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| Chreientae (''chreientae'', IPA: [ˈxreɪəntaɪ]) is a constructed language which came under creation during November, 2010. The name of the conlang literally means "created language," or "made-up language." Chreientae is a priori language, despite few loan words from languages such as English, French, German, Japanese, Korean, and Arabic.
| | #REDIRECT [[Chreyentae]] |
| | |
| = Phonology & Orthography =
| |
| | |
| The phonology and orthography are quite different than most other languages. There a quite a bit of various sounds in this languages, which makes it unique in a way. Both the phonology and orthography are not based off of any natural language.
| |
| | |
| == Consonants ==
| |
| | |
| PHONOLOGY:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Bilabial || Labiodental || Dental || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Palatal || Labial-Palatal || Velar || Labaial-Velar || Uvular || Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| !Plosive
| |
| |/p/ /b/ || || || /t/ /d/ || || || || /k/ /g/ || || /q/ /ɢ/ || /ʔ/
| |
| |-
| |
| !Nasal
| |
| | /m/ || || || /n/ || || /ɲ/ || || /ŋ/ || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| !Trill
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| | || || || /r/ || || || || || || /ʀ/ ||
| |
| |-
| |
| !Fricative
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| | || /f/ /v/ || /θ/ /ð/ || /s/ /z/ || /ʃ/ /ʒ/ || || || /x/ /ɣ/ || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| !Lateral Fricative
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| | || || || /ɬ/ /ɮ/ || || || || || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| !Approximant
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| | || || || || || /j/ || /ɥ/ || || /w/ || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| !Lateral Approximant
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| | || || || /l/ || || || /ʎ/ || || || ||
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ORTHOGRAPHY:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Bilabial || Labiodental || Dental || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Palatal || Labial-Palatal || Velar || Labaial-Velar || Uvular || Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| !Plosive
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| |p b || || || t d || || || || k g || || q c || w
| |
| |-
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| !Nasal
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| |m || || || n || || gn** || || ng** || || ||
| |
| |-
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| !Trill
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| | || || || r || || || || || || r* ||
| |
| |-
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| !Fricative
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| | || f v || th** ð || s s* || ş z || || || ch** h || || ||
| |
| |-
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| !Lateral Fricative
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| | || || || tl** dl** || || || || || || ||
| |
| |-
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| !Approximant
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| | || || || || || j || ȳ || || ł || ||
| |
| |-
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| !Lateral Approximant
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| | || || || l || || || gl** || || || ||
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| <nowiki>*</nowiki> The times when these consonants take this pronunciation must be memorized
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| <nowiki>**</nowiki> The times when these consonants are pronounced exactly the way they look must be memorized
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| == Vowels ==
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| PHONOLOGY:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Front || || Central || || Back
| |
| |-
| |
| !Close
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| |/i/ /y/ || || || || /u/
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| |-
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| !
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| | || /ɪ/ /ʏ/ || || /ʊ/ ||
| |
| |-
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| !Close-Mid
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| |/e/ /ø/ || || || || /o/
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| |-
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| !
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| | || || /ə/ || ||
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| |-
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| !Open-Mid
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| |/ɛ/ /œ/ || || || || /ɔ/
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| |-
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| !
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| |/æ/ || || || ||
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| |-
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| !Open
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| |/a/ || || || ||
| |
| |}
| |
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| ORTHOGRAPHY:
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Front || || Central || || Back
| |
| |-
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| !Close
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| |i* y* || || || || u*
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| |-
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| !
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| | || i** y** || || u** ||
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| |-
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| !Close-Mid
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| |e* ø* || || || || o*
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| |-
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| !
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| | || || e*** || ||
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| |-
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| !Open-Mid
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| |e** ø** || || || || o**
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| |-
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| !
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| |a** || || || ||
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| |-
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| !Open
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| |a* || || || ||
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| |}
| |
| | |
| <nowiki>*</nowiki> These vowels are called "long vowels" and are pronounced this way when before one consonant, another vowel, or at the end of a word. These vowels are actually elongated when doubled or when there's an acute accent on the letter (which also makes that vowel's syllable stressed).
| |
| | |
| <nowiki>**</nowiki> These vowels are called "short vowels" and are pronounced this way when before two or more consonants, which included digraphs.
