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| =='''-ho''' or '''hò''' : '''pilana noka''' ... (the ninth pilana)==
| | {{Deletion|Staigard|Well I have moved all the data somewhere else}} |
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| "in the company of", often used with the personal pronouns ;-
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| with me
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| |align=center| '''paho'''
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| |align=center| with us
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| |align=center| '''yuaho'''
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| |-
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| with us
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| |align=center| '''wiaho'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| with you
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| |align=center| '''giho'''
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| |align=center| with you (plural)
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| |align=center| '''jeho'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| with him, with her
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| |align=center| '''oho'''
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| |align=center| with them
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| |align=center| '''nuho'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| with it
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| |align=center| '''ʃiho'''
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| |align=center| with them
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| |align=center| '''ʃiho'''
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| |}
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| =='''-tu''' or '''tù''' '''pilana niapa''' ... (the tenth pilana)==
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| The instrumental is used for nouns that represent the instrument ("with"), the means ("by"), the agent ("by"), the reason, or the time of an event.
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| Rāma writes with a pen
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| baru = to learn, baru.tu = by learning ... without learning ??? ... maybe, maybe
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| book was written '''patu''' = The book was written by me
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| hand.tu = manually
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| I work as a translator ??? ... I work '''sai''' translator ??
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| '''tù ta ... '''
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| -----------------------
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| '''tùa''' = to use, to wear ... '''tài''' a SVC meaning ?? .... then '''bai'''
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| =='''-wa''' or '''wá''' : '''pilana nuata''' ... (the eleventh pilana)==
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| Or is it '''wo''' ?
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| As well as marking the topic, '''wa''' is also used for marking the "theme" ? as in such sentences as the one below.
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| '''gala caturi jono.wa''' => The women were talking about John
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| Needless to say that the element '''jono.wa''' can not be fronted, well not unless you want to make John the topic.
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| '''nambo.wa''' = about the house, concerning the house, with respect to the house
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| =='''-n''' or '''nà''' : '''pilana najau''' ... (the twelfth pilana)==
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| Sticking '''-n''' on the end of a noun, is equivalent to sticking the particle "of" in front of a word in English. For example;-
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| '''fanfa''' = horse
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| '''sonda''' = son
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| '''blico''' = king
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| '''fanfa sondan''' = the horse of the son
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| '''sonda blicon''' = the son of the king
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| However the suffixed form can only be used if the genitive is a single word. Otherwise the particle '''na''' must be placed in front of the words that qualify. For example ;-
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| We can not say '''*fanfa sondan blicon'''. The head of the NP is '''fanfa''' and it is being qualified by two words. So we have to say;-
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| '''fanfa nà sonda blicon'''
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| However it is not allowed to use '''nà''' if a suffix can be used.
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| So we can not say '''*kyolo nà kaunu''' (coat collar) but must say '''kyolo kaunun'''
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| We can not say '''*kaunu na jene''' (Jane's coat) but must say '''kaunu jenen'''
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| However if any of these nouns is qualified by an adjective, then '''-n''' can not be suffixed. For example ;-
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| '''fanfa nà sonda jini blicon''' = "the horse of the king's clever son'''
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| '''fanfa nà sonda nà blico somua''' = "the horse of the fat king's son"
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| --------------------------
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| This is a special construction that relates pronouns to the '''geladi'''. For example ;-
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| '''wí''' = to see '''polo''' = Paul '''timpa''' = to hit '''jene''' = Jenny
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| '''wori polo timpana ''' = He saw paul hitting
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| '''wori pà timpana ò''' = He saw me hitting her
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| '''wori jene sana timpi''' = He saw Jenny being hit
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| '''wori polo timpana jene''' = He saw Paul hitting Jenny
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| '''wori pás timpa jene''' = He saw me hitting Jenny.
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| In the above constructions the word order must be as shown above.
