Finnic languages/isoglosses: Difference between revisions

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After Viitso 2000: Finnic affinity (among other things)
After Viitso 2000: Finnic affinity (among other things)


A ~ B marks conditional developments; A / B marks dialectal developments.
A ~ B marks conditional developments; A, B marks dialectal developments.
 
==Old changes==


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Isogloss !! South Estonian !! colspan="8"| Coastal Finnic !! Notes
! !! South Estonian !! [[Livonian]] !! Gulf Finnic
|-
| *tk || kk || kk || tk || (Liv. OR)
|-
| *ðk || kk || tk || tk || SE/Liv. only *pið-ka "long", *iðke- "cry"
|-
| *čk || tsk || tk || tk
|-
| *kc, *pc || ts || *ks, *ps || *ks, *ps
|-
| *kt, *pt || tt  || colspan="2"| *ht / V[+STR]_, *tt / V[-STR]_ || Probably common *ht with SE → *tt, *š → *h only later.
|-
| 3PS || -∅ || *-pi || *-pi
|-
| *nc || ts || *nc || *ts || Only *onca "forehead"
|-
| *nt / _i || *nc → ːc || *nc || *nc → *ns || Unless preceded by a coronal obstruent (*tt, *st, *št)
|-
| *-ks# || -s || -ks || *-s
|-
|-
| *čk || tsk || colspan="8"| *tk
| *š || *h || *h || *h || Postdates *t → *c / _i
|-
|-
| *kc, *pc || ts || colspan="8"| *ks, *ps
| *ai || *ai || *ai || *ei / {l r s š}_<br/>*ai / elsewhere
|-
|-
| *kt, *pt || tt || colspan="8"| *ht
| "forest" || *mëtsa || *mëtsa || *metsä || ← Baltic *medja
|-
|-
| 3PS || -∅ || colspan="8"| *-pi
| "excess" || '''*liika''' || *leika || *liika || vs. Baltic #leika?
|-
|-
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! colspan="7"| Gulf Finnic
| "shoe" || *känkä || *känkä || *kenkä || ← Gmc *skenka
|-
|-
| *nc || *ns || *nc || colspan="7"| *ns
| "back" || *sälkä || *sälkä || *selkä || origin unknown; Samic #śeelkä → *ćēlkē, Mari *śel(kä) → *šɪĺə
|-
|-
| "forest" || *metsa || *metsa || colspan="7"| *metsä || ← Baltic *medja
| "nose" || *nana || *nana || *nenä || origin unknown; Samic *ńana → *ńōnē
|-
|-
| "wall" || *saina || *saina || colspan="7"| *seinä || ← Baltic *saina
| "viburnum" || *häicek || - || *heisi
|-
|-
| "hay" || *haina || *haina || colspan="7"| *heinä || ← Baltic *šaina
| "7" || *säiccen || *sä/eiccen || *seiccen || origin unknown; Samic *śäśəm → *ćēćëm
|-
|-
| "people" || || *haimo || colspan="7"| *heimo || ← Baltic *šaima
| "knife" || *väici || *vä/eici || *veici || ← PU *wänśə / *wenśə?
|-
|-
| "thigh" || || *raisi || colspan="7"| *reisi || ← Baltic *rais
| "girl" || *näito || *nä/eiccɜt "virgin" || *neito, *neitej<br/>(*neiccüt "virgin") || ← PU *näjə; cf. Samic *näj-tə → *nējtë
|-
|-
| "excess" || || *leika || colspan="7"| *liika || vs. Baltic #leika?
| "deep" || *civä || '''*tëva''' || *civä || ← PU *tiwä
|}
 