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| <nowiki>***</nowiki> This vowel is pronounced this way when unstressed in most situations
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| === Diphthongs ===
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| PHONOLOGY:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Front || Back
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| |-
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| !Close-Mid
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| |/eɪ/ /eʊ/ /øʏ/ || /oɪ/ /oʊ/
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| |-
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| !Open
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| |/aɪ/ /aʊ/ ||
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| |}
| |
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| ORTHOGRAPHY:
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| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Front || Back
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| |-
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| !Close-Mid
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| |ey eu øy || oe ou
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| |-
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| !Open
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| |ae au ||
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| |}
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| <nowiki>*</nowiki> All of these diphthongs' sounds are lengthened when an acute accent is added on the first letter. This also puts the stress on that diphthong's syllable.
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| | |
| <nowiki>**</nowiki> When a diaeresis is placed on the second letter of a supposed diphthong, it tells you that each vowel is pronounced separately. Also, if there is an acute accent on the second letter in a supposed diphthong, it tells you that each letter is pronounced separately and the vowel with the acute accent's syllable is stressed.
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| | |
| == Stress ==
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| Stress is usually on the second to last syllable of a word. The stress of a certain syllable can be changed when that syllable's vowel or diphthong has an acute on it. Another exception is when adding the definite article suffix; even though another syllable may be added, the stress is the same as if that suffix was not there. There are few other exception, but when there are, those must me memorized.
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| | |
| = Grammar =
| |
| | |
| The grammar of Chreientae is quite similar to that of Indo-European languages. However, there are some unique qualities the language.
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| | |
| == Nouns ==
| |
| | |
| The way nouns work in Chreientae are very similar to many Indo-European languages. There are two genders, two numbers, one article, three persons, and eight cases.
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| === Gender ===
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| | |
| Three genders exist in Chreientae. A noun's gender is important is seeing which article it takes, how it declines, etc. A noun's gender usually just must be memorized, however, there are a few tricks that makes memorizing or guessing a noun's gender.
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| | |
| ==== Masculine ====
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| Most masculine nouns ends in a consonant, however consonant-ending nouns may also be feminine or neuter. Nouns that end in ''-ta'', ''a vowel with an acute accent on it'', or ''any diphthong'' are always masculine. Also, any noun that depicts a male person or animal is always masculine.
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| EXAMPLES:
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| !Chreientae || English
| |
| |-
| |
| |amsa || man
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| |-
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| |loch || book
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| |-
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| |sahóm || bag
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| |-
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| |brota || brother
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| |-
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| |balachá || floor
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| |-
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| |galostae || sadness
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==== Feminine ====
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| Most feminine nouns end in ''-a'', however, there are many feminine nouns that end in a consonant. Nouns that end in ''-i'' or ''-ach'' are always feminine. Any noun that depicts a female person or animal is always feminine.
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| EXAMPLES:
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| !Chreientae || English
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| |-
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| |fymma || woman
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| |-
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| |kiasa || cat
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| |-
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| |gítari || guitar
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| |-
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| |máðraas || school
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| |-
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| |faðach || marker
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| |-
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| |fjaeða || faith
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==== Neuter ====
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| Most neuter nouns end in ''-o'', however, there are many neuter nouns that end in a consonant. Nouns that end in ''-j'', ''-ł'', ''-ȳ'', and ''any doubled vowel'' are always neuter.
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| !Chreientae || English
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| |-
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| |bawan || child
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| |-
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| |siato || dog
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| |-
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| |neh || evening
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| |-
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| |kangee || store
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| |-
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| |dafáej || nail
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| |-
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| |waan || house
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Articles ===
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| | |
| There is only one article in Chreientae. Other articles used to be used, however they have been taken out of the language completely.
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| | |
| ==== Definite Article ====
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| | |
| In Chreientae, the definite article is a suffix added to the noun based on gender, but not number nor case. It comes after the declension of the noun. The suffix also depends on whether or not the word ends in a vowel or consonant. Another important thing to note is that when the definite article has its own syllable, it doesn't change the original stress of the word.
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || vowel ending || consonant ending
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| |-
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| !m.
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| | -n || -en
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| |-
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| !f.
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| | -m || -am
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| |-
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| !n.
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| | -ð || -ið
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| EXAMPLES:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || No Article || Definite Article
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| |-
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| !m.
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| |amsa || amsan
| |
| |-
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| !m.
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| |loch || lochen
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| |-
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| !f.
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| |fymma || fymmam
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| |-
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| !f.
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| |máðraas || máðraasam
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| |-
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| !n.
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| |siato || siatoð
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| |-
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| !n.
