' 1st class
 
{|  
!colspan=7|Declension of the superlative form
|-  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| 3p || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločečon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčečon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločečagon || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčečagon
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || nov'''isime''' || nov'''isima''' || nov'''isimô''' || nov'''isimyi''' || nov'''isime''' || nov'''isima'''
|-
| Genitive || nov'''isimyi''' || nov'''isime''' || nov'''isimyi''' || nov'''isimerô''' || nov'''isimarô''' || nov'''isimerô'''
|-
| Accusative || nov'''isimô''' || nov'''isimô''' || nov'''isimô''' || nov'''isimes''' || nov'''isimes''' || nov'''isima'''
|}
|}


* '''Brev''', ''short'', 2st class


{|  
{|-
!colspan=7|Declension of the comparative form
|-
|-
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
| ||colspan="4" style="background-color:#83FF82;"| <center>'''Indefinite'''</center>
|-
|-
!Case
| ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''Present''' ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''Past'''
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || brev'''yer''' || brev'''yer''' || brev'''ye'''|| brev'''yers''' || brev'''yers''' || brev'''yera'''
| Primary<br>Infinite || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločem || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčem
|-
|-
| Genitive || brev'''yers''' || brev'''yers''' || brev'''yers''' || brev'''yerô''' || brev'''yerô''' || brev'''yerô'''
| Secondary<br>Infinite || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločiga || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčiga
|-
|-
| Accusative || brev'''yerê''' || brev'''yerê''' || brev'''ye''' || brev'''yeres''' || brev'''yeres''' || brev'''yeres'''
| Agentive<br>Participle|| style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločīdu || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčīdu
|-
| Passive<br>Participle || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločugi || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| alolīčugi
|}
|}


* '''Brev''', ''short'' 2st class
===Modern Figo===
Verb '''řirušjid''', ''to see''


{|
{|-
!colspan=7|Declension of the superlative form
|-  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Participles'''</center>
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || brev'''isime''' || brev'''isima''' || brev'''isimô''' || brev'''isimyi''' || brev'''isime''' || nov'''isima'''  
| || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Active''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Passive''</center>
|-
|-
| Genitive || brev'''isimyi''' || brev'''isime''' || brev'''isimyi''' || brev'''isimerô''' || brev'''isimarô''' || brev'''isimerô'''
| Present || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug
|-
| Past || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug
|-
|-
| Accusative || brev'''isimô''' || brev'''isimô''' || brev'''isimô''' || brev'''isimes''' || brev'''isimes''' || brev'''isima'''
|}
|}




The second form of comparison is built by using the adverb '''mags''' with the normal grade of the adjective. The comparative form is formed by placing '''mags''' before the normal declined adjective, while the superlative form is formed with the ''definite article'' + '''mags''' before the declined adjective.
* '''bone''' → '''''mags''' bone'' → '''''se mags''' bone''
The second forms are usually used with adjectives with more than three syllables, or with loanwords. This use is, however, not fixed yet. Especially in the Western dialect the use of '''mags''' is spreading also with shorter adjectives, while in the Eastern dialect also some longer adjectives use the first forms. In some remote villages of the Western dialect ''mags'' is replaced with '''pwe''' (from the Latin PLUS).


The comparison endings are usually added to the real root of the adjective, restoring an actually lost consonant:
{|-
 
* '''agiw''' → agilyer, agilisime
* '''awda''' → awdacyer, awdacisime
 
In the case of adjectives, whose nominative masculine singular form ends in '''-er''' with a ''mobile e'', the superlative ending become '''-ime''' and is added directly to the ''-er'' ending without losing the ''-e-'':
 
* '''veter''' → vetryer, veter'''ime'''
* '''ceweber''' → cewebryer, ceweber'''ime'''
 
Some adjectives have irregular forms for the comparative and superlative grade:
 
{|
!Positive
!Comparative
!Superlative
!English
|-
|-
|Bone
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
|melyer
|owtime
|''good''
|-
|-
|Grôd
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Present'''</center>
|mayer
|masime
|''big, great''
|-
|-
|Mawe
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Active''</center> || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Passive''</center>
|peyer
|pesime
|''bad, evil''
|-
|-
|Parve
| || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center>
|minyer
|minime
|''little, small''
|}
 
====Demonstrative adjectives====
There are two demonstrative adjectives: '''isvi''' which means ''that'', and '''ste''' which means ''this''; both they have an irregular conjugation:
 
* '''Isvi''', ''that''
 
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| 1s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wẽv || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wĩvs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug wẽv || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug wĩvs
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || isvi || avi || ivi || yivi || evi || avi
| 2s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wẽr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wĩrs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug wẽr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug wĩrs
|-
|-
| Genitive || iesvi || iesvi || iesvi || orôvi || arôvi || orôvi
| 3s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wẽh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wĩs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug wẽh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug wĩs
|-
|-
| Accusative || ôvi || ôvi || ivi || esvi || asvi || avi
| 1p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wẽnõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wĩns || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ wẽnõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ wĩns
|}
 
* '''Ste''', ''this''
 
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| 2p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wẽrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wĩrõs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ wẽrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ wĩrõs
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || ste || sta || sto || styi || ste || sta
| 3p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wẽžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wĩžõs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ wẽžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ wĩžõs
|-
|-
| Genitive || sties || sties || sties || storô || starô || storô
|-
| Accusative || stô || stô || sto || stes || stes || sta
|}
|}


===Pronouns===


====Personal pronouns====
{|-
The personal pronouns in Novelatine have an irregular declension. Some of them have an alternative root in some cases. In the third persons the pronouns are divided for gender, in singular (as in English) and in plural number.
|-
 
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
The most important feature, is the retention of the dative forms, for all personal pronouns:
 
{|  
!Person
!English
!Nominative
!Genitive
!Dative
!Accusative
|-
|-
|1st sing. || ''I'' || '''eo''' || mey || mi || me
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Past'''</center>
|-
|-
|2nd sing. || ''you'' (sing.) || '''tu''' || tuy || ti || te
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Active''</center> || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Passive''</center>
|-
|-
|3rd sing. f. || ''he'' || '''le''' || lies || luy || lô
| || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center>
|-
|-
|3rd sing. m. || ''she'' || '''la''' || lies || luy || lô
| 1s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid jẽv || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid jĩvs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug jẽv || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug jĩvs
|-
|-
|3rd sing. n. || ''it'' || '''lo''' || lies || luy || lo
| 2s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid jẽr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid jĩrs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug jẽr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug jĩrs
|-
|-
|1st plur. || ''we'' || '''nos''' || nestri || nob || nos
| 3s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid jẽh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid jĩs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug jẽh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug jĩs
|-
|-
|2nd plur. || ''you'' (plur.) || '''vos''' || vestri || vob || vos
| 1p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ jẽnõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ jĩns || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ jẽnõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ jĩns
|-
|-
|3rd plur. m. || ''they'' (m.) || '''lyi''' || lyor || lyis || les
| 2p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ jẽrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ jĩrõs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ jẽrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ jĩrõs
|-
|-
|3rd plur. f. || ''they'' (f.) || '''le''' || lyar || lyis || les
| 3p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ jẽžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ jĩžõs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ jẽžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ jĩžõs
|-
|-
|3rd plur. n. || ''they'' (n.) || '''la''' || lyor || lyis || la
|}
|}


The singular accusative masculine and feminine 3rd person form ''lô'' becomes '''lon''' before a vowel:
* '''Tu lon ams?''': ''Do you love him/her?''
In the northern villages of the western valley, this form becomes '''lom''' before a vowel:
* '''Tu lom ams?''': ''Do you love him/her?''
Accusative and dative pronominal forms usually become '''clitics''' when they are found after imperative forms, which end with a vowel:
* '''Da<span style="color:orange">mi</span> ses cwaves sies awtomobils''': ''Give me the keys of the car!''
* '''Spewta<span style="color:blue">lo</span>!''': ''Look at it!'' (to one person)
* '''Spewtad <span style="color:blue">lo</span>''': ''Look at it!'' (to two or more people)
If there are two pronominal forms, a dative and an accusative form, they cliticize together, following the ordinary ''dative-accusative'' order, only if the forms end in a vowel:
* '''Da<span style="color:orange">mi</span><span style="color:blue">lo</span>''': ''Give it to me''
* '''Da<span style="color:orange">nob</span> <span style="color:blue">lo</span>''': ''Give it to us''
With most prepositions, which usually require the genitive case, dative forms of personal pronouns are used. The only exception is the preposition '''cô''', which has exceptional forms for the first and the second persons:
* eo: '''mecô''' (''with me'')
* tu: '''tecô''' (''with you'' sing.)
* nos: '''nobiscô''' (''with us'')
* vos: '''vobiscô''' (''with you'' plur.)
The personal pronouns have also replaced the possessive adjectives and pronouns:


The possession is expressed by the dative personal pronouns, placed after the possessed noun:
{|-
 
* '''Eo son amicô ti vidye''': ''I see your friend''
 
The dative forms do not agree with the possessed noun, only with the gender and the number of the possessor(s).
 
* '''Eo son amicô lyis vidye''': ''I see their friend''
* '''Eo ses amices ti vidye''': ''I see your friends''
 
The genitive forms are used instead of the possessive pronouns, or when the adjectives would be used as object in the sentence.
 
* '''Ste can mey e''': ''This dog is mine''
* '''Styi cans mey sôt''': ''These dogs are mine''
 
====Relative pronoun====
The relative pronoun '''cwi''' has an irregular declension:
 
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || cwi || cwe || cwo || cwi|| cwe || cwe
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Imperfect'''</center>
|-
|-
| Genitive || chies || chies || chies || cwor || cwar || cwor
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Active''</center> || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Passive''</center>
|-
|-
| Accusative || cwê || cwô || cwo || cwes || cwes || cwe
| || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center>
|}
 
====Indefinite pronouns====
 
* '''Alcwi''': it may mean ''someone, somebody, something'' or ''anyone, anybody, anything''. It declines like ''cwi'':
 
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| 1s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid wẽv || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid wĩvs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug wẽv || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug wĩvs
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || alcwi || alcwe || alcwo || alcwi|| alcwe || alcwe
| 2s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid wẽr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid wĩrs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug wẽr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug wĩrs
|-
|-
| Genitive || alchies || alchies || alchies || alcwor || alcwar || alcwor
| 3s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid wẽh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid wĩs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug wẽh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug wĩs
|-
|-
| Accusative || alcwê || alcwô || alcwo || alcwes || alcwes || alcwe
| 1p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ wẽnõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ wĩns || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ wẽnõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ wĩns
|}
 
* '''Nemê''': it may mean ''no one, nobody'', only with humans or other animated beings. It has an irregular declension, only in the singular:
 
{|  
!Case
!Forms
|-
|-
| Nominative || nemê
| 2p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ wẽrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ wĩrõs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ wẽrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ wĩrõs
|-
|-
| Genitive || nemins
| 3p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ wẽžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ wĩžõs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ wẽžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ wĩžõs
|-
|-
| Accusative || neminê
|}
|}


* '''Niw''': it means ''nothing'', with things or action or statuses. It has an irregular declension, only in the singular:


{|  
{|-
!Case
!Forms
|-
|-
| Nominative || niw
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
|-
|-
| Genitive || nulriy
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Past perfect'''</center>
|-
|-
| Accusative || niw
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Active''</center> || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Passive''</center>
|}
 
* '''Omcwi''': it may mean ''everyone, everybody, everything''. It declines like ''cwi'':
 
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center>
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || omcwi || omcwe || omcwo || omcwi|| omcwe || omcwe
| 1s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid jẽv || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid jĩvs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug jẽv || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug jĩvs
|-
|-
| Genitive || omchies || omchies || omchies || omcwor || omcwar || omcwor
| 2s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid jẽr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid jĩrs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug jẽr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug jĩrs
|-
|-
| Accusative || omcwê || omcwô || omcwo || omcwes || omcwes || omcwe
| 3s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid jẽh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid jĩs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug jẽh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug jĩs
|}
 
===Numbers===
These are the Novelatine numbers, with their cardinal and ordinal forms:
 
{|  
!Number
!Cardinal
!Ordinal
|-
|-
| 1 || une || pryime
| 1p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ jẽnõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ jĩns || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ jẽnõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ jĩns
|-
|-
| 2 || due || secunde
| 2p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ jẽrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ jĩrõs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ jẽrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ jĩrõs
|-
|-
| 3 || W: tre / E: ter || terce
| 3p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ jẽžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ jĩžõs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ jẽžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ jĩžõs
|-
|-
| 4 || W: cwatre / E: cwater || cwarte
|}
 
 
{|-
|-
|-
| 5 || cwêc || cwête
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
|-
|-
| 6 || W: sey / E: ses || seste
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Future'''</center>
|-
|-
| 7 || sewtê || sewtime
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Active''</center> || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Passive''</center>
|-
|-
| 8 || owto || owtave
| || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center>
|-
|-
| 9 || novê || none
| 1s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid mjov || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid mjuvs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug mjov || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug mjuvs
|-
|-
| 10 || decê || decime
| 2s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid mjer || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid mjirs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug mjer || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug mjirs
|-
|-
| 11 || ôdecê || ôdecime
| 3s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid mješ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid mjiš || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug mješ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug mjiš
|-
|-
| 12 || dwodecê || dwodecime
| 1p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ mjõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ mjũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ mjõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ mjũs
|-
|-
| 13 || tredecê || tredecime
| 2p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ mjerõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ mjirũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ mjerõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ mjirũs
|-
|-
| 14 || cwaterdecê || cwaterdecime
| 3p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ mježõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ mjižũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ mježõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ mjižũs
|-
|-
| 15 || cwêdecê || cwêdecime
|}
 
 
{|-
|-
|-
| 16 || W: seydecê / E: sesdecê || W: seydecime / E: sesdecime
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
|-
|-
| 17 || sewtêdecê || sewtêdecime
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Anterior future'''</center>
|-
|-
| 18 || dwedevyinti || dwedevyigesime
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Active''</center> || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Passive''</center>
|-
|-
| 19 || ôdevyinti || ôdevyigesime
| || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center>
|-
|-
| 20 || vyinti || vyigesime
| 1s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid imjov || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid imjuvs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug imjov || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug imjuvs
|-
|-
| 21 || vyinti une || vyigesime prime
| 2s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid imir || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid imirs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug imir || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug imirs
|-
|-
| 22 || vyinti due || vyigesime secunde
| 3s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid imeš || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid imiš || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug imeš || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug imiš
|-
|-
| 30 || tryinta || tryintesime
| 1p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ imjõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ imjũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ imjõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ imjũs
|-  
| 40 || cwadryinta || cwadryintesime
|-
|-
| 50 || cwêcyinta || cwêcyintesime
| 2p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ imirõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ imirũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ imirõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ imirũs
|-
|-
| 60 || sesyinta || sesyintesime
| 3p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ imižõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ imižũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ imižõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ imižũs
|-
|-
| 70 || sewtyinta || sewtyintesime
|}
|-
 
| 80 || owtyinta || owtyintesime
 
|-
{|-
| 90 || novyinta || novyintesime
|-
|-
| 100 || cêtô || cêtesime
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
|-
|-
| 200 || dwecêtyi || dwecêtesime
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Future in the past'''</center>
|-
|-
| 300 || trecêtyi || trecêtesime
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Active''</center> || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Passive''</center>
|-
|-
| 400 || cwadregêtyi || cwadregêtesime
| || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center>
|-
|-
| 500 || cwêgêtyi || cwêgêtesime
| 1s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid imjov || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid imjuvs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug imjov || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug imjuvs
|-
|-
| 600 || sescêtyi || sescêtesime
| 2s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid imir || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid imirs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug imir || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug imirs
|-
|-
| 700 || sewtêgêtyi || sewtêgêtesime
| 3s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid imeš || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid imiš || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug imeš || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug imiš
|-
|-
| 800 || owtêgêtyi || owtêgêtesime
| 1p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ imjõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ imjũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ imjõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ imjũs
|-
|-
| 900 || nôgêtyi || nôgêtesime
| 2p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ imirõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ imirũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ imirõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ imirũs
|-  
| 1000 || mil || milesime
|-
|-
| 2000 || due milya || due milesime
| 3p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ imižõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ imižũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ imižõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ imižũs
|-
|-
| 1.000.000 || milyô || milyonesime
|-
| 1.000.000.000 || milyarde || milyardesime
|}
|}


===Declension===
Most numbers are indeclinable, while only a few agree with their nouns.


* '''Une''' declines like a 1st class adjectives: ''une'', ''una'', ''unô'', etc. It has no plural forms.
{|-
* '''Due''' has its own declension: m/f/n nominative: '''due'''; m/n genitive: '''dwor''', f genitive: '''dwar'''; m/f/n accusative: '''dues'''
|-
* The multiples of ''cêtô'', like '''dwecêtyi''', '''trecêtyi''', etc., decline like 1st class plural adjectives, even if there are other indeclinable numbers after them: '''sescêta vyinti cwêc poma''': ''625'' apples; '''le dwecêtes dues roses imyit''': ''he bought 202 roses''
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Subjunctive'''</center>
* '''Milya''' is the actual plural of '''mil''', but it is indeclinable.
* '''Milyô''' and '''milyarde''' are nouns (respectively of III and II declension). They decline according to their rule in the sentence and their nouns are in genitive cases: '''Due milyons ominô''': ''two million people''; '''unô milyonê bawteryerô côtê''', ''it contains one million bacteria''
 
==Verbs==
Novelatine has a strictly conservative and quite difficult verbal morphology. The complex verbal system of ancient Latin is retained, also with the passive synthetic forms. Nevertheless an analitic new future tense was developed, together with two conditional tenses. An isolated resultative form was also developed.
 
When verbs are listed, more forms are presented. As exemple, we list the verb '''amar''', ''to love'':
 
* '''Amar''': infinitive form
* ''ame'': first singular person of the indicative present tense
* ''amay'': first singular person of the indicative perfect tense
* ''amate'': past participle, masculine nominative singular form
 
The first singular person of the indicative present tense shows the present root, by dropping the -'''e''', -'''er''' or -'''o''' ending:
* ame → am-e → '''am-''' (present root)
 
The first singular person of the indicative perfect tense shows the perfect root, by dropping the -'''ay''', -'''yi''' or -'''iyi''' ending:
* amay → am-ay → '''am-''' (perfect root)
This is necessary, as almost all irregular verbs have a different perfect root:
* legsyi → legs-yi → '''legs-''' (perfect root) / '''leg-''' (present root)
 
The Novelatine verbs have six moods:
*'''Infinitive''', which has ''2 tenses'': present, past
*'''Indicative''', which has ''5 tenses'': present, imperfect, perfect, plusquamperfect and future
*'''Subjunctive''', which has ''5 tenses'': present, imperfect, perfect, plusquamperfect and future
*'''Conditional''', which has ''2 tenses'': present, past
*'''Resultative''', which has ''1 tense'': past
*'''Imperative''', which has ''1 tense'': present
 
and four adjectival forms:
*'''Present participle'''
*'''Past participle'''
*'''Future participle'''
*'''Gerundive'''
 
===Conjugations===
Novelatine verbs are divided in four conjugations:
 
{|
!Conjugation
!Ending
|-
|-
| I || -'''ar'''  
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Present'''</center>
|-
|-
| II || -'''er''' (palatal)
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Active''</center> || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Passive''</center>
|-
|-
| III || -'''er''' (non palatal)
| || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center>
|-
|-
| IV || -'''yir'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wũšev || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wũšĩvs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug wũšev || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug wũšĩvs
|}
 
The second conjugation uses the same endings of the third conjugation, plus a palatal infix -'''y''', in many forms. For clarity's sake, we don't consider this verbal class as a subgroup of the third conjugation, but as an independent conjugation class, according to the tradition of Latin four conjugations' pattern.
 
===Indicative===
====Present tense (têpe praysês)====
The '''present tense''' is formed by adding some endings to the '''present root''' of the chosen verb.
 
These are the endings:
 
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''e''' || mon'''ye''' || leg'''e''' || fin'''ye'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wũšr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wũšris || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug wũšr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug wũšris
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''s''' || mon'''s''' || leg'''s''' || fin'''s'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wũš || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wũšis || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug wũš || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug wũšis
|-
|-
| III sing. || am || mon || leg || fin
| 1p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wũšõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wũšũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ wũšõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ wũšũs
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''em''' || mon'''yim''' || leg'''im''' || fin'''yim'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wũšrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wũšrũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ wũšrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ wũšrũs
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''ez''' || mon'''yiz''' || leg'''iz''' || fin'''yiz'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wũžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wũžũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ wũžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ wũžũs
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''êt''' || mon'''yêt''' || leg'''ôt''' || fin'''yôt'''
|}
|}


In the singular second person forms, if the root ends with a bilabial stop ([t] or [d]), these consonants merge with the endings in '''z''' ([ʦ] or [ʣ] respectively):
* '''Spewtar''', ''to watch'', ''to look at'' → '''spewz''' {{IPA|[spɛwʦ]}}, ''you are watching''
* '''Eseder''', ''to eat'' → '''esez''' {{IPA|[ezeʣ]}}, ''you are eating''
However if the root ends with two consonants (except for -''yC''-, -''wC''- and -''rC''- and -''lC'', with '''C''' that is not ''y''), the endings become I: -'''es''', II: -'''yis''', III: -'''is''', IV: -'''yis'''
If the verbal root ends with -'''Vw'''-, the -''w''- becomes -'''l'''-:
* '''Êcowar''', ''to inhabit'', ''to live in'' → '''êcols''', ''you inhabit'', ''you live in''
The third singular person usually adds a '''Ø-ending''' or '''zero ending''', or it can be said it adds no ending. If the verbal root ends in more than a consonant, this could trigger some changes in the verbal root:
* if the verbal root ends with -'''Cr''', where ''C'' is a ''stop'' ([p], [b], [k], [g]), the -''r''- is retained:
: ''cewebrar'': cewebre, cewebres, cewebr, cewebrem...
* if the verbal root ends with -'''Cw'''- or '''Cy''', the -''w''- or -''y''- are dropped:
: ''locwer'': locwe, locwis, loc, locwim...
: ''côsilyar'': côsilye, côsilyes, côsil, côsilyem...
: ''punyar'': punye, punyes, pun, punyem
(Note that in this example -''y''- is retained for the second singular person, as it is part of the root, instead of part of the ending)
In the Estern dialect, since the groups -'''ly'''-, -'''ny'''- and -'''sy'''- are read as the single consonants [ʎ], [ɲ] and [ʃ] respectively, in the third singular person ''l'', ''n'' and ''s'' are still read as [ʎ], [ɲ] and [ʃ], even if the -''y''- is dropped:
* côsilyes: W {{IPA|[kõˈsiljes]}} / E {{IPA|[kõˈsiʎes]}},  côsil: W {{IPA|[kõˈsil]}} / E {{IPA|[kõˈsiʎ]}}
* punyes: W {{IPA|[ˈpunjes]}} / E {{IPA|[puɲes]}},  pun: W {{IPA|[ˈpun]}} / E {{IPA|[ˈpuɲ]}}


====Imperfect tense (têpe êperfewtô)====
{|-
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''avô''' || mon'''yivô''' || leg'''yivô''' || fin'''yivô'''
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Subjunctive'''</center>
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''avs''' || mon'''yivs''' || leg'''yivs''' || fin'''yivs'''
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Past'''</center>
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''av''' || mon'''yiv''' || leg'''yiv''' || fin'''yiv'''
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Active''</center> || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Passive''</center>
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''avem''' || mon'''yivem''' || leg'''yivem''' || fin'''yivem'''
| || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center>
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''avez''' || mon'''yivez''' || leg'''yivez''' || fin'''yivez'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid jũšev || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid jũšĩvs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug jũšev || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug jũšĩvs
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''avêt''' || mon'''yivêt''' || leg'''yivêt''' || fin'''yivêt'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid jũšr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid jũšris || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug jũšr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug jũšris
|}
 
In the third conjugation if the verb root ends in -'''Cw''', the endings lose the -''y''-:
 
* '''Locwer''', ''to speak'' → locwivô,  locwivs, locwiv..
 
If the verbal root ends in -'''Vw'''-, the -''w''- becomes -'''l'''-:
 
* '''Cower''', ''to cultivate'' → colyivô, colyivs, colyiv..
 
====Perfect tense (têpe perfewtô)====
The '''perfect tense''' is formed by adding some endings to the '''perfect root''' of the chosen verb. The perfect root usually coincide with the present root, as we can see in the case of most verbs of the first conjugation, but in the other conjugations, especially with irregular verbs, the root is not the same.
 
These are the usual endings:
 
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''ay''' || mon'''yi''' || legs'''yi''' || fin'''iyi'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid jũš || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid jũšis || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug jũš || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug jũšis
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''ayst''' || mon'''yust''' || legs'''yist''' || fin'''iyist'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ jũšõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ jũšũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ jũšõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ jũšũs
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''aw''' || mon'''yut''' || legs'''yit''' || fin'''iyit'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ jũšrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ jũšrũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ jũšrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ jũšrũs
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''aym''' || mon'''yum''' || legs'''yim''' || fin'''iyim'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ jũžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ jũžũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ jũžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ jũžũs
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''ayz''' || mon'''yuz''' || legs'''yiz''' || fin'''iyiz'''
|-
| III plur. || am'''ayerôt''' || mon'''yerôt''' || legs'''yerôt''' || fin'''iyerôt'''
|}
|}


When a verbs belongs to a certain conjugation, it will usually add the conjugation's typical endings. However,  some irregular verbs of the first, the second and the fourth conjugation, add the third declension's endings to their irregular perfect root.


* '''Dar''', ''Ir'' → dedyi, dedyist, dedyit, dedyim, dedyiz, dedyerôt
{|-
* '''Ryider''', ''IIr'' → ryisyi, ryisyist, ryisyit, ryisyim, ryisyiz, ryisyerôt
* '''Capyir''', ''IVr'' → cepyi, cepyist, cepyit, cepyim, cepyiz, cepyerôt
 
They will be marked with Ir, IIr and IIIr in the Lexycon section.
 
====Plusquamperfect tense (têpe pwuscwôperfewtô)====
The following endings have to be added to the '''perfect root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || am'''ayerô''' || mon'''yerô''' || legs'''yerô''' || fin'''iyerô'''
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''ayers''' || mon'''yers''' || legs'''yers''' || fin'''iyers'''
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Subjunctive'''</center>
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''ayer''' || mon'''yer''' || legs'''yer''' || fin'''iyer'''
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Imperfect'''</center>
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''ayerem''' || mon'''yerem''' || legs'''yerem''' || fin'''iyerem'''
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Active''</center> || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Passive''</center>
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''ayerez''' || mon'''yerez''' || legs'''yerez''' || fin'''iyerez'''
| || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center>
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''ayerêt''' || mon'''yerêt''' || legs'''yerêt''' || fin'''iyerêt'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid wũšev || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid wũšĩvs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug wũšev || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug wũšĩvs
|}
 
====Future tense (têpe futurô)====
The synthetic future tense of ancient Latin has entirely disappeared, and it was replaced by a new analytic future form.
 
It is formed with the present forms of the verb '''aber''' and the infinite form of the main verb:
 
{|
!Person
!
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || '''ao''' ||rowspan="6"|<center>amar</center> ||rowspan="6"|<center>moner</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>leger</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>finyir</center>
| 2s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid wũšr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid wũšris || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug wũšr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug wũšris
|-
|-
| II sing. || '''as'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid wũš || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid wũšis || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug wũš || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug wũšis
|-
|-
| III sing. || '''a'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ wũšõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ wũšũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ wũšõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ wũšũs
|-
|-
| I plur. || '''avyim'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ wũšrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ wũšrũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ wũšrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ wũšrũs
|-
|-
| II plur. || '''avyiz'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ wũžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ wũžũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ wũžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ wũžũs
|-
|-
| III plur. || '''ôt'''
|}
|}


Examples:


* '''Eo ao caner''': ''I will sing''
{|-
* '''Cras azô mar ao vader''': ''Tomorrow I will go to the beach''
 
===Subjunctive===
====Present tense (têpe praysês)====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''ê''' || mon'''yô''' || leg'''ô''' || fin'''yô'''
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Subjunctive'''</center>
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''is''' || mon'''yes''' || leg'''es''' || fin'''yes'''
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Past perfect'''</center>
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''i''' || mon'''ye''' || leg'''e''' || fin'''ye'''
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Active''</center> || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Passive''</center>
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''im''' || mon'''yem''' || leg'''em''' || fin'''yem'''
| || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center>
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''iz''' || mon'''yez''' || leg'''ez''' || fin'''yez'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid jũšev || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid jũšĩvs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug jũšev || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug jũšĩvs
|-
| III plur. || am'''êt''' || mon'''yôt''' || leg'''êt''' || fin'''yêt'''
|}
 
====Imperfect tense (têpe êperfewtô)====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''arê''' || mon'''erê''' || leg'''erê''' || fin'''yirê'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid jũšr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid jũšris || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug jũšr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug jũšris
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''ars''' || mon'''ers''' || leg'''ers''' || fin'''yirs'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid jũš || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid jũšis || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug jũš || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug jũšis
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''ar''' || mon'''er''' || leg'''er''' || fin'''yir'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ jũšõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ jũšũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ jũšõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ jũšũs
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''arem''' || mon'''erem''' || leg'''erem''' || fin'''yirem'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ jũšrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ jũšrũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ jũšrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ jũšrũs
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''arez''' || mon'''erez''' || leg'''erez''' || fin'''yirez'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ jũžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ jũžũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ jũžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ jũžũs
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''arêt''' || mon'''erêt''' || leg'''erêt''' || fin'''yirêt'''
|}
|}


====Perfect tense (têpe perfewtô)====
 
The following endings have to be added to the '''perfect root''':
{|-
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''ayerê''' || mon'''yerê''' || legs'''yerê''' || fin'''iyerê'''
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Conditional'''</center>
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''ayeris''' || mon'''yeris''' || legs'''yeris''' || fin'''iyeris'''
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Present'''</center>
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''ayeri''' || mon'''yeri''' || legs'''yeri''' || fin'''iyeri'''
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Active''</center> || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Passive''</center>
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''ayerim''' || mon'''yerim''' || legs'''yerim''' || fin'''iyerim'''
| || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center>
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''ayeriz''' || mon'''yeriz''' || legs'''yeriz''' || fin'''iyeriz'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wĩšev || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wĩšivs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug wĩšev || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug wĩšivs
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''ayerêt''' || mon'''yerêt''' || legs'''yerêt''' || fin'''iyerêt'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wĩšr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wĩšris || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug wĩšr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug wĩšris
|}
 
====Plusquamperfect tense (têpe pwuscwôperfewtô)====
The following endings have to be added to the '''perfect root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''aysê''' || mon'''yisê''' || legs'''yisê''' || fin'''iyisê'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wĩh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wĩs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug wĩh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug wĩs
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''aysis''' || mon'''yisis''' || legs'''yisis''' || fin'''iyisis'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wĩšõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wĩšũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ wĩšõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ wĩšũs
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''aysi''' || mon'''yisi''' || legs'''yisi''' || fin'''iyisi'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wĩšrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wĩšrũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ wĩšrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ wĩšrũs
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''aysim''' || mon'''yisim''' || legs'''yisim''' || fin'''iyisim'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wĩžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wĩžũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ wĩžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ wĩžũs
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''aysiz''' || mon'''yisiz''' || legs'''yisiz''' || fin'''iyisiz'''
|-
| III plur. || am'''aysêt''' || mon'''yisêt''' || legs'''yisêt''' || fin'''iyisêt'''
|}
|}


====Future tense (têpe futurô)====


It is formed with the subjunctive present forms of the verb '''aber''' and the infinite form of the main verb:
{|-
 
{|
!Person
!
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || '''abyô''' ||rowspan="6"|<center>amar</center> ||rowspan="6"|<center>moner</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>leger</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>finyir</center>  
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Conditional'''</center>
|-
|-
| II sing. || '''abyes'''
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Past'''</center>
|-
|-
| III sing. || '''abye'''  
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Active''</center> || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Passive''</center>
|-
|-
| I plur. || '''abyem'''
| || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center>
|-
|-
| II plur. || '''abyez'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid jĩšev || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid jĩšivs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug jĩšev || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug jĩšivs
|-
|-
| III plur. || '''abyôt'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid jĩšr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid jĩšris || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug jĩšr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug jĩšris
|}
 
Examples:
 
* '''Crede co abyes caner''': ''I believe you will sing''
* '''Crede co cras azô mar abyes vader''': ''I believe that tomorrow you will go to the beach''
 
===Conditional===
The conditional forms have two tenses, the ''present'' and the ''past'' tense. It is an analytic mood, formed with the auxiliary verb '''aver'''.
 
