Laika: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
(8 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
initials: ''' s s* p kw w h hw hl j x tj tx m n l ''' | initials: ''' s s* p kw w h hw hl j x tj tx m n l ''' | ||
finals: ''' t s p k h n tx x a i u | finals: ''' t s p k h n tx x a i u ei ''' | ||
'' | '' The only dipthong is '''ei''' - all other vowels are each pronounced independently, '''e.g.''' eiastoh; shaupixin; ueitjoistoheis huialatxima. '' | ||
'' Note that '''sh''' is pronounced as /s-h/, not as English '' "sh" /ʃ/'', which is spelled '''x''' in | '' Vowels are nasalized before final -h '' | ||
'' Note that '''sh''' is pronounced as /s-h/, not as English '' "sh" /ʃ/'', which is spelled '''x''' in Laika. | |||
==== Grammar ==== | ==== Grammar ==== | ||
Laika is a VOS or VSO language, so the basis of any sentence is the Verb. Incorporated into the verb are the Nominative Person, the Accusative Animate Person and / or the Objective Inanimate Person, as well as activity or passivity: | |||
Line 38: | Line 40: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''-li-''' || 3p inanimate (objective) || | | '''-li-''' || 3p inanimate (objective) || | ||
|- | |||
| '''(-la-)''' || Obviate (4p) || | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''o-''' || passive || | | '''o-''' || passive || | ||
Line 46: | Line 50: | ||
'''Pronoun Forms:''' | '''Pronoun Forms:''' | ||
(w) | (w)uju xuju shaju xeiju aju eiju alaju '' (4p sing.)'' eilaju ''(4p plur.)'' litju | ||
===== Verbs ===== | ===== Verbs ===== | ||
{| | {| | ||
| ''' hui- ''' || in/at/to | | ''' hui- ''' || in/at/to || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' kai- ''' || from | | ''' kai- ''' || from || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' txima ''' || home, house | | ''' txima ''' || ''(N.)'' home, house || (''' ''possessives:'' ''' utxima xutxima shatxima xeitxima atxima eitxima alatxima eilatxima ) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
''' lah ''' to go | ''' lah ''' ''(V.)'' to go | ||
* (w)ulah xulah shalah xeilah alah eilah lilah | * (w)ulah xulah shalah xeilah alah eilah (alalah eilalah) lilah | ||
*(w)ulah huitxima | *(w)ulah huitxima ''' '' or '' ''' (w)uhuitxima | ||
* alah kaitxima | * alah kaitxima ''' '' or '' ''' akaitxima | ||
''' stoh''' '' to give | ''' stoh''' '' (V.)'' to give | ||
* (w)ustoh xustoh shastoh xeistoh astoh eistoh | * (w)ustoh xustoh shastoh xeistoh astoh eistoh (alastoh eilastoh) | ||
* oustoh oxustoh oshastoh oxeistoh oastoh oeistoh ''(passive)'' | * oustoh oxustoh oshastoh oxeistoh oastoh oeistoh ''(passive)'' | ||
Line 87: | Line 91: | ||
The infix '''-li''' denotes an Inanimate in the Objective Case. An Animate may be Nominative and Active or Passive, Accusative (direct object) or Dative (indirect object). An Inanimate may never be Active, and can only be found in the Objective (indirect ''or'' direct object). To reverse the valency when used with an Animate Agent, the ''passive'' form must be used: | The infix '''-li''' denotes an Inanimate in the Objective Case. An Animate may be Nominative and Active or Passive, Accusative (direct object) or Dative (indirect object). An Inanimate may never be Active, and can only be found in the Objective (indirect ''or'' direct object). To reverse the valency when used with an Animate Agent, the ''passive'' form must be used: | ||
* ulistoh ''(I give IT)'' xulistoh shalistoh xeilistoh alistoh eilistoh | * ulistoh ''(I give IT)'' xulistoh shalistoh xeilistoh alistoh eilistoh (alalistoh eilalistoh) | ||
* olistoh owulistoh oxulistoh oshalistoh oxeilistoh oalistoh oeilistoh (It is given to...) | * olistoh owulistoh oxulistoh oshalistoh oxeilistoh oalistoh oeilistoh (oalalistoh oeilalistoh) '' (It is given to...) '' | ||