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| |bawan || bawanið
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| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Cases ===
| |
| | |
| Nouns decline based on case. There are eight cases in Chreientae, and the endings are different depending on the gender and number. Some verbs make the noun proceeding it take a certain case, and sometimes one verb can change meaning depending on which case the noun proceeding it is in. Also, all propositions have a certain case.
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| ==== Nominative ====
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| The nominative case is used when the noun is the subject of the sentence. Also, certain verbs like ''vaera'' (to be), ''ðiałara'' (to become), etc. take the nominative case. Since the dictionary form of a noun and the nominative singular are exactly the same, in the chart below, the ending will appear as blank. In future reference, if an ending is blank, it just means that the dictionary form is used in that particular instance. One thing good to note is that when masculine nouns end in a vowel, the vowel is never dropped. This goes the same for neuter nouns that end in a double vowel. However, the vowel ending on any other feminine and neuter nouns must be dropped. The letters in parenthesis represent an extra letter that must be added to the end if the word end in a vowel (m.) or a doubled vowel (n.).
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Singular || Plural
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| |-
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| !m.
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| | - || -(j)ii
| |
| |-
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| !f.
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| | - || -i
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| |-
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| !n.
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| | - || -(ł)a
| |
| |}
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| | |
| EXAMPLES:
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Singular || Plural
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| |-
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| !m.
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| | loch || lochii
| |
| |-
| |
| !m.
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| |amsa || amsajii
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| |-
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| !f.
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| |fymma || fymmi
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| |-
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| !f.
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| |opsjat || opsjati
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| |-
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| !n.
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| |bawan || bawana
| |
| |-
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| !n.
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| |kangee || kangeeła
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==== Accusative ====
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| | |
| the accusative is used to mark the direct object of a verb. There are many verbs that take the accusative cases. Also, there are a few prepositions that take it.
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Singular || Plural
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| |-
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| !m.
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| | - || -(j)ii
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| |-
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| !f.
| |
| | - || -i
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| |-
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| !n.
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| | -(ł)oth || -(ł)aa
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| EXAMPLES:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Singular || Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !m.
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| | loch || lochii
| |
| |-
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| !m.
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| |amsa || amsajii
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| |-
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| !f.
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| |fymma || fymmi
| |
| |-
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| !f.
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| |opsjat || opsjati
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| |-
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| !n.
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| |bawanoth || bawanaa
| |
| |-
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| !n.
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| |kangeełoth || kangeełaa
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==== Genitive ====
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| | |
| The genitive is used when showing something's possession of the something else. There are few verbs that take the genitive case, but there are more prepositions that do. The genitive case is also used in place of the accusative (and occasionally nominative) when the verb directly affecting the noun is in the negative. When declining a neuter noun in the genitive, if the noun ends in a consonant, add the letters in the parenthesis.
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Singular || Plural
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| |-
| |
| !m.
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| | -(j)a || -(j)ae
| |
| |-
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| !f.
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| | -acute accent on the first syllable || -acute accent on the first syllable+i
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| |-
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| !n.
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| | -(e)n || -(i)ng
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| EXAMPLES:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Singular || Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !m.
| |
| | locha || lochae
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| |-
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| !m.
| |
| |amsaja || amsajae
| |
| |-
| |
| !f.
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| |fýmm || fýmmi
| |
| |-
| |
| !f.
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| |ópsjat || ópsjati
| |
| |-
| |
| !n.
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| |bawanen || bawaning
| |
| |-
| |
| !n.
| |
| |kangeen || kangeeng
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==== Dative ====
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| | |
| The dative is used to show the indirect object of an action or direction towards somewhere. Also, certain prepositions and verbs take this case.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Singular || Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !m.
| |
| | -(j)e || -(j)ee
| |
| |-
| |
| !f.
| |
| | -no ending || -as
| |
| |-
| |
| !n.
| |
| | -(ł)o || -(ł)ou
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| EXAMPLES:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Singular || Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !m.
| |
| | loche || lochee
| |
| |-
| |
| !m.
| |
| |amsaje || amsajee
| |
| |-
| |
| !f.
| |
| |fymm || fymmas
| |
| |-
| |
| !f.
| |
| |opsjat || opsjatas
| |
| |-
| |
| !n.
| |
| |bawano || bawanou
| |
| |-
| |
| !n.
| |
| |kangeeło || kangeełou
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==== Ablative ====
| |
| | |
| The ablative case is a prepositional case, meaning it's only used after a preposition. In same cases, however, the preposition is implied and can either be left it or dropped. It's used to show something moving away from something else.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Singular || Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !m.