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| =='''-ji''' or '''jí''' : '''pilana najauja''' ... (the thirteenth pilana)==
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| the benefactor (for) of an event. The dative form of a verb infinitive (which acts like a noun) indicates purpose.
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| baru = to learn, baruji = in order to learn
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| So we have '''-ji''' appended to single word NP's.
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| ==R-form of the verb==
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| Above we have discussed the R-form of the verb.
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| However there are other verb forms.
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| ==S-form of the verb==
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| This form is used for giving orders. With the s-form you definitely want some action to happen (and you don't expect a discussion about it).
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| Up until now, 7 protagonists have been expressed in every verb. With the s-form however only two protagonists can be expressed.
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| '''doikis''' = walk (when talking to one person)
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| '''doikes''' = walk (when talking to more than one person)
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| Very occasionally the form '''doikas''' is heard. When somebody has difficulty preforming some task the may "order" themselves to do it.
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| ==N-form of the verb==
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| This is the subjunctive form. You change the "'''r'''" to an '''"n'''" basically. Nothing comes after the "'''n'''". So there is no tense/aspect or evidentiality expressed on this verb form. When the n-form is used in a main clause, it is gently urging some action. For example ;-
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| '''doikain''' = Let's walk
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| ==ME-form of the verb and the MI-form of a verb==
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| These tenses are often called the 'conditional', that is, they express a supposition depending on a certain condition. When referring to present time the ME-form is used ; when referring to past time and the condition has no chance of now being realised the MI-form is used.
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| if know'''ame''' to read buy'''ame''' book => If I knew how to read I would buy a book.
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| if know'''ami''' to read buy'''ami''' book => If I had known how to read I would have bought a book.
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| ==AI-form of the verb==
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| The '''ai'''-form comprises three functions. In the '''béu''' linguistic tradition, these are called "noun-'''ai'''", "verb-'''ai'''" and "small-verb-'''ai'''".
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| ===Major Verb "ai"===
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| sing'''ai''' laugh'''ai''' '''loʔura namboʔe''' => They go home singing and laughing
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| '''loʔura nambo''' sing'''ai''' laugh'''ai''' => They go home singing and laughing
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| This is used when things happen at the same time and the subject of all the verbs is the same. Notice that the '''ai'''-forms can come before or after the '''r'''-form verb.
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| This form can not be used when consecutive actions are being described.
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| ===Minor Verb "ai"===
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| The small verbs constitute a subset of verbs. They always follow the '''r'''-form verbs.
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| It is very common to have the following verbs in their ai-form.
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| '''bià''' means "to stay"
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| '''bài doikari''' = I was walking
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| '''bài doikara''' = I am walking
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| '''bài doikaru''' = I will be walking
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| The most common use for this is when you want to fit another action, inside the act of walking. For example "I was walking to school when it started to rain". Occasionally this form is used when you simply want to emphasis that the action took a long time (well in '''béu''' anyway, not so much in English). For example "This morning I was walking 2 hours to school (because I sprained my ankle)".
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| '''láu''' = to become
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| I painted the house red = paint'''ari nambo lái hìa'''
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| -----
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| '''bwò''' = to receive, to get, to undergo
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| ''' bwaru timpa ''' = I will be hit
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| '''bài bwài timparu''' = I will be being hit ??
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| '''kye''' = to give
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| '''kyari òye solbe'''
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| '''(pás) kyari oye timpa glá''' = I made him hit the woman
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| gain only one verb and it is transitive. There are two ways that we can make an intransitive clause.
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| 1) '''pintu lí mapa''' = The door became closed ... this uses the adjective form of '''mapa''' and the "copula of becoming" '''láu'''.
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| Agent => Anything ... It could be that the agent was the wind ... or even some evil spirits ... use your imagination.
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| 2) '''pintu bwori mapau''' = The door was closed ... this is the standard passive form.
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| Agent => Human and the action deliberate ... It strongly implies that the agent was human but is either unknown or unimportant.
