Classical Laefêvëši verbs: Difference between revisions

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[[Laefêvëši]] verbs are highly inflected by several features. There are 4 verbal genders, 3 numbers, 14 moods, several tenses, two aspects and three voices. Verbs are divided into three classes.  
{{big|NOTE: This is an obsolete form of the conlang. It has been renamed to ''Classical Laefêvëši'' to distinguish it from the new version, which is [[Ascended Laefêvëši|''Ascended'' or ''Celestial Laefêvëši'']].}}
 
[[Classical Laefêvëši]] verbs are highly inflected by several features. There are 4 verbal genders, 3 numbers, 14 moods, several tenses, two aspects and three voices. Verbs are divided into three classes.  


== Characteristics ==
== Characteristics ==
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{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Mood filaments  
|+ Mood filaments  
! Mood !! Filament
! Mood !! Filament !! Geminate
|-  
|-  
! Indicative
! Indicative
| -l
| -l || -ll
|-
|-
! Generic
! Generic
| -m
| -m || -mm
|-
|-
! Conditional
! Conditional
| -n
| -n || -nn
|-
|-
! Subjunctive
! Subjunctive
| - š
| - š || -ss
|-
|-
! Optative I
! Optative I
| -k
| -k || -kk
|-
|-
! Optative II
! Optative II
| -h
| -h || -ðð
|-
|-
! Optative III
! Optative III
| -r
| -r || -rr
|-
|-
! Presumptive
! Presumptive
| -g
| -g || -gg
|-
|-
! Potential
! Potential
| -f
| -f || -ff
|-
|-
! If-potential
! If-potential
| -v, -s
| -v, -s || -vv
|-
|-
! Admirative
! Admirative
| -t
| -t || -tt
|-
|-
! Interrogative
! Interrogative
| -þ
| -þ || -þþ
|-
|-
|}
|}
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=== Conjugations ===
=== Conjugations ===
{{Main|Laefêvëši verb conjugations}}
{{Main|Classical Laefêvëši verb conjugations}}


According to the analogy above, virtually all moods can have all the possible tenses. However, some moods have their own basic or common tenses. See the main page for the complete overview of the main verb conjugations.  
According to the analogy above, virtually all moods can have all the possible tenses. However, some moods have their own basic or common tenses. See the main page for the complete overview of the main verb conjugations.  
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|}
|}


{{LaefPages}}


[[Category:Laefêvëši]]
{{ClassLaefPages}}
 
[[Category:Classical Laefêvëši]]

Latest revision as of 09:09, 1 July 2013

NOTE: This is an obsolete form of the conlang. It has been renamed to Classical Laefêvëši to distinguish it from the new version, which is Ascended or Celestial Laefêvëši.


Classical Laefêvëši verbs are highly inflected by several features. There are 4 verbal genders, 3 numbers, 14 moods, several tenses, two aspects and three voices. Verbs are divided into three classes.

Characteristics

Types

Lexical verbs (full meaning)

  • verbs of movement

Auxiliary verbs:

  • phaseal verbs
  • modal verbs
  • the verb mantjálaj (to be)

Classes

Three classes:

  1. verbs on -vij
  2. verbs on -laj
  3. verbs on -vaj

Gender and number

Genders:

  • masculine
  • feminine
  • neuter
  • common

Numbers:

  • singular
  • dual
  • plural

Aspect

  1. Perfective aspect
  2. Imperfective aspect

Mood

Realis moods:

  • Indicative
  • Generic

Irrealis moods:

  • Conditional
  • Subjunctive
  • Optative I
  • Optative II
  • Optative III
  • Presumptive
  • Potential
  • If-potential
  • Admirative
  • Imperative
  • Inferencial/renarrative
  • Interrogative

Tenses

Simple tenses:

  • simple present
  • simple past
  • remote past
  • nonpast
  • pluperfect
  • simple future
  • future anterior
  • future-in-the-past

Compound tenses:

  • compound present
  • dramatic present
  • compound future

Conjugation

Verbs conjugate according to their class, mood, tense, number, person, gender and polarity. The conjugations are expressed with suffixes. There are two main ways to form the suffixes. Each letter/sound in a suffixes marks its own characteristics.

Suffix formation

Suffixes are made up of the so-called suffix filaments. Each filament marks another characteristic.

Suffix filaments

Below tables show the suffix filaments.

Mood filaments
Mood Filament Geminate
Indicative -l -ll
Generic -m -mm
Conditional -n -nn
Subjunctive - š -ss
Optative I -k -kk
Optative II -h -ðð
Optative III -r -rr
Presumptive -g -gg
Potential -f -ff
If-potential -v, -s -vv
Admirative -t -tt
Interrogative -þ -þþ
Tense filaments
Tense Filament
Simple present -a
Simple past -e
Remote past -ē
Nonpast -o
Pluperfect - ø
Simple future -i
Future anterior -y
Future-in-the-past -u
Number and class filaments
Number Filament
-VIJ -LAJ -VAJ
Singular -k -s -v
Dual -t -k -j
Plural -n -m -p
Person filaments
Person Filament
Firs person -a
Second person -e, -ē
Third person -o, ø
Gender and polarity filaments
Gender Polarity
Affirmative Negative
Common -/ -je
Masculine -i -ji
Feminine -u -ju
Neuter -y -jy

Suffix composition

There are two main ways to create suffixes, type I and type II.