| |
| | -s || -(j)os
| |
| |-
| |
| !f.
| |
| | -ør || -øtt
| |
| |-
| |
| !n.
| |
| | -s || -(ł)os
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| EXAMPLES:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Singular || Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !m.
| |
| | lochs || lochos
| |
| |-
| |
| !m.
| |
| |amsas || amsajos
| |
| |-
| |
| !f.
| |
| |fymmør || fymmøtt
| |
| |-
| |
| !f.
| |
| |opsjatør || opsjatøtt
| |
| |-
| |
| !n.
| |
| |bawans || bawanos
| |
| |-
| |
| !n.
| |
| |kangees || kangeełos
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==== Instrumental ====
| |
| | |
| The instrumental case is another prepositional case. In Chreientae, it's used to show not only how someone does something, but also with time words.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Singular || Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !m.
| |
| | -(j)ó || -t
| |
| |-
| |
| !f.
| |
| | -á || -ach
| |
| |-
| |
| !n.
| |
| | -(ł)é || -(ł)ith
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| EXAMPLES:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Singular || Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !m.
| |
| | lochó || locht
| |
| |-
| |
| !m.
| |
| |amsajó || amsat
| |
| |-
| |
| !f.
| |
| |fymmá || fymmach
| |
| |-
| |
| !f.
| |
| |opsjatá || opsjatach
| |
| |-
| |
| !n.
| |
| |bawané || bawanith
| |
| |-
| |
| !n.
| |
| |kangeełé || kangeełith
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==== Locative ====
| |
| | |
| The locative case is used to express where something is and it is also a prepositional case.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Singular || Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !m.
| |
| | -(j)u || -(j)u
| |
| |-
| |
| !f.
| |
| | -u || -u
| |
| |-
| |
| !n.
| |
| | -(ł)u || -(ł)u
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| EXAMPLES:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Singular || Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !m.
| |
| | lochu || lochu
| |
| |-
| |
| !m.
| |
| |amsaju || amsaju
| |
| |-
| |
| !f.
| |
| |fymmu || fymmu
| |
| |-
| |
| !f.
| |
| |opsjatu || opsjatu
| |
| |-
| |
| !n.
| |
| |bawanu || bawanu
| |
| |-
| |
| !n.
| |
| |kangeełu || kangeełu
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==== Vocative ====
| |
| | |
| The vocative case is used when identifying someone or something directly. One odd aspect of this case is that when nouns are in the vocative case, they never had the definite article suffix.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Singular || Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !m.
| |
| | -(j)ij || -(j)oe
| |
| |-
| |
| !f.
| |
| | -ij || -oe
| |
| |-
| |
| !n.
| |
| | -(ł)ij || -(ł)oe
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| EXAMPLES:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Singular || Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !m.
| |
| | lochij || lochoe
| |
| |-
| |
| !m.
| |
| |amsajij || amsajoe
| |
| |-
| |
| !f.
| |
| |fymmij || fymmoe
| |
| |-
| |
| !f.
| |
| |opsjatij || opsjatoe
| |
| |-
| |
| !n.
| |
| |bawanij || bawanoe
| |
| |-
| |
| !n.
| |
| |kangeełij || kangeełoe
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Pronouns ===
| |
| | |
| ==== Personal Pronouns ====
| |
| | |
| ==== Possessive Pronouns ====
| |
| | |
| ==== Demonstrative Pronouns ====
| |
| | |
| ==== Interrogative Pronouns ====
| |
| | |
| ==== Relative Pronouns ====
| |
| | |
| ==== Indefinite Pronouns ====
| |
| | |
| ==== Reflexive Pronouns ====
| |
| | |
| ==== Intensive Pronouns ====
| |
| | |
| == Verbs ==
| |
| | |
| Verbs, as in many other languages, conjugate according to the subject of the sentence. Verb are conjugated based on aspect, evidentiality, mood, polarity, tense, transitivity, and voice. There are 6 classes of verbs that end in/are: (1) ''-a'', (2) ''-ta/-da/-tha-/-ða'', (3) ''-consonant+ja'', (4) ''-consonant+ła'', (5) ''-consonant+ȳa'', and (6) ''a vowel with any acute accent on it anywhere in the word+a''. There are also, of course, irregular verbs which don't follow the rules.
| |
| | |
| === Tense ===
| |
| | |
| Two tenses exist in Chreientae.