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| Let us go back to '''gèu''' and consider '''gèu''' in an intransitive clause. As above we have 3 ways.
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| 1) '''báu lí gèu''' = The man became green ... this uses the adjective form of '''gèu''' and the "copula of becoming" '''láu'''. This form has no implication as to the humanness of the agent.
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| Agent => Anything and the action could be accidental.
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| 2) '''báu bwori geuldu''' = The man was made green ... this is the standard passive form. It strongly implies a human agent but the agent is either unknown or unimportant.
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| Agent => Human and the action deliberate
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| 3) '''báu tí geuldori''' = The man made himself green ... this form implies that there was some effort involved.
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| Agent => The man and the action deliberate
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| ------
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| = to come
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| = to go
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| = to rise ... '''sái''' : to raise ... '''slái'''
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| = to descend ... '''gàu''' : to lower ... '''glàu'''
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| = to enter ... '''poi''' : to put in ... '''ploi'''
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| = to go out
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| = to follow
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| = to cross
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| = to go through
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| = to pass
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| = to return
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| = to do something in a haphazard manner, to do something in an unsatisfactory manner
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| = to scatter about
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| = to hurry
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| = to do accidentally ??
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| The above are often stuck on the end of an utterance ... like a sort of afterthought. They give the utterance a bit more clarity ... a bit more resolution.
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| See what Dixon has in Dyirbal.
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| '''ai'''-form only with '''r'''-form or can also go with '''n'''-form, etc. etc.
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| You can add as many verbs as you want. The added verbs are understood to have the same protagonists, '''gwomai''' and evidentiality as the '''r'''-form verb.
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| pass'''orla''' sing'''ai''' kite '''fly'''ai = He is passing by singing and flying a kite
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| WHAT ABOUT SEPERATE OBJECTS ON THE TWO VERBS ?
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| WHEN WE INTRODUCE "ALONG" (FOR EXAMPLE) WE ARE INTRODUCING A NEW OBJECT IN THE CLAUSE ???
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| == ..... Word order and definiteness==
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| Basically if a noun or noun phrase is to the left of the verb<sup>*</sup> it is definite, if it is to the right it is indefinite. For example ;-
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| '''bau?s timpori gla?''' = The man hit a woman
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| '''gla? timpori bau?s''' = A man hit the woman
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| However this rule does not effect proper names and pronouns. They are always definite so they can wonder anywhere in the clause and it doesn't make any difference.
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| <sup>*</sup>When I say verb here I am not counting the three copula's. They always have the order
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| Copula-subject copula copula-complement
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| == ..... How to ask a YES/NO question and how to focus the question to one element==
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| To turn a normal statement into a polar question (i.e. a question that requires a YES/NO answer), you stick on the enclitic '''foi''' to the end of the first word in the sentence. This enclitic is unusual in that when attached to a word ending in a vowel (most words) the "f" doesn't change to a "v". So in the above example, we would get ;-
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| '''glafoi timpori bau?s''' = "Was it a man that hit the woman"
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| If you want to query a particular element in the clause and not the clause as a whole, you stick '''foi''' on to the element that you want to query.
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| '''gla? timporifoi bau?s''' = Did a man '''hit''' the woman ? (I thought that he had kicked her)
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| '''gla? timpori bausfoi''' = Was it '''a man''' that hit the woman ? (I thought it was a boy)
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| Note that in this particular example, we can not question the element "the woman". (Because we can not drag '''gla?''' away from its position as the first element in the clause) However in 9 out of 10 cases it is possible to question any element in a clause. For example it would be possible to do so if both nouns were definite or both were indefinite.Also it would be possible if the other noun in the clause was a pronoun or a proper name. Also For example ;-
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| '''gla? timpori pas?''' = I hit the woman
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| '''glafoi timpori pas''' = Did I hit the woman ?