Line 110: | Line 114: | ||
''' hamu''' food | ''' hamu''' ''(N.)'' food | ||
* shaustoh hlihamu | * shaustoh hlihamu | ||
Line 117: | Line 121: | ||
''' pixi ''' happy, joyful | ''' pixi ''' ''(V.)'' happy, joyful | ||
* (w)upixi xupixi shapixi xeipixi apixi eipixi | * (w)upixi xupixi shapixi xeipixi apixi eipixi (alapixi eilapixi) | ||
* ushapixi uxeipixi uapixi ueipixi | * ushapixi uxeipixi uapixi ueipixi | ||
Line 128: | Line 132: | ||
* eiupixi eixupixi eishapixi eixipixi (e)iapixi (e)ihipixi | * eiupixi eixupixi eishapixi eixipixi (e)iapixi (e)ihipixi | ||
* olipixi owulipixi oxulipixi oshalipixi oxeilipixi oalipixi oeilipixi (It makes ... happy) | * olipixi owulipixi oxulipixi oshalipixi oxeilipixi oalipixi oeilipixi (oalalipixi oeilalipixi) ''(It makes ... happy) '' | ||
Line 219: | Line 223: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
''' Numbers ''' | |||
Laika numbers, like their friends' and neighbors', the [[draga]], are in base six, and are probably borrowed: | |||
{| | |||
| 1 || ''' jafei''' || 7 || '''jafei-hwaei''' || 13 || '''jafei-hwa-janjei''' | |||
|- | |||
| 2 || ''' janjei ''' || 8 || '''janjei-hwaei ''' || 18 || '''hwa-tjuei ''' | |||
|- | |||
| 3 || ''' tjuei ''' || 9 || ''' tjuei-hwaei ''' ||24 || '''hwa-waei ''' | |||
|- | |||
| 4 || ''' waei ''' || 10 || ''' waei-hwaei ''' || 30 || '''hwa-mawei ''' | |||
|- | |||
| 5 || ''' mawei ''' || 11 || ''' mawei-hwaei ''' || 36 || ''' hwa-hwa-jafei ''' | |||
|- | |||
| 6 || '''hwaei ''' || 12 || ''' hwa-janjei ''' || 216 || ''' hwulu ''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
*'''txima jafei''' ''one'' house | |||
*'''txima janjei''' ''two'' houses | |||
*'''utxima tjuei''' my three homes |
Latest revision as of 08:44, 23 May 2012
Sounds / Orthography
These are pronounced with standard IPA values, except for x, pronounced ʃ.
Consonants: p t k kw w j h hw hl tx (tʃ) s x (ʃ) tj m n nj l ts
Vowels: a i o u ei
Clusters: sh sp stj sm sl stx (stʃ) snj sn
initials: s s* p kw w h hw hl j x tj tx m n l
finals: t s p k h n tx x a i u ei
The only dipthong is ei - all other vowels are each pronounced independently, e.g. eiastoh; shaupixin; ueitjoistoheis huialatxima.
Vowels are nasalized before final -h
Note that sh is pronounced as /s-h/, not as English "sh" /ʃ/, which is spelled x in Laika.
Grammar
Laika is a VOS or VSO language, so the basis of any sentence is the Verb. Incorporated into the verb are the Nominative Person, the Accusative Animate Person and / or the Objective Inanimate Person, as well as activity or passivity:
(w)u- | 1p sing. | (w)usha- (w)uxei- (w)ua- (w)uei- |
xu- | 1p plur. | xusha- xuxei- xuha- xuei- |
sha- | 2p sing. | shau- shaxu- shaha- shaei- |
xei- | 2p plur. | xeiu- xeixu- xeia- xeihi- |
a- | 3p sing. | a(w)u- axu- asha- axei- aha- ahi- |
ei- | 3p plur. | eiu- eixu- eisha- eixi- eia- eihi- |
-li- | 3p inanimate (objective) | |
(-la-) | Obviate (4p) | |
o- | passive |
Pronoun Forms:
(w)uju xuju shaju xeiju aju eiju alaju (4p sing.) eilaju (4p plur.) litju
Verbs
hui- | in/at/to | |
kai- | from | |
txima | (N.) home, house | ( possessives: utxima xutxima shatxima xeitxima atxima eitxima alatxima eilatxima ) |
lah (V.) to go
- (w)ulah xulah shalah xeilah alah eilah (alalah eilalah) lilah
- (w)ulah huitxima or (w)uhuitxima
- alah kaitxima or akaitxima
stoh (V.) to give
- (w)ustoh xustoh shastoh xeistoh astoh eistoh (alastoh eilastoh)
- oustoh oxustoh oshastoh oxeistoh oastoh oeistoh (passive)
- ushastoh uxeistoh uastoh ueistoh ulistoh (1p sing. gives to --> etc.)
- xushastoh xuxeistoh xuhastoh xueistoh xulistoh (1p plur. gives to --> etc.)