| |
| | |
| ==== Present Tense ====
| |
| | |
| The present tense is used to express what one is doing currently or habitually. Also, since Chreientae has no future tense, it is also used when talking about future actions. Words such as "tomorrow", "later", etc. can give context clues to whether or not what the speaker is talking about is in the future.
| |
| | |
| CLASS 1:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Ending
| |
| |-
| |
| !vá
| |
| | –no ending
| |
| |-
| |
| !thu
| |
| | –ð
| |
| |-
| |
| !onn/an/eðð
| |
| | –acute accent on last syllable
| |
| |-
| |
| !wi
| |
| | -enn
| |
| |-
| |
| !ju
| |
| | -t
| |
| |-
| |
| !ott/at/ét
| |
| | –á
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| CLASS 2:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Ending
| |
| |-
| |
| !vá
| |
| | –no ending
| |
| |-
| |
| !thu
| |
| | –no ending
| |
| |-
| |
| !onn/an/eðð
| |
| | –acute accent on last syllable
| |
| |-
| |
| !wi
| |
| | -enn
| |
| |-
| |
| !ju
| |
| | -no ending
| |
| |-
| |
| !ott/at/ét
| |
| | –á
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| CLASS 3 (take off the ''-j'', too):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Ending
| |
| |-
| |
| !vá
| |
| | –i
| |
| |-
| |
| !thu
| |
| | –iðð
| |
| |-
| |
| !onn/an/eðð
| |
| | –í
| |
| |-
| |
| !wi
| |
| | -jenn
| |
| |-
| |
| !ju
| |
| | -itt
| |
| |-
| |
| !ott/at/ét
| |
| | –já
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| CLASS 4 (take off the ''-ł'', too):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Ending
| |
| |-
| |
| !vá
| |
| | –u
| |
| |-
| |
| !thu
| |
| | –uðð
| |
| |-
| |
| !onn/an/eðð
| |
| | –ú
| |
| |-
| |
| !wi
| |
| | -łenn
| |
| |-
| |
| !ju
| |
| | -utt
| |
| |-
| |
| !ott/at/ét
| |
| | –łá
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| CLASS 5 (take off the ''-ȳ'', too):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Ending
| |
| |-
| |
| !vá
| |
| | –y
| |
| |-
| |
| !thu
| |
| | –yðð
| |
| |-
| |
| !onn/an/eðð
| |
| | –ý
| |
| |-
| |
| !wi
| |
| | -ȳenn
| |
| |-
| |
| !ju
| |
| | -ytt
| |
| |-
| |
| !ott/at/ét
| |
| | –ȳá
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| CLASS 6:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Ending
| |
| |-
| |
| !vá
| |
| | –no ending
| |
| |-
| |
| !thu
| |
| | –ð
| |
| |-
| |
| !onn/an/eðð
| |
| | –change accented vowel to a double vowel (or if diphthong, just take the accent off)+add acute accent to the last syllable
| |
| |-
| |
| !wi
| |
| | -enn
| |
| |-
| |
| !ju
| |
| | -t
| |
| |-
| |
| !ott/at/ét
| |
| | –change accented vowel to a double vowel (or if diphthong, just take the accent off)+á
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| EXAMPLES:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || mara || bechta || chabja ||volła || lasȳa || mémorina
| |
| |-
| |
| !vá
| |
| | mar || becht || chabi || volu || lasy || mémorin
| |
| |-
| |
| !thu
| |
| | marð || becht || chabiðð || voluðð || lasyðð || mémorinð
| |
| |-
| |
| !onn/an/eðð
| |
| | már || bécht || chabí || volú || lasý || meemorín
| |
| |-
| |
| !wi
| |
| | marenn || bechtenn || chabjenn || volłenn || lasȳenn || mémorinenn
| |
| |-
| |
| !ju
| |
| | mart || becht || chabitt || volutt || lasytt || mémorint
| |
| |-
| |
| !ott/at/ét
| |
| | mará || bechtá || chabjá || volłá || lasȳá || meemoriná
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==== Past Tense ====
| |
| | |
| The past tense is used to talk about what one did in the past.
