Proto-Samoyedic: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 03:48, 21 October 2014

The reconstructed parent language of the Samoyedic languages; spoken in south-central Siberia around 1000 BCE.

Soundchanges from Proto-Uralic:

Proto-Uralic to Proto-East Uralic

It appears that many of the shared Ugric innovations are also applicable to Samoyedic.

*ðʲ → *lʲ (further shared with Permic; possibly a pseudo-sound change, the case for separate PU *lʲ is weak, and this may point to *ðʲ being [lʲ])
*k, *x, *w → ɣ / V_i (all eventually lost in Smy; Permic is similar here, too)
*s, *š → *θ (= [ɬ], per Khanty?)
*sʲ → *s (perhaps areal, see next section)
*Ck, kC → *ɣC? / C = *θ, *s (no direct evidence of this belonging together due to later loss in Smy)
*tk → *tt
- *kt is most regularly reflected as Ms *-kt, Kh *-ɣət; exceptions *śäkti- → Kh *saat, *kêktä → *ki/äät
- *čk reflected as *šk in Ms.
*ɤ → *ɯ / _C(C)a (most general condition; also in *ëni, *lëmpi; exceptions *tëka, *lëpa (FSM vs. Smy only), *ëńa)
perhaps some other vowel splits? (if not rather Finno-Permic mergers)

Un-Samoyedic Ugric changes include:

*ŋ → *ŋk (irregular)
*ð → *l
*l → *ĺ / śV_k (*śëðka → Ms *sëëĺ, *śülki- → Ms *süĺɣ-)
*l (→ *ĺ?) → ∅ / śV_m (*śilmä → Hu szëm, *ćolmiw → Hu csomo, *śüðäm(i) → Hu szív, *śeðmä > Kh *siim-) (NB ð → j in Samoyedic: *säjəm!)
possibly *l → *ĺ / *ńV_C in *ńeljä → Hu negy, Ms *ńiĺə; but Kh *ńeɬə, similarly *ńülkə- → *ńö/eɣəɬ-; may also be *lj → *ĺ, though not supported by *peljä "ear"
- Note the order: 1) ð-lateralization, 2) l-assimilation, 3) depalatalization
possibly: *m → *M ([ṽ]? [m̥]?) / in affixes (→ ObU *m, but Hu *w: *śüðämi, *ńäxli-mä → nyelv, *ńoxi-ma-la → nyúl, *wiðim(i) → velő, (? *täji →) Ug *täktəm → tetű, Ug *Eĺəm → enyv 'glue' (with preceding *ĺm → ńm?), Kh&Ms *ääləm ~ elv 'side'; but not in *koji-ma → hím)

Proto-East Uralic to Proto-Samoyedic

A note on notation: PU roots in *italic, PSmy roots *without.

Bottom-level consonant developments

? *ŋ > *n / _ɬ (*joŋsə > *jïntə only)
? *m > *p / _ɬ (*pImsəmə only; fairly ad hoc cluster)
*ɬ > *t (counterbleeds the previous two — *mt *ŋt remain)
*d₁ > *r (could be dated about anywhere)
*ć > *s (probably via *ć, so another argument for independant depalatalization; or original *ć might not have existed at all)
- or might be post-PSmy, in light of Selkup *ns > *ś, Tundra Nenets *ns > nc

Bottom-level vowel developments

A possible *e/*ê contrast is lost (will write *e)
*ü > *i (no evidence on association to *i > *ə̈; stem type unclear in *ül- > *i, plus OU also points to *i)

