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Parseltongue uses a system of [[grammatical case]]s similar to [[Latin]] or [[Wikipedia:Estonian language|Estonian]].  [[Person]], in Parseltongue, is conflated with [[Wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrativity]], [[Wikipedia:Deixis|deixis]], and [[Wikipedia:Honorifics (linguistics)|honor]]Nouns and verbs are not marked for [[number]] or gender.  There are four [[Wikipedia:noun class|noun-classes]].  Verbs also divide into four declensions.  Verbs have no [[tense]], only one of two [[aspect]]s.  Verbs have complicated forms for independent [[clause]]s and simple forms for dependent clauses.  Independent verbs ''must'' be marked for [[Wikipedia:Evidentiality|evidentiality]], although it is often metaphorically.  There are two additional [[mood]]s: [[Wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative]] and [[Wikipedia:Illocutionary act|illocutionary]].
Words in Parseltongue are mostly broadly definable as nouns, verbs, and postpositionsMost adjectives and adverbs are derived from verbs, though a few come from pronouns.


== Case ==
== Nouns ==
There are four "core" cases - '''Nominative''', '''Accusative''', '''Agentive''' and '''Patientive''' - and five "oblique" cases - '''Dative''', '''Possessive''', '''Partitive''', '''Genitive''', and '''Ablative'''.  The core cases interact with lexical aspects of the verb to distinguish the subject and object.  A few verbs take Dative, Partitive, or Ablative objects.
 
=== Pronouns ===
'Measure words' can also be used as pronouns, with or without numbers attached.


=== Core ===
The base form is the genitive
All verbs have a lexically contained expectation for which case the subject will be in.  Hence, all verbs are active or passive and volitional or non-volitional by default, which will also indicate which paradigm it follows.  When given an unexpected case, intentionality or casuality is signified:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|  
|
! Active Non-Volitional
! -1 || 0 || 0.5 || 1 || 1.5 || 2 || 3 || 3L
! Passive Non-Volitional
! Active Volitional
! Passive Volitional
|-
|-
! Nominative
! G
| Involuntary Agent
| npqoś || eh || öl || '''ŋaf''' || '''sëz''' || '''gas''' || '''hëf''' || taan
| Involuntary Cause
| Unintentional Agent
| Unintentional Cause
|-
! Accusative
| Direct Object
| Descriptive
| Unintentional Patient
| Pseudo-Passive Object
|-
! Agentive
| Agent!
| Cause!
| Ergative Subject
| Intentional Cause
|-
! Patientive
| Intentional Direct Object
| Pseudo-Passive Agent
| Absolutive Object
| Stative
|}
|}
<br clear="all" />


=== Oblique ===
== Verbs ==
The oblique cases function generally like [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] cases, but with some notable exceptions.
Verbs divided into four classes.  Verbs have no [[tense]], only one of two [[aspect]]sVerbs have complicated forms for independent [[clause]]s and simple forms for dependent clausesThere are two additional [[mood]]s: [[Wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative]] and [[Wikipedia:Illocutionary act|illocutionary]].
; Dative : Some linguistics prefer to call this the "[[Topic-prominent language|topico]]-dative" because it can function similarly to the Japanese は/wa, or the Korean 는/은These instances are typically best translated as "in regards to" or "as for"Otherwise, the Dative is often equivalent to the English prepositions "to, for, by, with, from" and/or indicates the Indirect Object.
 