- shaustoh shaxustoh shahastoh shaeistoh shalistoh (2p sing. gives to --> etc.)
- xeiustoh xeixustoh xeiastoh xeihistoh xeilistoh (2p plur. gives to --> etc.)
- austoh axustoh ashastoh axeistoh (a)hastoh (a)histoh alistoh (3p sing. gives to --> etc.)
- eiustoh eixustoh eishastoh eixeistoh (e)iastoh (e)ihistoh eilistoh (3p plur. gives to --> etc.)
-li-
The infix -li denotes an Inanimate in the Objective Case. An Animate may be Nominative and Active or Passive, Accusative (direct object) or Dative (indirect object). An Inanimate may never be Active, and can only be found in the Objective (indirect or direct object). To reverse the valency when used with an Animate Agent, the passive form must be used:
- ulistoh (I give IT) xulistoh shalistoh xeilistoh alistoh eilistoh (alalistoh eilalistoh)
- olistoh owulistoh oxulistoh oshalistoh oxeilistoh oalistoh oeilistoh (oalalistoh oeilalistoh) (It is given to...)
Noun Prefixes
a- | nom. sing. |
ei- | nom. plur. |
ha- | acc. sing. (animate) |
hi- | acc. plur. (animate) |
txi- | dative animate |
hli- | obj. (acc/dat) inanimate |
hamu (N.) food
- shaustoh hlihamu
- eiastoh huitxima hlihamu
- xuxeitjoistoh hlitxima
pixi (V.) happy, joyful
- (w)upixi xupixi shapixi xeipixi apixi eipixi (alapixi eilapixi)
- ushapixi uxeipixi uapixi ueipixi
- xushapixi xuxeipixi xuhapixi xueipixi
- shaupixi shaxupixi shahapixi shaeipixi
- xeiupixi xeixupixi xeiapixi xeihipixi
- aupixi axupixi ashapixi axeipixi (a)hapixi (a)hipixi
- eiupixi eixupixi eishapixi eixipixi (e)iapixi (e)ihipixi
- olipixi owulipixi oxulipixi oshalipixi oxeilipixi oalipixi oeilipixi (oalalipixi oeilalipixi) (It makes ... happy)
Verb Affixes:
- | present, narrative, imperfect |
-in | habitual |
-eis | progressive |
-pi | non-continuative |
-lu | perfective |
-lunja | distal |
-pimu | distal non-continuative |
-jei- | long duration |
-jeijei- | extremely long duration |
-ki- | short duration |
-kiki- | extremely short duration |
-tjoi- | future |
Examples:
eiastohlu | They have given to her. |
eiastohlunja | They gave it to her a while ago. |
ahistoheis | She is giving to them. |
ahijeistoheis | She is taking a long time to give to them. |
ahikistoheis | She is giving it to them very quickly. |
ushapixilu | I have made you happy. |
awupixin | He makes me happy. |
shaupixipi | You used to make me happy. |
shaupixipimu | You used to make me happy a long time ago. |
wushatjoipixi | I will make you happy. |
oeilikipixipimu | It (specifically) used to make them briefly happy, a long time ago. |
xulahpi | We used to go. |
atjoilah | She will go. |
eiatjoistoh | They will give to her. |
eiatjoistohlu | They will have given to her. |
eiakitjoistohlu | They will have given to her quickly, or for a short time. |
oshastohpi | You used to be given to. |
oshalistohpi | It (specifically) used to be given to you. |
oshajeistohpi | Used to be given to you for a long time. |
oshajeistohpimu | A long time ago you were given to for quite a long time. |
upixeis | I am being happy. |
oupixilu | I have been made happy. |
owulitjoipixi | It (specifically) will make me happy. |
olikistohin | It is (habitually) given for a short time. |
olikikistohin | It is (habitually) given for a very short time. |
oulijeijeipixin | It (habitually) makes me happy for a very long time. |
Numbers
Laika numbers, like their friends' and neighbors', the draga, are in base six, and are probably borrowed:
1 | jafei | 7 | jafei-hwaei | 13 | jafei-hwa-janjei |
2 | janjei | 8 | janjei-hwaei | 18 | hwa-tjuei |
3 | tjuei | 9 | tjuei-hwaei | 24 | hwa-waei |
4 | waei | 10 | waei-hwaei | 30 | hwa-mawei |
5 | mawei | 11 | mawei-hwaei | 36 | hwa-hwa-jafei |
6 | hwaei | 12 | hwa-janjei | 216 | hwulu |
- txima jafei one house
- txima janjei two houses
- utxima tjuei my three homes