The '''conditional present''' is formed with the perfect tense forms of the verb '''aber''', plus the infinitive form of the main verb:
 
{|
!Person
!
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || '''avyi''' ||rowspan="6"|<center>amar</center> ||rowspan="6"|<center>moner</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>leger</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>finyir</center>
|-
|-
| II sing. || '''avyust'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid jĩh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid jĩs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug jĩh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušug jĩs
|-
|-
| III sing. || '''avyut'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ jĩšõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ jĩšũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ jĩšõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ jĩšũs
|-
|-
| I plur. || '''avyum'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ jĩšrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ jĩšrũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ jĩšrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ jĩšrũs
|-
|-
| II plur. || '''avyuz'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ jĩžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ jĩžũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ jĩžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušuɣĩ jĩžũs
|-
|-
| III plur. || '''avyerôt'''
|}
|}


Examples:


* '''Eo avyi caner''': ''I would sing''
{|-
* '''Cras azô mar avyi vader''': ''Tomorrow I would go to the beach''
|-
 
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Conditional'''</center>
The '''conditional past''' is formed with the plusquamperfect tense form of the verb '''aber''', plus the infinitive form of the main verb:
 
{|
!Person
!
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || '''avyerô''' ||rowspan="6"|<center>amar</center> ||rowspan="6"|<center>moner</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>leger</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>finyir</center>  
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Imperfect'''</center>
|-
|-
| II sing. || '''avyers'''
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Active''</center> || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Passive''</center>
|-
|-
| III sing. || '''avyer'''  
| || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center>
|-
|-
| I plur. || '''avyerem'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid wĩšev || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid wĩšivs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug wĩšev || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug wĩšivs
|-
|-
| II plur. || '''avyerez'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid wĩšr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid wĩšris || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug wĩšr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug wĩšris
|-
|-
| III plur. || '''avyerêt'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid wĩh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid wĩs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug wĩh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug wĩs
|}
 
Examples:
 
* '''Eo avyerô caner''': ''I would have sung''
* '''Azô mar avyerô vader''': ''I would have gone to the beach''
 
===Resultative===
The '''resultative form''' is not inherited from Ancient Latin, but it is a later creation, most likely under the influence of the Italian ''passato prossimo''.
 
It is formed with the present forms of the verb '''aber''' and the past participle without the adjectival endings:
 
* '''advenyir''', ''to happen'' → advête → advêt: '''cwo a advêt?''', ''what has happened? what did just happen?''
* '''facer''', ''to do'' → fawte → fawt: '''cwo as fawt?''', ''what have you done? what did you just do?''
 
Its meaning and use are slightly different between the two dialects, but its basic meaning is pointing out the result of an action. In a more linguistically precise definition, it is a perfective past form of the verb.
 
===Imperative===
The '''imperative mood''' has only one tense, the present tense. It is used to give orders, and it has only the second person forms.
 
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
 
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''a''' || mon'''e''' || leg'''e''' || fin'''yi'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ wĩšõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ wĩšũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ wĩšõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ wĩšũs
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''ad''' || mon'''yid''' || leg'''id''' || fin'''yid'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ wĩšrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ wĩšrũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ wĩšrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ wĩšrũs
|}
 
Some III conjugation verbs have a short imperative form:
 
* '''dicer''', ''to say'', ''to tell'': '''Di!''' (instead of ''dice!''), ''say! tell!''
* '''facer''', ''to do'', ''to make'': '''Fa!''' (instead of ''face!''): ''do! make!''
* '''vader''', ''to go'': '''Va!''' (instead of ''vade!''): ''go!''
 
===Impersonal forms===
These forms are called ''impersonal'', because they are not conjugated as usual verbs, but they represent special forms, usually considered as '''adjectival forms'''.
 
====Gerundive====
The gerundive is an adjectival form, which usually means ''which must be X-ed''. It declines like a normal 1st class adjective, thus we will show only the masculine nominative singular form.
 
{|
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| am'''ôde''' || mon'''êde''' || leg'''êde''' || fin'''yêde'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ wĩžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ wĩžũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ wĩžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ wĩžũs
|}
 
====Present participle====
The present participle is an adjectival form, which usually means ''which X-s'', similar to the English ''-ing'' form. With transitive verbs it has an active meaning.
 
{|
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| am'''ôs''' || mon'''ês''' || leg'''ês''' || fin'''yês'''
|}
|}


They have a special declension (also some nouns decline this way):


* Example: '''Amôs''', ''loving'', ''which loves''.
{|-
 
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Conditional'''</center>
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || amôs || amôs || amôs || amô'''z''' || amô'''z''' || amôt'''ya'''
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Past perfect'''</center>
|-
|-
| Genitive || amô'''z''' || amô'''z''' || amô'''z''' || amôt'''yô''' || amôt'''yô''' || amôt'''yô'''
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Active''</center> || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Passive''</center>
|-
| Accusative || amôt'''ê''' || amôt'''ê''' || amôs || amôt'''es''' || amôt'''es''' || amôt'''ya'''
|}
 
* Example: '''Legês''', ''reading'', ''which reads''.
 
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center>
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || legês || legês || legês || legê'''z''' || legê'''z''' || legêt'''ya'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid jĩšev || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid jĩšivs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug jĩšev || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug jĩšivs
|-
|-
| Genitive || legê'''z''' || legê'''z''' || legê'''z''' || legêt'''yô''' || legêt'''yô''' || legêt'''yô'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid jĩšr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid jĩšris || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug jĩšr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug jĩšris
|-
|-
| Accusative || legêt'''ê''' || legêt'''ê''' || legês || legêt'''es''' || legêt'''es''' || legêt'''ya'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid jĩh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjid jĩs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug jĩh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišug jĩs
|}
 
* Example: '''Finyês''', ''ending'', ''which ends''.
 
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
| 1p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ jĩšõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ jĩšũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ jĩšõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ jĩšũs
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || finyês || finyês || finyês || finyê'''z''' || finyê'''z''' || finyêt'''ya'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ jĩšrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ jĩšrũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ jĩšrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ jĩšrũs
|-
|-
| Genitive || finyê'''z''' || finyê'''z''' || finyê'''z''' || finyêt'''yô''' || finyêt'''yô''' || finyêt'''yô'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ jĩžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišjidũ jĩžũs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ jĩžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| aruřišuɣĩ jĩžũs
|-
|-
| Accusative || finyêt'''ê''' || finyêt'''ê''' || finyês || finygêt'''es''' || finyêt'''ya''' || finyêt'''es'''
|}
|}


====Past participle====
The past participle is an adjectival form, which usually means ''X-ed'', similar to the English past participle. With transitive verbs it has a passive meaning.


It declines like a normal 1st class adjective, thus we will show only the masculine nominative singular form
{|-
 
{|
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| am'''ate''' || mon'''ite''' || lew'''te''' || fin'''yite'''
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>'''Resultative'''</center>
|}
 
The forms of the past participle are mostly irregular in the third conjugation. Most irregular verbs have irregular participial forms:
 
* '''Caner''', ''to sing'' → côte, ''sung''
* '''Corer''', ''to run'' → curse, ''run''
* '''Fêger''', ''to fake'' → fiwte, ''faked''
* '''Scryiber''', ''to write'' → scryiwte, ''written''
* '''Venyir''', ''to come'' → vête, ''come''
 
Past participle are usually distinguished by the '''-te''' ending, which in some irregular verbs can become '''-se'''.
 
====Future participle====
The future participle is an adjectival form, which usually means ''which will X''; it has no English counterparts. With transitive verbs it has an active meaning.
 
It is formed by dropping the masculine ending of the past participle, and adding the '''-ure''' endings:
 
* '''Venyir''', ''to come'' → vête → vêt- + -ure → '''vêture''', ''coming'', ''which will come''
It declines like a normal 1st class adjective, thus we will show only the masculine nominative singular form
 
{|
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| amat'''ure''' || monit'''ure''' || lewt'''ure''' || finyit'''ure'''
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Active''</center> || colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Passive''</center>
|}
 
===Passive forms===
Novelatine has particular '''passive forms''' for its verbs, because, differently from most modern European language, but similar to Latin and Ancient Greek, in some tenses it has retained simple forms (the verb has one single form), instead of compound forms (as in English ''auxiliary verb'' + ''participle'').
 
* '''Monyires''': ''you are warned''
* '''Crede co monyôter''': ''I believe they are being warned''
 
Simple form are used in the ''indicative present'' and ''imperfect'' tense, in subjunctive ''indicative present'' and ''imperfect'' tense, in the ''imperative mood'' and in the ''infinitive''. The other tenses and moods are built like English, with the conjugated forms of the verb '''eser''', ''to be'' + the ''past participle'', or, for compound tenses, regularly with the conjugated forms of the verb '''aber''', ''to have'' + the passive form of the infinitive.
 
* '''Monite fuyist''': ''you were warned''
* '''Tu as moniri''': ''you will be warned''
 
====Infinitive====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
 
{|
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| am'''ari''' || mon'''eri''' || leg'''eri''' || fin'''yiri'''
| || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Positive''</center> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| <center>''Negative''</center>
|}
 
Or instead it can be said, that the passive infinitive form is built by adding -'''i''' to the normal infinitive forms.
 
====Indicative present tense====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''er''' || mon'''yer''' || leg'''er''' || fin'''yer'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ruřišaža wẽv || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ruřišaža wĩvs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''eres''' || mon'''yires''' || leg'''ires''' || fin'''yires'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ruřišaža wẽr || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ruřišaža wĩrs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''eter''' || mon'''yiter''' || leg'''iter''' || fin'''yiter'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ruřišaža wẽh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ruřišaža wĩs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''emer''' || mon'''yimer''' || leg'''imer''' || fin'''yimer'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ruřišaža wẽnõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ruřišaža wĩns || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''emnyi''' || mon'''yimnyi''' || leg'''imnyi''' || fin'''yimny'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ruřišaža wẽrõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ruřišaža wĩrõs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''êter''' || mon'''yêter''' || leg'''ôter''' || fin'''yôter'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ruřišaža wẽžõ || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ruřišaža wĩžõs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
|}
|}


====Indicative imperfect tense====
===Biwdiw===
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
Verb '''līlušiwgɛ''', ''to see''
{|
{|-
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''aver''' || mon'''yiver''' || leg'''yiver''' || fin'''yiver'''
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center> 
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''averes''' || mon'''yiveres''' || leg'''yiveres''' || fin'''yiveres'''
| ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Imperfective present''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Perfective present''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Imperfective past''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Perfective past''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Imperfective future''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Resultative perfect''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Resultative plusquamperfect'''
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''aveter''' || mon'''yiveter''' || leg'''yiveter''' || fin'''yiveter'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňū līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňū hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''avemer''' || mon'''yivemer''' || leg'''yivemer''' || fin'''yivemer'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňir līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňir hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''avemnyi''' || mon'''yivemnyi''' || leg'''yivemnyi''' || fin'''yivemnyi'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛc līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''avêter''' || mon'''yivêter''' || leg'''yivêter''' || fin'''yivêter'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līluš || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīš || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīluš || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīš || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛň līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛň hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛň hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|}
|-
 
| 1d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwhū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšiwhū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušiwhū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšiwhū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwhū līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwhū hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňiwhū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
====Indicative perfect tense====
|-
The passive indicative perfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the ''past participle'', which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the ''perfect tense'' forms of the verb '''eser''', ''to be'':
| 2d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwhir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšiwhir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušiwhir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšiwhir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwhir līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwhir hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňiwhir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
 
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyi'''
| 3d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšiwcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušiwcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšiwcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwcɛc līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňiwcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| II sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyist'''
| 3d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwh || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšiwh || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušiwh || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšiwh || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwh līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwh hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňiwh hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| III sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyit'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušunū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšunū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušunū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšunū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňunū līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňunū hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňunū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| I plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyim'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušunir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšunir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušunir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšunir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňunir līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňunir hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňunir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| II plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyiz'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušunjɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšunjɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušunjɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšunjɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňunjɛc līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňunjɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňunjɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| III plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyerôt'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušun || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšun || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušun || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšun || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňun līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňun hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňun hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|}
|}


====Indicative plusquamperfect tense====
The passive indicative plusquamperfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the ''past participle'', which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the ''plusquamperfect tense'' forms of the verb '''eser''', ''to be'':


{|
{|-
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| <center>'''Subjunctive'''</center> 
|-
|-
| I sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyerô'''
| ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Imperfective present''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Perfective present''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Imperfective past''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Perfective past''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Imperfective future''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Resultative perfect''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Resultative plusquamperfect'''
|-
|-
| II sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyers'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwňū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšiwňū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušiwňū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšiwňū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňū līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňū hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňiwňū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| III sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyer'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwňir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšiwňir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušiwňir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšiwňir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňir līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňir hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňiwňir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| I plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyerem'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwňɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšiwňɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušiwňɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšiwňɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňɛc līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňiwňɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| II plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyerez'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwň || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšiwň || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušiwň || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšiwň || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwň līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwň hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňiwň hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| III plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyerêt'''
| 1d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwňiwhū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšiwňiwhū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušiwňiwhū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšiwňiwhū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňiwhū līlušiwňiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňiwhū hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňiwňiwhū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|}
|-
 
| 2d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwňiwhir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšiwňiwhir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušiwňiwhir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšiwňiwhir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňiwhir līlušiwňiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňiwhir hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňiwňiwhir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
====Indicative future tense====
 
It is formed with the present forms of the verb '''aber''' and the infinite passive form of the main verb:
 
{|
!Person
!
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || '''ao''' ||rowspan="6"|<center>amari</center> ||rowspan="6"|<center>moneri</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>legeri</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>finyiri</center>
| 3d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwňiwcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšiwňiwcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušiwňiwcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšiwňiwcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňiwcɛc līlušiwňiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňiwcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňiwňiwcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| II sing. || '''as'''
| 3d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwňiwh || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšiwňiwh || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušiwňiwh || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšiwňiwh || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňiwh līlušiwňiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňiwh hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňiwňiwh hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| III sing. || '''a'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwňunū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšiwňunū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušiwňunū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšiwňunū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňunū līlušiwňiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňunū hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňiwňunū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| I plur. || '''avyim'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwňunir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšiwňunir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušiwňunir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšiwňunir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňunir līlušiwňiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňunir hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňiwňunir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| II plur. || '''avyiz'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwňunjɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšiwňunjɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušiwňunjɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšiwňunjɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňunjɛc līlušiwňiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňunjɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňiwňunjɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| III plur. || '''ôt'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwňun || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšiwňun || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušiwňun || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšiwňun || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňun līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňiwňun hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňiwňun hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|}
|}


Examples:


* '''Syi documêtyi cras ôt videri''': ''The documents will be seen tomorrow''
{|-
 
|-
====Subjunctive present tense====
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| <center>'''Optative'''</center> 
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
|-
{|
| ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Imperfective present''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Perfective present''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Imperfective past''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Perfective past''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Imperfective future''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Resultative perfect''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Resultative plusquamperfect''' 
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''êr''' || mon'''yôr''' || leg'''ôr''' || fin'''yôr'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušušū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšušū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušušū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšušū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušū līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušū hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňušū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''ires''' || mon'''yeres''' || leg'''eres''' || fin'''yeres'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušušir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšušir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušušir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšušir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušir līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušir hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňušir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''iter''' || mon'''yeter''' || leg'''eter''' || fin'''yeter'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušušɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšušɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušušɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšušɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušɛc līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňušɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''imer''' || mon'''yemer''' || leg'''emer''' || fin'''yemer'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušuš || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšuš || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīluš || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšuš || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňuš līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňuš hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňuš hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''imnyi''' || mon'''yemnyi''' || leg'''emnyi''' || fin'''yemnyi'''
| 1d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušušiwhū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšušiwhū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušušiwhū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšušiwhū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušiwhū līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušiwhū hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňušiwhū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''êter''' || mon'''yôter''' || leg'''êter''' || fin'''yêter'''
| 2d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušušiwhir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšušiwhir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušušiwhir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšušiwhir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušiwhir līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušiwhir hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňušiwhir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|}
 
====Subjunctive imperfect tense====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''arer''' || mon'''erer''' || leg'''erer''' || fin'''yirer'''
| 3d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušušiwcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšušiwcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušušiwcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšušiwcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušiwcɛc līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušiwcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňušiwcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''areres''' || mon'''ereres''' || leg'''ereres''' || fin'''yireres'''
| 3d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušušiwh || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšušiwh || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušušiwh || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšušiwh || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušiwh līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušiwh hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňušiwh hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''areter''' || mon'''ereter''' || leg'''ereter''' || fin'''yireter'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušušunū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšušunū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušušunū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšušunū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušunū līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušunū hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňušunū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''aremer''' || mon'''eremer''' || leg'''eremer''' || fin'''yiremer'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušušunir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšušunir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušušunir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšušunir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušunir līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušunir hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňušunir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''aremnyi''' || mon'''eremnyi''' || leg'''erenyi''' || fin'''yiremnyi'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušušunjɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšušunjɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušušunjɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšušunjɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušunjɛc līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušunjɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňušunjɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''arêter''' || mon'''erêter''' || leg'''erêter''' || fin'''yirêter'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušušun || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšušun || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušušun || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšušun || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušun līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňušun hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňušun hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|}
|}


====Subjunctive perfect tense====
The passive subjunctive perfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the ''past participle'', which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the ''subjunctive perfect tense'' forms of the verb '''eser''', ''to be'':


{|
{|-
!Person
|-
! I conj.
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| <center>'''Potential'''</center> 
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyerê'''
| ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Imperfective present''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Perfective present''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Imperfective past''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Perfective past''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Imperfective future''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Resultative perfect''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Resultative plusquamperfect'''
|-
|-
| II sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyers'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušɛʈū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšɛʈū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušɛʈū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšɛʈū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈū līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈū hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňɛʈū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| III sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyer'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušɛʈir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšɛʈir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušɛʈir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšɛʈir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈir līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈir hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňɛʈir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| I plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyerim'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušɛcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšɛcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušɛcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšɛcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛcɛc līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňɛcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| II plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyeriz'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušɛʈ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšɛʈ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušɛʈ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšɛʈ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈ līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈ hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňɛʈ hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| III plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyerêt'''
| 1d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušɛʈiwhū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšɛʈiwhū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušɛʈiwhū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšɛʈiwhū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈiwhū līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈiwhū hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňɛʈiwhū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|}
 
====Subjunctive plusquamperfect tense====
The passive subjunctive plusquamperfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the ''past participle'', which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the ''subjunctive plusquamperfect tense'' forms of the verb '''eser''', ''to be'':
 
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| 2d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušɛʈiwhir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšɛʈiwhir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušɛʈiwhir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšɛʈiwhir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈiwhir līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈiwhir hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňɛʈiwhir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| I sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyisê'''
| 3d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušɛʈiwcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšɛʈiwcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušɛʈiwcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšɛʈiwcɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈiwcɛc līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈiwcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňɛʈiwcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| II sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyisis'''
| 3d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušɛʈiwh || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšɛʈiwh || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušɛʈiwh || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšɛʈiwh || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈiwh līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈiwh hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňɛʈiwh hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| III sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyisi'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušɛʈunū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšɛʈunū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušɛʈunū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšɛʈunū || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈunū līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈunū hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňɛʈunū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| I plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyisim'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušɛʈunir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšɛʈunir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušɛʈunir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšɛʈunir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈunir līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈunir hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňɛʈunir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| II plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyisiz'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušɛʈunjɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšɛʈunjɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušɛʈunjɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšɛʈunjɛc || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈunjɛc līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈunjɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňɛʈunjɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| III plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyisêt'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušɛʈun || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšɛʈun || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušɛʈun || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšɛʈun || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈun līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛňɛʈun hɛlulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛçɛňɛʈun hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|}
|}


====Subjunctive future tense====


It is formed with the present subjunctive forms of the verb '''aber''' and the infinite passive form of the main verb:
{|-
 
{|
!Person
!
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || '''abyô''' ||rowspan="6"|<center>amari</center> ||rowspan="6"|<center>moneri</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>legeri</center>  ||rowspan="6"|<center>finyiri</center>
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| <center>'''Infinite'''</center>   
|-
|-
| II sing. || '''abyes'''
| ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Imperfective present''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Perfective present''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Imperfective past''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Perfective past'''
|-
|-
| III sing. || '''abye'''
| Indicative || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšiwgɛ
|-
|-
| I plur. || '''abyem'''
| Subjunctive || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwňiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšiwňiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušiwňiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšiwňiwgɛ
|-
|-
| II plur. || '''abyez'''
| Optative || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušušiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšušiwgɛ
|-
|-
| III plur. || '''abyôt'''
| Potential || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušɛʈiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšɛʈiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušɛʈiwgɛ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšɛʈiwgɛ
|}
|}


Examples:


* '''Crede co syi documêtyi cras abyôt videri''': ''I believe the documents will be seen tomorrow''
{|-
 
====Conditional present tense====
 
It is formed with the perfect tense forms of the verb '''aber''' and the infinite passive form of the main verb:
 
* '''Syi documêtyi avyerôt videri''': ''The documents would be seen''
 
====Conditional past tense====
 
It is formed with the plusquamperfect tense forms of the verb '''aber''' and the infinite passive form of the main verb:
 
* '''Syi documêtyi avyerêt videri''': ''The documents would have been seen''
 
===Verb eser (to be)===
 
{|
! colspan=5| Indicative
|-
!Person
! Present
! Imperfect
! Perfect
! Pl.perfect
|-
| I sing. || sô || erô || fuyi || fuyerô
|-
|-
| II sing. || es || ers || fuyist || fuyers
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| <center>'''Participles'''</center> 
|-
|-
| III sing. || e || er || fuyit || fuyer
| ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Imperfective present''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Perfective present''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Imperfective past''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Perfective past''' 
|-
|-
| I plur. || some || erem || fuyim || fuyerem
| Agentive || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušīdu || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšīdu || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušīdu || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšīdu
|-
|-
| II plur. || ez || erez || fuyiz || fuyerez
| Passive || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušugiw || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| lulīšugiw || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlīlušugiw || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛlulīšugiw
|-
| III plur. || sôt || erôt || fuyerôt || fuyerêt
|}
|}


{|
===Gəjlnigo===
! colspan=5| Subjunctive
Verb '''ləjužəjge''', ''to see''
{|-
| || colspan="5" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
|-
|-
!Person
| || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Imperfective present''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Imperfective future''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfective future''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Imperfective past''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfective past'''   
! Present
! Imperfect
! Perfect
! Pl.perfect
|-
|-
| I sing. || sê || eserê || fuyerê || fuyisê
| 1s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužɔ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužəjgehɔ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužəjgehɔ || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužəjdo || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužəjdo
|-
|-
| II sing. || ses || eseris || fuyers || fuyisis
| 2s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužih || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužəjgehih || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužəjgehih
|-
|-
| III sing. || set || eseri || fuyer || fuyisi
| 3s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjuš || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužəjgeh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužəjgeh
|-
|-
| I plur. || sem || eserim || fuyerim || fuyisim
| 1p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužunɔ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužəjgehunɔ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužəjgehunɔ || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužəjduno || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužəjduno
|-
|-
| II plur. || sez || eseriz || fuyeriz || fuyisiz
| 2p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužunih || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužəjgehunih || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužəjgehunih
|-
|-
| III plur. || sêt || eserêt || fuyerêt || fuyisêt
| 3p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužun || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužəjgehun || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužəjgehun
|}
|}


Other compound tenses and moods are formed according to the usual grammar rules.
===Other irregular verbs===
====I conjugation====
* '''dar''': do, das, da, dam, daz, dôt
* '''star''': sto, stas, sta, stam, staz, stôt
====II conjugation====
* '''aber''': ao, as, a, avyim, avyiz, ôt, ''perf.'': aviy, avyust...
* '''poser''': posô, podes, pode, W:posom/E:posome, podez, posôt, ''imperf.'': poderô, poders...; ''perf.'': podiy, podyust..; ''subj. pres.'': posê, poses, pose, posem, posez, posêt; ''subj. imperf.'': poserê, posers...
* '''tener''': tenye, tens, tê, tenyim, tenyiz, W: tenyêt/E: têt
* '''voler''': volye, vows, vut, volyim, volyiz, volyôt
====III conjugation====
* '''facer''': facye, W: facs/E: fac, W: fac/ E: fa, facim, faciz, facyôt
* '''noscer''': nosce, noscis, nos, noscim, nosciz, noscôt
====IV conjugation====
==Syntax==
Novelatine has retained a large part of the vast Latin syntax, while has created some new innovations, some of them shared with other Romance languages, while some other under the influence of the surrounding Italian language.
===Constituent order===
Novelatine is a typical SOV language. It retained the ancient Latin word order, in which the verb usually comes at the end of the sentence. As it still make a large of use of its case, the constituent order can be considered as '''free''', but the position of the various parts of the sentences is ruled by semantic, more than syntactic, rules.
* '''<span style="color:red">Marce</span>''' (''subject'') '''<span style="color:blue">Siwvyô</span>''' (''object'') '''<span style="color:green">vid</span>''' (''verb''): ''<span style="color:red">Marce</span> <span style="color:green">sees</span> <span style="color:blue">Siwvya</span>''
The position of the ''indirect object'' (marked with D) is not compulsorily fixed, like the other parts of the sentence, but it usually tends to respect these rules:
- it usually comes before the direct object (O):
* '''<span style="color:red">Marce</span>''' (S) '''<span style="color:orange">azô docêtê</span>''' (D) '''<span style="color:blue">sô libelô si</span>''' (O) '''<span style="color:green">dedyit</span>''': ''<span style="color:red">Marce</span> <span style="color:green">gave</span>'' ''<span style="color:orange">the teacher</span>'' ''<span style="color:blue">his own book</span>''
- if the indirect object is a pronoun, it moves immediately before the verb:
* '''<span style="color:red">Marce</span>''' (S) '''<span style="color:blue">sô libelô si</span>''' (O) '''<span style="color:orange">luy</span>''' (D) '''<span style="color:green">dedyit</span>''': ''<span style="color:red">Marce</span> <span style="color:green">gave</span>'' ''<span style="color:orange">him</span>'' ''<span style="color:blue">his own book</span>''
but if the object (or another part) of the sentence is followed by an identical dative possessive pronoun, it moves back before the object:


* '''<span style="color:red">Marce</span>''' (S) '''<span style="color:orange">luy</span>''' (D) '''<span style="color:blue">sô libelô luy</span>''' (O) '''<span style="color:green">dedyit</span>''': ''<span style="color:red">Marce</span> <span style="color:green">gave</span>'' ''<span style="color:orange">him</span>'' ''<span style="color:blue">his book</span>''
{|-
 
| || colspan="5" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Conditional'''</center>
if the possessive pronoun is different the pronoun remains in the position before the verb:
 
* '''<span style="color:red">Marce</span>''' (S) '''<span style="color:blue">sô libelô luy</span>''' (O) '''<span style="color:orange">mi</span>''' (D) '''<span style="color:green">dedyit</span>''': ''<span style="color:red">Marce</span> <span style="color:green">gave</span>'' ''<span style="color:orange">me</span>'' ''<span style="color:blue">his book</span>''
 
If there is an imperative form, the verb usually comes first in the sentence:
* '''<span style="color:green">Di</span><span style="color:orange">mi</span>''' (V) (D) '''<span style="color:blue">sô veritadê</span>''' (O): ''<span style="color:green">Tell</span>'' ''<span style="color:orange">me</span>'' ''<span style="color:blue">the truth</span>''
 
====Negation and question====
An entire sentence is negated by inserting '''nô''' ('''non''' before a vowel), before the conjugated verb:
* '''Azô mar vasyerôt''': ''They went to the beach'' → '''Azô mar ''nô'' vasyerôt''': ''They didn't go to the beach''
* '''Eo ses parvowes ti êtêde''': ''I understand your words'' → '''Eo ses parvowes ti ''non'' êtêde''': ''I don't understand your words''
 
There is no particular way to express a question. Words do not change their order, nor a specific particle or auxiliary verb (like English ''do'') is added; only the pitch (usually rising towards the end of the question) can express the question, or the question mark ('''?''') in written text:
 
* '''Sô novô awtomobilê mi vyidyerôt?''': ''Did they see my new car?'' / '''Sô novô awtomobilê mi vyidyerôt''': ''They saw my new car''
 
===Nominal syntax===
Novelatine nouns do '''decline''', i.e. they change themselves (in this case they change their own endings), to show their syntactic role in the sentence.
 
If a noun has the role of the subject ('''''Marce''' ôvi pwelô am'', Mark loves that girl) it will show a definite ending, different from those used for other roles (''Avi pwela '''Marcô''' am'', That girl loves Mark; ''Eo sa pwela '''Marcyi''' sô'', I am the girl of Mark).
 
====Cases====
Novelatine has three cases: '''Nominative''', '''Genitive''' and '''Accusative'''
=====Nominative=====
The '''nominative case''' has the only but very important role of representing the sentence's '''''subject'''''. As it plays this primary role, it is the form we always find in dictionaries.
 
Contrary to English, the verb '''eser''' (''to be'') has no direct object, but its possible object is treated like an adjective to the subject, and it is declined in the nominative case:
 
* ''Eo '''se nove docês''' vob sô'': I am your new teacher
 
=====Accusative=====
The '''accusative case''' has the primary role of representing the sentence's '''''direct object'''''.
 
* '''''Sô novô docêtê''' nô vyidyist?'': Didn't you see the new teacher?
 
It is also used with various prepositions:
 
* '''circô''': ''around'' (indicating motion)
* '''côtre''': ''against''
* '''ê''': ''in, into'' (indicating motion)
* '''être/êfre''': ''among, between'' (indicating motion)
 
With the preposition '''ad''' it plays two roles:
* the ''indirect object''
* the preposition ''to, into'' (indicating motion)
 
* '''''Azô novô docêtê''' sô libelô mi dedyi'': I gave the new teacher my book/I gave my book to the new teacher.
 
=====Genitive=====
The '''genitive case''' has the primary role of representing '''''possession'''''.
 
