Dutch

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Dutch (Nederlands [ˈneːdə(r)lants]) is the official language of the Netherlands, Belgium (the Belgian dialect of Dutch is called Flemish), Netherlands Antilles, Indonesia, and parts of France and Germany. Unlike German, It did not go through the High German Consonant Shift, so much of its vocabulary and some of its phonology still resembles other related languages such as Low German and even English.

Dutch Nederlands
Spoken in:	Netherlands (Nederland)
Conworld:	Real world
Total speakers:	23 million as 1st language
Genealogical classification:	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic      Dutch
Basic word order:	SVO, OVS/V2
Morphological type:	Inflecting
Morphosyntactic alignment:	nominative-accusative
Writing system:
Created by:
unknown	16th century C.E,

Dutch Phonology and Orthography

Consonants

Consonants
	Bilabial		Labiod.		Alveolar		Post-alv.		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Nasal		m				n		ɲ				ŋ
Plosive	p	b			t	d					k	g
Fricative			f	v	s	z	ʃ			ç	x	(ɣ)	h
Approximants				ʋ						j
Trill						r
Lateral Approximant						l

• Most Dutch consonants are pronounced the same way as their IPA equivalents: b, p, j, f, k, z, m, n, h, s, t, d, l and r.
• s is the retracted /s̺/, rather than the English and German /s/ (This sound is also found in languages such as Modern Greek, Spanish and Finnish).
• sj is pronounced /ʃ/.
• g and ch are both pronounced /x/. g can sometimes be realised as /ɣ/.
• sch is pronouced /sx/ and not /ʃ/ as in German.
• w is pronounced as /ʋ/.
• v is pronounced as /f/ in some dialects.
• Some dialects, especially those in the north of the Netherlands, have the sound [ɹ], as is found in American English, instead of [r].
• Dutch has final devoicing. This means that all voiced consonants with voiceless forms become those voiceless forms, at the end of the word.

Vowels

Monophthongs

Vowels
	Front		Central	Back
	Unround	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded
High	i - ɪ	yː - ʏ		u
Mid	eː - ɛ	øː -	ə	oː - ɔ
Low			aː - a
All entries save low are: Tense - Lax

• Vowels are formed based on the ideas of Closed vs. Open syllables. In closed syllable, the vowel is lax and/or short. In an open syllable or a closed syllable written with a geminated vowel, the vowel is tense and/or long.

Grammar

Nouns

Gender

Dutch historically had three genders, much the way High German still does. However, most of the Masculine and Feminine nouns merged into a Common gender. This leaves Common and Neuter, which are the two genders of Dutch today.

Number

There are two numbers in Dutch Grammar: singular and plural. Because Dutch orthography follows the Open vs. Closed syllable structure very strictly, vowel spelling often changes to accommodate the vowel's pronunciation. For example the long vowel boom, meaning tree, is still pronounced the same, but spelt bomen in the plural trees. For short vowels, which

Articles

There are two types of articles in Dutch, Definite and Indefinite. The definite article has two forms, de and het. The definite article de is used for the common gender, and het is used for the neuter gender. The plural for both is de.

The indefinite article is een for all genders and is reduced to 'n in informal speech (not to be confused with the word for the number one: één). The negative geen is used for both numbers and all genders to indicate "not" (comparative to High German Kein).

Pronouns

The informal form of said pronouns is shown in brackets.

Case	First Person		Second Person			Third Person
	Sing.	Plur.	Sing.	Plur.	Sing. & Plur.	Sing. Masc.	Sing. Fem.	Sing. Neut.	Plur.
Subjective	ik ('k)	wij (we)	jij (je)	jullie (je)	u	hij (ie)	zij (ze)	het ('t)	zij (ze)
Objective	mij (me)	ons	jou (je)	jullie (je)	u	hem ('m)	haar ('r)	het ('t)	hen* (ze)
Possessive	mijn (m'n)	ons/onze	jouw (je)	jullie (je)	uw	zijn (z'n)	haar (d'r)	zijn (z'n)	hun (d'r)

• The indirect object or dative form is hun.

Sources and external links

This article is one of quite a few pages about Natlangs. Indo-european natlangs: Balto-Slavic Natlangs: Czech * Russian Celtic Natlangs: Revived Middle Cornish * Pictish Germanic Natlangs: North Germanic Natlangs: Norwegian West Germanic Natlangs: Anglo-Saxon * Dutch * English (Old English * Middle English * Modern English * Scots) * German (High German * Low German) Indo-Iranian Natlangs: Pahlavi Italic Natlangs: French * Italian * Latin * Spanish Debated: Cimmerian Uralic Natlangs: Finnish * Khanty * Mansi * Mordvinic * Proto-Uralic Altaic (controversial): Japanese Sino-Tibetan Natlangs: Uto-Aztecan Natlangs: Nahuatl - Isolate Natlangs: Basque * * Hypothetical/debated Natlangs and Natlang families: Danubian * Europic (obsolete)