| |
| | |
| CLASS 1, 2, 3, 4, AND 5:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Ending
| |
| |-
| |
| !vá
| |
| | –ee
| |
| |-
| |
| !thu
| |
| | –að
| |
| |-
| |
| !onn/an/eðð
| |
| | –é
| |
| |-
| |
| !wi
| |
| | -acute accent on the first syllable+amo
| |
| |-
| |
| !ju
| |
| | -acute accent on the first syllable+ath
| |
| |-
| |
| !ott/at/ét
| |
| | –ár
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| CLASS 6:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Ending
| |
| |-
| |
| !vá
| |
| | –ee
| |
| |-
| |
| !thu
| |
| | –að
| |
| |-
| |
| !onn/an/eðð
| |
| | –change accented vowel to a double vowel (or if diphthong, just take the accent off)+é
| |
| |-
| |
| !wi
| |
| | -acute accent on the first syllable+amo
| |
| |-
| |
| !ju
| |
| | -acute accent on the first syllable+ath
| |
| |-
| |
| !ott/at/ét
| |
| | –change accented vowel to a double vowel (or if diphthong, just take the accent off)+ár
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| EXAMPLES:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || mara || bechta || chabja ||volła || lasȳa || mémorina
| |
| |-
| |
| !vá
| |
| | maree || bechtee || chabjee || volłee || lasȳee || mémorinee
| |
| |-
| |
| !thu
| |
| | marað || bechtað || chabjað || volłað || lasȳað || mémorinað
| |
| |-
| |
| !onn/an/eðð
| |
| | maré || bechté || chabjé || volłé || lasȳé || meemoriné
| |
| |-
| |
| !wi
| |
| | máramo || béchtamo || chábjamo || vólłamo || lásȳamo || mémorinamo
| |
| |-
| |
| !ju
| |
| | márath || béchtath || chábjath || vólłath || lásȳath || mémorinath
| |
| |-
| |
| !ott/at/ét
| |
| | marár || bechtár || chabjár || volłár || lasȳár || meemorinár
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Polarity ===
| |
| | |
| Polarity marks if the sentence is negative or positive in meaning.
| |
| | |
| ==== Positive ====
| |
| | |
| One needs not add anything to the first, as it is normally affirmative.
| |
| | |
| ==== Negative ====
| |
| | |
| In order to make the verb nagative, one must add the suffix ''-saä'' to the infinitive of the verb. When dealing with a conjugated verb, one must just add the appropriate suffix to the conjugated verb. Also, it should be noted that when a verb is negated, if there is a noun in the accusative or nominative directly after the verb (or that if being affected by the verb), its case changes to genitive.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || Ending
| |
| |-
| |
| !vá
| |
| | –si
| |
| |-
| |
| !thu
| |
| | –oss
| |
| |-
| |
| !onn/an/eðð
| |
| | –sa
| |
| |-
| |
| !wi
| |
| | -son
| |
| |-
| |
| !ju
| |
| | -s
| |
| |-
| |
| !ott/at/ét
| |
| | –soe
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| EXAMPLES:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! || marasaä || bechtasaä || chabjasaä ||volłasaä || lasȳasaä || mémorinasaä
| |
| |-
| |
| !vá
| |
| | marsi || bechtsi || chabisi || volusi || lasysi || mémorinsi
| |
| |-
| |
| !thu
| |
| | marðoss || bechtoss || chabiððoss || voluððoss || lasyððoss || mémorinðoss
| |
| |-
| |
| !onn/an/eðð
| |
| | mársa || béchtsa || chabísa || volúsa || lasýsa || meemorínsa
| |
| |-
| |
| !wi
| |
| | marennson || bechtennson || chabjennson || volłennson || lasȳennson || mémorinennson
| |
| |-
| |
| !ju
| |
| | marts || bechts || chabitts || volutts || lasytts || mémorints
| |
| |-
| |
| !ott/at/ét
| |
| | marásoe || bechtásoe || chabjásoe || volłásoe || lasȳásoe || meemorinásoe
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Aspect ===
| |
| | |
| ==== Present Perfect ====
| |
| | |
| The present perfect is a combination of the present tense and the perfect aspect in order to make an event that happened in the past that affects the present. Also, this form can be used for an event that happened in the past that will affect the future. In order to form this, you take the gerund form of the verb (which is formed by taking off the ''-a'' of a verb and then adding ''-en'' then put that directly before the subject of the sentence. Then, use the conjugated form of ''øðða''
| |
| | |
| EXAMPLES:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! mara || subject || øðða
| |
| |-
| |
| | maren || va w || ee
| |
| |-
| |
| | maren || thu || að
| |
| |-
| |
| | maren || onn/an/eðð || é
| |
| |-
| |
| | maren || wi || ønn
| |
| |-
| |
| | maren || ju || øt
| |
| |-
| |
| | maren || ott/at/ét || ó
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==== Past Perfect ====
| |
| | |
| The past perfect is used to show an event that has continuing relevance to a time in the past. It is form by adding the gerund form of the verb right before the subject and then adding the conjugated past form of ''øðða'' after the subject.