''The other four cases fall under the '[[Genitive case|genitive]]' rubric in many languages''
As with nouns, Parseltongue verbs do not mark numberTense is assumed or conveyed via adverbs.
; Partitive : Like the Uralic languages, the partitive means "some of" or "part of" or "any".  It can also be used for the object of an atelic actions or sensing/perceiving verbs.  'Half of my possessions’; ‘some of the branches’; ‘the poor among of the people’, 'partake of my meal', 'I saw some of him'.
; Possessor : Like the English ''''s'''.  This is the subjective genitive.  "Love of God" would have to mean (in this case) "God's love", not "my love for God"
; Genitive : This can be Epexegetical or Attributive/Descriptive.  e.g. "the horcrux of his body", "words of wisdom (i.e. wise words)"
; Ablative : Objective Genitive, "concerning, against, about, on, from", separation, adverbial


== Person ==
Parseltongue has an unbelievable ''eight'' persons:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Class
! Name
! Prefix
! Person
! Demon.
! Time
! Discourse
|-
|-
! -1
! Active Volitional
| Negative
| Ø-
| No one
| None
| Never
| Nothing
|-
|-
! 0
! Passive Volitional
| Indefinite
| þa'-, ¡æ'-, ¡-
| Someone/anyone
| Some
| Some time
| Something
|-
|-
! ½
! Active Non-volitional
| Dim. Proximal
| lü'-, l-, consonant decl.
| "Royal We"
| This (dim)
| Any second now
| This (already mentioned, dim)
|-
|-
! 1
! Passive Non-volitional
| Proximal
| yn'-
| I
| This
| Now
| This (already mentioned)
|-
! 1½
| Mesioproximal
| We (you and I)
| This*
| "Just now"
| This (forthcoming)
|-
! 2
| Mesiodistal
| You
| That
| Then
| That
|-
! 3
| Distal
| He/She/It
| Yon
| "That time"
| That (previously mentioned)
|-
! 4
| Obviative
| Him
| Other
| "That other time"
| That (other previously mentioned)
|}
|}


Notice, however, that "token-reflexive" deixis is not possible in Parseltongue.  A snake could not say, "This is my apology," but would have to say, "I apologize (illoc.)" (i.e. '''\aloqæmadassa''')
=== Aspect ===
== Nouns ==
Aspect is either '''imperfective''' or '''perfective'''.  The English perfective is focused on the end of an action, while the imperfective is aimed at the middle.  The Parseltongue imperfective may be conative, inceptive, progressive, egressive, resultative or gnomicThe Parseltongue perfective may be ingressive, constantive over the entire duration or most of it, perfect, or gnomic.
The definite article is a prefixed /s/, while indefiniteness is marked in the verb.
 
=== Pronouns ===
In translation, context is most important, but a guiding principle may be "perfective is for the past, imperfect for the non-past".
'Measure words' can also be used as pronouns, with or without numbers attached.
 
=== Mood ===
There are four mood in Parseltongue, two Realis and two Irrealis.  The '''indicative''' or '''independent''' mood is used for factual statements and positive beliefs.  The '''iIllocutionary''' mood is for magical or pronouncement/promissory clauses (''see also [[Wikipedia:Illocutionary act]]''), actively making true what it says.  The '''subjunctive''' or '''dependent''' mood is for subordinate clauses, especially after modal verbs.  The '''imperative''' mood is for commands but is also broadly for all deontic moods.


The subjunctive is very plain, conjugating only for aspect, but not person or evidentiality.  The imperative conjugates for aspect and person only.  The illocutionary is always perfective, conjugates for person, and is said to constitute its own evidentiality.


{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
- indicates the normal root of the verb. -- indicates the root with reduplicated final syllable. <u>Underlining indicates lenition</u>
|+ 1st person
! Case
! Form
! Ex.
|-
! N
|
|
|-
! A
|
|
|-
! A
|
|
|-
! P
|
|
|-
! D
| madas
|
|-
! P
|
|
|-
! P
|
|
|-
! G
|
|
|-
! A
|
|
|}