==Dialectal period==
 
{| class="wikitable"
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! colspan="2"| Estonic !! colspan="5"| North Finnic
|-
|-
| "back" || *sälkä || *sälkä || colspan="7"| *selkä || Samic, Mari *selkä
| *ns || ːs || ːs || colspan="2"| *ːs || colspan="5"| *ns || NB *nc [[counterfeeding]] in Liv.
|-
|-
| "shoe" || *käŋkä || *käŋkä || colspan="7"| *keŋkä || ← Gmc *skeŋka
| *e_B || ɤ || *ɤ → ɨ || colspan="2"| *ɤ || colspan="5"| *e
|-
|-
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! Estonian !! Votic !! colspan="5"| North Finnic
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! Estonian !! Votic !! colspan="5"| North Finnic
|-
|-
| "pole" || *saibas || *taibas || *teibäs || *seibäs || colspan="5"| *seibäs || ← Baltic *staibas
| "to rise" || *touse- || *nuuse- || *touse- || *noise- || colspan="5"| *nouse- || origin unknown
|-
|-
| "to rise" || || *nuuse- || *touse- || *noise- || colspan="5"| *nouse- || origin unknown
| "to sleep" || *nukk- || *tukk- || *tukku- || colspan="6"| *nukku- || origin unknown; Samic *nukkə- → *nokkë-
|-
|-
| *ns || ːs || ːs || colspan="2"| *ːs || colspan="5"| *ns || NB counterfeeding in Liv.
| "pole" || *saibas || *taibas || *teibäs || colspan="6"| *seibäs || ← Baltic *staibas
|-
|-
| *e_B || ɤ || ɨ || colspan="2"| *ɤ || colspan="5"| *e
| "to remember" || *moista- || *moista- || *moista- || || colspan="5"| *muista- || ← PU *moja-
|-
|-
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! Estonian !! Votic !! West Finnish !! colspan="4"| East Finnic
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! Estonian !! Votic !! West Finnish !! colspan="4"| East Finnic
|-
|-
| Pl. gen. || *-ten || *-ten || *-ten / *-jten || *-jten || *-ten || colspan="4"| *-jten
| Pl. gen. || *-ten || *-ten || *-ten, *-jten || *-jten || *-ten || colspan="4"| *-jten
|-
| "to go" || mine- || || mine- || mene- || mene- || colspan="4"| *mäne- || PU *menə-; raising in SE regular
|-
| "crow" || varõs || varīks || vares || || vares, varis ||colspan="4"| *varis || rowspan="2"| possibly related to *-u- → SF -o-?
|-
| "hare" || jänes || Sal. '''jänds''' || jänes || || jänes, jänis ||colspan="4"| *jänis
|-
|-
| "home" || || || koto || || koto || colspan="4"| *koti || cf. *kota "hut"
| "home" || *koto || - || *koto || || koto || colspan="4"| *koti || cf. *kota "hut"
|-
|-
| "otter" || *sagarva || *sagarva || *sagarmas || || *sa(g)ukko || colspan="4"| *sagarva
| "otter" || *sagarva || *sagarva || *sagarmas || || *sa(g)ukko || colspan="4"| *sagarva || or WF ← *sapa "tail"
|-
|-
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! Estonian !! Votic !! West Finnish !! Ingrian !! Karelian !! East Finnish !! Veps
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! Estonian !! Votic !! West Finnish !! Ingrian !! Karelian !! East Finnish !! Veps
|-
|-
| *str || tr || tr || tr || tr || *sr → hr || tr || *sr → zr || tr || *sr → zr || In loanwords only
| *ʦː || || ts || ts || ʦː || θː, tː || || ʧː || *θː → ht || ʦ
|-
| *kj || kj || jg || j || dʲː || ːj || || ki, gi || ːj || gj, gdʲ
|-
| *kr || || ʔgr || er || gr || rowspan="3"| wr || || kr, gr || kr || gr
|-
| *pr || || ʔbr || pr || br || || pr, br || pr || br
|-
| *tr || rowspan="2"| tr || rowspan="2"| ʔdr || rowspan="2"| tr || rowspan="2"| dr || rowspan="2"| tr || tr, dr || rowspan="2"| tr || dr || rowspan="2"| in loanwords only
|-
| *str || *sr → hr || sr, zr || *sr → zr
|-
| *st || st || st || st || '''sː''' || st || '''sː''' || '''sː''' || st || st
|-
| *rg || r || rg || r || r || r ~ rj || r || r, rr || r || rg
| similarly for *lg
|-
| *-P- || -P- || -B- || -B̥- || -P- || -P- || -P- || -P-, -B- || -P- || -B-
|-
|-
| *st || st || st || st || '''ss''' || st || '''ss''' || '''ss''' || st || st
| *Iː || Iː || Iː || Iː || Iː || Iː || Iː || Iː || Iː || I, Iː || long close vowels *iː *yː *uː
|-
|-
| *-P- || -P- || -B- || -B̥- || -P- || -P- || -P- || -P-/-B- || -P- || -B-
| *ɑː || ɑː || ɔː || ɑː, oɑ || ɑː || ɑː || ɑː || oɑ || uɑ || ɑ
|-
|-
| *ɑː || ɑː || ɔː || ɑː || ɑː || ɑː || ɑː || oɑ || uɑ || ɑ
| *æː || æː || æː || æː, eæ || æː || æː || æː || eæ || iæ || æ
|-
|-
| *æː || æː || æː || eæ || æː || æː || æː || eæ || iæ || æ
| *oː || oː || uˑo ~ oː || oː || oː || uɔ, uɑ  || oː ? ← *uo || uo || uo || o || rowspan="2"| Possibly secondary monofthongization in Estonian, Votic, Ingrian (as *ugo → oː etc.)
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| *eː || eː || iˑe ~ eː || eː ? ← *ie || eː || iɛ / iæ || rowspan="2"| ie || rowspan="2"| ie || rowspan="2"| ie || rowspan="2"| e || front environment
| *øː || øː || rowspan="2"| iˑe ~ eː || øː || øː || yœ, yæ || øː ? ← *yø || yø || yø || ø
|-
|-
| ɤː || ɨː || ɤː || ɤː || iɛ / iɑ || back environment
| rowspan="2"| *eː || eː || eː || eː || iɛ, iæ || rowspan="2"| eː ? ← *ie || rowspan="2"| ie || rowspan="2"| ie || rowspan="2"| e || front environment
|-
|-
| *oː || oː || uˑo ~ oː || oː || oː || uɔ || oː ? ← *uo || uo || uo || o
| ɤː || ɨː || ɤː || ɤː || iɛ, iɑ || back environment
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 05:54, 12 April 2014

After Viitso 2000: Finnic affinity (among other things)

A ~ B marks conditional developments; A, B marks dialectal developments.