Type I is used when the verbal stem ends on a vowel which is not the same as the following vowel in the suffix.

Type II is used when the verbal stem ends on a consonant or on a vowels that is the same as the following vowel in the suffix.

Type I
Composition
mood tense number + type person gender + polarity
Type II
Composition
tense mood number + type person gender + polarity

Combinations between tense and number/class filaments

These combinations occur only in the type II suffix composition, they are consonant combinations and there are some mutations and it's important to know where they occur.

Mood Number Class
-VIJ -LAJ -VAJ
Indicative Singular lk sl lv
Dual lt ll lj
Plural ln lm lp
Generic Singular mk ms pp
Dual mt ml mj
Plural mn mm mp
Conditional Singular nk ns nv
Dual nt nl nj
Plural nn nm np
Subjunctive Singular šk ss šf
Dual št šl šj
Plural šn šm šp
Optative I Singular kk ks kv
Dual kt kl kj
Plural kn km kp
Optative II Singular hk hs xv
Dual ht hl hj
Plural hn hw hp
Optative III Singular rk rs rv
Dual rt rl rj
Plural rn rm rp
Presumptive Singular gg gz gv
Dual gd gl nj
Plural ng gm gb
Potential Singular fk fs ff
Dual ft fl fj
Plural fn fw fp
If-potential Singular sk sf vv
Dual st þþ vj
Plural sn sm sp
Admirative Singular tk ts tv
Dual tt tl tj
Plural tn tm tp
Interrogative Singular þk ðð ðv
Dual þt þl þj
Plural þn þm þp

Conjugations

Main article: Classical Laefêvëši verb conjugations

According to the analogy above, virtually all moods can have all the possible tenses. However, some moods have their own basic or common tenses. See the main page for the complete overview of the main verb conjugations.

Template:Laef-verbs navbox

Mantjálaj (to be)

Main article: Mantjálaj (verb)

Modal verbs

The combination of a modal and a full meaning verb can be made in two ways, although one is now more or less obsolete:

  1. fully conjugated modal verb plus modal participle of the full meaning verb,
  2. the full meaning verb is conjugated and the modal verb is attached to the verb as a clitic.
Modal participle
Number -VIJ -LAJ -VAJ
Singular -tja -atja -tje -atje -tjo -atjo
Dual -tjai -atjai -tjei -atjei -tjoi -atjoi
Plural -tjau -atjau -tjeu -ateju -tjou -atjou
Modal verbs
Full form Clitic English
álvaj -lá to wish
élvaj -lé to wish
évivaj -vé have to, must
ivírvij -ví can
óvelaj -ló to be willing
ovélaj -vó can
újelaj -jú to want
- -ttǿ to like

Phaseal verbs

Phaseal verbs express a phase in the event.

The combination of a modal and a full meaning verb can be made in two ways, although one is now more or less obsolete:

  1. fully conjugated modal verb plus supine of the full meaning verb,
  2. the full meaning verb is conjugated and the phaseal verb is attached to the verb as a clitic.


Supine:

  • -vij -> -vvi
  • -laj -> -lla
  • -vaj -> -vva
Phaseal verbs
Full form Clitic English
mâješvaj -šá to finish
mâjevaj -má to finish
néčetlaj -né to stop
onódvaj -nó to start
óntodvaj -tó to start again
tonínovaj -ní to continue
véšetlaj -té to stop
wôjevaj -wó to finish

Reflexive verbs

There are two types of reflexive verbs, the véj verbs and the víj verbs. Their forms change depending on the person and number. There are three types: vocal, non-vocal (or consonantal) and clitic form.

Number Person -VÉJ -VÍJ
vocal non-v. clitic vocal non-v. clitic
Singular 1st ai tai -i iai tiai -ā
2nd au tau -u iau tiau -ā
3rd oi toi -i ioi tioi -ō
Dual 1st ia tia -a aia taia -y
2nd ie tie -e aie taie -y
3rd io tio -o aio taio -y
Singular 1st ei tei -i iei tiei -ē
2nd ua tua -a iua tiua -ū
3rd ue tue -e iue tiue -ū

Escalation of verbs

Degree Up Down
Base (1st d.) -/ -/ -/
Second d. -tre -tri -sŗe
Third d. -me -mi -ni
Fourth d. -ze -zi -si
Fifth d. -to -tu -so
Superlative (6th d.) -tke -tki -ske
Absolutive (7th d.) -tle -tli -sle


Classical Laefêvëši pages (obsolete)
Classical Laefêvëši · Nouns · Cases · Adjectives · Pronouns · Numerals · Verbs · Conjugations · Mantjálaj · Adverbs · Prepositions · Vocabulary · Swadesh list
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