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| '''pas? glafoi timpori''' = Was it '''the woman''' that I hit ?
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| Notice that often English relies on stress, to bring attention to the item being queried.
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| Entire NPs can go before '''foi''' for example ;-
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| '''sa báu jutu defoi timpori jene''' = was it that big guy there that hit Jane.
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| == ..... How to make a clause negative and how to focus the negativity on one element==
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| Usually the negative particle goes directly before the verb.
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| '''pás mò timparta jene''' = I have not hit Jane
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| This negates the complete clause. But what do you do if you want to negate one element in the clause. Well again the free word order of '''béu''' is again used. The word that you want to negate is moved between '''mó''' and the verb. So for example ;-
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| '''mó pás timparta jene''' = It wasn't '''me''' that hit Jane (it was that big guy over there)
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| '''pás mò jene timparta''' = It wasn't '''Jane''' that I hit (it was Mary)
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| Notice that it is not possible to focus everything. But that is not really important, it is always possible to add extra stress to the element you want to focus, just as we do in English.
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| == ..... KENKO==
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| '''keŋko''' = salt ... base form ... noun
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| '''keŋkia''' = salty ... adjective
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| '''keŋkua''' = salt-free ... adjective
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| '''keŋkari''' = I added salt ... verb (transitive)
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| '''keŋkodu''' is the '''gelada''' form
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| '''keŋkatari''' = I make (someone) add salt ... verb
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| == ..... Negative questions==
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| '''pas.foi mò timparta jene''' = I haven't hit Jane, have I ?
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| If this question is answered '''aiwa''' it means "you haven't hit Jane"
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| If this question is answered '''aiya''' it means "you have hit Jane"
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| Just a little thing to keep in mind. This is the opposite of normal English usage, but in accordance with most languages in the world.
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| == AIYA==
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| This word is used instead of '''mó''' for negating the copula '''gaza''' and also for negating the 4 modalities/modals ??? '''nagai''', '''glopai''', '''oldai''' and '''hentai'''.
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| '''jene oldai mò humpora cokolate''' => Jane can '''not''' eat chocolates ... meaning she has the willpower to resist them.
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| '''jene aiya oldai humpora cokolate''' => Jane can't eat chocolates ... she is a diabetic and can not eat anything sweet.
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| '''jene aiya oldai mò humpora cokolate''' => Jane can not eat chocolates ... meaning she can't resist them.
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| Actually in the above example, '''aiya''' is an emphatic negative. It is more normal just to criticise '''ya''' to the end of the modal to negate it. ;-
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| '''jene oldaiya mò humpora cokolate''' => Jane can not resist chocolates.
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| == -UZHI,==
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| '''poma''' = leg
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| '''pomadu''' = to kick, '''pomari''' = I kicked
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| '''pomuʒi''' = liable to kick, fond of kicking
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| to play
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| |align=center| '''lento'''
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| |align=center| playful
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| |align=center| '''lentuʒi'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| to quarrel
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| |align=center| '''gomia'''
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| |align=center| quarrelsome
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| |align=center| '''gomuʒi'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| to rest/relax
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| |align=center| '''loŋge'''
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| |align=center| lazy
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| |align=center| '''loŋguʒi'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| to lie
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| |align=center| '''selne'''
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| |align=center| untruthful by disposition
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| |align=center| '''selnuʒi'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| to work
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| |align=center| '''kodai'''
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| |align=center| diligent
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| |align=center| '''koduʒi'''
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| |}
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| == .... -MA, and -GO==
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| pronounced
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| |align=center| operation
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| |align=center| label
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| |align=center| example
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''-ma'''
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| |align=center| adjective => noun
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| |align=center| "-ness" or "-ity"
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| |align=center| '''boi.ma''' = goodness
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''-go'''
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| |align=center| noun => adjective, plus adjective => adjective, plus verb => adjective
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| |align=center| "ish"
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| |align=center| '''gla.go''' = effeminate, '''hia.go''' = reddish, '''bla.go''' = quarrelsome
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| |}