* ''Se lewcyons '''sies novyi docêz''' facils sô'': The lessons of the new teacher are easy
 
It is also used with many prepositions:
 
* '''circô''': ''around'' (indicating state)
* '''cô''': ''with''
* '''ad''': ''in, into'' (indicating state)
* '''ê''': ''in, into'' (indicating state)
* '''être/êfre''': ''among, between'' (indicating state)
 
With the preposition '''de''' it plays two roles:
* the preposition ''from'' (indicating motion)
* the preposition ''by'' (agent of the sentence)
 
A particular use of the genitive case is the '''absolute genitive'''. The absolute genitive is a syntactic construct which consists of a noun or pronoun and either a past participle, a present participle, an adjective, or an appositive noun, all in the genitive.
 
The genitive absolute indicates the time, condition, or attending circumstances of an action being described in the main sentence. It takes the place of, and translates, many phrases that would require a subordinate clause in English. However, the noun in the genitive case cannot recur in the same sentence, hence the name absolute, which means ''not related'', ''not linked''.
 
This construction is built with both present and past particles of every verb, even if the past participle of some intransitive verbs cannot be used. The present particle is used when the action is contemporary to the main clause, while the past participle is used when the action is in the past of the main clause:
 
* '''''Sies sols oryêz'', adiyim''': ''We left, when the sun was rising''/''We left at sunrise''
 
* '''''Syor documêterô vyiserô'', avyim decret''': ''After we saw the documents/As we saw the documents/Having seen the documents, we made a decision''
 
=====Dative=====
The '''dative case''' has completely disappeared from the modern language, being replaced by the construction of the preposition '''ad''' + ''accusative case'', for its main role of representing the '''''indirect object''''':
 
* '''Ad madrê mi ses cwaves dedyi''': ''I gave the keys to my mother''
 
Nonetheless the personal pronouns still retain independent dative forms:
 
* '''La ses cwaves mi dedyit''': ''She gave me the keys''
 
In some remote villages of the Eastern valley the nouns, the adjectives and the article still retain their dative forms, but these forms are gradually disappearing:
 
* '''pwela''' → sing. ''pwele'', plur. ''pwels''
* '''vyice''' → sing. ''vyico'', plur. ''vyics''
* '''pader''' → sing. ''padryi'', plur. ''padribe''
* '''dome''' → sing. ''domwi'', plur. ''domwibe''
* '''se''' → sing. ''syi'', plur. ''syis''
* '''ivi''' → sing. masc. fem. neu. ''yivi'', plur. masc. fem. neu. ''yisvi''
* '''ste''' → sing. masc. fem. neu. ''styi'', plur. masc. fem. neu. ''styis''
* '''bone''' → sing. ''bono'', ''bone'', ''bono'', plur. masc. fem. neu. ''bons''
* '''fewi''' → sing. masc. fem. neu. ''fewicyi'', plur. masc. fem. neu. ''fewicibe''
 
====Gender====
Novelatine nouns can belong to three genders: '''Masculine''', '''Feminine''' and '''Neuter'''. Gender is a typical feature of Romance languages, which usually lost the neuter gender, except for Romanian which has a few neuter nouns, and some very scant traces in Italian. It is usually not a problem for speakers of German and of Slavic languages. Also Scandinavian languages still have gender. Some European languages with no gender are Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and, obviously, English.
 
English has lost all signs of gender for its nouns and adjectives, but it still retains a small trace in the third singular person pronouns, ''he'' usually refers to male people, ''she'' refers to female people, and ''it'' to abstract or concrete things.
 
Novelatine nouns can belong to each gender: Usually nouns which refer to male people are masculine ('''pader''', '''vyiwter'''), while nouns which refer to female people are feminine ('''mader''', '''vyiwtri'''), as they belong to their "logical" gender.
 
On the contrary of English, nouns of things, action, ideas, and other non-living nouns can belong to each gender rather arbitrarily. There is no real logical motivation, which explain why '''acwa''', ''water'', is feminine, while '''foce''', ''fire'', is masculine and '''pomô''', ''apple'', is neuter.
 
Usually it is a matter of endings and declension patterns:
* Nouns ending in '''-a''', at the nominative case, are usually ''feminine'' (except for a small number of masculine nouns like ''poeta'' and ''artista'')
* Nouns ending in '''-e''', at the nominative case, are usually ''masculine'' in the second and in the forth conjugation, but can be ''feminine'' or ''neuter'' in the third.
* Nouns ending in '''-ô''' in the second declension, '''-ê''', and the few nouns in '''-o''', at the nominative case, are ''neuter'', while nouns ending in '''-ô''' in the third conjugation are predominantly ''feminine'', but they can also be ''masculine''.
* Nouns ending in other vowels or consonant, at the nominative case, can belong to any gender, and their gender should be learnt together with the word itself.
 
One use to be noted is that if we want to indicate a group of humans of mixed sex, we have to use the masculine plural forms:
 
* '''Ed syi viwters sôt..''': ''And the winners are...''
* '''Syi amicyi mi fesyi sôt''': ''My friends are tired''
 
These sentences could refer both to groups of only males or of mixed sex. Only the context could account for the right meaning.
 
The feminine plural forms can refer only to a group of only females:
 
* '''Se amice mi fese sôt''': ''My (female) friends are tired''
=====Gender agreement=====
The main feature of the gender is '''agreement''': it means that words, which are linked with a noun, like articles, adjectives, pronouns, and verbal forms like the participles, must agree with their noun. In Novelatine these words agree with their nouns in ''number'' and ''case'', as well as ''gender'':
 
* '''Unô bonô côsilyô''', ''a good advice'': the noun is neuter, and so we have to use the neuter forms of the article and of the adjective.
* '''Syi documêtyi lewtyi fuyerôt''', ''the documents were read'': the nouns is masculine plural, and so we have to use the masculine plural forms of the article and of the past participle.
 
The agreements works this way obviously also when the endings are not the same, or the nouns belongs to an apparently "wrong" gender:
 
* '''Se bone artist''a''''': ''the good artist''
* '''Syi poet''e'' bonyi sôt''': ''the poets are good''
 
===Verbal syntax===
Novelatine verbs do '''conjugate''', i.e. they change themselves (in this case they change their own endings), to show their agreement with their subject in number and gender, and according to the mood and tense of the action or status they represent.
 
====Infinitive====
The '''infinitive form''' is the basic form of every verb, the form enlisted in dictionaries. It covers most of the roles of English ''infinitive form'':
 
It is used with ''modal verbs'':
 
* '''Venyir nô posô''': ''I cannot come''
* '''Cwo facer volyivs?''': ''What did you want to do?''
 
It is used in the same way with ''verbs of motion'':
 
* '''Sô panê emer vade''': ''I'm going to buy some bread''
* '''Tecô studer venye''': ''I'm coming to study with you''
====Indicative====
=====Present=====
The '''present tense''' conveys an action which takes place in the moment during which the sentence is created. In this case it covers also the role of English ''present progressive'':
 
* '''Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis locwôt''': ''The boys talk with their parents''/''The boys are talking with their parents''
* '''Esede''': ''I am eating''/''I eat''
* '''Fese sô''': ''I am tired''
 
It also conveys actions which are always present, recurring or continuous:
 
* '''Sa Tera circô sô Solê movyiter''': ''The Earth moves around the Sun''
 
=====Imperfect=====
The '''imperfect tense''' conveys an action which takes place before the moment during which the sentence is created, i.e. in its past; this tense refers to actions during their implementation, or status during their development. In this case it covers also the role of English ''past progressive'':
 
* '''Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis locwivêt''': ''The boys were talking with their parents''
* '''Esedyivô''': ''I was eating''/''I ate''
* '''Fese erô''': ''I was tired''
 
It also conveys actions which are recurring in the past, covering also the role of English form ''used to..''
* '''Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis onyê diê locwivêt''': ''The boys used to talk with their parents every day''
* '''Todes ses dies sô panê emyivô''': ''I used to buy the bread every day''
 
=====Perfect=====
The '''perfect tense''' conveys an action which takes place before the moment during which the sentence is created, i.e. in its past; this tense simply refers to past actions without referement to their implementation, or development (instead, it implies that the action had an end). It covers the role of English ''simple past'':
 
* '''Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis locuyerôt''': ''The boys talked with their parents''
* '''Esedyi''': ''I ate''
* '''Fese fuyi''': ''I was tired''
 
=====Plusquamperfect=====
The '''plusquamperfect tense''' conveys an action which takes place before the moment during which the sentence is created, i.e. in its past; this tense simply refers to actions happened before another past action. It covers the role of English ''past perfect'':
 
* '''Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis locuyerêt''': ''The boys had talked with their parents''
* '''Esedyerô''': ''I had eaten''
* '''Fese fuyerô''': ''I had been tired''
 
=====Future=====
The '''future tense''' conveys an action which takes place after the moment during which the sentence is created, i.e. in its future. It covers the role of English ''future'' and ''future continous'':
 
* '''Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis ôt locwer''': ''The boys will be talking with their parents''
* '''Ao eseder''': ''I'm going to eat''
* '''Fese ao eser''': ''I will be tired''
 
====Subjunctive====
Primarily subjunctive mood is used in dependent clauses, as it is linked with most conjunctions. Nonetheless it can be found also in main clauses:
 
It is used, with present tense forms, as an '''exhortatory imperative''', mainly in the first and third persons (it should be noted that, since the imperative mood has only the 2nd person forms, this is the only way to give a direct, informal or unkind order to somebody for these persons:
 
* '''Vadyem!''': ''Let's go!''
* '''Stô paginô legêt!''': ''Let them read this page!''
 
It is also used, with '''all person''' (except, obviously, the first singular one), to give '''negative orders''' (negative imperative forms '''''do not exist!'''''):
 
* '''Nô me tawtis!''': ''Don't touch me!''
* '''Ad domô nô vadyez!''': ''Don't go home!'' (to many people)
* '''Stô paginô nô legêt!''': ''Don't let them read this page!''
 
===Subordinative syntax===
====Comud====
The conjunction '''comud''' opens a dependent clause, with the meaning of ''because'', ''since'', ''as''. It is built using all tenses of the '''subjunctive mood''':
 
* '''Comud lô nô yuvis, le a decret co..''', ''As you don't help him, he has decided that..''
* '''Comud lô nô nôcwô yuvarers, le decreyit co..''', ''As you never used to help him, he decided that..''
* '''Comud lô nô yuvayeris, le decreyit co..''', ''As you didn't help him, he decided that..''
* '''Comud lô nô yuvayisis, le decreyer co..''', ''As you hadn't helped him, he had decided that..''
* '''Comud lô non abyes yuvar, le a decret co..''', ''As you won't help him, he has decided that..''
 
====Perud====
The conjunction '''perud''' opens a dependent clause, with the meaning of ''in order to''. It is built using only three tenses of the '''subjunctive mood''':
 
With the ''imperfect'' tense, when speaking in the past:
 
* '''Lo fecyi, perud lô yuvarê''', ''I did it, in order to help him''
* '''Lo fecyerô, perud lô yuvarê''', ''I had done it, in order to help him''
* '''Lo ao fawt, perud lô yuvarê''', ''I've just done it, in order to help him''
 
With the ''present'' tense, when speaking in the present:
 
* '''Lo facye, perud lô yuvê''', ''I do it, in order to help him''
 
With the ''future'' tense, when speaking in the future:
 
* '''Lo ao facer, perud lon abyô yuvar''', ''I'll do it, in order to help him''
 
====Conditional sentences====
Conditional sentences are opened by the conjunction '''si''', with the meaning of ''if''. It is built, using many moods and tenses, depending on their meaning:
 
Conditional sentences are divided in three types: ''certain'', ''possible'' and ''impossible'':
 
'''Certain''' or '''implicative''' conditional sentences indicate that both facts are certain, or simply logical but sure deductions. These sentences are built using the '''indicative mood''' in the dependent clause and with the '''indicative''' or the '''imperative mood''' in the main clause:
 
* '''Si pluy, nô venye''', ''If it rains, I don't come'' (<small>''and I'm sure it will rain''</small>)
* '''Si lo noscis, dic mi lo!''', ''If you know, tell me about it!''
* '''Si sô portô nô clawsyist, syi ladrons ê domô êgredyir posôt''': ''If you didn't close the door, thiefs may come inside home''
* '''Si pluy/a pluyer, syi fôgi ôt nasceri''', ''if it rains, mushrooms will grow''
 
'''Possible''' or '''predictive''' conditional sentences indicate that a situation is dependent of an hypothetical but possible fact. These sentences are built using the '''subjunctive mood''' in the dependent clause and with the '''indicative''' or the '''conditional mood''' in the main clause:
 
The ''present subjunctive'' is used for present possible conditions, the ''future subjunctive'' is used for future possible conditions, and the ''perfect subjunctive'' is used for the (rare) past possible conditions.
 
In the main sentences ''indicative tenses'' (mainly present and future tense) are used, but if the condition is future also the ''conditional present'' can be used, expecially if the possibility is not great.
 
* '''Si abye pluyer, non ao venyir''', ''If it rains, I won't come'' (<small>''but I'm not sure if it will rain''</small>)
* '''Si abye pluyer, non avyi venyir''', ''If it rains, I won't come'' (<small>''I'm not sure if it will rain, but I think it will do''</small>)
 
'''Impossible''' or '''counterfactual''' conditional sentences indicate that a situation is dependent of an hypothetical but impossible, unlikely or certainly false fact. These sentences are built using the '''subjunctive mood''' in the dependent clause and with the '''conditional mood''' in the main clause:
 
The ''imperfect subjunctive'' is used for future impossible conditions, the ''plusquamperfect subjunctive'' is used for past impossible conditions.
 
In the main sentences both 'present conditional'' is used for future impossible conditions, the ''past conditional'' is used for past impossible conditions.
 
* '''Si pluyer, non avyi venyir''', ''If it rained, I wouldn't come'' (<small>''I think it is impossible that it will rain while I'm coming''</small>)
* '''Si pluyise, non avyerô venyir''', ''If it had rained, I wouldn't have come'' (<small>''I think of something, that could have happened while I was coming''</small>)
 
==Lexycon==
===A===
* '''Aber''', ''ao'', ''avyi'', ''avute'', verb, II, ''to have'' (<small>auxiliary</small>)
* '''Acwa''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''water''
* '''Adicyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''departure''
* '''Advenyir''', ''advenye'', ''advinyi'', ''advête'', verb, IVr, ''to happen''
* '''Adyir''', ''adye'', ''adiyi'', ''adite'', verb, IV, ''to leave'', ''to depart''
* '''Ager''', ''agrerô'', noun, m., ''field''
* '''Agiw''', ''-ilyô'', adj., II, ''agile'', ''nimble''
* '''Alcwi''', ''alcwe'', ''alcwo'', pron., ''someone'', ''somebody'', ''something''
* '''Amar''', ''ame'', ''amay'', ''amate'', verb, I, ''to love''
* '''Amica''', ''-carô'', noun, f., ''friend'' (<small>only female</small>)
* '''Amice''', ''-cerô'', noun, m., ''friend'' (<small>only male or mixed</small>)
* '''Ane''', ''anerô'', noun, m., ''year''; '''cwôtyi anyi ti sôt?''', ''how old are you?''
* '''Animaw''', ''-alyô'', noun, n., ''animal''
* '''Aragnyowa''', ''-warô'', noun, f., ''spider''
* '''Arber''', ''arberô'', noun, f., ''tree''
* '''Arder''', ''ardye'', ''arsyi'', ''arse'', verb, IIr, ''to burn'' (<small>intransitive</small>)
* '''Awa''', ''-warô'', noun, f., ''wing''
* '''Awbe''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''white''
* '''Awr''', ''-ryô'', noun, f., ''ear''
* '''Awter''', ''-tra'', ''-trô'', adj., I, ''other''
* '''Awtomobiw''', ''-ilyô'', noun, f., ''car''
* '''Aycwe''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''equal''
* '''Aycwita''', ''-tadô'', noun, f., ''equality'', ''parity''
===B===
* '''Benedicer''', ''-dice'', ''-dicsyi'', ''-diwte'', verb, III, ''to bless''
* '''Benedicyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''blessing''
* '''Biver''', ''bive'', ''bivyi'', ''bivite'', verb, III, ''to drink''
* '''Bone''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''good''
* '''Bôba''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''bomb''
* '''Brachyô''', ''-yerô'', noun, n., ''arm''
* '''Brev''', ''-vyô'', adj., II, ''short'', ''brief''
===C===
* '''Calde''', ''-a, -ô'', adj., I, ''warm'', ''hot''
* '''Can''', ''-nô'', noun, m., ''dog''
* '''Caner''', ''cane'', ''cecinyi'', ''côte'', verb, III, ''to sing''
* '''Capo''', ''-pitô'', noun, n., ''head'', ''mind''
* '''Capyir''', ''capye'', ''cepyi'', ''cawte'', verb, IVr, ''to take'', ''to catch''
* '''Casye''', ''-yerô'', noun, m., ''cheese''
* '''Cawefacer''', ''-facye'', ''-fecyi'', ''-fawte'', verb, III, ''to heat (up)'', ''to warm up''
* '''Cawtive''', ''-a, -ô'', adj., I, ''captive'', ''captured'', ''caught''; adject. noun., ''prisoner'', ''captive''
* '''Cayder''', ''cayde'', ''cecyidyi'', ''cayse'', verb, III, ''to cut''
* '''Caysyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''cut''
* '''Ceweber''', ''-bryô'', adj., II, ''famous'', ''noted''
* '''Cine''', ''cinerô'', noun, f., ''ash''
* '''Ciwta''', ''-tadô'', noun, f., ''city''
* '''Cocwer''', ''cocwe'', ''cocsyi'', ''cowte'', verb, III, ''to cook''
* '''Cogidar''', ''cogide'', ''cogiday'', ''cogidate'', verb, I, ''to think''
* '''Cor''', ''cordô'', noun, n., ''heart''
* '''Corno''', ''-nwô'', noun, n., ''horn''
* '''Cô''', ''con'' (<small>before a vowel</small>), prep., ''with'' + GEN.
* '''Côcyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''song''
* '''Côfin''', ''-nyô'', noun, m., ''border''
* '''Côsilyar''', ''-lye'', ''-lyay'', ''-lyate'', verb, I, ''to advise'', ''to give an advice'', ''to suggest''
* '''Côsilyô''', ''-yerô'', noun, n., 1. ''advice''; 2. ''council''
* '''Cras''', adv, ''tomorrow''
* '''Creder''', ''crede'', ''cridyi'', ''credute'', verb, III, ''to believe''
* '''Cru''', ''-ucô'', noun, f., ''cross''
* '''Curer''', ''cure'', ''cocuryi'', ''curse'', verb, III, ''to run''
* '''Cwav''', ''-vyô'', noun, f., ''key''
* '''Cwayrer''', ''cwayre'', ''cwaysyi'', ''cwaysyite'', verb, III, ''to ask'' (<small>to know something</small>), '''ad alchies''', ''to ask someone'', '''cwayreri''', ''to wonder'', '''cwayrer, sin..''', ''I wonder if..''
* '''Cwomod''', adv., ''how''
* '''Cwôd''', adv., ''when''
* '''Cwôte''', ''-a, -ô'', adj., I, ''how much, how many''
* '''Cyewô''', ''-werô'', noun, n., ''sky''
 
===D===
* '''Dar''', ''do'', ''dedyi'', ''date'', verb, Ir, ''to give''
* '''Debiter''', ''-erô'', noun, m., ''debtor'' (<small>only male or mixed</small>)
* '''Debitô''', ''-erô'', noun, n., ''debt''
* '''Debitri''', ''-ricô'' noun, f., ''debtor'' (<small>only female</small>)
* '''Decerner''', ''decerne'', ''decreyi'', ''decrete'', verb, III, ''to decide''
* '''Decrecyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''decision''
* '''Dester''', ''-tra, -trô'', adj., I, ''right'' (<small>direction, side</small>)
* '''Dês''', ''dêtyô'', noun, m., ''tooth''
* '''Dicer''', ''dice'', ''dicsyi'', ''diwte'', verb, III, ''to say'', ''to tell''
* '''Docer''', ''docye'', ''docyi'', ''dowte'', verb, II, ''to teach''
* '''Docês''', ''-êtyô'', noun, m/f., ''teacher''
* '''Documête''', ''-terô'', noun, m., ''document''
* '''Dome''', ''-mwô'', noun, f., ''house'', ''home''
* '''Dormyir''', ''dormye'', ''dormiyi'', ''dormyite'', verb, IV, ''to sleep''
* '''Du''', ''ducô'', noun, m., ''leader''
* '''Ducer''', ''duce'', ''ducsyi'', ''duwte'', verb, III, ''to lead'', ''to guide''
 
===E===
* '''Ecwesya''', ''-yarô'', noun, f., ''church''
* '''Ed''', part., ''and''
* '''Elewcyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''election'', ''choice''
* '''Ewiger''', ''ewige'', ''ewecsyi'', ''elewte'', verb, III, ''to elect'', ''to choose''
* '''Emer''', ''eme'', ''imyi'', ''êwte'', verb, III, ''to buy'', ''to purchase''
* '''Emergêcya''', ''-yarô'', noun, f., ''emergency''
* '''Eo''', ''mey'', ''mi'', ''me'', pron., ''I'', '''Eo sô!''', ''It's me!''
* '''Erba''', ''-barô'', noun, f., ''grass''
* '''Esarder''', ''esardye'', ''esarsyi'', ''esarse'', verb, IIr, ''to catch (on) fire''
* '''Eseder''', ''esede'', ''esedyi'', ''eseste'', verb, III, ''to eat''
* '''Eser''', ''sô'', ''fuyi'', ''fute'', verb, -, ''to be''
* '''Esurer''', ''esure'', ''esusyi'', ''esuste'', verb, III, ''to burn'' (<small>transitive</small>), ''to burn down''
 
===Ê===
* '''Ê''', ''in'' (<small>before a vowel</small>), part., ''in'' + GEN. (<small>state</small>)/ + ACC. (<small>motion</small>)
* '''Êcêder''', ''êcêde'', ''êcêsyi'', ''êcêse'', verb, III, ''to set fire'', ''to set ablaze'', ''to set on fire''
* '''Êcowa''', ''-warô'', noun, m., ''inhabitant''
* '''Êdic''', adv., ''from here''
* '''Êgredyir''', ''êgredye'', ''êgresyi'', ''êgrese'', verb, IVr, ''to enter''
* '''Êgrese''', ''-wô'', noun, m., ''entry''
* '''Êgwê''', ''-inô'', noun, n., ''groin''
* '''Êposibiw''', ''êposibilyô'', adj. II, ''impossible''
* '''Êsuwa''', ''-warô'', noun, f., ''island''
* '''Êtervenyir''', ''-venye'', ''-vinyi'', ''-vête'', verb, IVr, ''to intervene''
* '''Êtervêcyô''', ''-yô'', noun, f, ''intervention''
* '''Êtêder''', ''êtêde'', ''êtêsyi'', ''êtêse'', verb, III, ''to understand''
* '''Êvenyir''', ''êvenye'', ''êvinyi'', ''êvête'', verb, IVr, ''to find'', ''to discover''
* '''Êvêcyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., 1. ''discover'' 2. ''invention''
* '''Êwcyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''purchase''
 
===F===
* '''Facer''', ''facye'', ''fecyi'', ''fawte'', verb, III, ''to do'', ''to make''
* '''Faciw''', ''-ilyô'', adj., II, ''easy''
* '''Fegadô''', ''-derô'', noun, n., ''liver''
* '''Fese''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''tired''
* '''Few''', ''felyô'', noun, f., ''cat''
* '''Fewi''', ''-cyô'', adj., II, ''happy''
* '''Fewicita''', ''-tadô'', noun, f., ''happyness''
* '''Fêger''', ''fêge'', ''fêsyi'', ''fiwte'', verb, III, ''to pretend'', ''to feign'', ''to fake''
* '''Fin''', ''-nô'', noun, f., ''end'', ''finish'', ''ending''
* '''Finyir''', ''finye'', ''finiyi'', ''finyite'', verb, IV, ''to end'', ''to finish'', ''to cease''
* '''Foce''', ''-cerô'', noun, m., ''fire'', ''flame'', '''focô côciper''', ''to catch (on) fire''
* '''Formose''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''beautiful''
* '''Flumê''', ''-inô'', noun, n., ''river''
* '''Fryigde''', ''-a, -ô'', adj., I, ''cold''
* '''Fruwte''', ''-terô'', noun, m., ''fruit''
* '''Fumar''', ''fume'', ''fumay'', ''fumate'', verb, I, ''to smoke''
* '''Fume''', ''-merô'', noun, m., ''smoke''
* '''Fwave''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''yellow''
* '''Fwe''', ''fworô'', noun, f., ''flower''
 
===G===
* '''Galice''', ''-cerô'', noun, n., ''French language''
* '''Galice''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''French''; adject. noun, ''French'', '''syi galicyi''', ''French people''
* '''Galya''', ''-yarô'', noun, f., 1. ''France'', 2. ''Gallia'' (<small>ancient name, usually with '''vetra''', ''old''</small>)
* '''Geno''', ''-nwô'', noun, n., ''knee''
* '''Germane''', ''-nerô'', noun, n. ''German man'', '''syi germanyi''', ''German people''
* '''Germanice''', ''-cerô'', noun, m., ''German language''
* '''Germanice''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''German'';
* '''Germanya''', ''-yarô'', noun, f., 1. ''Germany''
* '''Gês''', ''gêtyô'', noun, f., ''people'', ''folk'', ''population''
* '''Gracya''', ''-yarô'', noun, f., ''grace''
* '''Grôd''', ''-dyô'', adj., II, ''great'', ''big''
* '''Gwacyar''', ''-cye'', ''-cyay'', ''-cyate'', verb, I, ''to freeze'', ''to ice''
* '''Gwacyô''', ''-yerô'', noun, n., ''ice''
* '''Gwera''', ''-rarô'', noun, f., ''war''; '''ducer gwerô''', ''to go at war'' (côtre alcwê, ''against someone''); '''êdicer (sô) gwerô''', ''to declare war''
===H===
===I===
* '''Ic''', adv., ''here''
* '''Ida''', adv., ''so'', ''this way''
* '''Igider''', adv., ''therefore'', ''so''
* '''Isvi''', ''avi'', ''ivi'', adj., ''that''; pron., ''that one''
* '''Italya''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''Italy''
* '''Italyane''', ''-nerô'', noun, m., ''Italian language''
* '''Italyane''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''Italian''; adject. noun, ''Italian'', '''syi italyanyi''', ''Italian people''
 
===L===
* '''La''', ''lawtô'', noun, n., ''milk''
* '''Lader''', ''-erô'', noun, m., ''brick''
* '''Lavacyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''washing'', ''cleansing''
* '''Lavar''', ''lave'', ''lavay'', ''lavate'', verb, I, ''to wash'', ''to clean''
* '''Lawdar''', ''lawde'', ''lawday'', ''lawdate'', verb, I, 1. ''to praise''; 2. ''to boast''
* '''Leger''', ''lege'', ''legsyi'', ''lewte'', verb, III, ''to read''
* '''Lewcyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''lesson''
* '''Lêgwa''', ''-warô'', noun, m., 1. ''tongue''; 2. ''language''
* '''Libelô''', ''-lerô'', noun, n., ''book''
* '''Locwer''', ''locwe'', ''locuyi'', ''locute'', verb, III, ''to speak''
* '''Lude''', ''-derô'', noun, m., ''play'', ''toy''
* '''Luder''', ''lude'', ''lusyi'', ''luse'', verb, III, ''to play'' (<small>with a toy, football</small>)
* '''Luna''', ''-narô'', noun, m., 1. ''the Moon''; 2. ''moon'', ''natural satellite''
* '''Lupe''', ''-perô'', noun, m., ''wolf''
* '''Luse''', ''-swô'', noun, m., ''game'', ''(act of) play''
* '''Lyiber''', ''-era'', ''-erô'', adj., I, ''free''
* '''Lyiberar''', ''-re'', ''-ray'', ''-rate'', verb, I, ''to set free''
* '''Lyiberta''', ''-tadô'', noun, f., ''freedom''
===M===
* '''Mader''', ''-drô'', noun, f., ''mother''
* '''Mawe''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''bad'', ''evil''
* '''Mawedicer''', ''-dice'', ''-dicsyi'', ''-diwte'', verb, III, ''to curse''
* '''Mawedicyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''curse''
* '''Mawô''', ''-erô'', noun, n., ''evil''
* '''Mane''', ''-nwô'', noun, f., ''hand''
* '''Mar''', ''-ryô'', noun, n., 1. ''sea''; 2. ''seaside'', ''beach'', '''azies mars eser''', ''to be at seaside'', '''azô mar vader''', ''to go to the beach''
* '''Maryide''', ''-derô'', noun, m., ''husband''
* '''Meridyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, m., ''south''
* '''Mesime''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''same''
* '''Mês''', ''mêtyô'', noun, f., ''mind'', ''tought'', ''head''
* '''Mode''', ''-erô'', noun, m., ''manner'', ''mode'', ''way''
* '''Moner''', ''monye'', ''monyi'', ''monite'', verb, II, ''to warn'', ''to inform''
* '''Monicyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''warning''
* '''Mor''', ''mortô'', noun, f., ''death''
* '''Morder''', ''morde'', ''mordyi'', ''morse'', verb, III, ''to bite''
* '''Morse''', ''-swô'', noun, m., ''bite''
* '''Moryiri''', ''moryer'', ''mortwe fuyi'', verb, IV pas, ''to die''
* '''Mover''', ''movye'', ''movyi'', ''mote'', verb, II, ''to move'' (<small>transitive</small>); '''moveri''', ''to move'' (<small>intransitive</small>)
* '''Môde''', ''-erô'', noun, m., ''world''
* '''Môdyaw''', ''-alyô'', adj., II, ''worldwile'', ''global'', ''world''; '''sa Secunda Gwera Môdyaw''', ''World War II''
* '''Môgyar''', ''môgye'', ''môgyay'', ''môgyate'', verb, I, ''to dinner'', ''to have (a) dinner''
* '''Môgya''', ''-yarô'', noun, f., ''dinner''
* '''Mulyer''', ''-rô'', noun, f., ''woman''
* '''Mus''', ''muryô'', noun, f., ''mouse''
 
===N===
* '''Nase''', ''-serô'', noun, m., ''nose''
* '''Nav''', ''navyô'', noun, f., ''ship'', ''boat''
* '''Natura''', ''-rarô'', noun, f., ''nature''
* '''Naturaw''', ''alyô'', noun, adj., II, ''natural''
* '''Nebuwa''', ''-warô'', noun, f., ''fog''
* '''Nemê''', ''nemins'', pron., ''nobody''
* '''Nêger''', ''nêg'', ''nêsyit'', ''nête'', verb, III, ''to snow''
* '''Niger''', ''-gra'', ''-grô'', adj., I, ''black''
* '''Ni''', ''nivô'', noun, f., ''snow''
* '''Niw''', ''nulriy'', pron., ''nothing''
* '''No''', ''nowtô'', noun, f., ''night''
* '''Nomê''', ''-minô'', noun, n., ''noun'', ''name''
* '''Nos''', ''nestri'', ''nob'', ''nos'', pron., ''we''
* '''Nove''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''new''
* '''Nô''', part., ''not'', ''no''
* '''Nôc''', adv., ''now'', ''in this moment''
* '''Nôcyar''', ''nôcye'', ''nôcyay'', ''nôcyate'', verb, I, ''to announce'', ''to disclose''
* '''Nôcyô''', ''nôcyerô'', noun, n., ''news'', '''sa nôcya''', ''the news''
* '''Nub''', ''nubyô'', noun, f., ''cloud''
 
===O===
* '''Ocwe''', ''ocwerô'', noun, m., ''eye''
* '''Odôtoyatria''', noun, f., ''dentistry''
* '''Odôtoyatrice''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I,  ''relative to dentistry''
* '''Omcwi''', ''omcwe'', ''omcwo'', pron., ''everyone'', ''everybody'', ''everything''
* '''Omuvi''', adv., ''everywhere''
* '''Opyinyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''opinion'', ''viewpoint''
* '''Oracyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''pray''
* '''Ora''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''hour''
* '''Orar''', ''ore'', ''oray'', ''orate'', verb, I, ''to pray''
* '''Os''', ''oryô'', noun, n., ''mouth''
* '''Osô''', ''oserô'', noun, n., ''bone''
===Ô===
* '''Ôde''', adv., ''from where'', '''ôde vens?''', ''where are you from?''
* '''Ôguste''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''narrow'', ''tight''
* '''Ôpwe''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''wide''
 