Old changes

South Estonian Livonian Gulf Finnic
*tk kk kk tk (Liv. OR)
*ðk kk tk tk SE/Liv. only *pið-ka "long", *iðke- "cry"
*čk tsk tk tk
*kc, *pc ts *ks, *ps *ks, *ps
*kt, *pt tt *ht / V[+STR]_, *tt / V[-STR]_ Probably common *ht with SE → *tt, *š → *h only later.
3PS -∅ *-pi *-pi
*nc ts *nc *ts Only *onca "forehead"
*nt / _i *nc → ːc *nc *nc → *ns Unless preceded by a coronal obstruent (*tt, *st, *št)
*-ks# -s -ks *-s
*š *h *h *h Postdates *t → *c / _i
*ai *ai *ai *ei / {l r s š}_
*ai / elsewhere
"forest" *mëtsa *mëtsa *metsä ← Baltic *medja
"excess" *liika *leika *liika vs. Baltic #leika?
"shoe" *känkä *känkä *kenkä ← Gmc *skenka
"back" *sälkä *sälkä *selkä origin unknown; Samic #śeelkä → *ćēlkē, Mari *śel(kä) → *šɪĺə
"nose" *nana *nana *nenä origin unknown; Samic *ńana → *ńōnē
"viburnum" *häicek - *heisi
"7" *säiccen *sä/eiccen *seiccen origin unknown; Samic *śäśəm → *ćēćëm
"knife" *väici *vä/eici *veici ← PU *wänśə / *wenśə?
"girl" *näito *nä/eiccɜt "virgin" *neito, *neitej
(*neiccüt "virgin")		 ← PU *näjə; cf. Samic *näj-tə → *nējtë
"deep" *civä *tëva *civä ← PU *tiwä

Dialectal period

South Estonian Livonian Estonic North Finnic
*ns ːs ːs *ːs *ns NB *nc counterfeeding in Liv.
*e_B ɤ *ɤ → ɨ *ɤ *e
South Estonian Livonian Estonian Votic North Finnic
"to rise" *touse- *nuuse- *touse- *noise- *nouse- origin unknown
"to sleep" *nukk- *tukk- *tukku- *nukku- origin unknown; Samic *nukkə- → *nokkë-
"pole" *saibas *taibas *teibäs *seibäs ← Baltic *staibas
"to remember" *moista- *moista- *moista- *muista- ← PU *moja-
South Estonian Livonian Estonian Votic West Finnish East Finnic
Pl. gen. *-ten *-ten *-ten, *-jten *-jten *-ten *-jten
"to go" mine- mine- mene- mene- *mäne- PU *menə-; raising in SE regular
"crow" varõs varīks vares vares, varis *varis possibly related to *-u- → SF -o-?
"hare" jänes Sal. jänds jänes jänes, jänis *jänis
"home" *koto - *koto koto *koti cf. *kota "hut"
"otter" *sagarva *sagarva *sagarmas *sa(g)ukko *sagarva or WF ← *sapa "tail"
South Estonian Livonian Estonian Votic West Finnish Ingrian Karelian East Finnish Veps
*ʦː ts ts ʦː θː, tː ʧː *θː → ht ʦ
*kj kj jg j dʲː ːj ki, gi ːj gj, gdʲ
*kr ʔgr er gr wr kr, gr kr gr
*pr ʔbr pr br pr, br pr br
*tr tr ʔdr tr dr tr tr, dr tr dr in loanwords only
*str *sr → hr sr, zr *sr → zr
*st st st st sː st sː sː st st
*rg r rg r r r ~ rj r r, rr r rg similarly for *lg
*-P- -P- -B- -B̥- -P- -P- -P- -P-, -B- -P- -B-
*Iː Iː Iː Iː Iː Iː Iː Iː Iː I, Iː long close vowels *iː *yː *uː
*ɑː ɑː ɔː ɑː, oɑ ɑː ɑː ɑː oɑ uɑ ɑ
*æː æː æː æː, eæ æː æː æː eæ iæ æ
*oː oː uˑo ~ oː oː oː uɔ, uɑ oː ? ← *uo uo uo o Possibly secondary monofthongization in Estonian, Votic, Ingrian (as *ugo → oː etc.)
*øː øː iˑe ~ eː øː øː yœ, yæ øː ? ← *yø yø yø ø
*eː eː eː eː iɛ, iæ eː ? ← *ie ie ie e front environment
ɤː ɨː ɤː ɤː iɛ, iɑ back environment
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