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''gèu'''
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| |align=center| green
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| |align=center| '''geu.ma'''
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| |align=center| greenness
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''juga'''
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| |align=center| wide
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| |align=center| '''juga.ma'''
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| |align=center| width
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''tumu'''
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| |align=center| stupid
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| |align=center| '''tumu.ma'''
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| |align=center| stupidity
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''bòi'''
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| |align=center| good
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| |align=center| '''boi.ma'''
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| |align=center| goodness
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''mutu'''
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| |align=center| important
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| |align=center| '''mutu.ma'''
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| |align=center| importance
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| |}
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| '''-go'''
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| '''gó''' = to resemble, to be like
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| '''gó dó''' = to be the exact image of
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| '''gla.go''' = effeminate, '''hia.go''' = reddish, '''bla.go''' = quarrelsome
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| Sometimes the '''-go''' derived words have negative connotations, as in '''gal.go'''
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| There is a suffix '''-ka''' (notice it is not considered a '''pilana'''), that often has a positive connotation, sometimes making a couplet with a '''-go''' derived word. For example ;-
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| '''gla.ka''' = womanly
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| '''kài''' = to appear, to seem
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| '''kò''' = appearance
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| ==Beyond the simple clause==
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| OK we have simple clauses such as ;-
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| '''donoru''' = She will walk ... intransitive
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| '''(ós) timpori pà''' = She hit me ... transitive
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| But often things are more complicated. First consider the verb "want".
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| When the object is a noun, we have a simple clause. But what if there is another verb in there. For example "I want to go home"
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| Well this would use the '''gelada''' form of "go" ;-
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| 1) want'''ara dono nambye''' => I want to walk home .... The same as in English.
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| But what if we have different subjects. Well we would use the subjunctive form of the verb "to walk" ;-
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| 2) want'''ara (gì) donin nambye''' => I want you to walk home (I have to go back and change the forms of the verb ?? subjuctive used to be "s" not "n", now "s" is imperative ??))
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| ... notice that we do not use the infinitive as in English.
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| What about making things more complicated and having a transitive verb.
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| 3) want'''ara timpa òs''' => I want to hit her ... (word order important or not ??)
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| 4) want'''ara (gì) timpin òs''' => I want you to hit her
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| Now we have said before that '''béu''' has free word order, however this really only applies to the verb in R-form (R) and the S argument in an intransitive clause, and the R, A and O in a transitive clause. When you have a verb in '''geladi'''-form (G), in the subjunctive form (N) or in the imperative form (I), you must have these elements in the following order ;-
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| S G : S N ... the last of these (S -S ) is quite unusual. Maybe can have S I ... but then S must be in vocative case
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| A G O : A N O : I O ... expand this and make it look good. Maybe can have A I O ... but then A must be in vocative case
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| -----
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| In the '''béu''' linguistic tradition, a clause that has one R verb in it, or one N verb, or one I verb is called '''aʒiŋko baga''' or a simple clause. Any clause that has an R verb plus an G or N, verb is called a '''aʒiŋko kaza''' or a complex clause.
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| ==-ANA and -I, how to derive two adjectives from a verb==
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| The "active participle" (i.e. the adjective from the verb ... that has the -ana ending), is an adjective that qualifies what would be the S or A arguments if the S/A and R occurred together in a simple clause. For example ;-
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| '''kludau''' = to write ... to form the present participle you delete the final vowel and add '''-ana'''
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| '''glabu kludana''' = the writing person ... and following the strong tendency for adjectives to get used as nouns in '''béu''' ... '''kludana''' => author
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| '''kludau''' = to write ... to form the present participle you delete the final vowel and add '''-i'''
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| '''toili kludi''' = the written book ... and following the strong tendency for adjectives to get used as nouns in '''béu''' ... '''kludi''' => a thing that is written => a note
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| Now English also has these two participles as well. They appear as adjectives (of course, an adjective derived from a noun is the definition of "a participle"), they do not appear as nouns as in '''béu''', however both are used in verb phrases to extand the shades of meaning that a basic verb can have. If you are a native English speaker and are given a clause out of context it is sometimes impossible to tell if the participle is acting as an adjective or as part of a verb phrase. We should go into this a little bit ... first the "active participle" ...