===P===
* '''Pa''', ''pacô'', noun, f., ''peace''
* '''Pader''', ''-drô'', noun, m., ''father''
* '''Parês''', ''-êtyô'', noun, m., ''parent''
* '''Parve''', ''-a, -ô'', adj., I, ''little, small''
* '''Parvowa''', ''-warô'', noun, f., ''word''
* '''Pase''', ''-swô'', noun, m., ''step''
* '''Pecar''', ''peche'', ''pecay'', ''pecate'', verb, I, ''to sin''
* '''Pecator''', ''-rô'', noun, m., ''sinner''
* '''Pe''', ''pedô'', noun, m., ''foot''
* '''Peder''', ''pede'', ''pedyi'', ''pedyite'', verb, III, ''to ask'' (<small>to get something</small>), '''ad alchies alcwo''', ''to ask someone for something''
* '''Percuter''', ''-cutye'', ''-cusyi'', ''-cuse'', verb, IIr, ''to hit'', ''to beat'', ''to strike''
* '''Perder''', ''perde'', ''pirdyi'', ''perdute'', verb, III, ''to lose''
* '''Persona''', ''-narô'', noun, f., ''person'', '''se persone''', ''the people''
* '''Pertawtar''', ''-tawte'', ''-tawtay'', ''-tawtate'', verb, I, ''to come to touch'', ''to physically reach''
* '''Pervenyir''', ''-venye'', ''-vinyi'', ''-vête'', verb, IVr, ''to arrive'', ''to come''
* '''Pervête''', ''-twô'', noun, m., ''arrival''
* '''Pew''', ''pelyô'', noun, f., ''skin'', ''leather''
* '''Pêsar''', ''pêse'', ''pêsay'', ''pêsate'', verb, I, ''to think''
* '''Pome''', ''-merô'', noun, m., <small>EAST</small>, ''apple''
* '''Pomô''', ''-merô'', noun, n., ''apple''
* '''Porce''', ''-cerô'', noun, m., ''pork'', ''pig'', ''swine''
* '''Poser''', ''posô'', ''podiy'', ''podute'', verb, II, ''to can'', ''to be able''
* '''Posibiw''', ''posibilyô'', adj. II, ''possible''
* '''Pôs''', ''pôtyô'', noun, m., ''bridge''
* '''Praysidês''', ''-dêtyô'', noun, m., ''president''
* '''Prayvenyir''', ''-venye'', ''-vinyi'', ''-vête'', verb, IVr, ''to avoid'', ''to prevene''
* '''Prayvêcyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''prevention''
* '''Prelyô''', ''-yerô'', noun, n., ''fight''
* '''Prosime''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''near'', ''close'', + '''ad''' + ACC ; adject. noun, 1. ''one who is close to someone'', 2. ''neighbour'', '''syi prosimyi mi''', ''my neighbours''
* '''Pulcher''', ''-cra'', ''-crô'', adj., I, ''beautiful'', ''nice''
* '''Punya''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''battle''
* '''Punyar''', ''punye'', ''punyay'', ''punyate'', verb, I, ''to fight''
* '''Pwela''', ''-larô'', noun, f., ''girl''
* '''Pwene''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''full'' + GEN.
* '''Pwer''', ''-rerô'', noun, m., ''boy''
 
===R===
* '''Radi''', ''-dicô'', noun, f., ''root''
* '''Re''', ''regô'', noun, m., ''king''
* '''Regnô''', ''-erô'', noun, n., ''kingdom''; '''so Regnô Unitô Grônz Britanye ed Irlande Sewtêtryonals''', ''the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''
* '''Remote''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''far'', ''distant''
* '''Rena''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''sand''
* '''Respewtar''', ''-wte'', ''-wtay'', ''-wtate'', verb, I, ''to respect''
* '''Respewte''', ''-twô'', noun, m., ''respect''
* '''Respyiracyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''breathing'', ''respiration''
* '''Respyirar''', ''-ire'', ''-iray'', ''-irate'', verb, I, ''to breathe''
* '''Respyirô''', ''-rerô'', noun, n., ''breath''
* '''Rosa''', ''-sarô'', noun, m., ''rose''
* '''Rôper''', ''rôpe'', ''rupyi'', ''ruwte'', verb, III, ''to break''
* '''Ruber''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''red''
* '''Ruraw''', ''ruralyô'', adj. II, ''rural'', ''country''
* '''Rus''', ''ruryô'', noun, f., 1. ''hill'', 2. ''countryside''
* '''Ryider''', ''ryidye'', ''ryisyi'', ''ryise'', verb, IIr, ''to laugh'', ''to smile''
===S===
* '''Sateli''', ''-litô'', noun, m., 1. ''natural satellite'', ''moon'', 2. ''artificial satellite'', '''sateli naturaw''', ''natural satellite'', '''sateli artificyaw''', ''artificial satellite''
* '''Saw''', ''salyô'', noun, m., ''salt''
* '''Sawte''', ''-twô'', noun, m., ''jump''
* '''Sawtar''', ''sawte'', ''sawtay'', ''sawtate'', verb, I, ''to jump''
* '''Sawutacyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''greeting''
* '''Sawutar''', ''sawute'', ''sawutay'', ''sawutate'', verb, I, ''to greet''
* '''Scryiber''', ''scryibe'', ''scryipsyi'', ''scryiwte'', verb, III, ''to write''
* '''Se''', ''sa'', ''sô'', article, ''the''
* '''Sed''', part., ''but''
* '''Sen''', prep., ''without'' + GEN.
* '''Serpês''', ''-êtyô'', noun, m., ''snake''
* '''Sewtêtryô''', ''-yonô'', noun, m., ''north''
* '''Sêpre''', adv., ''always''
* '''Si''', part., ''if''
* '''Sin''', conj., ''if'', ''whether''
* '''Sice''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''dry''
* '''Sigareta''', ''-tarô'', noun, f., ''cigarette''
* '''Sinister''', ''-tra, -trô'', adj., I, ''left'' (<small>direction, side</small>)
* '''Siwva''', ''-varô'', noun, f., ''forest'', ''wood''
* '''Sortyir''', ''sortye'', ''sortiyi'', ''sortyite'', verb, IV, ''to exit'', ''to go out'', ''to come out''
* '''Sortyita''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''exit'', '''sortyita emergêcye''', ''emergency exit''
* '''Sow''', ''solyô'', noun, m., ''sun'', ''the Sun''
* '''Sôgwê''', ''-winô'', noun, m., ''blood''
* '''Sôwte''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''saint''
* '''Sôwtificar''', ''-fice'', ''-ficay'', ''-ficate'', verb, I, ''to hollow'', ''to sanctify''
* '''Spewtar''', ''spewte'', ''spewtay'', ''spewtate'', verb, I, ''to look at'', ''to watch''
* '''Spwêder''', ''spwêdye'', ''spwêdyi'', ''spwêdite'', verb, II, ''to shine'', ''to sparkle''
* '''Spiyar''', ''spiye'', ''spiyay'', ''spiyate'', verb, I, ''to spy''
* '''Star''', ''sto'', ''stetyi'', ''state'', verb, Ir, ''to stay'', ''to stand'', ''to stand up'', ''to be''
* '''State''', ''staterô'', noun, m., ''state'' (<small>as a political entity</small>); '''syi Statyi Unyiti Americhe''', ''the United States of America''
* '''State''', ''statwô'', noun, m., 1. ''condition'', ''state'', 2. ''position'', ''place''
* '''Ste''', ''sta'', ''sto'', adj., ''this''; pron., ''this one''
* '''Studer''', ''studye'', ''studyi'', ''studite'', verb, II, ''to study''
* '''Subsecwês''', ''-êtyô'', adj., II, ''next''
 
===T===
* '''Tawtar''', ''tawte'', ''tawtay'', ''tawtate'', verb, I, ''to touch''
* '''Tawte''', ''-twô'', noun, m., ''touch''
* '''Têpe''', ''-perô'', noun, n., 1. ''time''; 2. ''tense''
* '''Tener''', ''tenye'', ''tinyi'', ''tête'', verb, II, ''to have'', ''to keep'', ''to own''
* '''Tera''', ''-rarô'', noun, f., 1. ''earth'', ''ground''; 2. ''Earth''
* '''Timer''', ''timye'', ''timyi'', ''timute'', verb, II, ''to fear'', '''timye ud''' + SUBJ., ''I fear that...''
* '''Tode''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''all''
* '''Tu''', ''tuy'', ''ti'', ''te'', pron., ''you'' (<small>only singular</small>)
* '''Tur''', ''-ryô'', noun, f., ''tower''
===U===
* '''Ucser''', ''ucserô'', noun, f., ''wife''
* '''Unyir''', ''unye'', ''uniyi'', ''unite'', verb, IV, ''to unite''
* '''Unyô''', ''unyonô'', noun, f., ''union''
* '''Utyir''', ''utye'', ''utiyi'', ''use'', verb, IV, ''to use'', ''to make use of'' + GEN.
* '''Uvi''', adv., ''where''
 
===V===
* '''Vader''', ''vade'', ''vasyi'', ''vase'', verb, III, ''to go''
* '''Vêcer''', ''vêce'', ''vyicyi'', ''vyiwte'', verb, III, ''to win'', ''to conquer''
* '''Venenar''', ''venene'', ''venenay'', ''venenate'', verb, I, ''to poison''
* '''Venenô''', ''-nerô'', noun, n., ''poison''
* '''Venyir''', ''venye'', ''vinyi'', ''vête'', verb, IVr, ''to come''
* '''Verbô''', ''-berô'', noun, n., ''verb''
* '''Vespera''', ''-rarô'', noun, f., ''evening''
* '''Vesper''', ''-prerô'', noun, m., <small>EAST</small>, ''evening''
* '''Veter''', ''-tra'', ''-trô'', adj., I, ''old''
* '''Vidrô''', ''-erô'', noun, n., ''glass (substance)''
* '''Vider''', ''vidye'', ''vyidyi'', ''vyise'', verb, IIr, ''to see''
* '''Viri''', ''-dyô'', adj., II, ''green''
* '''Vowar''', ''vowe'', ''voway'', ''vowate'', verb, I, ''to fly''
* '''Vyice''', ''-cerô'', noun, m., ''village''
* '''Vyinô''', ''-nerô'', noun, n., ''wine''
* '''Vyiver''', ''vyive'', ''vyicsyi'', ''vyiwte'', verb, III, ''to live''
* '''Vyiwter''', ''-erô'', noun, m., ''winner'' (<small>only male or mixed</small>)
* '''Vyiwtri''', ''-ricô'' noun, f., ''winner'' (<small>only female</small>)
* '''Vocar''', ''voce'', ''vocay'', ''vocate'', verb, I, ''to call''; '''cwomod vocers?''', ''What's your name?''
* '''Voler''', ''volye'', ''volyi'', ''volute'', verb, II, ''to want'', ''to desire''; '''volye ud''' + SUBJ., ''I want that...''
* '''Voluwta''', ''-adô'', noun, f., ''will''
* '''Vos''', ''vestri'', ''vob'', ''vos'', pron., ''you'' (<small>only plural</small>)
 
===W===
===X===
===Y===
* '''Yacer''', ''yacye'', ''yacyi'', ''yacyute'', verb, II, ''to lie'', ''to lie along''
* '''Yawtar''', ''yawte'', ''yawtay'', ''yawtate'', verb, I, ''to throw'', ''to toss'', ''to cast''
* '''Yus''', ''yuryô'', noun, n., 1. ''right'', ''law'', 2. ''jurisprudence''
* '''Yuvacyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''help''
* '''Yuvar''', ''yuve'', ''yuvay'', ''yuvate'', verb, I, ''to help''
* '''Yuven''', ''-enyô'', adj., II, ''young''
* '''Yuvêtu''', ''-udô'', noun, f., ''youth''
 
===Z===
 
==Sectorial lexycon==
===Everyday lexycon===
* '''Cyao!''': ''Hi, Hello'' (<small>informal</small>)
* '''Sawve''': ''Hi, Hello'' (<small>formal</small>)
* '''Bonô diê!''' (<small>formal full form</small>) - '''Bôdiê!''' (<small>informal short form</small>): ''Good morning''/''Good day'' (<small>until 14:00/2:00 pm</small>)
* '''Bonô vesperô!''' (<small>formal full form</small>) - '''Bôvesprô!''' (<small>informal short form</small>):  ''Good evening'' (<small>from 14:00/2:00 pm until leaving</small>)
* '''Bonô nowtê!''' (<small>formal full form</small>) - '''Bônowtê!''' (<small>informal short form</small>): ''Good night'' (<small>only when leaving at night</small>) 
* '''Ad revideri!''' (<small>formal full form</small>) - '''Arevider!''' (<small>informal short form</small>): ''Good  bye''
* '''Cyao!''': ''Bye!'' (<small>informal</small>)
* '''Bêvête!''' (<small>sing. m.</small>) - '''Bêvêta!''' (<small>sing. f.</small>): ''Welcome'' - '''Bêvêtyi!''' (<small>plur. m. or mixed</small>) - '''Bêvête!''' (<small>plur. f.</small>)
* '''Cwomod ti e?''': ''How are you?'' (<small>informal</small>)
* '''Cwomod vob e?''': ''How are you?'' (<small>formal</small>)
** '''Bê!''': ''Fine''
* '''Ti/Vob gracyage!''': ''Thank you'', ''Thanks'' (1st person of verb '''gracyager''', ''to thank'')
* '''Multô ti/vob gracyage!''': ''Thank you very much''
** '''Ore''': ''You're welcome'' (1st person of verb '''orar''', ''to pray'', fixed form)
* '''Cwomod vocers?''': ''What's your name?'' (<small>informal</small>)
* '''Cwomod vocemnyi?''': ''What's your name?'' (<small>formal</small>)
** '''.... vocer!''': ''My name is ....''
* '''Cwôtyi anyi ti sôt?''': ''How old are you?''
 
This fixed expression are used in both dialects, but in the Eastern dialect only some forms are used. For example only the informal forms '''Bôdiê''', '''Bôvesprô''', '''Bônowtê''', '''Arevider''' are used in greetings, while the usual form for thanking someone is '''Gracyage'''/'''Multô gracyage!''' without the pronouns.
 
In the Western dialect it's common to ask '''Cwomod (ti) vad?''', for ''How are you?'', while in the Eastern dialect an usual question is '''Cwomod es/ez?'''.
 
===The days of the week - Syi dies sies sewtimane ===
 
{|
!English || Novelatine
|-
|-
| ''Monday'' || W: '''Lunedie''' E: '''Lundie'''
| || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Imperfective present''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Imperfective future''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfective future''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Imperfective past''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfective past'''    
|-
|-
| ''Tuesday'' || '''Mardie'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužužɔ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužužəjgehɔ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužužəjgehɔ || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužužəjdo || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužužəjdo
|-
|-
| ''Wednesday'' || '''Mercurdie'''
| 2s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužužih || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužužəjgehih || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužužəjgehih
|-
|-
| ''Thursday'' || '''Yowdie'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužuš || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužužəjgeh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužužəjgeh
|-
|-
| ''Friday'' || '''Venerdie'''
| 1p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužužunɔ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužužəjgehunɔ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužužəjgehunɔ || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužužəjduno || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužužəjduno
|-
|-
| ''Saturday'' || '''Sabadô'''
| 2p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužužunih || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužužəjgehunih || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužužəjgehunih
|-
|-
| ''Sunday'' || '''Dominca'''
| 3p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužužun || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužužəjgehun || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužužəjgehun
|}
|}


===The months of the year - Syi mêses sies anyi===


{|
{|-
!English || Novelatine || English || Novelatine
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Infinite'''</center>
|-
|-
| ''January'' || '''Yanwarye''' || ''July'' || '''Yulye'''  
| style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Imperfective''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfective'''  
|-
|-
| ''February'' || '''Fevrwarye''' || ''August'' || '''Awguste'''
| style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužəjge || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužəjge
|-
| ''March'' || '''Marcye''' || ''September'' || '''Sewtêber'''
|-
| ''April'' || '''Apriw''' || ''October'' || '''Owtober'''
|-
| ''May'' || '''Maye''' || ''November'' || '''Novêber'''
|-
| ''Juny'' || '''Yunye''' || ''December'' || '''Decêber'''
|}
|}


===The seasons of the year - Se stagyons sies anyi===
 
{|
{|-
!English || Novelatine
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Participle'''</center>
|-
|-
| ''Spring'' || '''primver'''
| || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Imperfective''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfective'''  
|-
|-
| ''Summer'' || '''aysta'''
| Indicative || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužuǵ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužuǵ
|-
|-
| ''Autumn''<br>''Fall'' || '''awtumne'''
| Conditional || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužužuǵ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ejjužužuǵ
|-
| ''Winter'' || '''yem'''
|}
|}


==Texts==
===Cärähə===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Article 1===
Verb '''rīrusühä''', ''to see''
Todyi omins lyiberyi ed aycwi per dyignitadê ed yurya nascôter. Lyi praydityi cô sies racyons ed sies côscyêcye sôt ed sa fradernita de unyi azon awtrô de lyis avêda e.
{|-
 
| || colspan="9" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
===Lord's prayer===
* Pader nob, cwi ê sies cyelyi es,
* sô nomê ti sôwtificeter
* sô regnô ti venye
* sa voluwta ti faceter
* ida ê sies cyelyi, ida ê se tere
* danob sô panê cotyidyanô nob
* ed ad nob dyimiti sa debita nob
* ida nos ad debiteres nob dyimitim
* ed nos ê têtacyonê non êduces
* sed lyiberanos de sies malyi.
* amê.
 
===Hail Mary===
* Ave Maria, gracye pwena,
* se Domine tecô e
* benediwta êter mulyerô es
* ed benediwte se fruwte sies vêtris ti e, Jesus
* Sôwta Maria, mader Dyi
* ora per nob, pecatorô
* nôc ed ê sies ore sies morz nob
* amê
 
===Babel text===
* Er ê tode sies Tere una sowa lêgwa ed se mesime parvowe
* Domud de sied oryêz provenyirêt, unô pwanô ê sies tere Senaar êvinyerôt ed ic êcowayerôt
* ed omcwi azô prosimô si dicsyit: "Venyid, facyem laderes ed cocwem les cô sies focyi ed utyem syor laderô pro syar pedrarô ed sies bitumins pro sies cemêtyi"
* ed dicsyerôt: "Venyid, facyem nob unô ciwtadê ed unô turê sô chies cuwmê sô cyelô pertawti ed cewebrim sô nomê nob, andecud ê todô sô terô abyem dyivideri"
* ed se Domine descendyit perud vider sô ciwtadê ed sô turê, cwô syi filyi Adamyi aydificavêt.
* Ed se Domine dicsyit "Ecô, lyi une sowe vuwge sôt ed une sowe lêgwe utyôt, ida lo facere êcipyerôt ed de syor proyewterô si non ôt desister, donecud son operô si abyôt finyir"
* "venyid, igider, descendem ed côfôdem sô lêgwô lyis, perud sô você sies prosimyi si non abyôt êtêder".
* Ida se Domine de iesvi locyi ê todô sô terô les dyivisyit, ed lyi sô ciwtadê aydificar desistyerôt
* et sa ciwta Babel vocata fuyit, comud ic se Domine sô lêgwô tode sies tere côfusyer ed êdic se Domine ê todô sô terô les dyivisyit.
 
==States of the world==
 
===States of Europe===
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! ''English'' !! Novelatine !! Adjective !! Inhabitant
|-
|-
| ''Albania'' || Awbania ||colspan=2| awbanês
| || colspan="9" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
|-
|-
| ''Andorra'' || Andora ||colspan=2| andorane
| || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Present continuous''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Past continous''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Plusquamperfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future perfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future in past'''
|-
|-
| ''Armenia'' || Armenya ||colspan=2| armene
| 1s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänü rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänü rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänü rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänü rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänü rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänü rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänü rīrusühä
|-
|-
| ''Austria'' || Awstrya ||colspan=2| awstriace
| 2s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänir rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänir rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänir rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänir rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänir rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänir rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänir rīrusühä
|-
|-
| ''Azerbaijan'' || Azerbaygyan ||colspan=2| azere
| 3s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīruśäh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīśäh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cän rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cän rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcän rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcän rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cän rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cän rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcän rīrusühä
|-
|-
| ''Belarus'' || Rusya Awba ||colspan=2| awboruse
| 1p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusunü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsunü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänunü rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänunü rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänunü rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänunü rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänunü rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänunü rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänunü rīrusühä
|-  
| ''Belgium'' || Bewgyô || bewgice || bewge
|-
|-
| ''Bosnia and Herzegovina'' || Bosnya ed Erzegovina ||colspan=2| bosniace
| 2p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusunir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsunir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänunir rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänunir rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänunir rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänunir rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänunir rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänunir rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänunir rīrusühä
|-
|-
| ''Bulgaria'' || Buwgaria ||colspan=2| buwgare
| 3p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusuńäh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsuńäh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänun rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänun rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänun rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänun rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänun rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänun rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänun rīrusühä
|}
 
 
{|-
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Passive'''</center>
|-
|-
| ''Croatia'' || Croacya ||colspan=2| croate
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
|-
|-
| ''Cyprus'' || Cipre ||colspan=2| ciprice
| || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Plusquamperfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future perfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future in past'''
|-  
| ''Czech Republic'' || Cechya<br>Respublica Ceca ||colspan=2| ceche
|-
|-
| ''Denmark'' || Danya ||colspan=2| danês
| 1s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänü rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänü rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänü rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänü rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänü cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänü cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänü cänühä rīruśuhi
|-
|-
| ''Estonia'' || Estonya ||colspan=2| estonês
| 2s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänir rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänir rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänir rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänir rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänir cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänir cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänir cänühä rīruśuhi
|-
|-
| ''Finland'' || Finya ||colspan=2| finice
| 1s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cän rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcän rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cän rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcän rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cän cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cän cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcän cänühä rīruśuhi
|-
|-
| ''France'' || Galya ||colspan=2| galice
| 1p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänunü rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänunü rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänunü rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänunü rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänunü cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänunü cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänunü cänühä rīruśuhi
|-
|-
| ''Georgia'' || Georgya ||colspan=2| georgyane
| 2p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänunir rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänunir rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänunir rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänunir rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänunir cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänunir cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänunir cänühä rīruśuhi
|-
|-
| ''Germany'' || Germanya || germanice || germane
| 1p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänun rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänun rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänun rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänun rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänun cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänun cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänun cänühä rīruśuhi
|}
 
 
{|-
| || colspan="9" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
| ''Greece'' || Graycya ||colspan=2| grayce
| || colspan="9" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Subjunctive'''</center>
|-
|-
| ''Hungary'' || Ungarya || ungarês || ungare
| || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Present continuous''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Past continous''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Plusquamperfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future perfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future in past'''
|-
|-
| ''Iceland'' || Islandya ||colspan=2| islandês
| 1s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusünü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsünü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünü rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünü rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünü rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünü rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünü rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünü rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünü rīrusühä
|-
|-
| ''Ireland'' || Ibernya ||colspan=2| ibernês
| 2s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusünir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsünir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünir rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünir rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünir rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünir rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünir rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünir rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünir rīrusühä
|-
|-
| ''Italy'' || Italya ||colspan=2| italyane
| 3s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusuńäh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsuńäh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänün rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänün rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänün rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänün rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänün rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänün rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänün rīrusühä
|-
|-
| ''Kazakhstan'' || Kazakistania ||colspan=2| kazake
| 1p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusünunü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsünunü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünunü rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünunü rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünunü rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünunü rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünunü rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünunü rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünunü rīrusühä
|-
|-
| ''Latvia'' || Letonya ||colspan=2| letonês
| 2p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusünunir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsünunir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünunir rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünunir rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünunir rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünunir rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünunir rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünunir rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünunir rīrusühä
|-
|-
| ''Liechtenstein'' || Liechtenstein ||colspan=2| liechtensteinês
| 3p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusünuńäh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsünuńäh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünun rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünun rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünun rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünun rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünun rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünun rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünun rīrusühä
|}
 
 
{|-
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Passive'''</center>
|-
|-
| ''Lithuania'' || Litwanya ||colspan=2| litwane
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Subjunctive'''</center>
|-
|-
| ''Luxembourg'' || Luxemburg || colspan=2| luxemburghês
| || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Plusquamperfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future perfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future in past'''
|-
|-
| ''Republic of Macedonia'' || Respublica Macedonya ||colspan=2| macedon
| 1s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünü rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünü rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünü rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünü rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünü cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünü cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünü cänühä rīruśuhi
|-
|-
| ''Malta'' || Mawta ||colspan=2| maltês
| 2s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünir rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünir rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünir rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünir rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünir cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünir cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünir cänühä rīruśuhi
|-  
| ''Moldova'' || Moldova ||colspan=2| moldovês
|-  
| ''Monaco'' || Monace ||colspan=2| monachês
|-  
| ''Montenegro'' || Môs Niger ||colspan=2| nigromôtês
|-  
| ''Netherlands'' || Nederlandya || nederlandês || olôdês
|-  
| ''Norway'' || Norvegya ||colspan=2| norvegês
|-
|-
| ''Poland'' || Polonya ||colspan=2| polace
| 3s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänün rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänün rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänün rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänün rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänün cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänün cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänün cänühä rīruśuhi
|-
|-
| ''Portugal'' || Portugaw ||colspan=2| lusitane
| 1p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünunü rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünunü rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünunü rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünunü rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünunü cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünunü cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünunü cänühä rīruśuhi
|-
|-
| ''Romania'' || Romania ||colspan=2| romene
| 2p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünunir rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünunir rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünunir rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünunir rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünunir cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünunir cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünunir cänühä rīruśuhi
|-
|-
| ''Russia'' || Rusya<br>Federacyô Rusa ||colspan=2| ruse
| 3p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünun rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünun rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünun rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünun rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünun cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünun cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänünun cänühä rīruśuhi
|}
 
 
 
{|-
| || colspan="9" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
| ''San Marino'' || Sôwte Marine ||colspan=2| sôwtomarinês
| || colspan="9" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Optative'''</center>
|-
|-
| ''Serbia'' || Serbya ||colspan=2| serbe
| || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Present continuous''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Past continous''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Plusquamperfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future perfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future in past'''
|-
|-
| ''Slovakia'' || Swovachya ||colspan=2| swovace
| 1s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrususü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsusü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänü rīrususīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänü rurīsusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusü rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusü rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusü rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusü rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusü rīrusühä
|-
|-
| ''Slovenia'' || Swovenya || swovenice || swovene
| 2s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrususir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsusir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusir rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusir rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusir rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusir rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusir rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusir rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusir rīrusühä
|-
|-
| ''Spain'' || Ispanya || ispanice || ispane
| 3s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusuśäh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsuśäh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänus rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänus rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänus rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänus rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänus rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänus rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänus rīrusühä
|-
|-
| ''Sweden'' || Svecya ||colspan=2| svedês
| 1p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrususunü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsusunü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusunü rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusunü rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusunü rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusunü rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusunü rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusunü rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusunü rīrusühä
|-
|-
| ''Switzerland'' || Ewvecya || ewvetice || ewvete
| 2p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrususunir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsusunir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusunir rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusunir rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusunir rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusunir rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusunir rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusunir rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusunir rīrusühä
|-
|-
| ''Turkey'' || Turchia ||colspan=2| turce
| 3p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrususuńäh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsusuńäh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusun rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusun rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusun rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusun rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusun rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusun rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusun rīrusühä
|-
| ''Ukraine'' || Ucrayna ||colspan=2| ucraynês
|-
| ''United Kingdom'' || Regnô Unyitô ||colspan=2| ôglice
|-
| ''Vatican City'' || Vaticano ||colspan=2| vaticanês
|}
|}


===Other State Names===
: '''Other names''' (other continents, common institions, former countries and unrecognized countries):


{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{|-
! ''English'' !! Novelatine !! Adjective !! Inhabitant
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Passive'''</center>
|-
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Common institutions'''
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Optative'''</center>
|-
|-
| ''European Union'' || Unyô Ewropayca ||colspan=2| ewropayce
| || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Plusquamperfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future perfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future in past'''
|-
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Former countries'''
| 1s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusü rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusü rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusü rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusü rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusü cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusü cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusü cänühä rīruśuhi
|-
|-
| ''Czechoslovachia'' || Cecoswovachya ||colspan=2| cecoswovace
| 2s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusir rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusir rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusir rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusir rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusir cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusir cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusir cänühä rīruśuhi
|-
|-
| ''Federal Republic of Germany''<br>''West Germany'' || Respublica Federaw Germanica (RFG)<br>Germanya Ocidêtaw ||colspan=2| ocidêtawgermanice
| 3s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänus rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänus rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänus rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänus rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänus cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänus cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänus cänühä rīruśuhi
|-
|-
| ''German Democratic Republic''<br>''East Germany'' || Respublica Democratica Germanica (RDG)<br>Germanya Oryêtaw ||colspan=2| oryêtawgermanice
| 1p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusunü rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusunü rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusunü rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusunü rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusunü cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusunü cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusunü cänühä rīruśuhi
|-
|-
| ''Jugoslavia'' || Yugoswavya ||colspan=2| yugoswave
| 2p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusunir rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusunir rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusunir rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusunir rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusunir cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusunir cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusunir cänühä rīruśuhi
|-
|-
| ''Soviet Union''<br>''Union of Socialist Sovietic Republics'' || Unyô Sovyetica<br>Unyô syar Socyalisticarô Sovyeticarô Respublicarô ||colspan=2| sovyetice
| 3p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusun rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusun rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusun rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusun rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusun cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänusun cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcänusun cänühä rīruśuhi
|}
 
 
{|-
| || colspan="9" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Unrecognized countries'''
| || colspan="9" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Potential'''</center>
|-
|-
| ''Abkhazia'' || Abcasya ||colspan=2| abcase
| || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Present continuous''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Past continous''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Plusquamperfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future perfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future in past'''
|-  
| ''Kosovo'' || Kosovya ||colspan=2| kosovice
|-
|-
| ''Southern Ossetia'' || Osecya Meridyonaw ||colspan=2| meridionalosetice
| 1s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīruśäɕü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīśäɕü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cänünü rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕü rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕü rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕü rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕü rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕü rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕü rīrusühä
|-
|-
| ''Turkish Republic<br>of Northern Cyprus'' || Respublica Turca<br>Cipryi Sewtêtryonals ||colspan=2|sewtêtryonawciprice
| 2s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīruśäɕir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīśäɕir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕir rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕir rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕir rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕir rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕir rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕir rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕir rīrusühä
|-
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Countries in other continents'''
| 3s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīruśäɕäh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīśäɕäh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕ rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕ rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕ rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕ rurīsīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕ rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕ rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕ rīrusühä
|-
|-
| ''United State of America'' || Statyi Unyiti Americhe ||colspan=2| americane<br>statounyitês
| 1p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīruśäɕunü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīśäɕunü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕunü rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕunü rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕunü rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕunü rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕunü rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕunü rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕunü rīrusühä
|-
|-
| ''China''<br>''People's Republic of China'' || Syina<br>Respublica Vuwgar Syinês ||colspan=2| syinês
| 2p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīruśäɕunir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīśäɕunir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕunir rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕunir rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕunir rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕunir rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕunir rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕunir rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕunir rīrusühä
|-
|-
| ''Japan'' || Yaponya ||colspan=2| yaponês
| 3p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīruśäɕuńäh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīśäɕuńäh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕun rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕun rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕun rīrusīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕun rurīsīdənə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕun rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕun rurīsühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕun rīrusühä
|-
| ''India'' || Êdya ||colspan=2| êdyane
|}
|}