Vowel lowering

*o > *å
- except when V2 lost (*kokə- *kosə- *lomə *ńoxə- *porə- *śojə- *śowə *tolə- *toxə > *ko- *kot- *jom *ńo- *por- *so- *so- *toj- *to)
*u > *ə / _C(C)a
- others: *suŋə > *təŋ, *kurkə/*karka > *kərə, *kulkə- > *kəj-
*i > *ə̈ / _C(C)ä (*ipsä- > *ə̈ptä-, *itä- > ə̈tä-, śilmä > *sə̈jmä; or _j #_, cf. *imə- > *əm-, #pid₂mətä > *pəjmətä)
"*ə *ə̈" were probably /ʊ ɪ/ prior to their merger
possibly: *ï > *[ɨ] / j_, further > *ə / _Ca (*jëka > jəka, *jëka- > *jəkə-; *jïntə may be secondary, plus *j lost in Core)

Palatalization of *l

As noted above, *d₂ > *ʎ (*lʲ?) probably dates to already East Uralic
*l > *ʎ / _C, #_, _i(C)#
- Retained initially before *ï, *ë (*lëmpə *lëmtə *lëpa *lëpsə; PU *lowə (*lëwə?) > *lë)
- Otherwise *l- > *j- is clear
- *-lw- > *-jw- is clear
- *-lt-, *-alm- unchanged (*kulta-, *kalma; both potential derivativs!)
- *-ilm- > *-ə̈jm-, *-lkə > *-j and *-lə > *-j may be due to coda position
*a > *a [ɑ]? / before a coda palatal (sometimes elsewhere); is fed by palatalization of *l, counterfed by *å-lowering
*a > *a / between two stops (*čača- "be born", *čača- "to go", *pata *taka)
- *a > *å [ɒ] / elsewhere

Unstress'd (generally, final) vowels

*a > *ä / after front vowels or a lateral (sometimes elsewhere)
- *kala *pala *kad₂a- *pud₂a- > *kålä *pålä *kåjä- *pəjä (…)
- but not in *mud₂a *su(w)d₂a > *məjå *səjå¹
*a > *ə / sometimes (*jupta- *kod₂ka *konta *kuma *muja- *puna- *śala *śod₂a *tora…) (check!)
*a > *å [ɒ] / elsewhere

Misc.

*ʎ > *j (counterbleeds *a > *a, feeds the next two - supposedly retained in some Selkup dialects?)
*j > ∅ / åə_ (*kalə- *ńalə- *walə- > *kåə- *ńåə- *åə-)
Word-finally *ə > ∅ / VC_# (fed by vocalization of *x *ʎ, counterfed by ɣ/w-loss, exceptions *jurə, *śüdₓə)
possibly: *eɣ > *i (*mi- *pi- *ti-mä; cf *nêjə > *ne)
? *äw > *ü / _C (*käwd₁ə, *jäwjə - but not in *täwd₁ə)
? *w > *m / ʎ_ (*käd₂wa only - apparently South Smy. only)
*ɣ > ∅; or *k > ∅ / _C_ (except *-ŋk-) (counterbleeds *ə > ∅, cf. next)
*w > ∅ / coda (counterbleeds *ə > ∅; *jäwjə, *täwd₁ə, etc. Remains #täwəw > *tiwə, also in *-jw- of either origin (suggesting interm. *ɣ?))

Later development

Nganasan

Consonant palatalization: s k t ŋ n → š š č ń ń / _{i e} (but not _{ä ö ü})
Vowel (anti)palatalization: *ë (? → e) → i / {s, ń}_; *ä → a / {s, ń, j}_
"Umlaut loss": *ü *ï *ë *ä *ö → i i a e *o
- Modern /y/ results from assimilations of /i/, /u/
Back raising: *o *å → u o;
- including *oə *åə → ua oa → ua ua
Sequence smoothing
- *iə → ie (via [iæ]?)
- *üə → i
- *ëə (→ ? *aa) → a
- *öə → oa (not ˣua ! probably wasn't actually [øə])
†e → ɨ (very late; oldest record still record <e>)
- however: e → i / ń_
*äj *ej → ea; *əj → oj
- Other Vj develop per components
*p → †f → h
- fu ==
- *mp → ŋh
- *fa → fua
Glide fortition: *w *j → b dʲ / _V

Shared among all but Nganasan

ə̈ > ə (more exactly: merger of the declension classes ə+ä > ə+å)
e > i
possibly: *ä > ɛ (no phonemic significance; will write *ä)
j, w > ∅ / _ï

Enets

*å → a
*ə → ŏ (short)
*ä → e
"Umlaut loss": *ï *ë *ü *ö → i i u o
*åə *oə *uə → a ua ua
*iə, *ëə → io
*əj *äj *aj *oj *uj → ej e ä o o
Dialect changes
- *a → Forest e, Tundra a
- *üə → Forest ie, Tundra io (via → *ia, cf. prev?)