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| 1) The writing man
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| 2) The man is writing
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| 3) The man is writing a book
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| In 1) "writing" is definitely an adjective. For instance you can substitute "green" for "writing" and the sentence makes perfect sense.
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| As for 2) ... well could be an adjective ... it passes the green-substitution-test.
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| For 3) ... No not an adjective "The man is green a book" doesn't make sense. The proper analysis of 3) is that "is writing" is a verb phrase (one that has given progressive meaning to the verb "write"). Now after we have figured this out we should have another look at 2). The proper analysis of this could be that "is writing" is a verb phrase. In fact there is no way to be sure and we would have to see the context in which 2) is embedded (and even then, there would be certain situations when either analysis could be valid. I would say that it is because of these situations in which either analysis is valid that let the original adjectival meaning spread and become a verbal meaning).
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| By the way, in '''béu''' to get a progressive meaning we use a Serial Verb Construction (SVC) ... '''báu bài kludora''' = The man is writing ... '''báu''' = man, '''bìa''' = to stay
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| ... now the "passive participle" ...
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| 1) The piano is broken
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| 2) The piano was broken
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| 3) The piano was broken by the monkey
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| In 1) "broken" is definitely an adjective. For instance you can substitute "green" for "broken" and the sentence makes perfect sense.
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| As for 2) ... well could be an adjective ... it passes the green-substitution-test.
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| For 3) ... No not an adjective "The piano was green by the monkey" doesn't make sense. The proper analysis of 3) is that "was broken" is a verb phrase (one that has given passive meaning to the verb "break"). Now after we have figured this out we should have another look at 2). The proper analysis of this could be that "was broken" is a verb phrase. In fact there is no way to be sure and we would have to see the context in which 2) is embedded (and even then, there would be certain situations<sup>*</sup> when either analysis could be valid. I would say that it is because of these situations in which either analysis is valid that let the original adjectival meaning spread and become a verbal meaning).
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| By the way, in '''béu''' to get a passive meaning we use a Serial Verb Construction (SVC) ... '''toili gài kludorta''' = The book has been written ... '''toili''' = book, '''gùa''' = to undergo .... ('''toili gài kludorta''' is this right ?)
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| Actually we can make a really biy SVC and have '''toili bài gài kludora''' = The book is being written.
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| <sup>*</sup>The five-week deadlock between striking Peugeot workers and their employer was broken yesterday when the management obtained a court order to end a 10-day sit-in at one of the two factories in eastern France, Sarah Lambert writes.
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| I would say either analysis is valid for the above sentence.
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| -----
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| Of course we can make two clauses, and have the second clause one element inside the first clause. To do that you must use the particle '''tà'''. Equivalent to one of the uses of "that" in English. '''tà''' basically tells you that the following clause should be treated like a single element, like a single noun.
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| 5) want'''ara tà (gís) timporu òs''' => I want you to hit her ... But why would we use this ... why is 4) not good enough. ...want = wish ...OK if you have '''tà''' it means that your want is actually a wish.
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| HOW DOES THIS FIT IN WITH THE -ME AND THE -MI FORMS ??
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| I should mention '''swé tà ...'''
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| Note that in 2) and 4), '''gì''' would only be used if emphasis was wanted on "you".