==Sound changes from Latin==
These are the main sound changes that affected the Late Latin spoken in this area, which later became Novelatine. These sound change laws are usually respected, but sometimes there are other results, mainly because of '''analogy''' (for example the uniform masculine/feminine accusative plural ending '''-es''', the actual derived endings should have been very different in each declension, but it spread in every noun class).
Legend: C, any consonant; N, a nasal consonat (n, m); V, any vowel; the sign [:], a long vowel or consonant.
* i: → yi {{IPA|[ji]}} (lupī → lupyi)
* ct → wt
* pt → wt
* VlV → VwV but → VlV if another w is present. (incola → êcowa - voluptas → voluwta)
* ClV → CwV but → ClV if V = u (clavis → cwav - flumen → flumê)
* C: → C (terra → tera)
* tiV → cyV {{IPA|[ʧj]}} (liberatio → lyiberacyô)
* CiV → CyV {{IPA|[j]}}, but not if [i] is stressed.
* eNC, iNC → ê {{IPA|[e◌̃]}}
* aNC, oNC, uNC → ô {{IPA|[o◌̃]}}
* eN_#, iN_# → ê {{IPA|[e◌̃]}}
* aN_#, oN_#, uN_# → ô {{IPA|[o◌̃]}}
* ae_# → e
* ae (stressed or in a syllable before the stressed one) → ay
* us_# → e


==Swadesh list==
{|-
{| border=1
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Passive'''</center>
|i=No| №
!c=en| [[English]]
!c=01|  Novelatine
!c=02|  Latin
!c=03| Italian
|-
|-
|i=No| 1
| || colspan="7" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
|c=en| I
|c=01| eo
|c=02| ego
|c=03| io
|-
|-
|i=No| 2
| || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Plusquamperfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future perfect''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Future in past'''
|c=en| thou<br><small>(singular)</small>
|c=01| tu
|c=02| tu
|c=03| tu
|-
|-
|i=No| 3
| 1s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕü rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕü rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕü rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕü rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕü cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕü cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕü cänühä rīruśuhi
|c=en| he<br>she<br>it
|c=01| le<br>la<br>lo
|c=02| is<br>ea<br>id
|c=03| egli<br>ella<br>esso
|-
|-
|i=No| 4
| 2s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕir rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕir rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕir rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕir rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕir cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕir cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕir cänühä rīruśuhi
|c=en| we
|c=01| nos
|c=02| nos
|c=03| noi
|-
|-
|i=No| 5
| 3s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕ rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕ rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕ rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕ rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕ cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕ cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕ cänühä rīruśuhi
|c=en| you<br><small>(plural)</small>
|c=01| vos
|c=02| vos
|c=03| voi
|-
|-
|i=No| 6
| 1p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕunü rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕunü rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕunü rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕunü rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕunü cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕunü cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕunü cänühä rīruśuhi
|c=en| they
|c=01| lyi (m.)<br>le (f.)<br>la (n.)
|c=02| ei (m.)<br>eae (f.)<br>ea (n.)
|c=03| essi (m.)<br>esse (f.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 7
| 2p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕunir rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕunir rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕunir rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕunir rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕunir cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕunir cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕunir cänühä rīruśuhi
|c=en| this
|c=01| ste
|c=02| iste
|c=03| questo
|-
|-
|i=No| 8
| 3p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕun rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕun rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕun rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕun rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕun cänühä rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäńäɕun cänühä rurīśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| häcäńäɕun cänühä rīruśuhi
|c=en| that
|}
|c=01| isvi
 
|c=02| is
 
|c=03| quello
{|-
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Indefinite'''</center>
|-
|-
|i=No| 9
| || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Past'''
|c=en| here
|c=01| ic
|c=02| hic
|c=03| qui
|-
|-
|i=No| 10
| Infinite || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusühä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsühä
|c=en| there
|c=01| ila
|-
|-
|i=No| 11
| Active<br>Participle|| style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusīdə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīsīdə
|c=en| who
|c=01| cwi
|c=02| quis
|c=03| chi
|-
|-
|i=No| 12
| Passive<br>Participle|| style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīruśuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rurīśuhi
|c=en| what
|}
|c=01| cwo
 
|c=02| quod
===Viwdiwgu===
|c=03| cosa
Verb '''līlužiwgɛ''', ''to see''
{|-
|-
|-
|i=No| 13
| || colspan="5" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
|c=en| where
|c=01| uvi
|c=02| ubi
|c=03| dove
|-
|-
|i=No| 14
| || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Imperfective present''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Imperfective future''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfective future''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Imperfective past''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfective past'''   
|c=en| when
|c=01| quhante
|-
|-
|i=No| 15
| 1s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužū || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwçū || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžū || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužīdu || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžīdu
|c=en| how
|c=01| cwôte
|c=02| quantus
|c=03| quanto
|-
|-
|i=No| 16
| 2s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwçir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžir
|c=en| not
|c=01| nô (non)
|c=02| non
|c=03| non
|-
|-
|i=No| 17
| 3s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwčɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžɛc
|c=en| all
|c=01| tode
|c=02| totus
|c=03| tutto
|-
|-
|i=No| 18
| 1d || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwhū || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwçiwhū || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžiwhū || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužīduhiw || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžīduhiw
|c=en| many
|c=01| muolte
|-
|-
|i=No| 19
| 2d || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwhir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwçiwhir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžiwhir
|c=en| some
|c=01| ni (m.)<br>ne (f., n.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 20
| 3d || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwcɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwçiwcɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžiwcɛc
|c=en| few
|c=01| ni (m.)<br>ne (f., n.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 21
| 1p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwçü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžü || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužīdū || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžīdū
|c=en| other
|c=01| awter
|c=02| alter
|c=03| altro
|-
|-
|i=No| 22
| 2p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužür || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwçür || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžür
|c=en| one
|c=01| une
|c=02| unus
|c=03| uno
|-
|-
|i=No| 23
| 3p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužünjɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwçünjɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžünjɛc
|c=en| two
|}
|c=01| due
 
|c=02| duos
 
|c=02| due
{|-
|-
|-
|i=No| 24
| || colspan="5" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Subjunctive'''</center>
|c=en| three
|c=01| tre/ter
|c=02| tres
|c=03| tre
|-
|-
|i=No| 25
| || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Imperfective present''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Imperfective future''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfective future''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Imperfective past''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfective past'''   
|c=en| four
|c=01| quatre/quatre
|c=02| quattuor
|c=03| quattro
|-
|-
|i=No| 26
| 1s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňū || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňiwçū || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžiwňū || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňīdu || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžiwňīdu
|c=en| five
|c=01| cwêc
|c=02| quinque
|c=02| cinque
|-
|-
|i=No| 27
| 2s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňiwçir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžiwňir
|c=en| big
|c=01| grôd
|c=02| grandis
|c=02| grande
|-
|-
|i=No| 28
| 3s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňiwčɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžiwňɛc
|c=en| large
|c=01| grosso
|-
|-
|i=No| 29
| 1d || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňiwhū || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňiwçiwhū || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžiwňiwhū || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňīduhiw || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžiwňīduhiw
|c=en| wide
|c=01| ôpwe
|c=02| amplus
|c=03| ampio
|-
|-
|i=No| 30
| 2d || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňiwhir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňiwçiwhir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžiwňiwhir
|c=en| thick
|c=01| folto
|-
|-
|i=No| 31
| 3d || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňiwcɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňiwçiwcɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžiwňiwcɛc
|c=en| heavy
|c=01| pesante
|-
|-
|i=No| 32
| 1p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňiwçü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžiwňü || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňīdū || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžiwňīdū
|c=en| small
|c=01| parve
|c=02| parvus
|c=03| piccolo
|-
|-
|i=No| 33
| 2p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňür || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňiwçür || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžiwňür
|c=en| short
|c=01| córtho
|-
|-
|i=No| 34
| 3p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňünjɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwňiwçünjɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžiwňünjɛc
|c=en| narrow
|}
|c=01| ôguste
 
|c=02| angustus
 
|c=03| angusto<br>stretto
{|-
|-
| || colspan="5" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Potential'''</center>
|-
|-
|i=No| 35
| || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Imperfective present''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Imperfective future''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfective future''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Imperfective past''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfective past'''   
|c=en| thin
|c=01| axutto
|-
|-
|i=No| 36
| 1s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsū || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsiwçū || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžɛtsū || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsīdu || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžɛtsīdu
|c=en| woman
|c=01| mulyer
|c=02| mulier
|c=03| donna
|-
|-
|i=No| 37
| 2s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsiwçir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžɛtsir
|c=en| man<br> <small> (male)</small>
|c=01| huomo (m.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 38
| 3s || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛcɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsiwčɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžɛcɛc
|c=en| person
|c=01| persona
|c=02| persona
|c=03| persona
|-
|-
|i=No| 39
| 1d || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwhū || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsiwçiwhū || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžɛtsiwhū || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsīduhiw || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžɛtsīduhiw
|c=en| child<br> <small> (a youth)</small>
|c=01| bambinno (m.)<br>bambinna (f.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 40
| 2d || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsiwhir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsiwçiwhir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžɛtsiwhir
|c=en| wife
|c=01| ucser
|c=02| uxor
|c=03| moglie
|-
|-
|i=No| 41
| 3d || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsiwcɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsiwçiwcɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžɛtsiwcɛc
|c=en| husband
|c=01| maryide
|c=02| maritus
|c=03| marito
|-
|-
|i=No| 42
| 1p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsiwçü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžɛtsü || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsīdū || rowspan="3" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžɛtsīdū
|c=en| mother
|c=01| mader
|c=02| mater
|c=03| madre
|-
|-
|i=No| 43
| 2p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsür || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsiwçür || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžɛtsür
|c=en| father
|c=01| pader
|c=02| pater
|c=03| padre
|-
|-
|i=No| 44
| 3p || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsünjɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛtsiwçünjɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžɛtsünjɛc
|c=en| animal
|}
|c=01| animaw
 
|c=02| animal
 
|c=03| animale
{|-
|-
|-
|i=No| 45
| || colspan="5" style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| <center>'''Indefinite moods'''</center>
|c=en| fish
|c=01| pexa (f.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 46
| || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Imperfective''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Perfective'''   
|c=en| bird
|c=01| av
|c=02| avis
|c=03| uccello
|-
|-
|i=No| 47
| Infinite || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwgɛ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžiwgɛ
|c=en| dog
|c=01| can
|c=02| canis
|c=03| cane
|-
|-
|i=No| 48
| Participle || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužuɣi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| lulīžuɣi
|c=en| louse
|}
|c=01| piattolla (f.)
 
===Jeʂtəra===
Verb '''līloṕəme''', ''to see''
{|-
|-
|-
|i=No| 49
| || colspan="5" style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
|c=en| snake
|c=01| serpês
|c=02| serpens
|c=03| serpente
|-
|-
|i=No| 50
| || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Imperfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Perfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Imperfective<br>past''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Perfective<br>past''' ||style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Imperfective<br>future'''
|c=en| worm
|c=01| verme (n.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 51
| 1s || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕol || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕol || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕol || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕol || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳol līloṕəme
|c=en| tree
|c=01| arber
|c=02| arbor
|c=03| albero
|-
|-
|i=No| 52
| 2s || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕer || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕer || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕer || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕer || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳer līloṕəme
|c=en| forest
|c=01| siwva
|c=02| silva
|c=03| foresta
|-
|-
|i=No| 53
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕət́ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕət́ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕət́ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕət́ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳət́ līloṕəme
|c=en| stick<br> <small> (of wood)</small>
|c=01| bastô
|c=02| clava
|c=03| bastone
|-
|-
|i=No| 54
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳ līloṕəme
|c=en| fruit
|c=01| fruwte
|c=02| fructus
|c=03| frutto
|-
|-
|i=No| 55
| 1p || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕolon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕolon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕolon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕolon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳolon līloṕəme
|c=en| seed
|c=01| semê
|c=02| semen
|c=03| seme
|-
|-
|i=No| 56
| 2p || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕeron || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕeron || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕeron || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕeron || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳeron līloṕəme
|c=en| leaf
|c=01| follia (f.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 57
| 3p || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕət́on || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕət́on || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕət́on || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕət́on || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳət́on līloṕəme
|c=en| root
|c=01| radicciu (n.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 58
| 3p || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳon līloṕəme
|c=en| bark<br> <small> (of tree)</small>
|}
|c=01| corteccia (f.)
 
 
{|-
|-
|-
|i=No| 59
| || colspan="5" style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | <center>'''Subjunctive'''</center>
|c=en| flower
|c=01| fwe
|c=02| flos
|c=03| fiore
|-
|-
|i=No| 60
| || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Imperfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Perfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Imperfective<br>past''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Perfective<br>past''' ||style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Imperfective<br>future'''
|c=en| grass
|c=01| erba
|c=02| herba
|c=03| erba
|-
|-
|i=No| 61
| 1s || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕiəɳol || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕiəɳol || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕiəɳol || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕiəɳol || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳiəɳol līloṕəme
|c=en| rope
|c=01| cortta (f.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 62
| 2s || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕiəɳer || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕiəɳer || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕiəɳer || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕiəɳer || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳiəɳer līloṕəme
|c=en| skin<br> <small> (of a person)</small>
|c=01| pew
|c=02| pellis
|c=03| pelle
|-
|-
|i=No| 63
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕiəɳət́ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕiəɳət́ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕiəɳət́ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕiəɳət́ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳiəɳət́ līloṕəme
|c=en| meat<br> <small> (as in flesh)</small>
|c=01| car
|c=02| caro
|c=03| carne
|-
|-
|i=No| 64
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕiəɳ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕiəɳ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕiəɳ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕiəɳ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳiəɳ līloṕəme
|c=en| blood
|c=01| sôgwê
|c=02| sanguen
|c=03| sangue
|-
|-
|i=No| 65
| 1p || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕiəɳolon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕiəɳolon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕiəɳolon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕiəɳolon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳiəɳolon līloṕəme
|c=en| bone
|c=01| osô
|c=02| os
|c=03| osso
|-
|-
|i=No| 66
| 2p || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕiəɳeron || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕiəɳeron || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕiəɳeron || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕiəɳeron || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳiəɳeron līloṕəme
|c=en| fat<br> <small> (noun)</small>
|c=01| attipe (n.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 67
| 3p || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕiəɳət́on || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕiəɳət́on || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕiəɳət́on || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕiəɳət́on || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳiəɳət́on līloṕəme
|c=en| egg
|c=01| ovô
|c=02| ovum
|c=03| uovo
|-
|-
|i=No| 68
| 3p || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕiəɳon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕiəɳon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕiəɳon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕiəɳon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳiəɳon līloṕəme
|c=en| horn
|}
|c=01| corno
 
|c=02| cornu
 
|c=03| corno
{|-
|-
|-
|i=No| 69
| || colspan="5" style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | <center>'''Conditional'''</center>
|c=en| tail
|c=01| settre (m.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 70
| || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Imperfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Perfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Imperfective<br>past''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Perfective<br>past''' ||style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Imperfective<br>future'''
|c=en| feather<br> <small> (rather not down)</small>
|c=01| pluma (f.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 71
| 1s || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕoṕol || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕoṕol || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕoṕol || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕoṕol || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳoṕol līloṕəme
|c=en| hair
|c=01| xappellu (n.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 72
| 2s || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕoṕer || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕoṕer || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕoṕer || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕoṕer || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳoṕer līloṕəme
|c=en| head
|c=01| capo
|c=02| caput
|c=03| testa<br>capo
|-
|-
|i=No| 73
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕoṕət́ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕoṕət́ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕoṕət́ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕoṕət́ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳoṕət́ līloṕəme
|c=en| ear
|c=01| awr
|c=02| auris
|c=03| orecchio
|-
|-
|i=No| 74
| 3s || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕoṕ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕoṕ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕoṕ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕoṕ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳoṕ līloṕəme
|c=en| eye
|c=01| ocwe
|c=02| oculus
|c=03| occhio
|-
|-
|i=No| 75
| 1p || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕoṕolon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕoṕolon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕoṕolon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕoṕolon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳoṕolon līloṕəme
|c=en| nose
|c=01| nase
|c=02| nasus
|c=03| naso
|-
|-
|i=No| 76
| 2p || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕoṕeron || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕoṕeron || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕoṕeron || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕoṕeron || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳoṕeron līloṕəme
|c=en| mouth
|c=01| os
|c=02| os
|c=03| bocca
|-
|-
|i=No| 77
| 3p || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕoṕət́on || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕoṕət́on || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕoṕət́on || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕoṕət́on || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳoṕət́on līloṕəme
|c=en| tooth<br> <small> (rather not molar)
|c=01| dês
|c=02| dens
|c=03| dente
|-
|-
|i=No| 78
| 3p || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕoṕon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕoṕon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕoṕon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕoṕon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳoṕon līloṕəme
|c=en| tongue
|}
|c=01| lêgwa
 
|c=02| lingua
 
|c=03| lingua
{|-
|-
|-
|i=No| 79
| || colspan="5" style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | <center>'''Indefinite moods'''</center>
|c=en| fingernail
|c=01| uonghia (f.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 80
| || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Imperfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Perfective<br>present''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Imperfective<br>past''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | '''Perfective<br>past'''
|c=en| foot
|c=01| pe
|c=02| pes
|c=03| piede
|-
|-
|i=No| 81
| Infinite || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕəme || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕəme || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕəme || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕəme
|c=en| leg
|c=01| zampa (f.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 82
| Active<br>Participle || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕīto || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕīto || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕīto || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕīto
|c=en| knee
|c=01| geno
|c=02| genu
|c=03| ginocchio
|-
|-
|i=No| 83
| Passive<br>Participle || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕəwkiə || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| lolīṕəwkiə || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalīloṕəwkiə || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔalolīṕəwkiə
|c=en| hand
|}
|c=01| mane
 
|c=02| manus
===Βaβar===
|c=03| mano
Verb '''ɸaq''', ''to see''
{|-
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
|i=No| 84
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
|c=en| wing
|c=01| awa
|c=02| ala
|c=03| ala
|-
|-
|i=No| 85
| || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| '''Imperfective''' || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| '''Perfective''' || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| '''Continous''' || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| '''Resultative'''
|c=en| belly
|c=01| vêter
|c=02| ventris
|c=03| ventre<br>pancia
|-
|-
|i=No| 86
| 1s || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaquš || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāquš || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqurā sūš  || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqurā sūš
|c=en| guts<br><small>(as in courage)</small>
|c=01| coraggio (m.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 87
| 2s || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqum || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqum || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqurā sūm  || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqurā sūm
|c=en| neck
|c=01| quollo (m.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 88
| 3s || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaquɣ || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāquɣ || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqurā sūɣ  || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqurā sūɣ
|c=en| back
|c=01| diettro (m.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 89
| 1p || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqūža || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqūža || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqurā sūža || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqurā sūža
|c=en| breast
|c=01| mammelle (f.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 90
| 2p || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqūku || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqūku || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqurā sūku || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqurā sūku
|c=en| heart
|c=01| cor
|c=02| cor
|c=03| cuore
|-
|-
|i=No| 91
| 3p || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqūç || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqūç || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqurā sūç || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqurā sūç
|c=en| liver
|}
|c=01| fegadô
 
|c=02| hepar
 
|c=03| fegato
{|-
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
|i=No| 92
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| <center>'''Subjunctive'''</center>
|c=en| to drink
|c=01| biver
|c=02| bibere
|c=03| bere
|-
|-
|i=No| 93
| || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| '''Imperfective''' || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| '''Perfective''' || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| '''Continous''' || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| '''Resultative'''
|c=en| to eat
|c=01| eseder
|c=02| edere
|c=03| mangiare
|-
|-
|i=No| 94
| 1s || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqūš || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqūš || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqurā sjaš  || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqurā sjaš
|c=en| to bite
|c=01| morder
|c=02| mordere
|c=03| mordere
|-
|-
|i=No| 95
| 2s || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqūm || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqūm || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqurā sjam  || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqurā sjam
|c=en| to suck
|c=01| suger
|c=02| sugere
|c=03| succhiare
|-
|-
|i=No| 96
| 3s || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqūɣ || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqūɣ || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqurā sjaɣ  || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqurā sjaɣ
|c=en| to spit
|c=01| sputar
|c=02| spuere
|c=03| sputare
|-
|-
|i=No| 97
| 1p || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqujža || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqujža || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqurā sjaža || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqurā sjaža
|c=en| to vomit
|c=01| vomer
|c=02| vomere
|c=03| vomitare
|-
|-
|i=No| 98
| 2p || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqujku || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqujku || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqurā sjaku || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqurā sjaku
|c=en| to blow<br> <small> (as wind)</small>
|c=01| ventha
|-
|-
|i=No| 99
| 3p || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqujç || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqujç || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaqurā sjaç || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāqurā sjaç
|c=en| to breathe
|}
|c=01| respyirar
 
|c=02| respirare
 
|c=03| respirare
{|-
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
|i=No| 100
| || colspan="2" style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| <center>'''Imperative'''</center>
|c=en| to laugh
|c=01| ryider
|c=02| ridere
|c=03| ridere
|-
|-
|i=No| 101
| || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| '''Imperfective''' || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| '''Perfective'''
|c=en| to see
|c=01| vider
|c=02| videre
|c=03| vedere
|-
|-
|i=No| 102
| 2s || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaq || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāq
|c=en| to hear
|c=01| sentendrhi
|-
|-
|i=No| 103
| 2p || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸaq || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| ɸāq
|c=en| to know<br> <small> (a fact)</small>
|}
|c=01| noscer
 
|c=02| noscere
===Memniq===
|c=03| sapere
Verb '''ťerkel''', ''to see''
{|-
| || colspan="6" style="background-color:#fcff91;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
|i=No| 104
| || colspan="6" style="background-color:#fcff91;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
|c=en| to think
|c=01| pensha
|-
|-
|i=No| 105
| || colspan="3" style="background-color:#fcff91;"| <center>'''Imperfective'''</center> || colspan="3" style="background-color:#fcff91;"| <center>'''Perfective'''</center>
|c=en| to smell<br> <small> (sense odor)</small>
|c=01| uodhe
|-
|-
|i=No| 106
| || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Future'''
|c=en| to fear
|c=01| timer
|c=02| timere
|c=03| temere
|-
|-
|i=No| 107
| 1s || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| joťreku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťreku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| juťreku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| joťereku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťereku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| juťereku
|c=en| to sleep
|c=01| dormyir
|c=02| dormire
|c=03| dormire
|-
|-
|i=No| 108
| 2s || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jaťreku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťreko || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jöťreku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jaťireku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťireku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jöťireku
|c=en| to live
|c=01| vyiver
|c=02| vivere
|c=03| vivere
|-
|-
|i=No| 109
| 3s || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jaťreke || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťreke || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jöťreke || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jaťerek || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťerek || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jöťerek
|c=en| to die
|c=01| moryiri
|c=02| moriri
|c=03| morire
|-
|-
|i=No| 110
| 1p || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťrekem || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťrekim || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťrekem || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťerekim || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťerekem || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťerekem
|c=en| to kill
|c=01| uoccidhi
|-
|-
|i=No| 111
| 2p || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťrekeš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťrekiš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťrekeš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťirekiš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťirekeš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťirekeš
|c=en| to fight
|c=01| punyar
|c=02| pugnare
|c=03| combattere
|-
|-
|i=No| 112
| 3p || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťreket || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťrekit || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťreket || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťerekit || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťereket || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťereket
|c=en| to hunt<br> <small> (transitive)</small>
|}
|c=01| cazzha
 
 
{|-
| || colspan="6" style="background-color:#fcff91;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
|i=No| 113
| || colspan="6" style="background-color:#fcff91;"| <center>'''Subjunctive'''</center>
|c=en| to hit
|c=01| percuter
|c=02| percutere
|c=03| colpire<br>percuotere
|-
|-
|i=No| 114
| || colspan="3" style="background-color:#fcff91;"| <center>'''Imperfective'''</center> || colspan="3" style="background-color:#fcff91;"| <center>'''Perfective'''</center>
|c=en| to cut
|c=01| tagliare
|-
|-
|i=No| 115
| || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Future'''
|c=en| to split
|c=01| dyivider
|c=02| dividere
|c=03| dividere
|-
|-
|i=No| 116
| 1s || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| joťräku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťräku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| juťräku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| joťeräku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťeräku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| juťeräku
|c=en| to stab<br> <small> (or stick)</small>
|c=01| accoltellha
|-
|-
|i=No| 117
| 2s || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jaťräku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťräko || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jöťräku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jaťiräku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťiräku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jöťiräku
|c=en| to scratch<br> <small> (an itch)</small>
|c=01| graffha
|-
|-
|i=No| 118
| 3s || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jaťräke || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťräke || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jöťräke || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jaťeräk || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťeräk || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jöťeräk
|c=en| to dig
|c=01| xavha
|-
|-
|i=No| 119
| 1p || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťräkem || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťräkim || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťräkem || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťeräkim || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťeräkem || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťeräkem
|c=en| to swim
|c=01| nuotha
|-
|-
|i=No| 120
| 2p || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťräkeš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťräkiš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťräkeš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťiräkiš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťiräkeš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťiräkeš
|c=en| to fly
|c=01| vowar
|c=02| volare
|c=03| volare
|-
|-
|i=No| 121
| 3p || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťräket || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťräkit || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťräket || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťeräkit || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťeräket || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťeräket
|c=en| to walk
|}
|c=01| passegiha
 
 
{|-
| || colspan="6" style="background-color:#fcff91;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
|i=No| 122
| || colspan="6" style="background-color:#fcff91;"| <center>'''Conditional'''</center>
|c=en| to come
|c=01| venyir
|c=02| venire
|c=03| venire
|-
|-
|i=No| 123
| || colspan="3" style="background-color:#fcff91;"| <center>'''Imperfective'''</center> || colspan="3" style="background-color:#fcff91;"| <center>'''Perfective'''</center>
|c=en| to lie<br> <small> (as on one's side)</small>
|c=01| ripossha
|-
|-
|i=No| 124
| || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Future'''
|c=en| to sit
|c=01| si sedhe
|-
|-
|i=No| 125
| 1s || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| joťraku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťraku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| juťraku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| joťeraku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťeraku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| juťeraku
|c=en| to stand
|c=01| si alza
|-
|-
|i=No| 126
| 2s || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jaťraku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťrako || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jöťraku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jaťiraku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťiraku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jöťiraku
|c=en| to turn<br> <small> (change direction)</small>
|c=01| xuoltha
|-
|-
|i=No| 127
| 3s || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jaťrake || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťrake || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jöťrake || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jaťerak || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťerak || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jöťerak
|c=en| to fall<br> <small> (as in drop)</small>
|c=01| cadhe
|-
|-
|i=No| 128
| 1p || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťrakem || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťrakim || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťrakem || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťerakim || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťerakem || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťerakem
|c=en| to give
|c=01| dar
|c=02| dare
|c=03| dare
|-
|-
|i=No| 129
| 2p || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťrakeš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťrakiš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťrakeš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťirakiš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťirakeš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťirakeš
|c=en| to hold<br> <small> (in one's hand)</small>
|c=01| tener
|c=02| tenere
|c=03| tenere
|-
|-
|i=No| 130
| 3p || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťraket || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťrakit || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťraket || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťerakit || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťeraket || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťeraket
|c=en| to squeeze
|}
|c=01| spemmhe
 
 
{|-
| || colspan="6" style="background-color:#fcff91;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
|i=No| 131
| || colspan="6" style="background-color:#fcff91;"| <center>'''Optative'''</center>
|c=en| to rub
|c=01| strovinha
|-
|-
|i=No| 132
| || colspan="3" style="background-color:#fcff91;"| <center>'''Imperfective'''</center> || colspan="3" style="background-color:#fcff91;"| <center>'''Perfective'''</center>
|c=en| to wash
|c=01| lavar
|c=02| lavare
|c=03| lavare
|-
|-
|i=No| 133
| || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| '''Future'''
|c=en| to wipe
|c=01| spuolverha
|-
|-
|i=No| 134
| 1s || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| joťriku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťriku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| juťriku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| joťeriku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťeriku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| juťeriku
|c=en| to pull
|c=01| trainha
|-
|-
|i=No| 135
| 2s || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jaťriku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťriko || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jöťriku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jaťiriku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťiriku || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jöťiriku
|c=en| to push
|c=01| premmhe
|-
|-
|i=No| 136
| 3s || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jaťrike || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťrike || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jöťrike || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jaťerik || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťerik || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| jöťerik
|c=en| to throw
|c=01| yawtar
|c=02| iacere
|c=03| gettare
|-
|-
|i=No| 137
| 1p || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťrikem || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťrikim || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťrikem || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťerikim || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťerikem || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťerikem
|c=en| to tie
|c=01| annodha
|-
|-
|i=No| 138
| 2p || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťrikeš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťrikiš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťrikeš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťirikiš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťirikeš || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťirikeš
|c=en| to sew
|c=01| quoc'i
|-
|-
|i=No| 139
| 3p || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťriket || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťrikit || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťriket || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťerikit || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ťeriket || style="background-color:#fcff91;"| ëťeriket
|c=en| to count
|}
|c=01| contha
 