| |
| | |
| EXAMPLES:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| ! mara || subject || øðða
| |
| |-
| |
| | maren || va w || ae
| |
| |-
| |
| | maren || thu || aeð
| |
| |-
| |
| | maren || onn/an/eðð || áe
| |
| |-
| |
| | maren || wi || aenn
| |
| |-
| |
| | maren || ju || aet
| |
| |-
| |
| | maren || ott/at/ét || ajá
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==== Imperfect ====
| |
| | |
| === Mood ===
| |
| | |
| ==== Indicative ====
| |
| | |
| ==== Imperative ====
| |
| | |
| ==== Conditional ====
| |
| | |
| ==== Subjunctive ====
| |
| | |
| ==== Interrogative ====
| |
| | |
| == Adjectives ==
| |
| | |
| One interesting aspect about Chreientae is how its adjectives work. Adjectives always proceed the noun it is describing and must agree with it based on gender and number, but not case. In the case where one would is to verb ''to be'' in English + an adjective, in Chreientae, one would just put the adjective. It should be noted as well that when used in this way, the adjective does not agree and uses its dictionary form.
| |
| | |
| == Adverbs ==
| |
| | |
| == Prepositions ==
| |
| | |
| == Interjections ==
| |
| | |
| == Sentence Order ==
| |
| | |
| The sentence order in Chreientae is a SVO language. In more complex sentences, it's rather: SUBJECT+VERB+ADVERB+ADJECTIVE+OBJECT+PREPOSITION+INDIRECT OBJECT+TIME EXPRESSION (if all of those were to be needed in the sentence). There are special cases that don't follow this rule or have special rules of their own. For example, relative clauses and aspects. Here are some basic sentences to display the sentence order in effect:
| |
| | |
| | |
| I quickly give the big book to my friend at 3:00. - Vá rae váriit hranðen lochen ú voe froente a thrá øtrá.
| |
| | |
| I don't know ''who that is''. - ''Chvi holam já jo'' vá søsi.
| |
| | |
| I have ''eaten'' an apple. - ''Maren'' va w ee rafáes.
| |
| | |
| == Relative Clauses / Adjective Clauses ==
| |
| | |
| Relative clauses in Chreientae is a bit unique. The relative pronoun usually comes first in the sentence, followed by the dependent clause, followed by the word jo, then finally followed by the independent clause. However, when it's an adjective clause, the pattern is as in English: independent clause + pronoun + verb/adjective.
| |
| | |
| Here is the list of relative and adjective pronouns with examples:
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1.thi … jo - that ('''Thi''' thu jerð voe froent '''jo''' ''vá sø''. - ''I know'' '''that''' you are my friend.)
| |
| | |
| 2. chvi … jo – who ('''Chvi''' thu jerð '''jo''' ''vá sø''. - ''I know'' '''who''' you are.)
| |
| | |
| 3. chvo … jo - what ('''Chvo''' thu fuuð '''jo''' ''vá søsi''. - ''I don't know'' '''what''' you're doing.)
| |
| | |
| 4. chvu … jo – where ('''Chvu''' ott hó '''jo''' ''sonaté onn ði''? - ''Did he tell you'' '''where''' they're going?)
| |
| | |
| 5. chvan … jo – when ('''Chvan''' thu lant '''jo''' ''sonate vi''. - ''Tell me'' '''when''' you're leaving.)
| |
| | |
| 6. chvaren … jo – why ('''Chvaren''' onn már zo rafáes '''jo''' ''vá søsi''. - ''I don't know'' '''why''' he's eating that apple.)
| |
| | |
| 7. fóran … jo – how ('''Fóran''' thu arjavað váriit ja '''jo''' ''vá søsi''. - ''I don't know'' '''how''' you got here so quickly.)
| |
| | |
| 8. th(a) – that/who (''Pirónið'' '''tha''' már já voe froent. - ''The person'' '''who''' 's eating is my friend./''Pirónið'' '''th''' ár ú máðraasum já voe froent. - ''The person'' '''who''' 's at school is my friend.)