Nenets

Coda glottalization (shared with Enets, Nganasan?): *s *t *k > ʔ / _{C #}
Nasal prothesis: ∅ > *ŋ / #_V
Lo rotation: *å *a *ä > *a *ä *e (shared with?)
- *ä remains / _#
Reduction
- *i *ü *ï *u > ə / unstressed (but *i triggers palatalization?)
- *iə *uə > *i *u / unstressed
Front/back contrast shifts from vowels to consonants:
- *i *e *ä *ö > ʲi ʲe ʲa ʲo
- *ï *ë > i e (actually only a reanalysis; these remain phonetically [ɯ ɤ])
Palatal fronting: *kʲ *ŋʲ > sʲ nʲ
*nʲ > j / V_V
*n > ŋ / _#
~Monofthongization
- *ij *iə > iː
- *uj *uə > uː
- *oj > o
- *aj *əj *ej > all æː [ae] (incl. *aj from both *åj > *aj and *aj > *äj)
- *aj > a
Cluster simplification:
- *ŋm *nm > mm
- *ŋn > nn
- *nŋ > ŋ
- *nt *lt *rt > nn ll r
- *ŋt > nt

Tundra Nenets

Voicing
æ > iː / Cʲ_, > e / [-STR]

…

ŋw > *m

Forest Nenets

æ > e / Cʲ_, > i / [-STR]

…

Proto-Nenets can be reconstructed with a series of both fortis and lenis sonorants, though by now the contrast has been lost. Intervening changes however allow distinguishing in certain positions the laterals, and the labial and/or palatal nasals:

PS	PN	Tundra	Forest
-nm-, -ŋm-	-mm- -ḿḿ-	-m- -mʲ-	-m- -mʲ-
-nt-, -nč-, *-ŋn- / _F	*-ńń-	-nʲ-	-nʲ-
*-lt-	-ll- -ľľ-	-l- -lʲ-	-nɬ- -nʲɬʲ-
*-m-	-m- -ḿ-	-w- -ɥ-	-m- -mʲ-
-n- / _F, -ń-	*-ń-	-nʲ-	-j-
*-l-	-l- -ľ-	-l- -lʲ-	-ɬ- -ɬʲ-
*-ntə	*-(n)nə	-n°	-n°
*-n, -ŋ	*-ŋ	-ʔ	W -n, E -ŋ

Lenis *n *ŋ *r and presumable fortis *nn *ŋŋ *rr do not seem to be distinguishable from one another.

Mikola, Tibor (1983): Adalékok a nyenyec nazálisok történetéhez. In: Urálisziai tanulmányok. Budapest, 1983.

Yurats

Same as Nenets except *e *ä *öə → i e o.

Common South Samoyedic

*ö *üə *iə → ü ü i
*aj *äj → a e (what of *əj?)
*a *ə *ä → a a e (before or after palatalization?)