==== Non-Volitional Active / Consonant Conjugation ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ 2nd person
|+ Perfective
! Case
|
! Form
! -1 || 0 || ½ || 1 || 1½ || 2 || 3 || 4
! Ex.
|-
|-
! N
! Smell
| '''gasas'''
| -- || -aa || -o || -♊ || -♊is || -♊iñ || -♊e || ♊ë
| tzoægasas // You fell.
|-
|-
! Acc
! IR
| gasgg
| li'- || li'- || li-ay || li-a || li'-♊ || li'-♊ra || lii- || lii-♊
| kxvgasgg // You are green.
|-
|-
! Abs
! Hear
| '''gassi'''
| <u>--</u> || <u>-ææ</u> || <u>-æ</u> || <u>-♊</u>
| sayhagassi hœd / You (will) Leave him (alone)!
| colspan="2" | <u>æ-</u>
| colspan="2" | <u>æ-æ</u>
|-
|-
! Pat
! Sight
| '''gassa'''
| colspan="2" | en-
| haceagassa cig / You (will) go away!
| colspan="2" | en-a
|-
| colspan="2" | en-'is
! D
| colspan="2" | en-
| gassaas
| to you
|-
! Par
| '''gashh'''
|  
|-
! Pos
| gasy
|
|-
|-
! G
! Imp.
| gas
| -a-a
| /She is longer than you
| -aa
| -i
| -ii
| -♊a
| -a
| a-
| a-♊
|-
|-
! Abl
! Illoc.
| '''gasswa'''
| ¿a=
|  
| ¿ou-
| colspan="2" | -¿a
| colspan="2" | ¿wa-
| colspan="2" | ¿ii-
|-
|-
! V
! Dep.
| '''gass'''
| colspan="8" | -
| / You who rattle, rattle!
|}
|}


<br clear="all" />
== Verbs ==
As with nouns, Parseltongue verbs do not mark number.  Tense is assumed or conveyed via adverbs.
Aspect is either '''imperfective''' or '''perfective'''.  There are four mood: '''Indicative''' - for independent clauses; '''Subjunctive''' - for dependent clauses; '''Imperative''' - for commands; and '''Illocutionary''' - for magical or pronouncement/promissory clauses.  The subjunctive is very plain, conjugating only for aspect, but not person or evidentiality.  The imperative and conjugates for aspect and person only.  The illocutionary is always perfective and conjugates for person.
=== Evidentiality ===
All indicative/independent verbs in Parseltongue must be marked for evidentiality.  Snakes senses are (in decreasing order of assuredness):
; Taste/Smell : Snakes extend their tongues into the air/water and pull "smells" into their mouths, where their "noses" (Jacobsen's organs) are.  This gives them a ''very'' refined and directional sense.  Knowledge obtained this way is the most certain and so is most analogous to human's "I see" or "I know".
; Heat/IR : Snakes have special sensors where other animals' "noses" would be which detect heat or Infra-red radiation.  Snakes report not "seeing" a field - as humans do with sight - but "feeling" the nearness and/or warmth of things.  This is most akin to a human saying "I feel like you are ..." or "I sense not everyone in the room agrees with ...".
; Hear/Vibration : A snake's entire body functions like an "ear", sensing vibrations.  This knowledge is very accurate, but because it comes from their whole body (not just their head) it is more like "gut knowledge".  '''''Magic causes snakes internal ear to hear external speech.  Only a Parselmouth magician may speak to a snake and be heard.'''''  For the rest of us (Muggles and non-Parselmouth magicians) Parseltongue may be learned and spoken amongst ourselves only.
; Sight : Most snakes have poor vision, with a majority not being binocular.  This mood is used metaphorically as a person would say, "I suppose" or "I guess".
=== Perfective ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Imperfective
|
|
! -1 || 0 || ½ || 1 || 1½ || 2 || 3 || 4
! -1 || 0 || ½ || 1 || 1½ || 2 || 3 || 4
Line 241: Line 109:
! Sight
! Sight
|-
|-
! Imperative
! Imp.
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 250: Line 118:
|  
|  
|-
|-
! Illocutionary
! Dep.
|
|
|
|
| colspan="2" | '''\a-'''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! Hear
! Hear
| tsæ || tsv
| dsæ || tsü
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | ñæ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | ñë
| colspan="2" | sa
| colspan="2" | sa
|-
|-
Line 287: Line 154:
Parseltongue is "verb-centric" language.  Adjectives are often expressed via stative verbs in relative clauses.  There are a few, common, dedicated adjectives which must match the noun they modify in case and class.  These need not be anywhere near the noun they modify.  All known examples of this type seem to have evolved from stative verbs that have sense passed out of usage.
Parseltongue is "verb-centric" language.  Adjectives are often expressed via stative verbs in relative clauses.  There are a few, common, dedicated adjectives which must match the noun they modify in case and class.  These need not be anywhere near the noun they modify.  All known examples of this type seem to have evolved from stative verbs that have sense passed out of usage.