| |
| | |
| = Vocabulary =
| |
| | |
| Chreientae vocabulary is quite homogeneous, with few borrowed words. In the following sections will be nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions that correspond or are necessary to know for the subject in which they are under.
| |
| | |
| == Numbers ==
| |
| | |
| 1 - øth
| |
| | |
| 2 – tsáe
| |
| | |
| 3 - thrá
| |
| | |
| 4 - kvøð
| |
| | |
| 5 - jút
| |
| | |
| 6 - sech
| |
| | |
| 7 - şja
| |
| | |
| 8 – eij
| |
| | |
| 9 – gnu
| |
| | |
| 10 – tşoðð
| |
| | |
| 11 – élfa
| |
| | |
| 12 – tsoch
| |
| | |
| 13 – thrách
| |
| | |
| 14 – kvatí
| |
| | |
| 15 – jutş
| |
| | |
| 16 – sechen
| |
| | |
| 17 – şolt
| |
| | |
| 18 – eiján
| |
| | |
| 19 – nuuft
| |
| | |
| 20 – thatş
| |
| | |
| 21 – thatş-øth
| |
| | |
| 22 – thatşe-tsáe
| |
| | |
| 23 – thatşe-thrá
| |
| | |
| …
| |
| | |
| 30 – thirás
| |
| | |
| 40 – kvotaz
| |
| | |
| 50 – jútaş
| |
| | |
| 60 – sechoðð
| |
| | |
| 70 – şjatş
| |
| | |
| 80 – eitham
| |
| | |
| 90 – gnuthot
| |
| | |
| 100 – şén
| |
| | |
| 1000 – mígl
| |
| | |
| 1000000 – mijón
| |
| | |
| 1000000000 – mijárð
| |
| | |
| == School ==
| |
| | |
| 1. school - máðraas ''f.''
| |
| | |
| 2. pencil - tlossiss ''m.''
| |
| | |
| 3. pen - íchjo ''n.''
| |
| | |
| 4. book - loch ''m.''
| |
| | |
| 5. paper - kasjerra ''f.''
| |
| | |
| 6. book bag - krað ''m.''
| |
| | |
| 7. highlighter - achlelleg ''m.''
| |
| | |
| 8. homework - malacha ''f.''
| |
| | |
| 9. classwork - klassadroum ''m.''
| |
| | |
| 10. class (as in the people) - klassa ''f.''
| |
| | |
| 11. classroom - klassasam ''m.''
| |
| | |
| 12. board - thajooth ''m.''
| |
| | |
| 13. desk - takúj ''n.''
| |
| | |
| 14. table - schang ''n.''
| |
| | |
| 15. textbook - techst ''f.''
| |
| | |
| 16. classmate - klassafroent ''m.''
| |
| | |
| 17. partner - levánd ''m.''
| |
| | |
| 18. teacher - professór ''m.''
| |
| | |
| 19. student - stujent ''m.''
| |
| | |
| 20. office - katlaa ''n.''
| |
| | |
| 21. chair - itwar ''f.''
| |
| | |
| 22. presentation - présentasjong ''f.''
| |
| | |
| 23. essay - konlat ''m.''
| |
| | |
| 24. math - mathii ''m.pl.''
| |
| | |
| 25. science - sjansii ''m.pl.''
| |
| | |
| 26. history - itárii ''m.pl.''
| |
| | |
| 27. English - einglatae ''m.''
| |
| | |
| 28. foreign language - gjétae ''m.''
| |
| | |
| 29. exercise - echsersis ''n.''
| |
| | |
| 30. activity - moveg ''m.''
| |
| | |
| 31. art - artii ''m.pl.''
| |
| | |
| 32. physical education - fiataari ''f.pl.''
| |
| | |
| 33. music - músjikkii ''m.pl.''
| |
| | |
| 34. to study - boksja
| |
| | |
| 35. to do - movva
| |
| | |
| 36. to try - ereia
| |
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| 37. to go - alira
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| 38. to come - łara
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| 39. to be - vaera
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| 40. to attend - qalasa
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| 41. to open - obrafa
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| 42. to close - nalossa
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| 43. to sit (down) - siareta (sja siareta)
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| 44. to stand (up) - salaea (sja salaea)
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| 45. to know - sødra
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| 46. to think - finka
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| 47. to know of/be familiar with - şjota
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| 48. to eat - mara
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| 49. to drink - bechta
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| 50. cafeteria - kafého ''n.''
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| == Family ==
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| == The House ==
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| == Outside ==
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| = Chreientae in Action =
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