Laika: Difference between revisions

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initials: ''' s s* p kw w h hw hl j x tj tx m n l '''
initials: ''' s s* p kw w h hw hl j x tj tx m n l '''


finals: ''' t s p k h n tx x a i u r ei '''
finals: ''' t s p k h n tx x a i u ei '''


'' Vowels nasalized before final -h ''
'' The only dipthong is '''ei''' - all other vowels are each pronounced independently, '''e.g.''' eiastoh; shaupixin; ueitjoistoheis huialatxima. ''


'' Note that '''sh''' is pronounced as /s-h/, not as English '' "sh" /ʃ/'', which is spelled '''x''' in Lajika.
'' Vowels are nasalized before final -h ''
 
'' Note that '''sh''' is pronounced as /s-h/, not as English '' "sh" /ʃ/'', which is spelled '''x''' in Laika.




==== Grammar ====
==== Grammar ====


Lajika is a VOS or VSO language, so the basis of any sentence is the Verb.  Incorporated into the verb are the Nominative Person, the Accusative Animate Person and / or the Objective Inanimate Person, as well as activity or passivity:  
Laika is a VOS or VSO language, so the basis of any sentence is the Verb.  Incorporated into the verb are the Nominative Person, the Accusative Animate Person and / or the Objective Inanimate Person, as well as activity or passivity:  




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|-
|-
| '''-li-''' || 3p inanimate (objective) ||
| '''-li-''' || 3p inanimate (objective) ||
|-
| '''(-la-)''' || Obviate (4p) ||
|-
|-
| '''o-'''  || passive ||
| '''o-'''  || passive ||
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'''Pronoun Forms:'''
'''Pronoun Forms:'''


(w)utju xutju shatju xeitju atju eitju alatju '' (4p sing.)''  eilatju ''(4p plur.)''  litju
(w)uju xuju shaju xeiju aju eiju alaju '' (4p sing.)''  eilaju ''(4p plur.)''  litju




===== Verbs =====
===== Verbs =====
{|
{|
| ''' hui- ''' || in/at/to
| ''' hui- ''' || in/at/to ||
|-
|-
| ''' kai- ''' || from
| ''' kai- ''' || from ||
|-
|-
| ''' txima ''' || home, house
| ''' txima ''' || ''(N.)'' home, house || (''' ''possessives:'' ''' utxima xutxima shatxima xeitxima atxima eitxima alatxima eilatxima )
|-
|-
|}
|}




''' lah ''' to go
''' lah ''' ''(V.)'' to go


* (w)ulah xulah shalah xeilah alah eilah lilah
* (w)ulah xulah shalah xeilah alah eilah (alalah eilalah) lilah


*(w)ulah huitxima
*(w)ulah huitxima ''' '' or '' ''' (w)uhuitxima
* alah kaitxima
* alah kaitxima ''' '' or '' ''' akaitxima




''' stoh''' '' to give ''
''' stoh''' '' (V.)'' to give  


* (w)ustoh xustoh shastoh xeistoh astoh eistoh
* (w)ustoh xustoh shastoh xeistoh astoh eistoh (alastoh eilastoh)
* oustoh oxustoh oshastoh oxeistoh oastoh oeistoh ''(passive)''
* oustoh oxustoh oshastoh oxeistoh oastoh oeistoh ''(passive)''


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The infix '''-li''' denotes an Inanimate in the Objective Case.  An Animate may be Nominative and Active or Passive, Accusative (direct object) or Dative (indirect object).  An Inanimate may never be Active, and can only be found in the Objective (indirect ''or'' direct object).  To reverse the valency when used with an Animate Agent, the ''passive'' form must be used:   
The infix '''-li''' denotes an Inanimate in the Objective Case.  An Animate may be Nominative and Active or Passive, Accusative (direct object) or Dative (indirect object).  An Inanimate may never be Active, and can only be found in the Objective (indirect ''or'' direct object).  To reverse the valency when used with an Animate Agent, the ''passive'' form must be used:   


* ulistoh ''(I give IT)'' xulistoh shalistoh xeilistoh alistoh eilistoh
* ulistoh ''(I give IT)'' xulistoh shalistoh xeilistoh alistoh eilistoh (alalistoh eilalistoh)
* olistoh owulistoh oxulistoh oshalistoh oxeilistoh oalistoh oeilistoh (It is given to...)
* olistoh owulistoh oxulistoh oshalistoh oxeilistoh oalistoh oeilistoh (oalalistoh oeilalistoh) '' (It is given to...) ''