Adjectives can be substantive, making a verbal noun.  They must still, however, take a noun-class prefix.
== Adverbs ==
== Adverbs ==
There is no dedicated morphology to turn a verb into an adverb.  Instead, the relative clause is used in the ablative case.  When this matches something in the sentence, there is some ambiguity.
There is no dedicated morphology to turn a verb into an adverb.  Instead, the relative clause is used in the ablative case.  When this matches something in the sentence, there is some ambiguity.
Line 292: Line 160:
There are many dedicated adverbs in Parseltongue, all of which relate to "person".  Since "person" is such broad concept in Parseltongue, this can also mean directional, temporal, respectful or referential.
There are many dedicated adverbs in Parseltongue, all of which relate to "person".  Since "person" is such broad concept in Parseltongue, this can also mean directional, temporal, respectful or referential.


== Adpositions ==
; ¡ææ : not.  Never 'no'.  This adverb negates the verb and cannot be used to answer a question or negate a noun.  Universal negation must be done in the verb.
Most adpositions in Parseltongue are enclitic, that is, prepositionalA minority are postclitic, that is, postpositionalTwo are circumpositions.
== Postpositions ==
There are a few prepositions, which seems to have derived from words.  There is one circumposition.
 
== Particles ==
The first kind of Parseltongue particles one should be familiar with are ones which (temporarily) "recenter" the conversation.
; ħħah : This particle, at the end of an utterance, places the 2nd person at the new center of discourse.  e.g. If the speaker wants to refer to themselves after this particle, he or she will have to use the word '''gass''/''you'', because the conversation partner has become the new Ego.  There is no politeness protocol, i.e. the person does not have to agree to become the new center, they are.
; dsss : This particle, at the end of an utterance, places the most recent 3rd person referent at the center of the conversationThis particle is typically a "question", in the sense that the conversation partner needs to "OK" this deitic shift by saying '''tsss''' back.  The exception to this exchange-rule is in long story-telling, where this particle often comes right after the main character has been introduced and everything afterwords is told from his or her perspective.
; kššš : This particle ends the deitic shift, i.e. returns the speaker to being "I" and the listener to being "you"In polite, two-sided conversation, the interlocutor will respond with a '''qccc''' of his or her own to indicate they agree that the shift is over.
AND/OR/BUT/NOT/NEITHER/BOTH - there are separate conjunctions for joining nouns, adjective/adverbs/verbs, and clauses.
 
 
[[Category:Stilio]]

Latest revision as of 20:31, 27 March 2013

Words in Parseltongue are mostly broadly definable as nouns, verbs, and postpositions. Most adjectives and adverbs are derived from verbs, though a few come from pronouns.

Nouns

Pronouns

'Measure words' can also be used as pronouns, with or without numbers attached.

The base form is the genitive

-1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 3L
G npqoś eh öl ŋaf sëz gas hëf taan


Verbs

Verbs divided into four classes. Verbs have no tense, only one of two aspects. Verbs have complicated forms for independent clauses and simple forms for dependent clauses. There are two additional moods: imperative and illocutionary.

As with nouns, Parseltongue verbs do not mark number. Tense is assumed or conveyed via adverbs.

Class Prefix
Active Volitional Ø-
Passive Volitional þa'-, ¡æ'-, ¡-
Active Non-volitional lü'-, l-, consonant decl.
Passive Non-volitional yn'-

Aspect

Aspect is either imperfective or perfective. The English perfective is focused on the end of an action, while the imperfective is aimed at the middle. The Parseltongue imperfective may be conative, inceptive, progressive, egressive, resultative or gnomic. The Parseltongue perfective may be ingressive, constantive over the entire duration or most of it, perfect, or gnomic.