===Æbbro===
Verb '''tuurkar''', ''to see''
{|-
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
|i=No| 140
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Positive'''</center>
|c=en| to say
|c=01| dicer
|c=02| dicere
|c=03| dire
|-
|-
|i=No| 141
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
|c=en| to sing
|c=01| caner
|c=02| canere
|c=03| cantare
|-
|-
|i=No| 142
| || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Repetitive''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Progressive''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Resultative'''
|c=en| to play
|c=01| luder
|c=02| ludere
|c=03| giocare
|-
|-
|i=No| 143
| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkar || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarom  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarap  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarunn
|c=en| to float
|c=01| galleggiha
|-
|-
|i=No| 144
| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaruud || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaromuud  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarapudd  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarunnuud
|c=en| to flow
|c=01| fluhi
|-
|-
|i=No| 145
| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroow || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaromoow  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarapoow  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarunnoow
|c=en| to freeze
|}
|c=01| gwacyar
 
|c=02| glaciari
 
|c=03| ghiacciare
{|-
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
|i=No| 146
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Negative'''</center>
|c=en| to swell
|c=01| gonfiha
|-
|-
|i=No| 147
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Indicative'''</center>
|c=en| sun
|c=01| sow
|c=02| sol
|c=03| sole
|-
|-
|i=No| 148
| || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Repetitive''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Progressive''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Resultative'''
|c=en| moon
|c=01| luna
|c=02| luna
|c=03| luna
|-
|-
|i=No| 149
| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaral || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaromal  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarapal  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarunnal
|c=en| star
|c=01| stela
|c=02| stella
|c=03| stella
|-
|-
|i=No| 150
| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroor || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaromoor  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarapoor  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarunnoor
|c=en| water
|c=01| acwa
|c=02| aqua
|c=03| acqua
|-
|-
|i=No| 151
| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaruubb || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaromuubb  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarapuubb  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarunnuubb
|c=en| to rain
|}
|c=01| pluyer
 
|c=02| pluere
 
|c=03| piovere
{|-
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
|i=No| 152
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Positive'''</center>
|c=en| river
|c=01| flumê
|c=02| flumen
|c=03| fiume
|-
|-
|i=No| 153
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Optative'''</center>
|c=en| lake
|c=01| lage
|c=02| lacus
|c=03| lago
|-
|-
|i=No| 154
| || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Repetitive''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Progressive''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Resultative'''
|c=en| sea<br> <small> (as in ocean)</small>
|c=01| mar
|c=02| mar
|c=03| mare
|-
|-
|i=No| 155
| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarull || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullom  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullap  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullunn
|c=en| salt
|c=01| saw
|c=02| sal
|c=03| sale
|-
|-
|i=No| 156
| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarulluud || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullomuud  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullapudd  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullunnuud
|c=en| stone
|c=01| pedra
|c=02| petra
|c=03| pietra
|-
|-
|i=No| 157
| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarulloow || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullomoow  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullapoow  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullunnoow
|c=en| sand
|}
|c=01| rena
 
|c=02| arena
 
|c=03| sabbia
{|-
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
|i=No| 158
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Negative'''</center>
|c=en| dust
|c=01| puwve
|c=02| polvis
|c=03| polvere
|-
|-
|i=No| 159
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Optative'''</center>
|c=en| earth<br> <small> (as in soil)</small>
|c=01| tera<br>ume
|c=02| terra<br>humus
|c=03| terra
|-
|-
|i=No| 160
| || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Repetitive''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Progressive''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Resultative'''
|c=en| cloud
|c=01| nub
|c=02| nubis
|c=03| nube
|-
|-
|i=No| 161
| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullal || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullomal  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullapal  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullunnal
|c=en| fog
|c=01| nebuwa
|c=02| nebula
|c=03| nebbia
|-
|-
|i=No| 162
| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarulloor || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullomoor  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullapoor  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullunnoor
|c=en| sky
|c=01| cyelô
|c=02| coelum
|c=03| cielo
|-
|-
|i=No| 163
| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarulluubb || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullomuubb  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullapuubb  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarullunnuubb
|c=en| wind<br> <small> (as in breeze)</small>
|}
|c=01| ventwe
 
|c=02| ventus
 
|c=03| vento
 
{|-
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
|i=No| 164
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Positive'''</center>
|c=en| snow
|c=01| ni
|c=02| nix
|c=03| neve
|-
|-
|i=No| 165
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Potential'''</center>
|c=en| ice
|c=01| gwacyô
|c=02| glacies
|c=03| ghiaccio
|-
|-
|i=No| 166
| || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Repetitive''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Progressive''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Resultative'''
|c=en| smoke
|c=01| fume
|c=02| fumus
|c=03| fumo
|-
|-
|i=No| 167
| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarogg || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggom  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggap  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggunn
|c=en| fire
|c=01| foce
|c=02| focus
|c=03| fuoco
|-
|-
|i=No| 168
| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarogguud || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggomuud  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggapudd  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggunnuud
|c=en| ashes
|c=01| cine
|c=02| cinis
|c=03| cenere
|-
|-
|i=No| 169
| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggoow || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggomoow  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggapoow  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggunnoow
|c=en| to burn<br> <small> (intransitive)</small>
|}
|c=01| arder
 
|c=02| ardere
 
|c=03| bruciare<br>ardere
{|-
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
|i=No| 170
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Negative'''</center>
|c=en| road
|c=01| via
|c=02| via
|c=03| via
|-
|-
|i=No| 171
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Potential'''</center>
|c=en| mountain
|c=01| môs
|c=02| mons
|c=03| monte
|-
|-
|i=No| 172
| || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Repetitive''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Progressive''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Resultative'''
|c=en| red
|c=01| ruber
|c=02| ruber
|c=03| rosso
|-
|-
|i=No| 173
| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggal || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggomal  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggapal  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggunnal
|c=en| green
|c=01| viri
|c=02| viridis
|c=03| verde
|-
|-
|i=No| 174
| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggoor || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggomoor  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggapoor  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggunnoor
|c=en| yellow
|c=01| fwave
|c=02| flavus
|c=03| giallo
|-
|-
|i=No| 175
| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarogguubb || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggomuubb  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggapuubb  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaroggunnuubb
|c=en| white
|}
|c=01| awbe
 
|c=02| albus
 
|c=03| bianco
{|-
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
|i=No| 176
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Positive'''</center>
|c=en| black
|c=01| niger
|c=02| niger
|c=03| nero
|-
|-
|i=No| 177
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Imperative'''</center>
|c=en| night
|c=01| no
|c=02| nox
|c=03| notte
|-
|-
|i=No| 178
| || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Repetitive''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Progressive''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Resultative'''
|c=en| day<br> <small> (daytime)</small>
|c=01| die
|c=02| dies
|c=03| giorno
|-
|-
|i=No| 179
| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkar || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkarom  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| - || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| -
|c=en| year
|c=01| ane
|c=02| annus
|c=03| anno
|-
|-
|i=No| 180
| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| - || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| -|| style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| - || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| -
|c=en| warm<br> <small> (as in weather)</small>
|c=01| calde
|c=02| calidus
|c=03| caldo
|-
|-
|i=No| 181
| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| - || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| - || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| - || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| -
|c=en| cold<br> <small> (as in weather)</small>
|}
|c=01| fryigde
 
|c=02| frigidus
 
|c=03| freddo
{|-
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Active'''</center>
|-
|-
|i=No| 182
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Negative'''</center>
|c=en| full
|c=01| pwene
|c=02| plenus
|c=03| pieno
|-
|-
|i=No| 183
| || colspan="4" style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| <center>'''Imperative'''</center>
|c=en| new
|c=01| nove
|c=02| novus
|c=03| nuovo
|-
|-
|i=No| 184
| || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Repetitive''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Progressive''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Perfect''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| '''Resultative'''
|c=en| old
|c=01| veter
|c=02| vetus
|c=03| vecchio
|-
|-
|i=No| 185
| '''Present''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaral || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| tuurkaromal  || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| - || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| -
|c=en| good
|c=01| bone
|c=02| bonus
|c=03| buono
|-
|-
|i=No| 186
| '''Past''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| - || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| -|| style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| - || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| -
|c=en| bad
|c=01| mawe
|c=02| malus
|c=03| cattivo
|-
|-
|i=No| 187
| '''Future''' || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| - || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| - || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| - || style="background-color:#e6b8af;"| -
|c=en| rotten<br> <small> (as, a log)
|}
|c=01| ammuffitto
 
===Dʰakʰi===
Verb '''-uːska''', ''to see''
{|-
| || colspan="18" style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| <center>'''Habitual'''</center>
|-
|-
|i=No| 188
| || colspan="18" style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| <center>'''-'''</center>
|c=en| dirty
|c=01| immondo
|-
|-
|i=No| 189
| || colspan="18" style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| <center>'''Positive'''</center>
|c=en| straight
|c=01| diritto
|-
|-
|i=No| 190
| || colspan="18" style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| <center>'''Main'''</center>
|c=en| round
|c=01| cirocollare
|-
|-
|i=No| 191
| || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''-''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''1-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''1a-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''2-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''3-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''3a-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''4-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''5-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''6-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''6a-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''7-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''7a-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''8-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''9-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''1p-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''2p-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''dim.-sg'''
|c=en| sharp<br> <small> (as a knife)</small>
|c=01| affilato
|-
|-
|i=No| 192
| || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''1-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kəruːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kəgʰuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kepuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kaluːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kidʰuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| koṅuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kəguːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kəsuːska
|c=en| dull<br> <small> (as a knife)</small>
|c=01| xialbo
|-
|-
|i=No| 193
| || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''1a-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kəruːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kəgʰuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kepuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kaluːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kidʰuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| koṅuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kəguːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| kəsuːska
|c=en| smooth
|c=01| liscio
|-
|-
|i=No| 194
| || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''2-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ruːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| rokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| rokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| rəruːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| rumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| rumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| rəgʰuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| repuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| rutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| rutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| rəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| rəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| raluːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ridʰuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| roṅuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| rəguːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| rəsuːska
|c=en| wet
|c=01| bannatto
|-
|-
|i=No| 195
| || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''3-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| muːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| mokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| mokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| məruːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| mumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| mumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| məgʰuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| mepuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| mutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| mutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| məquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| məquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| maluːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| midʰuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| moṅuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| məguːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| məsuːska
|c=en| dry<br> <small> (adjective)</small>
|c=01| xecco
|-
|-
|i=No| 196
| || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''3a-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| muːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| mokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| mokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| məruːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| mumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| mumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| məgʰuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| mepuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| mutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| mutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| məquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| məquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| maluːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| midʰuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| moṅuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| məguːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| məsuːska
|c=en| right<br> <small> (correct)</small>
|c=01| corrette
|-
|-
|i=No| 197
| || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''4-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gʰuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gʰokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gʰokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gʰəruːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gʰumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gʰumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gʰəgʰuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gʰepuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gʰutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gʰutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gʰəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gʰəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gʰaluːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gʰidʰuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gʰoṅuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gʰəguːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gʰəsuːska
|c=en| near
|c=01| prosime
|c=02| proximus
|c=03| prossimo<br>vicino
|-
|-
|i=No| 198
| || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''5-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| puːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| pokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| pokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| pəruːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| pumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| pumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| pəgʰuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| pepuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| putuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| putuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| pəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| pəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| paluːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| pidʰuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| poṅuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| pəguːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| pəsuːska
|c=en| far
|c=01| remote
|c=02| remotus
|c=03| lontano<br>remoto
|-
|-
|i=No| 199
| || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''6-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| tuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| tokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| tokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| təruːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| tumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| tumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| təgʰuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| tepuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| tutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| tutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| təquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| təquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| taluːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| tidʰuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| toṅuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| təguːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| təsuːska
|c=en| right<br> <small> (side)</small>
|c=01| dester
|c=02| dexter
|c=03| destro
|-
|-
|i=No| 200
| || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''6a-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| tuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| tokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| tokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| təruːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| tumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| tumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| təgʰuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| tepuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| tutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| tutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| təquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| təquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| taluːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| tidʰuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| toṅuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| təguːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| təsuːska
|c=en| left<br> <small> (side)</small>
|c=01| sinister
|c=02| sinister
|c=03| sinistro
|-
|-
|i=No| 201
| || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''7-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| quːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qəruːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qəgʰuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qepuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qaluːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qidʰuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qoṅuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qəguːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qəsuːska
|c=en| at
|c=01| ad<br>ê (in)
|c=02| ad<br>in
|c=03| a<br>in
|-
|-
|i=No| 202
| || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''7a-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| quːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qəruːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qəgʰuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qepuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qaluːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qidʰuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qoṅuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qəguːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| qəsuːska
|c=en| in
|c=01| ê (in)
|c=02| in
|c=03| in
|-
|-
|i=No| 203
| || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''8-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| luːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| lokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| lokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ləruːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| lumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| lumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ləgʰuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| lepuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| lutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| lutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ləquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ləquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| laluːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| lidʰuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| loṅuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ləguːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ləsuːska
|c=en| with<br> <small> (accompanying)</small>
|c=01| cô (con)
|c=02| cum
|c=03| con
|-
|-
|i=No| 204
| || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''9-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| dʰuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| dʰokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| dʰokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| dʰəruːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| dʰumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| dʰumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| dʰəgʰuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| dʰepuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| dʰutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| dʰutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| dʰəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| dʰəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| dʰaluːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| dʰidʰuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| dʰoṅuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| dʰəguːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| dʰəsuːska
|c=en| and
|c=01| ed
|c=02| et
|c=03| e
|-
|-
|i=No| 205
| || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''1p-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ṅuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ṅokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ṅokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ṅəruːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ṅumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ṅumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ṅəgʰuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ṅepuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ṅutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ṅutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ṅəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ṅəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ṅaluːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ṅidʰuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| - || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ṅəguːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| ṅəsuːska
|c=en| if
|c=01| si
|c=02| si
|c=03| se
|-
|-
|i=No| 206
| || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''2p-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| guːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gəruːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gəgʰuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gepuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gəquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| galuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gidʰuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| goṅuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| - || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| gəsuːska
|c=en| because
|c=01| comud<br>percwo
|c=02| cum<br>ut<br>quare
|c=03| perché
|-
|-
|i=No| 207
| || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| '''dim-sg''' || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| suːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| sokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| sokuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| səruːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| sumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| sumuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| səgʰuːska  || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| sepuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| sutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| sutuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| səquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| səquːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| saluːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| sidʰuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| soṅuːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| səguːska || style="background-color:#6cb8ff;"| səsuːska
|c=en| name
|c=01| nomê
|c=02| nomen
|c=03| nome
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 11:14, 30 November 2023

Proto-Piti

Root *liːloṕ-, to see

Indicative
Imperfective present Perfective present Imperfective past Perfective past
1s *liːloṕoł *loliːṕoł *ʔaliːloṕoł *ʔaloliːṕoł
2s *liːloṕer *loliːṕer *ʔaliːloṕer *ʔaloliːṕer
3s *liːloṕæt́ *loliːṕæt́ *ʔaliːloṕæt́ *ʔaloliːṕæt́
*liːloṕ *loliːṕ *ʔaliːloṕ *ʔaloliːṕ
1d *liːloṕiʔoł
*liːloṕołiʔ		 *loliːṕiʔoł
*loliːṕołiʔ		 *ʔaliːloṕiʔoł
*ʔaliːloṕołiʔ		 *ʔaloliːṕiʔoł
*ʔaloliːṕołiʔ
2d *liːloṕiʔer
*liːloṕeriʔ		 *loliːṕiʔer
*loliːṕeriʔ		 *ʔaliːloṕiʔer
*ʔaliːloṕeriʔ		 *ʔaloliːṕiʔer
*ʔaloliːṕeriʔ
3d *liːloṕiʔæt́
*liːloṕæt́iʔ		 *loliːṕiʔæt́
*loliːṕæt́iʔ		 *ʔaliːloṕiʔæt́
*ʔaliːloṕæt́iʔ		 *ʔaloliːṕiʔæt́
*ʔaloliːṕæt́iʔ
*liːloṕiʔ *loliːṕiʔ *ʔaliːloṕiʔ *ʔaloliːṕiʔ
1p *liːloṕonoł
*liːloṕołon		 *loliːṕonoł
*loliːṕołon		 *ʔaliːloṕonoł
*ʔaliːloṕołon		 *ʔaloliːṕonoł
*ʔaloliːṕołon
2p *liːloṕoner
*liːloṕeron		 *loliːṕoner
*loliːṕeron		 *ʔaliːloṕoner
*ʔaliːloṕeron		 *ʔaloliːṕoner
*ʔaloliːṕeron
3p *liːloṕonæt́
*liːloṕæt́on		 *loliːṕonæt́
*loliːṕæt́on		 *ʔaliːloṕonæt́
*ʔaliːloṕæt́on		 *ʔaloliːṕonæt́
*ʔaloliːṕæt́on
*liːloṕon *loliːṕon *ʔaliːloṕon *ʔaloliːṕon
Subjunctive
Imperfective present Perfective present Imperfective past Perfective past
1s *liːloṕiɳoł *loliːṕiɳoł *ʔaliːloṕiɳoł *ʔaloliːṕiɳoł
2s *liːloṕiɳer *loliːṕiɳer *ʔaliːloṕiɳer *ʔaloliːṕiɳer
3s *liːloṕiɳæt́ *loliːṕiɳæt́ *ʔaliːloṕiɳæt́ *ʔaloliːṕiɳæt́
*liːloṕiɳ *loliːṕiɳ *ʔaliːloṕiɳ *ʔaloliːṕiɳ
1d *liːloṕiɳiʔoł
*liːloṕiɳołiʔ		 *loliːṕiɳiʔoł
*loliːṕiɳołiʔ		 *ʔaliːloṕiɳiʔoł
*ʔaliːloṕiɳołiʔ		 *ʔaloliːṕiɳiʔoł
*ʔaloliːṕiɳołiʔ
2d *liːloṕiɳiʔer
*liːloṕiɳeriʔ		 *loliːṕiɳiʔer
*loliːṕiɳeriʔ		 *ʔaliːloṕiɳiʔer
*ʔaliːloṕiɳeriʔ		 *ʔaloliːṕiɳiʔer
*ʔaloliːṕiɳeriʔ
3d *liːloṕiɳiʔæt́
*liːloṕiɳæt́iʔ		 *loliːṕiɳiʔæt́
*loliːṕiɳæt́iʔ		 *ʔaliːloṕiɳiʔæt́
*ʔaliːloṕiɳæt́iʔ		 *ʔaloliːṕiɳiʔæt́
*ʔaloliːiɳæt́iʔ
*liːloṕiɳiʔ *loliːṕiɳiʔ *ʔaliːloṕiɳiʔ *ʔaloliːṕiɳiʔ
1p *liːloṕiɳonoł
*liːloṕiɳołon		 *loliːṕiɳonoł
*loliːṕiɳołon		 *ʔaliːloṕiɳonoł
*ʔaliːloṕiɳołon		 *ʔaloliːṕiɳonoł
*ʔaloliːṕiɳołon
2p *liːloṕiɳoner
*liːloṕeron		 *loliːṕiɳoner
*loliːṕeron		 *ʔaliːloṕiɳoner
*ʔaliːloṕiɳeron		 *ʔaloliːṕiɳoner
*ʔaloliːṕiɳeron
3p *liːloṕoniɳæt́
*liːloṕiɳæt́on		 *loliːṕiɳonæt́
*loliːṕiɳæt́on		 *ʔaliːloṕiɳonæt́
*ʔaliːloṕiɳæt́on		 *ʔaloliːṕiɳonæt́
*ʔaloliːṕiɳæt́on
*liːloṕiɳon *loliːṕiɳon *ʔaliːloṕiɳon *ʔaloliːṕiɳon
Optative
Imperfective present Perfective present Imperfective past Perfective past
1s *liːloṕoṕoł *loliːṕoṕoł *ʔaliːloṕoṕoł *ʔaloliːṕoṕoł
2s *liːloṕoṕer *loliːṕoṕer *ʔaliːloṕoṕer *ʔaloliːṕoṕer
3s *liːloṕoṕæt́ *loliːṕoṕæt́ *ʔaliːloṕoṕæt́ *ʔaloliːṕoṕæt́
*liːloṕoṕ *loliːṕoṕ *ʔaliːloṕoṕ *ʔaloliːṕoṕ
1d *liːloṕoṕiʔoł
*liːloṕoṕołiʔ		 *loliːṕoṕiʔoł
*loliːṕoṕołiʔ		 *ʔaliːloṕoṕiʔoł
*ʔaliːloṕoṕołiʔ		 *ʔaloliːṕoṕiʔoł
*ʔaloliːṕoṕołiʔ
2d *liːloṕoṕiʔer
*liːloṕoṕeriʔ		 *loliːṕoṕiʔer
*loliːṕoṕeriʔ		 *ʔaliːloṕoṕiʔer
*ʔaliːloṕoṕeriʔ		 *ʔaloliːṕoṕiʔer
*ʔaloliːṕoṕeriʔ
3d *liːloṕoṕiʔæt́
*liːloṕoṕæt́iʔ		 *loliːṕoṕiʔæt́
*loliːṕoṕæt́iʔ		 *ʔaliːloṕoṕiʔæt́
*ʔaliːloṕoṕæt́iʔ		 *ʔaloliːṕoṕiʔæt́
*ʔaloliːṕoṕæt́iʔ
*liːloṕoṕiʔ *loliːṕoṕiʔ *ʔaliːloṕoṕiʔ *ʔaloliːṕoṕiʔ
1p *liːloṕoṕonoł
*liːloṕoṕołon		 *loliːṕonoł
*loliːṕoṕołon		 *ʔaliːloṕoṕonoł
*ʔaliːloṕoṕołon		 *ʔaloliːṕoṕonoł
*ʔaloliːṕoṕołon
2p *liːloṕoṕoner
*liːloṕoṕeron		 *loliːṕoṕoner
*loliːṕoṕeron		 *ʔaliːloṕoṕoner
*ʔaliːloṕoṕeron		 *ʔaloliːṕoṕoner
*ʔaloliːṕoṕeron
3p *liːloṕoṕonæt́
*liːloṕoṕæt́on		 *loliːṕoṕonæt́
*loliːṕoṕæt́on		 *ʔaliːloṕoṕonæt́
*ʔaliːloṕoṕæt́on		 *ʔaloliːṕoṕonæt́
*ʔaloliːṕoṕæt́on
*liːloṕoṕon *loliːṕoṕon *ʔaliːloṕoṕon *ʔaloliːṕoṕon
Potential
Imperfective present Perfective present Imperfective past Perfective past
1s *liːloṕæʈoł *loliːṕæʈoł *ʔaliːloṕæʈoł *ʔaloliːṕæʈoł
2s *liːloṕæʈer *loliːṕæʈer *ʔaliːloṕæʈer *ʔaloliːṕæʈer
3s *liːloṕæʈæt́ *loliːṕæʈæt́ *ʔaliːloṕæʈæt́ *ʔaloliːṕæʈæt́
*liːloṕæʈ *loliːṕæʈ *ʔaliːloṕæʈ *ʔaloliːṕæʈ
1d *liːloṕæʈiʔoł
*liːloṕæʈołiʔ		 *loliːṕæʈiʔoł
*loliːṕæʈołiʔ		 *ʔaliːloṕæʈiʔoł
*ʔaliːloṕæʈołiʔ		 *ʔaloliːṕæʈiʔoł
*ʔaloliːṕæʈołiʔ
2d *liːloṕæʈiʔer
*liːloṕæʈeriʔ		 *loliːṕæʈiʔer
*loliːṕæʈeriʔ		 *ʔaliːloṕæʈiʔer
*ʔaliːloṕæʈeriʔ		 *ʔaloliːṕæʈiʔer
*ʔaloliːṕæʈeriʔ
3d *liːloṕæʈiʔæt́
*liːloṕæʈæt́iʔ		 *loliːṕæʈiʔæt́
*loliːṕæʈæt́iʔ		 *ʔaliːloṕæʈiʔæt́
*ʔaliːloṕæʈæt́iʔ		 *ʔaloliːṕæʈiʔæt́
*ʔaloliːṕæʈæt́iʔ
*liːloṕæʈiʔ *loliːṕæʈiʔ *ʔaliːloṕæʈiʔ *ʔaloliːṕæʈiʔ
1p *liːloṕæʈonoł
*liːloṕæʈołon		 *loliːṕæʈonoł
*loliːṕæʈołon		 *ʔaliːloṕæʈonoł
*ʔaliːloṕæʈołon		 *ʔaloliːṕæʈonoł
*ʔaloliːṕæʈołon
2p *liːloṕæʈoner
*liːloṕæʈeron		 *loliːṕæʈoner
*loliːṕæʈeron		 *ʔaliːloṕæʈoner
*ʔaliːloṕæʈeron		 *ʔaloliːṕæʈoner
*ʔaloliːṕæʈeron
3p *liːloṕonæʈæt́
*liːloṕæʈæt́on		 *loliːṕæʈonæt́
*loliːṕæʈæt́on		 *ʔaliːloṕæʈonæt́
*ʔaliːloṕæʈæt́on		 *ʔaloliːṕæʈonæt́
*ʔaloliːṕæʈæt́on
*liːloṕæʈon *loliːṕæʈon *ʔaliːloṕæʈon *ʔaloliːṕæʈon
Indefinite moods
Imperfective present Perfective present Imperfective past Perfective past
Infinite1 *liːloṕæme *loliːṕæme *ʔaliːloṕæme *ʔaloliːṕæme
Infinite2 *liːloṕika *loliːṕika *ʔaliːloṕika *ʔaloliːṕika
Active participle *liːloṕiːto *loliːṕiːto *ʔaliːloṕiːto *ʔaloliːṕiːto
Passive participle *liːloṕuki *loliːṕuki *ʔaliːloṕuki *ʔaloliːṕuki


Kī́rtako

Verb lī́lopɑme, to see

Indicative
Imperfective
present		 Perfective
present		 Imperfective
past		 Perfective
past
1s lī́lopow lolī́pow ʔalī́lopow ʔalolī́pow
2s lī́loper lolī́per ʔalī́loper ʔalolī́per
3s lī́lopɑt lolī́pɑt ʔalī́lopɑt ʔalolī́pɑt
3s lī́lop lolī́p ʔalī́lop ʔalolī́p
1p lī́loponow lolī́ponow ʔalī́loponow ʔalolī́ponow
2p lī́loponer lolī́poner ʔalī́loponer ʔalolī́poner
3p lī́loponɑt lolī́ponɑt ʔalī́loponɑt ʔalolī́ponɑt
3p lī́lopon lolī́pon ʔalī́lopon ʔalolī́pon


Subjunctive
Imperfective
present		 Perfective
present		 Imperfective
past		 Perfective
past
1s lī́lopiñow lolī́piñow ʔalī́lopiñow ʔalolī́piñow
2s lī́lopiñer lolī́piñer ʔalī́lopiñer ʔalolī́piñer
3s lī́lopiñɑt lolī́piñɑt ʔalī́lopiñɑt ʔalolī́piñɑt
3s lī́lopiñ lolī́piñ ʔalī́lopiñ ʔalolī́piñ
1p lī́lopiñonow lolī́piñonow ʔalī́lopiñonow ʔalolī́piñonow
2p lī́lopiñoner lolī́piñoner ʔalī́lopiñoner ʔalolī́piñoner
3p lī́loponɑt lolī́ponɑt ʔalī́lopiñonɑt ʔalolī́piñonɑt
3p lī́lopiñon lolī́piñon ʔalī́lopiñon ʔalolī́piñon


Conditional
Imperfective
present		 Perfective
present		 Imperfective
past		 Perfective
past
1s lī́lopɑtsow lolī́pɑtsow ʔalī́lopɑtsow ʔalolī́pɑtsow
2s lī́lopɑtser lolī́pɑtser ʔalī́lopɑtser ʔalolī́pɑtser
3s lī́lopɑtsɑt lolī́pɑtsɑt ʔalī́lopɑtsɑt ʔalolī́pɑtsɑt
3s lī́lopɑts lolī́pɑts ʔalī́lopɑts ʔalolī́pɑts
1p lī́lopɑtsonow lolī́pɑtsonow ʔalī́lopɑtsonow ʔalolī́pɑtsonow
2p lī́lopɑtsoner lolī́pɑtsoner ʔalī́lopɑtsoner ʔalolī́pɑtsoner
3p lī́lopɑtsonɑt lolī́pɑtsonɑt ʔalī́lopɑtsonɑt ʔalolī́pɑtsonɑt
3p lī́lopɑtson lolī́pɑtson ʔalī́lopɑtson ʔalolī́pɑtson


Infinitive
Imperfective
present		 Perfective
present		 Imperfective
past		 Perfective
past
Indicative lī́lopɑme lolī́pɑme ʔalī́lopɑme ʔalolī́pɑme
Subjunctive lī́lopiñɑme lolī́piñɑme ʔalī́lopiñɑme ʔalolī́piñɑme
Conditional lī́lopɑtsɑme lolī́pɑtsɑme ʔalī́lopɑtsɑme ʔalolī́pɑtsɑme


Agentive participle
Imperfective
present		 Perfective
present		 Imperfective
past		 Perfective
past
Indicative lī́lopī́to lolī́pī́to ʔalī́lopī́to ʔalolī́pī́to
Subjunctive lī́lopiñī́to lolī́piñī́to ʔalī́lopiñī́to ʔalolī́piñī́to
Conditional lī́lopɑtsī́to lolī́pɑtsī́to ʔalī́lopɑtsī́to ʔalolī́pɑtsī́to


Passive participle
Imperfective
present		 Perfective
present		 Imperfective
past		 Perfective
past
Indicative lī́lopuki lolī́puki ʔalī́lopuki ʔalolī́puki
Subjunctive lī́lopiñuki lolī́piñuki ʔalī́lopiñuki ʔalolī́piñuki
Conditional lī́lopɑtsuki lolī́pɑtsuki ʔalī́lopɑtsuki ʔalolī́pɑtsuki

Iðâɣ

Verb lîβam, to see

Indicative
Active
Present Imperfect Past Past perfect Future Future perfect Future in past
1s lîβò êβò tòrò êβíðə áðòrò êβíðə kiɣò lîβam kiɣò êβam áɣiɣò lîβam
2s lîβəh êβəh tôh êβíðə áðôh êβíðə kîh lîβam kîh êβam áɣîh lîβam
3s lîp êp tòr êβíðə áðòr êβíðə kìɣ lîβam kìɣ êβam áɣìɣ lîβam
1p lîβonò êβonò tòrô êβíðə áðòrô êβíðə kiɣô lîβam kiɣô êβam áɣiɣô lîβam
2p lîβonəh êβonəh tòrôh êβíðə áðòrôh êβíðə kiɣôh lîβam kiɣôh êβam áɣiɣôh lîβam
3p lîβon êβon tôr êβíðə áðôr êβíðə kîɣ lîβam kîɣ êβam áɣîɣ lîβam


Indicative
Passive
Present Imperfect Past Past perfect Future Future perfect Future in past
1s kiɣò lîβuɣi áɣiɣò lîβuɣi kiɣò êβuɣi áɣiɣò êβuɣi kiɣò kiɣam lîβuɣi kiɣò kiɣam êβuɣi áɣiɣò kiɣam êβuɣi
2s kîh lîβuɣi áɣîh lîβuɣi kîh êβuɣi áɣîh êβuɣi kîh kiɣam lîβuɣi kîh kiɣam êβuɣi áɣîh kiɣam êβuɣi
3s kìɣ lîβuɣi áɣìɣ lîβuɣi kìɣ êβuɣi áɣìɣ êβuɣi kìɣ kiɣam lîβuɣi kìɣ kiɣam êβuɣi áɣìɣ kiɣam êβuɣi
1p kiɣô lîβuɣi áɣiɣô lîβuɣi kiɣô êβuɣi áɣiɣô êβuɣi kiɣô kiɣam lîβuɣi kiɣô kiɣam êβuɣi áɣiɣô kiɣam êβuɣi
2p kiɣôh lîβuɣi áɣiɣôh lîβuɣi kiɣôh êβuɣi áɣiɣôh êβuɣi kiɣôh kiɣam lîβuɣi kiɣôh kiɣam êβuɣi áɣiɣôh kiɣam êβuɣi
3s kîɣ lîβuɣi áɣîɣ lîβuɣi kîɣ êβuɣi áɣîɣ êβuɣi kîɣ kiɣam lîβuɣi kîɣ kiɣam êβuɣi áɣîɣ kiɣam êβuɣi


Subjunctive
Active
Present Imperfect Past Past perfect Future Future perfect Future in past
1s lîβinò êβinò tìnò êβíðə áðìnò êβíðə kiɣinò lîβam kiɣinò êβam áɣiɣinò lîβam
2s lîβinəh êβinəh tìnəh êβíðə áðìnəh êβíðə kinîh lîβam kinîh êβam áɣinîh lîβam
3s lîβin êβin tìn êβíðə áðìn êβíðə kìɣin lîβam kìɣin êβam áɣìɣin lîβam
1p lîβinonò êβinonò tìnô êβíðə áðìnô êβíðə kiɣinô lîβam kiɣinô êβam áɣiɣinô lîβam
2p lîβinonəh êβinonəh tìnôh êβíðə áðìnôh êβíðə kiɣinôh lîβam kiɣinôh êβam áɣiɣinôh lîβam
3p lîβinon êβinon tîn êβíðə áðîn êβíðə kîɣin lîβam kîɣin êβam áɣîɣin lîβam


Subjunctive
Passive
Present Imperfect Past Past perfect Future Future perfect Future in past
1s kiɣinò lîβuɣi áɣiɣinò lîβuɣi kiɣinò êβuɣi áɣiɣinò êβuɣi kiɣinò kiɣam lîβuɣi kiɣinò kiɣam êβuɣi áɣiɣinò kiɣam êβuɣi
2s kinîh lîβuɣi áɣinîh lîβuɣi kinîh êβuɣi áɣinîh êβuɣi kinîh kiɣam lîβuɣi kinîh kiɣam êβuɣi áɣinîh kiɣam êβuɣi
3s kìɣin lîβuɣi áɣìɣin lîβuɣi kìɣin êβuɣi áɣìɣin êβuɣi kìɣin kiɣam lîβuɣi kìɣin kiɣam êβuɣi áɣìɣin kiɣam êβuɣi
1p kiɣinô lîβuɣi áɣiɣinô lîβuɣi kiɣinô êβuɣi áɣiɣinô êβuɣi kiɣinô kiɣam lîβuɣi kiɣinô kiɣam êβuɣi áɣiɣinô kiɣam êβuɣi
2p kiɣinôh lîβuɣi áɣiɣinôh lîβuɣi kiɣinôh êβuɣi áɣiɣinôh êβuɣi kiɣinôh kiɣam lîβuɣi kiɣinôh kiɣam êβuɣi áɣiɣinôh kiɣam êβuɣi
3s kîɣin lîβuɣi áɣîɣin lîβuɣi kîɣin êβuɣi áɣîɣin êβuɣi kîɣin kiɣam lîβuɣi kîɣin kiɣam êβuɣi áɣîɣin kiɣam êβuɣi