Selkup

*ns > *š (possibly indicates that *ńć was still retained here; cf. *ns > Tundra Nenets nc, Mator ndž)
Back raising: *å(ə) > u
- *o remains however (!?)
- Helimski sez ^{[citation needed]}: *å split to u, o (before *-u, *-o, generally *-a), uː, oː (before *-ä, *-ə, monosyllables) (with some opposite examples for *-a and *-ə), *uë (irregularly)
*uə *ëə *öə > uë a aː
*əj *åj *oj *uj > aj öː öː üː
*e > *ä > aː / #_C*a (disharmonic stems; is initial position relevant?)
Lengthening
- *i *ï *ü *u > iː ïː üː uː / _Cə
- *ë *e *o > ïː iː uː / _Cə
- *e > eː / _(j)tCə
- *ë *o > ïː oː / _CCə (also *ëptə > ooptə?)
After lengthening: *-a, *-ä, *-ə > *-ə

Kamassian

Vowels

Back raising: *å *åə *o(ə) → o u u
*uə *ëə *öə → u o a
*ë → ɛ
Some words suggest that *ə → *u next to labial consonant: e.g. /munuɨ/ "egg" (but cf. *mən → /man/ "1PS; is this actually *mə̈n?)
Sammallahti '88 claims that *u → o in Koibal? (but cf. kullae "raven", num "heaven", tukblaa "to row")

Consonants

*č → *t
*p *t *k → b d g / V_V. The resulting /b g/ seem to vary as [b ~ w], [g ~ ɣ].
*w *j → b dʲ / #_ (but these remain word-internally)
- → m n / _VN
Palatalization
- *k → *š / _[e i ü]
- *t → *š / _[oj uj üj] (= *üː?)
Depalatalization: *ń → n. Apparently later than *j → *ń.
Assimilation of stops in clusters
- *mp *nt *ŋk → *mm *nn *ŋŋ → m n ŋ
- *mt → mn
In Kamassian proper: *tm → ʔm
In Koibal: *š *dʲ → ś dź

Mator

*å(ə) → a
*oə *öə → "o~a" o (but Taygi uo ü)
*uə → u
*ë → e
*əj → i
*ëə → ? a (Taygi only attested?)
Bizarro antipalatalization: *s → k / _{*i *ä *ü} (but not _*a)
- via → ʃ → x? or unlenited non-assibilated [c] all along?
m → m~b initially (cf. Turkic) and _*s
- No denasalization is found before another nasal or a syllable-final /r/, or in monosyllables
- Also *w *l *j → m n ń / #_VN (bleeds glide fortition; seen in Turkic too)
*j → č initially (again, shared by Turkic varieties)
*w → b initially (but before a labial vowel: *wüt "10" → čüʔt, wo(ə)), *j_, *t_
- possibly → m / {ŋ r}_ (aŋma- "to sleep", sarma "window")
*uwC *iwC → uːC iːC
*{F a}jm → im, *iji → i
*aw *iw → uh yh (via → v → f, cf. next?)
*p → h
- except → b in *mp *pVs
- remains in *pt *ps *tp *p# (allophone of /b/ now)
  - except → h in *wVpt (dissimilation?)
Medial voicing & degemination
- *t *k → d g / V_V, N_
- *s → z / V_V, → dž / n_ (cf. Ugric!)
- *k → g also / {r j}_
- *tt *kk → t k
Final rhinoglottophilia: *p *t → ʔp t ~ ʔm ʔn / _#, perhaps also *k → ʔk ~ ʔŋ (records are ambiguous)
- except *t# → ∅ in "water"; this shared by Kamass
*t → ʔ / _{p m w l}; there's also an example of *kp → ʔp
- → ∅ / _k (perhaps via *ʔ)
ts → ? *čč → č (after *s → k)
Back sonorant fronting: *ŋt *jt → nt st (later than *tC → ʔC, so *jtk *jtw → jʔk *jʔb)
- Possibly also: *rŋ *jŋ *iŋ → rg j (karguj "raven", mijuh "son-in-law", mojuh "soul")
Consonant gradation before an original closed syllable:
- (*tp →) ʔp → b (no other tC examples; *tw becomes ʔb)
- (*tt →) t → d
In Mator proper (outside of Taygi & Karagas), *ń → j / V_V. Also, in some words, *č_s → s_s.
- T&K appear to have *ń_j → ń_ń in ŋuńuh "breast"

Sourced from Helimski: Die matorische sprache