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| ---------------------------------------
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| '''solbe''' = to drink
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| '''heŋgo''' = to live (or it could mean "a life")
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| '''soŋkau''' = to die (or it could mean "death")
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| '''glabu''' = person
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| '''moʃi''' = water
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| '''heŋgana''' = alive, living
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| '''soŋki''' = dead
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| ==..... Getting the opposite by adding "u"==
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| ===.... A prefix for adjectives===
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| '''taitau''' = many
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| '''utaitau''' = few
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| '''mutu''' = important
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| '''umutu''' = unimportant
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| ===.... and a prefix for adverb===
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| '''nan''' = for a long time
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| '''unan''' = not for a long time
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| ===.... and a prefix for nouns===
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| '''mezna''' = to fight
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| '''meznana''' = combatant
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| '''umeznana''' = non-combatant
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| As in English, not found that often. Sometimes found in rule books.
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| ===.... but an infix for verbs===
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| There is a reason why we do not simply prefix '''u''' to the verbs also.
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| '''kanja''' = to fold
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| '''kunjana''' = "folding" (an adjective) or "one that folds" (a noun)
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| '''ukunjana''' = "one that doesn't fold"
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| Suppose we did simply prefix '''u''' to the verb. Then "to unfold" would be '''ukanja''', and hence '''ukanjana''' would be a noun meaning "one that unfolds". But if you look up a bit, you can see that this form ('''ukanjana''') already has the meaning "one that doesn't fold". This would cause confusion.
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''kunja'''
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| |align=center| to fold
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| |align=center| '''kunjua'''
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| |align=center| to unfold
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''laiba'''
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| |align=center| to cover
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| |align=center| '''laibua'''
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| |align=center| to uncover
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''fuŋga'''
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| |align=center| to fasten, to lock
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| |align=center| '''fuŋgua'''
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| |align=center| to unfasten, to unlock
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''benda'''
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| |align=center| to assemble, to put together
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| |align=center| '''bendua'''
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| |align=center| to take apart, to disassemble
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''pauca'''
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| |align=center| to stop up, to block
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| |align=center| '''paucua'''
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| |align=center| to unstop
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''sensa'''
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| |align=center| to weave
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| |align=center| '''sensua'''
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| |align=center| to unravel
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''fiŋka'''
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| |align=center| to put on clothes, to dress
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| |align=center| '''fiŋkua'''
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| |align=center| to undress
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''tasta'''
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| |align=center| to tangle
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| |align=center| '''tastua'''
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| |align=center| to untangle
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| |}
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| Note that in any other form but the '''geladi''', the '''u''' changes to a '''w'''. For example ;-
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| '''fiŋkwori''' = he undressed
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| ==SAINO ...... the time of day==
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| '''saino''' = day
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| The '''béu''' day begins at sunrise. 6 o'clock in the morning is called '''cuaju'''
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| The time of day is counted from '''cuaju'''. 24 hours is considered one unit. 8 o'clock in the morning would be called '''ajai''' (normally just called '''ajai''', but '''cúa ajai''' or '''ajai yanfa''' might also be heard sometimes).
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| 6 o'clock in the morning
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| |align=center| '''cuaju'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| 8 o'clock in the morning
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| |align=center| '''ajai'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| 10 o'clock in the morning
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| |align=center| '''uvai'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| midday
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| |align=center| '''ibai'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| 2 o'clock in the afternoon
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| |align=center| '''agai'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| 4 o'clock in the afternoon
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| |align=center| '''idai'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| 6 o'clock in the evening
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| |align=center| '''ulai'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| 8 o'clock in the evening
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| |align=center| '''icai'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| 10 o'clock at night
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| |align=center| '''ezai'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| midnight
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| |align=center| '''okai'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| 2 o'clock in the morning
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| |align=center| '''apai'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| 4 o'clock in the morning
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| |align=center| '''atai'''
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| |}
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| Just for example, let us now consider the time between 4 and 6 in the afternoon.