Conditional
Active
Present Imperfect Past Past perfect Future Future perfect Future in past
1s lîβasò êβasò tàsò êβíðə áðàsò êβíðə kiɣasò lîβam kiɣasò êβam áɣiɣasò lîβam
2s lîβasəh êβasəh tàsəh êβíðə áðàsəh êβíðə kjâh lîβam kjâh êβam áɣjâh lîβam
3s lîβas êβas tàs êβíðə áðàs êβíðə kjàɣ lîβam kjàɣ êβam áɣjàɣ lîβam
1p lîβasonò êβasonò tàsô êβíðə áðàsô êβíðə kiɣasô lîβam kiɣasô êβam áɣiɣasô lîβam
2p lîβasonəh êβasonəh tàsôh êβíðə áðàsôh êβíðə kiɣasôh lîβam kiɣasôh êβam áɣiɣasôh lîβam
3p lîβason êβason tâs êβíðə áðâs êβíðə kjâɣ lîβam kjâɣ êβam áɣjâɣ lîβam


Conditional
Passive
Present Imperfect Past Past perfect Future Future perfect Future in past
1s kiɣasò lîβuɣi áɣiɣasò lîβuɣi kiɣasò êβuɣi áɣiɣasò êβuɣi kiɣasò kiɣam lîβuɣi kiɣasò kiɣam êβuɣi áɣiɣasò kiɣam êβuɣi
2s kjâh lîβuɣi áɣjâh lîβuɣi kjâh êβuɣi áɣjâh êβuɣi kjâh kiɣam lîβuɣi kjâh kiɣam êβuɣi áɣjâh kiɣam êβuɣi
3s kjàɣ lîβuɣi áɣjàɣ lîβuɣi kjàɣ êβuɣi áɣjàɣ êβuɣi kjàɣ kiɣam lîβuɣi kjàɣ kiɣam êβuɣi áɣjàɣ kiɣam êβuɣi
1p kiɣasô lîβuɣi áɣiɣasô lîβuɣi kiɣasô êβuɣi áɣiɣasô êβuɣi kiɣasô kiɣam lîβuɣi kiɣasô kiɣam êβuɣi áɣiɣasô kiɣam êβuɣi
2p kiɣasôh lîβuɣi áɣiɣasôh lîβuɣi kiɣasôh êβuɣi áɣiɣasôh êβuɣi kiɣasôh kiɣam lîβuɣi kiɣasôh kiɣam êβuɣi áɣiɣasôh kiɣam êβuɣi
3s kjâɣ lîβuɣi áɣjâɣ lîβuɣi kjâɣ êβuɣi áɣjâɣ êβuɣi kjâɣ kiɣam lîβuɣi kjâɣ kiɣam êβuɣi áɣjâɣ kiɣam êβuɣi


Infinite
Active
Present Past
Indicative lîβam êβam
Subjunctive lîβinam êβinam
Conditional lîβasam êβasam


Infinite
Passive
Present Past
Indicative kiɣam lîβuɣi kiɣam êβuɣi
Subjunctive kiɣinam lîβuɣi kiɣinam êβuɣi
Conditional kiɣasam lîβuɣi kiɣasam êβuɣi


Participles
Present Past
Active lîβíðə êβíðə
Passive lîβuɣi êβuɣi

Læntixu

Verb ʎiloɸæm‘, to see

Indicative
Present Continous present Past Continuous past Past perfect Future 1 Future 2 Future Perfect
1s ʎiloɸof owf ʎiloɸjiθu owf loʎiɸjiθu iwf ʎiloɸjiθu iwf loʎiɸjiθu gjixof ʎiloɸiñæm‘ jimof ʎiloɸiñæm‘ emof ʎiloɸiñæm‘
2s-3s ʎiloɸæh ojh ʎiloɸjiθu ojh loʎiɸjiθu joh ʎiloɸjiθu joh loʎiɸjiθu gjixæh ʎiloɸiñæm‘ jimæh ʎiloɸiñæm‘ emæh ʎiloɸiñæm‘
1p ʎiloɸonof onof ʎiloɸjiθu onof loʎiɸjiθu inof ʎiloɸjiθu inof loʎiɸjiθu gjixonof ʎiloɸiñæm‘ jimonof ʎiloɸiñæm‘ emonof ʎiloɸiñæm‘
2p-3p ʎiloɸonæh onæh ʎiloɸjiθu onæh loʎiɸjiθu inæh ʎiloɸjiθu inæh loʎiɸjiθu gjixonæh ʎiloɸiñæm‘ jimonæh ʎiloɸiñæm‘ emonæh ʎiloɸiñæm‘


Subjunctive
Present Past Past perfect
1s ʎiloɸiñof ojñof loʎiɸjiθu ijñof loʎiɸjiθu
2s-3s ʎiloɸiñæh ojñæh loʎiɸjiθu ijñæh loʎiɸjiθu
1s ʎiloɸiñonof ojñonof loʎiɸjiθu ijñonof loʎiɸjiθu
2s-3s ʎiloɸiñonæh ojñonæh loʎiɸjiθu ijñonæh loʎiɸjiθu


Conditional
Present Continuous present Past
1s ʎiloɸæsof ojsof ʎiloɸjiθu ojsof loʎiɸjiθu
2s-3s ʎiloɸæsæh ojsæh ʎiloɸjiθu ojsæh loʎiɸjiθu
1s ʎiloɸæsonof ojsonof ʎiloɸjiθu ojsonof loʎiɸjiθu
2s-3s ʎiloɸæsonæh ojsonæh ʎiloɸjiθu ojsonæh loʎiɸjiθu


Infinite
Active
Present Past
Indicative ʎiloɸæm‘ ojæm‘ loʎiɸjiθu
Subjunctive ʎiloɸiñæm‘ ojñæm‘ loʎiɸjiθu


Participles
Present Past
Active ʎiloɸjiθu loʎiɸjiθu
Passive ʎiloɸux‘ loʎiɸux‘

Ancient Figo

Verb līločem, to see

Indicative
Present Past Perfect Plusquamperfect Future Future perfect
1s līločow alolīčow līločagow alolīčagow līločiga imēhow alolīčiga imēhow
2s līločər alolīčər līločagər alolīčagər līločiga imēhər alolīčiga imēhər
3s līločeš alolīčeš līločageš alolīčageš līločiga imēheš alolīčiga imēheš
3s līloč alolīč līločag alolīčag līločiga imēh alolīčiga imēh
1d līločohi alolīčohi līločagohi alolīčagohi līločiga imēhohi alolīčiga imēhohi
2d līločəri alolīčəri līločagəri alolīčagəri līločiga imēhəri alolīčiga imēhəri
3d līločeši alolīčeši līločageši alolīčageši līločiga imēheši alolīčiga imēheši
3d līloči alolīči līločagi alolīčagi līločiga imēhi alolīčiga imēhi
1p līločohon alolīčohon līločagohon alolīčagohon līločiga imēhohon alolīčiga imēhohon
2p līločəron alolīčəron līločagəron alolīčagəron līločiga imēhəron alolīčiga imēhəron
3p līločešon alolīčešon līločagešon alolīčagešon līločiga imēhešon alolīčiga imēhešon
3p līločon alolīčon līločagon alolīčagon līločiga imēhon alolīčiga imēhon


Subjunctive
Present Past Perfect Plusquamperfect
1s līločočow alolīčočow līločočagow alolīčočagow
2s līločočər alolīčočər līločočagər alolīčočagər
3s līločočeš alolīčočeš līločočageš alolīčočageš
3s līločoč alolīčoč līločočag alolīčočag
1d līločočohi alolīčočohi līločočagohi alolīčočagohi
2d līločočəri alolīčočəri līločočagəri alolīčočagəri
3d līločočeši alolīčočeši līločočageši alolīčočageši
3d līločoči alolīčoči līločočagi alolīčočagi
1p līločočohon alolīčočohon līločočagohon alolīčočagohon
2p līločočəron alolīčočəron līločočagəron alolīčočagəron
3p līločočešon alolīčočešon līločočagešon alolīčočagešon
3p līločočon alolīčočon līločočagon alolīčočagon


Potential
Present Past Perfect Plusquamperfect
1s līločečow alolīčečow līločočagow alolīčočagow
2s līločečər alolīčečər līločečagər alolīčečagər
3s līločečeš alolīčečeš līločečageš alolīčečageš
3s līločeč alolīčeč līločečag alolīčečag
1d līločečohi alolīčečohi līločečagohi alolīčečagohi
2d līločočəri alolīčočəri līločočagəri alolīčočagəri
3d līločečeši alolīčečeši līločečageši alolīčečageši
3d līločeči alolīčeči līločočagi alolīčočagi
1p līločečohon alolīčečohon līločečagohon alolīčečagohon
2p līločečəron alolīčečəron līločečagəron alolīčečagəron
3p līločečešon alolīčečešon līločečagešon alolīčečagešon
3p līločečon alolīčečon līločečagon alolīčečagon


Indefinite
Present Past
Primary
Infinite		 līločem alolīčem
Secondary
Infinite		 līločiga alolīčiga
Agentive
Participle		 līločīdu alolīčīdu
Passive
Participle		 līločugi alolīčugi

Modern Figo

Verb řirušjid, to see

Participles
Active
Passive
Present řirušjid řirušug
Past aruřišjid aruřišug


Indicative
Present
Active
Passive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
1s řirušjid wẽv řirušjid wĩvs řirušug wẽv řirušug wĩvs
2s řirušjid wẽr řirušjid wĩrs řirušug wẽr řirušug wĩrs
3s řirušjid wẽh řirušjid wĩs řirušug wẽh řirušug wĩs
1p řirušjidũ wẽnõ řirušjidũ wĩns řirušuɣĩ wẽnõ řirušuɣĩ wĩns
2p řirušjidũ wẽrõ řirušjidũ wĩrõs řirušuɣĩ wẽrõ řirušuɣĩ wĩrõs
3p řirušjidũ wẽžõ řirušjidũ wĩžõs řirušuɣĩ wẽžõ řirušuɣĩ wĩžõs


Indicative
Past
Active
Passive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
1s řirušjid jẽv řirušjid jĩvs řirušug jẽv řirušug jĩvs
2s řirušjid jẽr řirušjid jĩrs řirušug jẽr řirušug jĩrs
3s řirušjid jẽh řirušjid jĩs řirušug jẽh řirušug jĩs
1p řirušjidũ jẽnõ řirušjidũ jĩns řirušuɣĩ jẽnõ řirušuɣĩ jĩns
2p řirušjidũ jẽrõ řirušjidũ jĩrõs řirušuɣĩ jẽrõ řirušuɣĩ jĩrõs
3p řirušjidũ jẽžõ řirušjidũ jĩžõs řirušuɣĩ jẽžõ řirušuɣĩ jĩžõs


Indicative
Imperfect
Active
Passive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
1s aruřišjid wẽv aruřišjid wĩvs aruřišug wẽv aruřišug wĩvs
2s aruřišjid wẽr aruřišjid wĩrs aruřišug wẽr aruřišug wĩrs
3s aruřišjid wẽh aruřišjid wĩs aruřišug wẽh aruřišug wĩs
1p aruřišjidũ wẽnõ aruřišjidũ wĩns aruřišuɣĩ wẽnõ aruřišuɣĩ wĩns
2p aruřišjidũ wẽrõ aruřišjidũ wĩrõs aruřišuɣĩ wẽrõ aruřišuɣĩ wĩrõs
3p aruřišjidũ wẽžõ aruřišjidũ wĩžõs aruřišuɣĩ wẽžõ aruřišuɣĩ wĩžõs


Indicative
Past perfect
Active
Passive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
1s aruřišjid jẽv aruřišjid jĩvs aruřišug jẽv aruřišug jĩvs
2s aruřišjid jẽr aruřišjid jĩrs aruřišug jẽr aruřišug jĩrs
3s aruřišjid jẽh aruřišjid jĩs aruřišug jẽh aruřišug jĩs
1p aruřišjidũ jẽnõ aruřišjidũ jĩns aruřišuɣĩ jẽnõ aruřišuɣĩ jĩns
2p aruřišjidũ jẽrõ aruřišjidũ jĩrõs aruřišuɣĩ jẽrõ aruřišuɣĩ jĩrõs
3p aruřišjidũ jẽžõ aruřišjidũ jĩžõs aruřišuɣĩ jẽžõ aruřišuɣĩ jĩžõs


Indicative
Future
Active
Passive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
1s řirušjid mjov řirušjid mjuvs řirušug mjov řirušug mjuvs
2s řirušjid mjer řirušjid mjirs řirušug mjer řirušug mjirs
3s řirušjid mješ řirušjid mjiš řirušug mješ řirušug mjiš
1p řirušjidũ mjõ řirušjidũ mjũs řirušuɣĩ mjõ řirušuɣĩ mjũs
2p řirušjidũ mjerõ řirušjidũ mjirũs řirušuɣĩ mjerõ řirušuɣĩ mjirũs
3p řirušjidũ mježõ řirušjidũ mjižũs řirušuɣĩ mježõ řirušuɣĩ mjižũs


Indicative
Anterior future
Active
Passive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
1s řirušjid imjov řirušjid imjuvs řirušug imjov řirušug imjuvs
2s řirušjid imir řirušjid imirs řirušug imir řirušug imirs
3s řirušjid imeš řirušjid imiš řirušug imeš řirušug imiš
1p řirušjidũ imjõ řirušjidũ imjũs řirušuɣĩ imjõ řirušuɣĩ imjũs
2p řirušjidũ imirõ řirušjidũ imirũs řirušuɣĩ imirõ řirušuɣĩ imirũs
3p řirušjidũ imižõ řirušjidũ imižũs řirušuɣĩ imižõ řirušuɣĩ imižũs


Indicative
Future in the past
Active
Passive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
1s aruřišjid imjov aruřišjid imjuvs aruřišug imjov aruřišug imjuvs
2s aruřišjid imir aruřišjid imirs aruřišug imir aruřišug imirs
3s aruřišjid imeš aruřišjid imiš aruřišug imeš aruřišug imiš
1p aruřišjidũ imjõ aruřišjidũ imjũs aruřišuɣĩ imjõ aruřišuɣĩ imjũs
2p aruřišjidũ imirõ aruřišjidũ imirũs aruřišuɣĩ imirõ aruřišuɣĩ imirũs
3p aruřišjidũ imižõ aruřišjidũ imižũs aruřišuɣĩ imižõ aruřišuɣĩ imižũs


Subjunctive
Present
Active
Passive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
1s řirušjid wũšev řirušjid wũšĩvs řirušug wũšev řirušug wũšĩvs
2s řirušjid wũšr řirušjid wũšris řirušug wũšr řirušug wũšris
3s řirušjid wũš řirušjid wũšis řirušug wũš řirušug wũšis
1p řirušjidũ wũšõ řirušjidũ wũšũs řirušuɣĩ wũšõ řirušuɣĩ wũšũs
2p řirušjidũ wũšrõ řirušjidũ wũšrũs řirušuɣĩ wũšrõ řirušuɣĩ wũšrũs
3p řirušjidũ wũžõ řirušjidũ wũžũs řirušuɣĩ wũžõ řirušuɣĩ wũžũs


Subjunctive
Past
Active
Passive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
1s řirušjid jũšev řirušjid jũšĩvs řirušug jũšev řirušug jũšĩvs
2s řirušjid jũšr řirušjid jũšris řirušug jũšr řirušug jũšris
3s řirušjid jũš řirušjid jũšis řirušug jũš řirušug jũšis
1p řirušjidũ jũšõ řirušjidũ jũšũs řirušuɣĩ jũšõ řirušuɣĩ jũšũs
2p řirušjidũ jũšrõ řirušjidũ jũšrũs řirušuɣĩ jũšrõ řirušuɣĩ jũšrũs
3p řirušjidũ jũžõ řirušjidũ jũžũs řirušuɣĩ jũžõ řirušuɣĩ jũžũs


Subjunctive
Imperfect
Active
Passive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
1s aruřišjid wũšev aruřišjid wũšĩvs aruřišug wũšev aruřišug wũšĩvs
2s aruřišjid wũšr aruřišjid wũšris aruřišug wũšr aruřišug wũšris
3s aruřišjid wũš aruřišjid wũšis aruřišug wũš aruřišug wũšis
1p aruřišjidũ wũšõ aruřišjidũ wũšũs aruřišuɣĩ wũšõ aruřišuɣĩ wũšũs
2p aruřišjidũ wũšrõ aruřišjidũ wũšrũs aruřišuɣĩ wũšrõ aruřišuɣĩ wũšrũs
3p aruřišjidũ wũžõ aruřišjidũ wũžũs aruřišuɣĩ wũžõ aruřišuɣĩ wũžũs


Subjunctive
Past perfect
Active
Passive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
1s aruřišjid jũšev aruřišjid jũšĩvs aruřišug jũšev aruřišug jũšĩvs
2s aruřišjid jũšr aruřišjid jũšris aruřišug jũšr aruřišug jũšris
3s aruřišjid jũš aruřišjid jũšis aruřišug jũš aruřišug jũšis
1p aruřišjidũ jũšõ aruřišjidũ jũšũs aruřišuɣĩ jũšõ aruřišuɣĩ jũšũs
2p aruřišjidũ jũšrõ aruřišjidũ jũšrũs aruřišuɣĩ jũšrõ aruřišuɣĩ jũšrũs
3p aruřišjidũ jũžõ aruřišjidũ jũžũs aruřišuɣĩ jũžõ aruřišuɣĩ jũžũs


Conditional
Present
Active
Passive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
1s řirušjid wĩšev řirušjid wĩšivs řirušug wĩšev řirušug wĩšivs
2s řirušjid wĩšr řirušjid wĩšris řirušug wĩšr řirušug wĩšris
3s řirušjid wĩh řirušjid wĩs řirušug wĩh řirušug wĩs
1p řirušjidũ wĩšõ řirušjidũ wĩšũs řirušuɣĩ wĩšõ řirušuɣĩ wĩšũs
2p řirušjidũ wĩšrõ řirušjidũ wĩšrũs řirušuɣĩ wĩšrõ řirušuɣĩ wĩšrũs
3p řirušjidũ wĩžõ řirušjidũ wĩžũs řirušuɣĩ wĩžõ řirušuɣĩ wĩžũs


Conditional
Past
Active
Passive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
1s řirušjid jĩšev řirušjid jĩšivs řirušug jĩšev řirušug jĩšivs
2s řirušjid jĩšr řirušjid jĩšris řirušug jĩšr řirušug jĩšris
3s řirušjid jĩh řirušjid jĩs řirušug jĩh řirušug jĩs
1p řirušjidũ jĩšõ řirušjidũ jĩšũs řirušuɣĩ jĩšõ řirušuɣĩ jĩšũs
2p řirušjidũ jĩšrõ řirušjidũ jĩšrũs řirušuɣĩ jĩšrõ řirušuɣĩ jĩšrũs
3p řirušjidũ jĩžõ řirušjidũ jĩžũs řirušuɣĩ jĩžõ řirušuɣĩ jĩžũs


Conditional
Imperfect
Active
Passive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
1s aruřišjid wĩšev aruřišjid wĩšivs aruřišug wĩšev aruřišug wĩšivs
2s aruřišjid wĩšr aruřišjid wĩšris aruřišug wĩšr aruřišug wĩšris
3s aruřišjid wĩh aruřišjid wĩs aruřišug wĩh aruřišug wĩs
1p aruřišjidũ wĩšõ aruřišjidũ wĩšũs aruřišuɣĩ wĩšõ aruřišuɣĩ wĩšũs
2p aruřišjidũ wĩšrõ aruřišjidũ wĩšrũs aruřišuɣĩ wĩšrõ aruřišuɣĩ wĩšrũs
3p aruřišjidũ wĩžõ aruřišjidũ wĩžũs aruřišuɣĩ wĩžõ aruřišuɣĩ wĩžũs


Conditional
Past perfect
Active
Passive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
1s aruřišjid jĩšev aruřišjid jĩšivs aruřišug jĩšev aruřišug jĩšivs
2s aruřišjid jĩšr aruřišjid jĩšris aruřišug jĩšr aruřišug jĩšris
3s aruřišjid jĩh aruřišjid jĩs aruřišug jĩh aruřišug jĩs
1p aruřišjidũ jĩšõ aruřišjidũ jĩšũs aruřišuɣĩ jĩšõ aruřišuɣĩ jĩšũs
2p aruřišjidũ jĩšrõ aruřišjidũ jĩšrũs aruřišuɣĩ jĩšrõ aruřišuɣĩ jĩšrũs
3p aruřišjidũ jĩžõ aruřišjidũ jĩžũs aruřišuɣĩ jĩžõ aruřišuɣĩ jĩžũs


Resultative
Active
Passive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
1s ruřišaža wẽv ruřišaža wĩvs - -
2s ruřišaža wẽr ruřišaža wĩrs - -
3s ruřišaža wẽh ruřišaža wĩs - -
1p ruřišaža wẽnõ ruřišaža wĩns - -
2p ruřišaža wẽrõ ruřišaža wĩrõs - -
3p ruřišaža wẽžõ ruřišaža wĩžõs - -

Biwdiw

Verb līlušiwgɛ, to see

Indicative
Imperfective present Perfective present Imperfective past Perfective past Imperfective future Resultative perfect Resultative plusquamperfect
1s līlušū lulīšū hɛlīlušū hɛlulīšū çɛňū līlušiwgɛ çɛňū hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
2s līlušir lulīšir hɛlīlušir hɛlulīšir çɛňir līlušiwgɛ çɛňir hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3s līlušɛc lulīšɛc hɛlīlušɛc hɛlulīšɛc çɛňɛc līlušiwgɛ çɛňɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3s līluš lulīš hɛlīluš hɛlulīš çɛň līlušiwgɛ çɛň hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛň hɛlulīšiwgɛ
1d līlušiwhū lulīšiwhū hɛlīlušiwhū hɛlulīšiwhū çɛňiwhū līlušiwgɛ çɛňiwhū hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňiwhū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
2d līlušiwhir lulīšiwhir hɛlīlušiwhir hɛlulīšiwhir çɛňiwhir līlušiwgɛ çɛňiwhir hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňiwhir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3d līlušiwcɛc lulīšiwcɛc hɛlīlušiwcɛc hɛlulīšiwcɛc çɛňiwcɛc līlušiwgɛ çɛňiwcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňiwcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3d līlušiwh lulīšiwh hɛlīlušiwh hɛlulīšiwh çɛňiwh līlušiwgɛ çɛňiwh hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňiwh hɛlulīšiwgɛ
1p līlušunū lulīšunū hɛlīlušunū hɛlulīšunū çɛňunū līlušiwgɛ çɛňunū hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňunū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
2p līlušunir lulīšunir hɛlīlušunir hɛlulīšunir çɛňunir līlušiwgɛ çɛňunir hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňunir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3p līlušunjɛc lulīšunjɛc hɛlīlušunjɛc hɛlulīšunjɛc çɛňunjɛc līlušiwgɛ çɛňunjɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňunjɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3p līlušun lulīšun hɛlīlušun hɛlulīšun çɛňun līlušiwgɛ çɛňun hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňun hɛlulīšiwgɛ


Subjunctive
Imperfective present Perfective present Imperfective past Perfective past Imperfective future Resultative perfect Resultative plusquamperfect
1s līlušiwňū lulīšiwňū hɛlīlušiwňū hɛlulīšiwňū çɛňiwňū līlušiwgɛ çɛňiwňū hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňiwňū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
2s līlušiwňir lulīšiwňir hɛlīlušiwňir hɛlulīšiwňir çɛňiwňir līlušiwgɛ çɛňiwňir hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňiwňir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3s līlušiwňɛc lulīšiwňɛc hɛlīlušiwňɛc hɛlulīšiwňɛc çɛňiwňɛc līlušiwgɛ çɛňiwňɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňiwňɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3s līlušiwň lulīšiwň hɛlīlušiwň hɛlulīšiwň çɛňiwň līlušiwgɛ çɛňiwň hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňiwň hɛlulīšiwgɛ
1d līlušiwňiwhū lulīšiwňiwhū hɛlīlušiwňiwhū hɛlulīšiwňiwhū çɛňiwňiwhū līlušiwňiwgɛ çɛňiwňiwhū hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňiwňiwhū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
2d līlušiwňiwhir lulīšiwňiwhir hɛlīlušiwňiwhir hɛlulīšiwňiwhir çɛňiwňiwhir līlušiwňiwgɛ çɛňiwňiwhir hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňiwňiwhir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3d līlušiwňiwcɛc lulīšiwňiwcɛc hɛlīlušiwňiwcɛc hɛlulīšiwňiwcɛc çɛňiwňiwcɛc līlušiwňiwgɛ çɛňiwňiwcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňiwňiwcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3d līlušiwňiwh lulīšiwňiwh hɛlīlušiwňiwh hɛlulīšiwňiwh çɛňiwňiwh līlušiwňiwgɛ çɛňiwňiwh hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňiwňiwh hɛlulīšiwgɛ
1p līlušiwňunū lulīšiwňunū hɛlīlušiwňunū hɛlulīšiwňunū çɛňiwňunū līlušiwňiwgɛ çɛňiwňunū hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňiwňunū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
2p līlušiwňunir lulīšiwňunir hɛlīlušiwňunir hɛlulīšiwňunir çɛňiwňunir līlušiwňiwgɛ çɛňiwňunir hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňiwňunir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3p līlušiwňunjɛc lulīšiwňunjɛc hɛlīlušiwňunjɛc hɛlulīšiwňunjɛc çɛňiwňunjɛc līlušiwňiwgɛ çɛňiwňunjɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňiwňunjɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3p līlušiwňun lulīšiwňun hɛlīlušiwňun hɛlulīšiwňun çɛňiwňun līlušiwgɛ çɛňiwňun hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňiwňun hɛlulīšiwgɛ


Optative
Imperfective present Perfective present Imperfective past Perfective past Imperfective future Resultative perfect Resultative plusquamperfect
1s līlušušū lulīšušū hɛlīlušušū hɛlulīšušū çɛňušū līlušiwgɛ çɛňušū hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňušū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
2s līlušušir lulīšušir hɛlīlušušir hɛlulīšušir çɛňušir līlušiwgɛ çɛňušir hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňušir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3s līlušušɛc lulīšušɛc hɛlīlušušɛc hɛlulīšušɛc çɛňušɛc līlušiwgɛ çɛňušɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňušɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3s līlušuš lulīšuš hɛlīluš hɛlulīšuš çɛňuš līlušiwgɛ çɛňuš hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňuš hɛlulīšiwgɛ
1d līlušušiwhū lulīšušiwhū hɛlīlušušiwhū hɛlulīšušiwhū çɛňušiwhū līlušiwgɛ çɛňušiwhū hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňušiwhū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
2d līlušušiwhir lulīšušiwhir hɛlīlušušiwhir hɛlulīšušiwhir çɛňušiwhir līlušiwgɛ çɛňušiwhir hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňušiwhir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3d līlušušiwcɛc lulīšušiwcɛc hɛlīlušušiwcɛc hɛlulīšušiwcɛc çɛňušiwcɛc līlušiwgɛ çɛňušiwcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňušiwcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3d līlušušiwh lulīšušiwh hɛlīlušušiwh hɛlulīšušiwh çɛňušiwh līlušiwgɛ çɛňušiwh hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňušiwh hɛlulīšiwgɛ
1p līlušušunū lulīšušunū hɛlīlušušunū hɛlulīšušunū çɛňušunū līlušiwgɛ çɛňušunū hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňušunū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
2p līlušušunir lulīšušunir hɛlīlušušunir hɛlulīšušunir çɛňušunir līlušiwgɛ çɛňušunir hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňušunir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3p līlušušunjɛc lulīšušunjɛc hɛlīlušušunjɛc hɛlulīšušunjɛc çɛňušunjɛc līlušiwgɛ çɛňušunjɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňušunjɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3p līlušušun lulīšušun hɛlīlušušun hɛlulīšušun çɛňušun līlušiwgɛ çɛňušun hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňušun hɛlulīšiwgɛ


Potential
Imperfective present Perfective present Imperfective past Perfective past Imperfective future Resultative perfect Resultative plusquamperfect
1s līlušɛʈū lulīšɛʈū hɛlīlušɛʈū hɛlulīšɛʈū çɛňɛʈū līlušiwgɛ çɛňɛʈū hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňɛʈū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
2s līlušɛʈir lulīšɛʈir hɛlīlušɛʈir hɛlulīšɛʈir çɛňɛʈir līlušiwgɛ çɛňɛʈir hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňɛʈir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3s līlušɛcɛc lulīšɛcɛc hɛlīlušɛcɛc hɛlulīšɛcɛc çɛňɛcɛc līlušiwgɛ çɛňɛcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňɛcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3s līlušɛʈ lulīšɛʈ hɛlīlušɛʈ hɛlulīšɛʈ çɛňɛʈ līlušiwgɛ çɛňɛʈ hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňɛʈ hɛlulīšiwgɛ
1d līlušɛʈiwhū lulīšɛʈiwhū hɛlīlušɛʈiwhū hɛlulīšɛʈiwhū çɛňɛʈiwhū līlušiwgɛ çɛňɛʈiwhū hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňɛʈiwhū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
2d līlušɛʈiwhir lulīšɛʈiwhir hɛlīlušɛʈiwhir hɛlulīšɛʈiwhir çɛňɛʈiwhir līlušiwgɛ çɛňɛʈiwhir hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňɛʈiwhir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3d līlušɛʈiwcɛc lulīšɛʈiwcɛc hɛlīlušɛʈiwcɛc hɛlulīšɛʈiwcɛc çɛňɛʈiwcɛc līlušiwgɛ çɛňɛʈiwcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňɛʈiwcɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3d līlušɛʈiwh lulīšɛʈiwh hɛlīlušɛʈiwh hɛlulīšɛʈiwh çɛňɛʈiwh līlušiwgɛ çɛňɛʈiwh hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňɛʈiwh hɛlulīšiwgɛ
1p līlušɛʈunū lulīšɛʈunū hɛlīlušɛʈunū hɛlulīšɛʈunū çɛňɛʈunū līlušiwgɛ çɛňɛʈunū hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňɛʈunū hɛlulīšiwgɛ
2p līlušɛʈunir lulīšɛʈunir hɛlīlušɛʈunir hɛlulīšɛʈunir çɛňɛʈunir līlušiwgɛ çɛňɛʈunir hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňɛʈunir hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3p līlušɛʈunjɛc lulīšɛʈunjɛc hɛlīlušɛʈunjɛc hɛlulīšɛʈunjɛc çɛňɛʈunjɛc līlušiwgɛ çɛňɛʈunjɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňɛʈunjɛc hɛlulīšiwgɛ
3p līlušɛʈun lulīšɛʈun hɛlīlušɛʈun hɛlulīšɛʈun çɛňɛʈun līlušiwgɛ çɛňɛʈun hɛlulīšiwgɛ hɛçɛňɛʈun hɛlulīšiwgɛ


Infinite
Imperfective present Perfective present Imperfective past Perfective past
Indicative līlušiwgɛ lulīšiwgɛ hɛlīlušiwgɛ hɛlulīšiwgɛ
Subjunctive līlušiwňiwgɛ lulīšiwňiwgɛ hɛlīlušiwňiwgɛ hɛlulīšiwňiwgɛ
Optative līlušušiwgɛ lulīšušiwgɛ hɛlīlušušiwgɛ hɛlulīšušiwgɛ
Potential līlušɛʈiwgɛ lulīšɛʈiwgɛ hɛlīlušɛʈiwgɛ hɛlulīšɛʈiwgɛ