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''' hamu''' food
''' hamu''' ''(N.)'' food


* shaustoh hlihamu
* shaustoh hlihamu
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''' pixi  ''' happy, joyful
''' pixi  ''' ''(V.)'' happy, joyful


* (w)upixi xupixi shapixi xeipixi apixi eipixi
* (w)upixi xupixi shapixi xeipixi apixi eipixi (alapixi eilapixi)


* ushapixi uxeipixi uapixi ueipixi
* ushapixi uxeipixi uapixi ueipixi
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* eiupixi eixupixi eishapixi eixipixi (e)iapixi (e)ihipixi   
* eiupixi eixupixi eishapixi eixipixi (e)iapixi (e)ihipixi   


* olipixi owulipixi oxulipixi oshalipixi oxeilipixi oalipixi oeilipixi (It makes ... happy)
* olipixi owulipixi oxulipixi oshalipixi oxeilipixi oalipixi oeilipixi (oalalipixi oeilalipixi)  ''(It makes ... happy) ''




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|-
|-
|}
|}
''' Numbers '''
Laika numbers, like their friends' and neighbors', the [[draga]], are in base six, and are probably borrowed:
{|
| 1 || ''' jafei''' || 7 || '''jafei-hwaei''' || 13 || '''jafei-hwa-janjei'''
|-
| 2 || ''' janjei ''' || 8 || '''janjei-hwaei ''' || 18 || '''hwa-tjuei '''
|-
| 3 || ''' tjuei ''' || 9 || ''' tjuei-hwaei ''' ||24 || '''hwa-waei '''
|-
| 4 || ''' waei ''' || 10 || ''' waei-hwaei ''' || 30 || '''hwa-mawei '''
|-
| 5 || ''' mawei ''' || 11 || ''' mawei-hwaei ''' || 36 || ''' hwa-hwa-jafei '''
|-
| 6 || '''hwaei ''' || 12 || ''' hwa-janjei ''' || 216  || ''' hwulu '''
|-
|}
*'''txima jafei''' ''one'' house
*'''txima janjei''' ''two'' houses
*'''utxima tjuei''' my three homes

Latest revision as of 08:44, 23 May 2012

Sounds / Orthography

These are pronounced with standard IPA values, except for x, pronounced ʃ.

Consonants: p t k kw w j h hw hl tx (tʃ) s x (ʃ) tj m n nj l ts

Vowels: a i o u ei

Clusters: sh sp stj sm sl stx (stʃ) snj sn


initials: s s* p kw w h hw hl j x tj tx m n l

finals: t s p k h n tx x a i u ei

The only dipthong is ei - all other vowels are each pronounced independently, e.g. eiastoh; shaupixin; ueitjoistoheis huialatxima.

Vowels are nasalized before final -h

Note that sh is pronounced as /s-h/, not as English "sh" /ʃ/, which is spelled x in Laika.


Grammar

Laika is a VOS or VSO language, so the basis of any sentence is the Verb. Incorporated into the verb are the Nominative Person, the Accusative Animate Person and / or the Objective Inanimate Person, as well as activity or passivity:


(w)u- 1p sing. (w)usha- (w)uxei- (w)ua- (w)uei-
xu- 1p plur. xusha- xuxei- xuha- xuei-
sha- 2p sing. shau- shaxu- shaha- shaei-
xei- 2p plur. xeiu- xeixu- xeia- xeihi-
a- 3p sing. a(w)u- axu- asha- axei- aha- ahi-
ei- 3p plur. eiu- eixu- eisha- eixi- eia- eihi-
-li- 3p inanimate (objective)
(-la-) Obviate (4p)
o- passive


Pronoun Forms:

(w)uju xuju shaju xeiju aju eiju alaju (4p sing.) eilaju (4p plur.) litju


Verbs
hui- in/at/to
kai- from
txima (N.) home, house ( possessives: utxima xutxima shatxima xeitxima atxima eitxima alatxima eilatxima )


lah (V.) to go

  • (w)ulah xulah shalah xeilah alah eilah (alalah eilalah) lilah
  • (w)ulah huitxima or (w)uhuitxima
  • alah kaitxima or akaitxima


stoh (V.) to give

  • (w)ustoh xustoh shastoh xeistoh astoh eistoh (alastoh eilastoh)
  • oustoh oxustoh oshastoh oxeistoh oastoh oeistoh (passive)