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| 16:00 would be '''idai''' : 16:10 would be '''idaijau''' : 16:20 would be '''idaivau''' .... all the way up to .... 17:50 which would be '''idaitau
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| Now all these names have in common the element '''idai''', hence the period from 4 o'clock to 6 o'clock is called '''idaia''' (the plural of '''idai'''). This is exactly the same as us calling the period from 1960 -> 1969, "the sixties".
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| The perion from 6 o'clock to 8 o'clock in the morning is called '''cuajua'''. This is a back formation. People noticed that the two hour period after the point in time '''ajai''' was called '''ajaia'''(etc. etc.) and so felt that the two hour period after the point in time '''cuaju''' should be called '''cuajua'''. By the way, all points of time between 6 a.m. and 8 a.m. MUST have an initial '''cuaju'''. For example "ten past six in the morning" would be '''cuaju ajau''', "twenty past six" would be '''cuaju avau''' and so on.
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| If something happened in the period from 4 o'clock to 6 o'clock, it would be said to have happened '''idaia.pi'''
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| Usually you talk about points of time rather than periods of time. If you arrange to meet somebody at 2 o'clock morning, you would meet them '''apaiʔe'''.
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| But we refer to periods of time occasionally. If some action continued for 20 minutes, it will have continued '''nàn uvau''', for 2 hours : '''nàn ajai''' ('''nàn''' means "a long time")
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| In English we divide the day up into hours, minutes and seconds. In '''béu''' they only have the '''yanfa'''. The '''yanfa''' is equivalent to 5 seconds. We would translate "moment" as in "just a moment" as '''yanfa''' also.
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| == The town clock ==
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| Every town has a clocktower and the clocktower has 4 faces, which are aligned with the cardinal directions. The street pattern is also so aligned : that is the four biggest streets radiate out from the clock in the cardinal directions.
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| Each face displaying a clock similar to the one below.
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| [[Image:ClockFace.png]]
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| The above figure shows the time at exactly 6 in the morning. You notice that the main (hour hand) hand is pointing to the right : it starts from the horizontal. This hand sweeps out one revolution in 24 hours and it moves anti-clockwise
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| Notice that secondary (minute hand) starts from the vertical and sweeps out a revolution in 2 of our hours. It moves clockwise. And actually when it passes the main hand, there is a clever mechanism to stop it being hidden. It stops 3.75 minutes at one side of the main hand, and then moves directly (2 steps) to the other side of the main hand and stops there for 3.75 minutes. After that it does a step and waits 2.5 minutes, etc. etc. ... until it encounters the main hand again.
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| We are actually looking at the West face. Everything is black which is shown black above. However the secondary hand and the 36 small "diamonds" should be red. All else (inside and outside the main "band") is white for this face. The red and the black arms do not move continuously but move in steps of 1/48 th of a revolution at a time. The black arm moves every 30 minutes and the red arm moves every 2.5 minutes.
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| For the East face: red => silver : white => green : black as before
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| For the North face: red => light blue : white => orange : black as before
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| For the South face: red => dark blue : white => red : black as before
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| The clocktower is surmounted by a green conic roof (actually not really conic ... the roof slope decreases as you get nearer the bottom). Lighting from under the roof could be provided for each face. Either that or the faces could be illuminated from within at night. The faces are not exactly vertical but the top slightly overhangs the bottom.
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| There is never any numbering on the face.
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| The clock also emits sounds. Every 2 of our hours the clock makes a deep "boing" which reverberates for some time. Also from 6 in the morning to 6 at night, the clock emits a "boing" every 30 of our minutes. The first "boing" has no accompaniment. However the second "boing" is followed (well actually when the "boing" is only .67 % dissipated) by a "sharper" sound that dies down a lot quicker : "teen". The third "boing" has 2 "teen"s 0.72 seconds apart. The fourth has 3 "teen"s. The fifth one is back to the single "boing" and so it continues thru the day.
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| ==Index==
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| {{Béu Index}}
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