Participles
Imperfective present Perfective present Imperfective past Perfective past
Agentive līlušīdu lulīšīdu hɛlīlušīdu hɛlulīšīdu
Passive līlušugiw lulīšugiw hɛlīlušugiw hɛlulīšugiw

Gəjlnigo

Verb ləjužəjge, to see

Indicative
Imperfective present Imperfective future Perfective future Imperfective past Perfective past
1s ləjužɔ ləjužəjgehɔ ejjužəjgehɔ ləjužəjdo ejjužəjdo
2s ləjužih ləjužəjgehih ejjužəjgehih
3s ləjuš ləjužəjgeh ejjužəjgeh
1p ləjužunɔ ləjužəjgehunɔ ejjužəjgehunɔ ləjužəjduno ejjužəjduno
2p ləjužunih ləjužəjgehunih ejjužəjgehunih
3p ləjužun ləjužəjgehun ejjužəjgehun


Conditional
Imperfective present Imperfective future Perfective future Imperfective past Perfective past
1s ləjužužɔ ləjužužəjgehɔ ejjužužəjgehɔ ləjužužəjdo ejjužužəjdo
2s ləjužužih ləjužužəjgehih ejjužužəjgehih
3s ləjužuš ləjužužəjgeh ejjužužəjgeh
1p ləjužužunɔ ləjužužəjgehunɔ ejjužužəjgehunɔ ləjužužəjduno ejjužužəjduno
2p ləjužužunih ləjužužəjgehunih ejjužužəjgehunih
3p ləjužužun ləjužužəjgehun ejjužužəjgehun


Infinite
Imperfective Perfective
ləjužəjge ejjužəjge


Participle
Imperfective Perfective
Indicative ləjužuǵ ejjužuǵ
Conditional ləjužužuǵ ejjužužuǵ

Cärähə

Verb rīrusühä, to see

Active
Indicative
Present Past Present continuous Perfect Past continous Plusquamperfect Future Future perfect Future in past
1s rīrusü rurīsü cänü rīrusīdə cänü rurīsīdə häcänü rīrusīdə häcänü rurīsīdə cänü rīrusühä cänü rurīsühä häcänü rīrusühä
2s rīrusir rurīsir cänir rīrusīdə cänir rurīsīdə häcänir rīrusīdə häcänir rurīsīdə cänir rīrusühä cänir rurīsühä häcänir rīrusühä
3s rīruśäh rurīśäh cän rīrusīdə cän rurīsīdə häcän rīrusīdə häcän rurīsīdə cän rīrusühä cän rurīsühä häcän rīrusühä
1p rīrusunü rurīsunü cänunü rīrusīdənə cänunü rurīsīdənə häcänunü rīrusīdənə häcänunü rurīsīdənə cänunü rīrusühä cänunü rurīsühä häcänunü rīrusühä
2p rīrusunir rurīsunir cänunir rīrusīdənə cänunir rurīsīdənə häcänunir rīrusīdənə häcänunir rurīsīdənə cänunir rīrusühä cänunir rurīsühä häcänunir rīrusühä
3p rīrusuńäh rurīsuńäh cänun rīrusīdənə cänun rurīsīdənə häcänun rīrusīdənə häcänun rurīsīdənə cänun rīrusühä cänun rurīsühä häcänun rīrusühä


Passive
Indicative
Present Past Perfect Plusquamperfect Future Future perfect Future in past
1s cänü rīruśuhi häcänü rīruśuhi cänü rurīśuhi häcänü rurīśuhi cänü cänühä rīruśuhi cänü cänühä rurīśuhi häcänü cänühä rīruśuhi
2s cänir rīruśuhi häcänir rīruśuhi cänir rurīśuhi häcänir rurīśuhi cänir cänühä rīruśuhi cänir cänühä rurīśuhi häcänir cänühä rīruśuhi
1s cän rīruśuhi häcän rīruśuhi cän rurīśuhi häcän rurīśuhi cän cänühä rīruśuhi cän cänühä rurīśuhi häcän cänühä rīruśuhi
1p cänunü rīruśuhi häcänunü rīruśuhi cänunü rurīśuhi häcänunü rurīśuhi cänunü cänühä rīruśuhi cänunü cänühä rurīśuhi häcänunü cänühä rīruśuhi
2p cänunir rīruśuhi häcänunir rīruśuhi cänunir rurīśuhi häcänunir rurīśuhi cänunir cänühä rīruśuhi cänunir cänühä rurīśuhi häcänunir cänühä rīruśuhi
1p cänun rīruśuhi häcänun rīruśuhi cänun rurīśuhi häcänun rurīśuhi cänun cänühä rīruśuhi cänun cänühä rurīśuhi häcänun cänühä rīruśuhi


Active
Subjunctive
Present Past Present continuous Perfect Past continous Plusquamperfect Future Future perfect Future in past
1s rīrusünü rurīsünü cänünü rīrusīdə cänünü rurīsīdə häcänünü rīrusīdə häcänünü rurīsīdə cänünü rīrusühä cänünü rurīsühä häcänünü rīrusühä
2s rīrusünir rurīsünir cänünir rīrusīdə cänünir rurīsīdə häcänünir rīrusīdə häcänünir rurīsīdə cänünir rīrusühä cänünir rurīsühä häcänünir rīrusühä
3s rīrusuńäh rurīsuńäh cänün rīrusīdə cänün rurīsīdə häcänün rīrusīdə häcänün rurīsīdə cänün rīrusühä cänün rurīsühä häcänün rīrusühä
1p rīrusünunü rurīsünunü cänünunü rīrusīdənə cänünunü rurīsīdənə häcänünunü rīrusīdənə häcänünunü rurīsīdənə cänünunü rīrusühä cänünunü rurīsühä häcänünunü rīrusühä
2p rīrusünunir rurīsünunir cänünunir rīrusīdənə cänünunir rurīsīdənə häcänünunir rīrusīdənə häcänünunir rurīsīdənə cänünunir rīrusühä cänünunir rurīsühä häcänünunir rīrusühä
3p rīrusünuńäh rurīsünuńäh cänünun rīrusīdənə cänünun rurīsīdənə häcänünun rīrusīdənə häcänünun rurīsīdənə cänünun rīrusühä cänünun rurīsühä häcänünun rīrusühä


Passive
Subjunctive
Present Past Perfect Plusquamperfect Future Future perfect Future in past
1s cänünü rīruśuhi häcänünü rīruśuhi cänünü rurīśuhi häcänünü rurīśuhi cänünü cänühä rīruśuhi cänünü cänühä rurīśuhi häcänünü cänühä rīruśuhi
2s cänünir rīruśuhi häcänünir rīruśuhi cänünir rurīśuhi häcänünir rurīśuhi cänünir cänühä rīruśuhi cänünir cänühä rurīśuhi häcänünir cänühä rīruśuhi
3s cänün rīruśuhi häcänün rīruśuhi cänün rurīśuhi häcänün rurīśuhi cänün cänühä rīruśuhi cänün cänühä rurīśuhi häcänün cänühä rīruśuhi
1p cänünunü rīruśuhi häcänünunü rīruśuhi cänünunü rurīśuhi häcänünunü rurīśuhi cänünunü cänühä rīruśuhi cänünunü cänühä rurīśuhi häcänünunü cänühä rīruśuhi
2p cänünunir rīruśuhi häcänünunir rīruśuhi cänünunir rurīśuhi häcänünunir rurīśuhi cänünunir cänühä rīruśuhi cänünunir cänühä rurīśuhi häcänünunir cänühä rīruśuhi
3p cänünun rīruśuhi häcänünun rīruśuhi cänünun rurīśuhi häcänünun rurīśuhi cänünun cänühä rīruśuhi cänünun cänühä rurīśuhi häcänünun cänühä rīruśuhi


Active
Optative
Present Past Present continuous Perfect Past continous Plusquamperfect Future Future perfect Future in past
1s rīrususü rurīsusü cänü rīrususīdə cänü rurīsusīdə häcänusü rīrusīdə häcänusü rurīsīdə cänusü rīrusühä cänusü rurīsühä häcänusü rīrusühä
2s rīrususir rurīsusir cänusir rīrusīdə cänusir rurīsīdə häcänusir rīrusīdə häcänusir rurīsīdə cänusir rīrusühä cänusir rurīsühä häcänusir rīrusühä
3s rīrusuśäh rurīsuśäh cänus rīrusīdə cänus rurīsīdə häcänus rīrusīdə häcänus rurīsīdə cänus rīrusühä cänus rurīsühä häcänus rīrusühä
1p rīrususunü rurīsusunü cänusunü rīrusīdənə cänusunü rurīsīdənə häcänusunü rīrusīdənə häcänusunü rurīsīdənə cänusunü rīrusühä cänusunü rurīsühä häcänusunü rīrusühä
2p rīrususunir rurīsusunir cänusunir rīrusīdənə cänusunir rurīsīdənə häcänusunir rīrusīdənə häcänusunir rurīsīdənə cänusunir rīrusühä cänusunir rurīsühä häcänusunir rīrusühä
3p rīrususuńäh rurīsusuńäh cänusun rīrusīdənə cänusun rurīsīdənə häcänusun rīrusīdənə häcänusun rurīsīdənə cänusun rīrusühä cänusun rurīsühä häcänusun rīrusühä


Passive
Optative
Present Past Perfect Plusquamperfect Future Future perfect Future in past
1s cänusü rīruśuhi häcänusü rīruśuhi cänusü rurīśuhi häcänusü rurīśuhi cänusü cänühä rīruśuhi cänusü cänühä rurīśuhi häcänusü cänühä rīruśuhi
2s cänusir rīruśuhi häcänusir rīruśuhi cänusir rurīśuhi häcänusir rurīśuhi cänusir cänühä rīruśuhi cänusir cänühä rurīśuhi häcänusir cänühä rīruśuhi
3s cänus rīruśuhi häcänus rīruśuhi cänus rurīśuhi häcänus rurīśuhi cänus cänühä rīruśuhi cänus cänühä rurīśuhi häcänus cänühä rīruśuhi
1p cänusunü rīruśuhi häcänusunü rīruśuhi cänusunü rurīśuhi häcänusunü rurīśuhi cänusunü cänühä rīruśuhi cänusunü cänühä rurīśuhi häcänusunü cänühä rīruśuhi
2p cänusunir rīruśuhi häcänusunir rīruśuhi cänusunir rurīśuhi häcänusunir rurīśuhi cänusunir cänühä rīruśuhi cänusunir cänühä rurīśuhi häcänusunir cänühä rīruśuhi
3p cänusun rīruśuhi häcänusun rīruśuhi cänusun rurīśuhi häcänusun rurīśuhi cänusun cänühä rīruśuhi cänusun cänühä rurīśuhi häcänusun cänühä rīruśuhi


Active
Potential
Present Past Present continuous Perfect Past continous Plusquamperfect Future Future perfect Future in past
1s rīruśäɕü rurīśäɕü cänünü rīrusīdə cäńäɕü rurīsīdə häcäńäɕü rīrusīdə häcäńäɕü rurīsīdə cäńäɕü rīrusühä cäńäɕü rurīsühä häcäńäɕü rīrusühä
2s rīruśäɕir rurīśäɕir cäńäɕir rīrusīdə cäńäɕir rurīsīdə häcäńäɕir rīrusīdə häcäńäɕir rurīsīdə cäńäɕir rīrusühä cäńäɕir rurīsühä häcäńäɕir rīrusühä
3s rīruśäɕäh rurīśäɕäh cäńäɕ rīrusīdə cäńäɕ rurīsīdə häcäńäɕ rīrusīdə häcäńäɕ rurīsīdə cäńäɕ rīrusühä cäńäɕ rurīsühä häcäńäɕ rīrusühä
1p rīruśäɕunü rurīśäɕunü cäńäɕunü rīrusīdənə cäńäɕunü rurīsīdənə häcäńäɕunü rīrusīdənə häcäńäɕunü rurīsīdənə cäńäɕunü rīrusühä cäńäɕunü rurīsühä häcäńäɕunü rīrusühä
2p rīruśäɕunir rurīśäɕunir cäńäɕunir rīrusīdənə cäńäɕunir rurīsīdənə häcäńäɕunir rīrusīdənə häcäńäɕunir rurīsīdənə cäńäɕunir rīrusühä cäńäɕunir rurīsühä häcäńäɕunir rīrusühä
3p rīruśäɕuńäh rurīśäɕuńäh cäńäɕun rīrusīdənə cäńäɕun rurīsīdənə häcäńäɕun rīrusīdənə häcäńäɕun rurīsīdənə cäńäɕun rīrusühä cäńäɕun rurīsühä häcäńäɕun rīrusühä


Passive
Indicative
Present Past Perfect Plusquamperfect Future Future perfect Future in past
1s cäńäɕü rīruśuhi häcäńäɕü rīruśuhi cäńäɕü rurīśuhi häcäńäɕü rurīśuhi cäńäɕü cänühä rīruśuhi cäńäɕü cänühä rurīśuhi häcäńäɕü cänühä rīruśuhi
2s cäńäɕir rīruśuhi häcäńäɕir rīruśuhi cäńäɕir rurīśuhi häcäńäɕir rurīśuhi cäńäɕir cänühä rīruśuhi cäńäɕir cänühä rurīśuhi häcäńäɕir cänühä rīruśuhi
3s cäńäɕ rīruśuhi häcäńäɕ rīruśuhi cäńäɕ rurīśuhi häcäńäɕ rurīśuhi cäńäɕ cänühä rīruśuhi cäńäɕ cänühä rurīśuhi häcäńäɕ cänühä rīruśuhi
1p cäńäɕunü rīruśuhi häcäńäɕunü rīruśuhi cäńäɕunü rurīśuhi häcäńäɕunü rurīśuhi cäńäɕunü cänühä rīruśuhi cäńäɕunü cänühä rurīśuhi häcäńäɕunü cänühä rīruśuhi
2p cäńäɕunir rīruśuhi häcäńäɕunir rīruśuhi cäńäɕunir rurīśuhi häcäńäɕunir rurīśuhi cäńäɕunir cänühä rīruśuhi cäńäɕunir cänühä rurīśuhi häcäńäɕunir cänühä rīruśuhi
3p cäńäɕun rīruśuhi häcäńäɕun rīruśuhi cäńäɕun rurīśuhi häcäńäɕun rurīśuhi cäńäɕun cänühä rīruśuhi cäńäɕun cänühä rurīśuhi häcäńäɕun cänühä rīruśuhi


Indefinite
Present Past
Infinite rīrusühä rurīsühä
Active
Participle		 rīrusīdə rurīsīdə
Passive
Participle		 rīruśuhi rurīśuhi

Viwdiwgu

Verb līlužiwgɛ, to see

Indicative
Imperfective present Imperfective future Perfective future Imperfective past Perfective past
1s līlužū līlužiwçū lulīžū līlužīdu lulīžīdu
2s līlužir līlužiwçir lulīžir
3s līlužɛc līlužiwčɛc lulīžɛc
1d līlužiwhū līlužiwçiwhū lulīžiwhū līlužīduhiw lulīžīduhiw
2d līlužiwhir līlužiwçiwhir lulīžiwhir
3d līlužiwcɛc līlužiwçiwcɛc lulīžiwcɛc
1p līlužü līlužiwçü lulīžü līlužīdū lulīžīdū
2p līlužür līlužiwçür lulīžür
3p līlužünjɛc līlužiwçünjɛc lulīžünjɛc


Subjunctive
Imperfective present Imperfective future Perfective future Imperfective past Perfective past
1s līlužiwňū līlužiwňiwçū lulīžiwňū līlužiwňīdu lulīžiwňīdu
2s līlužiwňir līlužiwňiwçir lulīžiwňir
3s līlužiwňɛc līlužiwňiwčɛc lulīžiwňɛc
1d līlužiwňiwhū līlužiwňiwçiwhū lulīžiwňiwhū līlužiwňīduhiw lulīžiwňīduhiw
2d līlužiwňiwhir līlužiwňiwçiwhir lulīžiwňiwhir
3d līlužiwňiwcɛc līlužiwňiwçiwcɛc lulīžiwňiwcɛc
1p līlužiwňü līlužiwňiwçü lulīžiwňü līlužiwňīdū lulīžiwňīdū
2p līlužiwňür līlužiwňiwçür lulīžiwňür
3p līlužiwňünjɛc līlužiwňiwçünjɛc lulīžiwňünjɛc


Potential
Imperfective present Imperfective future Perfective future Imperfective past Perfective past
1s līlužɛtsū līlužɛtsiwçū lulīžɛtsū līlužɛtsīdu lulīžɛtsīdu
2s līlužɛtsir līlužɛtsiwçir lulīžɛtsir
3s līlužɛcɛc līlužɛtsiwčɛc lulīžɛcɛc
1d līlužiwhū līlužɛtsiwçiwhū lulīžɛtsiwhū līlužɛtsīduhiw lulīžɛtsīduhiw
2d līlužɛtsiwhir līlužɛtsiwçiwhir lulīžɛtsiwhir
3d līlužɛtsiwcɛc līlužɛtsiwçiwcɛc lulīžɛtsiwcɛc
1p līlužɛtsü līlužɛtsiwçü lulīžɛtsü līlužɛtsīdū lulīžɛtsīdū
2p līlužɛtsür līlužɛtsiwçür lulīžɛtsür
3p līlužɛtsünjɛc līlužɛtsiwçünjɛc lulīžɛtsünjɛc


Indefinite moods
Imperfective Perfective
Infinite līlužiwgɛ lulīžiwgɛ
Participle līlužuɣi lulīžuɣi

Jeʂtəra

Verb līloṕəme, to see

Indicative
Imperfective
present		 Perfective
present		 Imperfective
past		 Perfective
past		 Imperfective
future
1s līloṕol lolīṕol ʔalīloṕol ʔalolīṕol ʔəɳol līloṕəme
2s līloṕer lolīṕer ʔalīloṕer ʔalolīṕer ʔəɳer līloṕəme
3s līloṕət́ lolīṕət́ ʔalīloṕət́ ʔalolīṕət́ ʔəɳət́ līloṕəme
3s līloṕ lolīṕ ʔalīloṕ ʔalolīṕ ʔəɳ līloṕəme
1p līloṕolon lolīṕolon ʔalīloṕolon ʔalolīṕolon ʔəɳolon līloṕəme
2p līloṕeron lolīṕeron ʔalīloṕeron ʔalolīṕeron ʔəɳeron līloṕəme
3p līloṕət́on lolīṕət́on ʔalīloṕət́on ʔalolīṕət́on ʔəɳət́on līloṕəme
3p līloṕon lolīṕon ʔalīloṕon ʔalolīṕon ʔəɳon līloṕəme


Subjunctive
Imperfective
present		 Perfective
present		 Imperfective
past		 Perfective
past		 Imperfective
future
1s līloṕiəɳol lolīṕiəɳol ʔalīloṕiəɳol ʔalolīṕiəɳol ʔəɳiəɳol līloṕəme
2s līloṕiəɳer lolīṕiəɳer ʔalīloṕiəɳer ʔalolīṕiəɳer ʔəɳiəɳer līloṕəme
3s līloṕiəɳət́ lolīṕiəɳət́ ʔalīloṕiəɳət́ ʔalolīṕiəɳət́ ʔəɳiəɳət́ līloṕəme
3s līloṕiəɳ lolīṕiəɳ ʔalīloṕiəɳ ʔalolīṕiəɳ ʔəɳiəɳ līloṕəme
1p līloṕiəɳolon lolīṕiəɳolon ʔalīloṕiəɳolon ʔalolīṕiəɳolon ʔəɳiəɳolon līloṕəme
2p līloṕiəɳeron lolīṕiəɳeron ʔalīloṕiəɳeron ʔalolīṕiəɳeron ʔəɳiəɳeron līloṕəme
3p līloṕiəɳət́on lolīṕiəɳət́on ʔalīloṕiəɳət́on ʔalolīṕiəɳət́on ʔəɳiəɳət́on līloṕəme
3p līloṕiəɳon lolīṕiəɳon ʔalīloṕiəɳon ʔalolīṕiəɳon ʔəɳiəɳon līloṕəme


Conditional
Imperfective
present		 Perfective
present		 Imperfective
past		 Perfective
past		 Imperfective
future
1s līloṕoṕol lolīṕoṕol ʔalīloṕoṕol ʔalolīṕoṕol ʔəɳoṕol līloṕəme
2s līloṕoṕer lolīṕoṕer ʔalīloṕoṕer ʔalolīṕoṕer ʔəɳoṕer līloṕəme
3s līloṕoṕət́ lolīṕoṕət́ ʔalīloṕoṕət́ ʔalolīṕoṕət́ ʔəɳoṕət́ līloṕəme
3s līloṕoṕ lolīṕoṕ ʔalīloṕoṕ ʔalolīṕoṕ ʔəɳoṕ līloṕəme
1p līloṕoṕolon lolīṕoṕolon ʔalīloṕoṕolon ʔalolīṕoṕolon ʔəɳoṕolon līloṕəme
2p līloṕoṕeron lolīṕoṕeron ʔalīloṕoṕeron ʔalolīṕoṕeron ʔəɳoṕeron līloṕəme
3p līloṕoṕət́on lolīṕoṕət́on ʔalīloṕoṕət́on ʔalolīṕoṕət́on ʔəɳoṕət́on līloṕəme
3p līloṕoṕon lolīṕoṕon ʔalīloṕoṕon ʔalolīṕoṕon ʔəɳoṕon līloṕəme


Indefinite moods
Imperfective
present		 Perfective
present		 Imperfective
past		 Perfective
past
Infinite līloṕəme lolīṕəme ʔalīloṕəme ʔalolīṕəme
Active
Participle		 līloṕīto lolīṕīto ʔalīloṕīto ʔalolīṕīto
Passive
Participle		 līloṕəwkiə lolīṕəwkiə ʔalīloṕəwkiə ʔalolīṕəwkiə

Βaβar

Verb ɸaq, to see

Active
Indicative
Imperfective Perfective Continous Resultative
1s ɸaquš ɸāquš ɸaqurā sūš ɸāqurā sūš
2s ɸaqum ɸāqum ɸaqurā sūm ɸāqurā sūm
3s ɸaquɣ ɸāquɣ ɸaqurā sūɣ ɸāqurā sūɣ
1p ɸaqūža ɸāqūža ɸaqurā sūža ɸāqurā sūža
2p ɸaqūku ɸāqūku ɸaqurā sūku ɸāqurā sūku
3p ɸaqūç ɸāqūç ɸaqurā sūç ɸāqurā sūç


Active
Subjunctive
Imperfective Perfective Continous Resultative
1s ɸaqūš ɸāqūš ɸaqurā sjaš ɸāqurā sjaš
2s ɸaqūm ɸāqūm ɸaqurā sjam ɸāqurā sjam
3s ɸaqūɣ ɸāqūɣ ɸaqurā sjaɣ ɸāqurā sjaɣ
1p ɸaqujža ɸāqujža ɸaqurā sjaža ɸāqurā sjaža
2p ɸaqujku ɸāqujku ɸaqurā sjaku ɸāqurā sjaku
3p ɸaqujç ɸāqujç ɸaqurā sjaç ɸāqurā sjaç


Active
Imperative
Imperfective Perfective
2s ɸaq ɸāq
2p ɸaq ɸāq

Memniq

Verb ťerkel, to see

Active
Indicative
Imperfective
Perfective
Present Past Future Perfect Past Future
1s joťreku ťreku juťreku joťereku ťereku juťereku
2s jaťreku ťreko jöťreku jaťireku ťireku jöťireku
3s jaťreke ťreke jöťreke jaťerek ťerek jöťerek
1p ťrekem ťrekim ëťrekem ťerekim ťerekem ëťerekem
2p ťrekeš ťrekiš ëťrekeš ťirekiš ťirekeš ëťirekeš
3p ťreket ťrekit ëťreket ťerekit ťereket ëťereket


Active
Subjunctive
Imperfective
Perfective
Present Past Future Perfect Past Future
1s joťräku ťräku juťräku joťeräku ťeräku juťeräku
2s jaťräku ťräko jöťräku jaťiräku ťiräku jöťiräku
3s jaťräke ťräke jöťräke jaťeräk ťeräk jöťeräk
1p ťräkem ťräkim ëťräkem ťeräkim ťeräkem ëťeräkem
2p ťräkeš ťräkiš ëťräkeš ťiräkiš ťiräkeš ëťiräkeš
3p ťräket ťräkit ëťräket ťeräkit ťeräket ëťeräket


Active
Conditional
Imperfective
Perfective
Present Past Future Perfect Past Future
1s joťraku ťraku juťraku joťeraku ťeraku juťeraku
2s jaťraku ťrako jöťraku jaťiraku ťiraku jöťiraku
3s jaťrake ťrake jöťrake jaťerak ťerak jöťerak
1p ťrakem ťrakim ëťrakem ťerakim ťerakem ëťerakem
2p ťrakeš ťrakiš ëťrakeš ťirakiš ťirakeš ëťirakeš
3p ťraket ťrakit ëťraket ťerakit ťeraket ëťeraket


Active
Optative
Imperfective
Perfective
Present Past Future Perfect Past Future
1s joťriku ťriku juťriku joťeriku ťeriku juťeriku
2s jaťriku ťriko jöťriku jaťiriku ťiriku jöťiriku
3s jaťrike ťrike jöťrike jaťerik ťerik jöťerik
1p ťrikem ťrikim ëťrikem ťerikim ťerikem ëťerikem
2p ťrikeš ťrikiš ëťrikeš ťirikiš ťirikeš ëťirikeš
3p ťriket ťrikit ëťriket ťerikit ťeriket ëťeriket

Æbbro

Verb tuurkar, to see

Active
Positive
Indicative
Repetitive Progressive Perfect Resultative
Present tuurkar tuurkarom tuurkarap tuurkarunn
Past tuurkaruud tuurkaromuud tuurkarapudd tuurkarunnuud
Future tuurkaroow tuurkaromoow tuurkarapoow tuurkarunnoow


Active
Negative
Indicative
Repetitive Progressive Perfect Resultative
Present tuurkaral tuurkaromal tuurkarapal tuurkarunnal
Past tuurkaroor tuurkaromoor tuurkarapoor tuurkarunnoor
Future tuurkaruubb tuurkaromuubb tuurkarapuubb tuurkarunnuubb


Active
Positive
Optative
Repetitive Progressive Perfect Resultative
Present tuurkarull tuurkarullom tuurkarullap tuurkarullunn
Past tuurkarulluud tuurkarullomuud tuurkarullapudd tuurkarullunnuud
Future tuurkarulloow tuurkarullomoow tuurkarullapoow tuurkarullunnoow


Active
Negative
Optative
Repetitive Progressive Perfect Resultative
Present tuurkarullal tuurkarullomal tuurkarullapal tuurkarullunnal
Past tuurkarulloor tuurkarullomoor tuurkarullapoor tuurkarullunnoor
Future tuurkarulluubb tuurkarullomuubb tuurkarullapuubb tuurkarullunnuubb


Active
Positive
Potential
Repetitive Progressive Perfect Resultative
Present tuurkarogg tuurkaroggom tuurkaroggap tuurkaroggunn
Past tuurkarogguud tuurkaroggomuud tuurkaroggapudd tuurkaroggunnuud
Future tuurkaroggoow tuurkaroggomoow tuurkaroggapoow tuurkaroggunnoow


Active
Negative
Potential
Repetitive Progressive Perfect Resultative
Present tuurkaroggal tuurkaroggomal tuurkaroggapal tuurkaroggunnal
Past tuurkaroggoor tuurkaroggomoor tuurkaroggapoor tuurkaroggunnoor
Future tuurkarogguubb tuurkaroggomuubb tuurkaroggapuubb tuurkaroggunnuubb


Active
Positive
Imperative
Repetitive Progressive Perfect Resultative
Present tuurkar tuurkarom - -
Past - - - -
Future - - - -


Active
Negative
Imperative
Repetitive Progressive Perfect Resultative
Present tuurkaral tuurkaromal - -
Past - - - -
Future - - - -

Dʰakʰi

Verb -uːska, to see

Habitual
-
Positive
Main
- 1-sg 1a-sg 2-sg 3-sg 3a-sg 4-sg 5-sg 6-sg 6a-sg 7-sg 7a-sg 8-sg 9-sg 1p-sg 2p-sg dim.-sg
1-sg kuːska kokuːska kokuːska kəruːska kumuːska kumuːska kəgʰuːska kepuːska kutuːska kutuːska kəquːska kəquːska kaluːska kidʰuːska koṅuːska kəguːska kəsuːska
1a-sg kuːska kokuːska kokuːska kəruːska kumuːska kumuːska kəgʰuːska kepuːska kutuːska kutuːska kəquːska kəquːska kaluːska kidʰuːska koṅuːska kəguːska kəsuːska
2-sg ruːska rokuːska rokuːska rəruːska rumuːska rumuːska rəgʰuːska repuːska rutuːska rutuːska rəquːska rəquːska raluːska ridʰuːska roṅuːska rəguːska rəsuːska
3-sg muːska mokuːska mokuːska məruːska mumuːska mumuːska məgʰuːska mepuːska mutuːska mutuːska məquːska məquːska maluːska midʰuːska moṅuːska məguːska məsuːska
3a-sg muːska mokuːska mokuːska məruːska mumuːska mumuːska məgʰuːska mepuːska mutuːska mutuːska məquːska məquːska maluːska midʰuːska moṅuːska məguːska məsuːska
4-sg gʰuːska gʰokuːska gʰokuːska gʰəruːska gʰumuːska gʰumuːska gʰəgʰuːska gʰepuːska gʰutuːska gʰutuːska gʰəquːska gʰəquːska gʰaluːska gʰidʰuːska gʰoṅuːska gʰəguːska gʰəsuːska
5-sg puːska pokuːska pokuːska pəruːska pumuːska pumuːska pəgʰuːska pepuːska putuːska putuːska pəquːska pəquːska paluːska pidʰuːska poṅuːska pəguːska pəsuːska
6-sg tuːska tokuːska tokuːska təruːska tumuːska tumuːska təgʰuːska tepuːska tutuːska tutuːska təquːska təquːska taluːska tidʰuːska toṅuːska təguːska təsuːska
6a-sg tuːska tokuːska tokuːska təruːska tumuːska tumuːska təgʰuːska tepuːska tutuːska tutuːska təquːska təquːska taluːska tidʰuːska toṅuːska təguːska təsuːska
7-sg quːska qokuːska qokuːska qəruːska qumuːska qumuːska qəgʰuːska qepuːska qutuːska qutuːska qəquːska qəquːska qaluːska qidʰuːska qoṅuːska qəguːska qəsuːska
7a-sg quːska qokuːska qokuːska qəruːska qumuːska qumuːska qəgʰuːska qepuːska qutuːska qutuːska qəquːska qəquːska qaluːska qidʰuːska qoṅuːska qəguːska qəsuːska
8-sg luːska lokuːska lokuːska ləruːska lumuːska lumuːska ləgʰuːska lepuːska lutuːska lutuːska ləquːska ləquːska laluːska lidʰuːska loṅuːska ləguːska ləsuːska
9-sg dʰuːska dʰokuːska dʰokuːska dʰəruːska dʰumuːska dʰumuːska dʰəgʰuːska dʰepuːska dʰutuːska dʰutuːska dʰəquːska dʰəquːska dʰaluːska dʰidʰuːska dʰoṅuːska dʰəguːska dʰəsuːska
1p-sg ṅuːska ṅokuːska ṅokuːska ṅəruːska ṅumuːska ṅumuːska ṅəgʰuːska ṅepuːska ṅutuːska ṅutuːska ṅəquːska ṅəquːska ṅaluːska ṅidʰuːska - ṅəguːska ṅəsuːska
2p-sg guːska gokuːska gokuːska gəruːska gumuːska gumuːska gəgʰuːska gepuːska gutuːska gutuːska gəquːska gəquːska galuːska gidʰuːska goṅuːska - gəsuːska
dim-sg suːska sokuːska sokuːska səruːska sumuːska sumuːska səgʰuːska sepuːska sutuːska sutuːska səquːska səquːska saluːska sidʰuːska soṅuːska səguːska səsuːska
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