  • ushastoh uxeistoh uastoh ueistoh ulistoh (1p sing. gives to --> etc.)
  • xushastoh xuxeistoh xuhastoh xueistoh xulistoh (1p plur. gives to --> etc.)
  • shaustoh shaxustoh shahastoh shaeistoh shalistoh (2p sing. gives to --> etc.)
  • xeiustoh xeixustoh xeiastoh xeihistoh xeilistoh (2p plur. gives to --> etc.)
  • austoh axustoh ashastoh axeistoh (a)hastoh (a)histoh alistoh (3p sing. gives to --> etc.)
  • eiustoh eixustoh eishastoh eixeistoh (e)iastoh (e)ihistoh eilistoh (3p plur. gives to --> etc.)


-li-

The infix -li denotes an Inanimate in the Objective Case. An Animate may be Nominative and Active or Passive, Accusative (direct object) or Dative (indirect object). An Inanimate may never be Active, and can only be found in the Objective (indirect or direct object). To reverse the valency when used with an Animate Agent, the passive form must be used:

  • ulistoh (I give IT) xulistoh shalistoh xeilistoh alistoh eilistoh (alalistoh eilalistoh)
  • olistoh owulistoh oxulistoh oshalistoh oxeilistoh oalistoh oeilistoh (oalalistoh oeilalistoh) (It is given to...)


Noun Prefixes

a- nom. sing.
ei- nom. plur.
ha- acc. sing. (animate)
hi- acc. plur. (animate)
txi- dative animate
hli- obj. (acc/dat) inanimate


hamu (N.) food

  • shaustoh hlihamu
  • eiastoh huitxima hlihamu
  • xuxeitjoistoh hlitxima


pixi (V.) happy, joyful

  • (w)upixi xupixi shapixi xeipixi apixi eipixi (alapixi eilapixi)
  • ushapixi uxeipixi uapixi ueipixi
  • xushapixi xuxeipixi xuhapixi xueipixi
  • shaupixi shaxupixi shahapixi shaeipixi
  • xeiupixi xeixupixi xeiapixi xeihipixi
  • aupixi axupixi ashapixi axeipixi (a)hapixi (a)hipixi
  • eiupixi eixupixi eishapixi eixipixi (e)iapixi (e)ihipixi
  • olipixi owulipixi oxulipixi oshalipixi oxeilipixi oalipixi oeilipixi (oalalipixi oeilalipixi) (It makes ... happy)


Verb Affixes:

- present, narrative, imperfect
-in habitual
-eis progressive
-pi non-continuative
-lu perfective
-lunja distal
-pimu distal non-continuative
-jei- long duration
-jeijei- extremely long duration
-ki- short duration
-kiki- extremely short duration
-tjoi- future


Examples:

eiastohlu They have given to her.
eiastohlunja They gave it to her a while ago.
ahistoheis She is giving to them.
ahijeistoheis She is taking a long time to give to them.
ahikistoheis She is giving it to them very quickly.
ushapixilu I have made you happy.
awupixin He makes me happy.
shaupixipi You used to make me happy.
shaupixipimu You used to make me happy a long time ago.
wushatjoipixi I will make you happy.
oeilikipixipimu It (specifically) used to make them briefly happy, a long time ago.
xulahpi We used to go.
atjoilah She will go.
eiatjoistoh They will give to her.
eiatjoistohlu They will have given to her.
eiakitjoistohlu They will have given to her quickly, or for a short time.
oshastohpi You used to be given to.
oshalistohpi It (specifically) used to be given to you.
oshajeistohpi Used to be given to you for a long time.
oshajeistohpimu A long time ago you were given to for quite a long time.
upixeis I am being happy.
oupixilu I have been made happy.
owulitjoipixi It (specifically) will make me happy.
olikistohin It is (habitually) given for a short time.
olikikistohin It is (habitually) given for a very short time.
oulijeijeipixin It (habitually) makes me happy for a very long time.


Numbers

Laika numbers, like their friends' and neighbors', the draga, are in base six, and are probably borrowed:

1 jafei 7 jafei-hwaei 13 jafei-hwa-janjei
2 janjei 8 janjei-hwaei 18 hwa-tjuei
3 tjuei 9 tjuei-hwaei 24 hwa-waei
4 waei 10 waei-hwaei 30 hwa-mawei
5 mawei 11 mawei-hwaei 36 hwa-hwa-jafei
6 hwaei 12 hwa-janjei 216 hwulu


  • txima jafei one house
  • txima janjei two houses
  • utxima tjuei my three homes