In translation, context is most important, but a guiding principle may be "perfective is for the past, imperfect for the non-past".

Mood

There are four mood in Parseltongue, two Realis and two Irrealis. The indicative or independent mood is used for factual statements and positive beliefs. The iIllocutionary mood is for magical or pronouncement/promissory clauses (see also Wikipedia:Illocutionary act), actively making true what it says. The subjunctive or dependent mood is for subordinate clauses, especially after modal verbs. The imperative mood is for commands but is also broadly for all deontic moods.

The subjunctive is very plain, conjugating only for aspect, but not person or evidentiality. The imperative conjugates for aspect and person only. The illocutionary is always perfective, conjugates for person, and is said to constitute its own evidentiality.

- indicates the normal root of the verb. -- indicates the root with reduplicated final syllable. Underlining indicates lenition

Non-Volitional Active / Consonant Conjugation

Perfective
-1 0 ½ 1 2 3 4
Smell -- -aa -o -♊ -♊is -♊iñ -♊e ♊ë
IR li'- li'- li-ay li-a li'-♊ li'-♊ra lii- lii-♊
Hear -- -ææ -♊ æ- æ-æ
Sight en- en-a en-'is en-♊
Imp. -a-a -aa -i -ii -♊a -a a- a-♊
Illoc. ¿a= ¿ou- -¿a ¿wa- ¿ii-
Dep. -
Imperfective
-1 0 ½ 1 2 3 4
Smell
IR
Hear
Sight
Imp.
Dep.

To be at

Imperfective
-1 0 ½ 1 2 3 4
Smell
IR
Hear dsæ tsü ñæ ñë sa
Sight
Imperative saa

Adjective

Parseltongue is "verb-centric" language. Adjectives are often expressed via stative verbs in relative clauses. There are a few, common, dedicated adjectives which must match the noun they modify in case and class. These need not be anywhere near the noun they modify. All known examples of this type seem to have evolved from stative verbs that have sense passed out of usage.

Adjectives can be substantive, making a verbal noun. They must still, however, take a noun-class prefix.

Adverbs

There is no dedicated morphology to turn a verb into an adverb. Instead, the relative clause is used in the ablative case. When this matches something in the sentence, there is some ambiguity.

There are many dedicated adverbs in Parseltongue, all of which relate to "person". Since "person" is such broad concept in Parseltongue, this can also mean directional, temporal, respectful or referential.

¡ææ
not. Never 'no'. This adverb negates the verb and cannot be used to answer a question or negate a noun. Universal negation must be done in the verb.

Postpositions

There are a few prepositions, which seems to have derived from words. There is one circumposition.

Particles

The first kind of Parseltongue particles one should be familiar with are ones which (temporarily) "recenter" the conversation.

ħħah
This particle, at the end of an utterance, places the 2nd person at the new center of discourse. e.g. If the speaker wants to refer to themselves after this particle, he or she will have to use the word 'gass/you, because the conversation partner has become the new Ego. There is no politeness protocol, i.e. the person does not have to agree to become the new center, they are.
dsss
This particle, at the end of an utterance, places the most recent 3rd person referent at the center of the conversation. This particle is typically a "question", in the sense that the conversation partner needs to "OK" this deitic shift by saying tsss back. The exception to this exchange-rule is in long story-telling, where this particle often comes right after the main character has been introduced and everything afterwords is told from his or her perspective.
kššš
This particle ends the deitic shift, i.e. returns the speaker to being "I" and the listener to being "you". In polite, two-sided conversation, the interlocutor will respond with a qccc of his or her own to indicate they agree that the shift is over.

AND/OR/BUT/NOT/NEITHER/BOTH - there are separate conjunctions for joining nouns, adjective/adverbs/verbs, and clauses.