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| <div style="float: right; vertical-align: top; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: auto; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.4em;">
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| <div style="border: 1px solid #ccd2d9; width: 24em; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; text-align: center;">
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| {| style="background: transparent; text-align: left; table-layout: auto; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; font-size: 100%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
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| |+ style="margin-left: inherit; font-size: 135%; padding-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.1em;" | '''The Rajadom of Ladakh'''<br/>'''???'''
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| |- style="border-top-style: hidden;"
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| | colspan="2" |
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| {| style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; background: none;"
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| | style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;" | <span style="border: 1px solid #bbbbbb; display: table-cell;">[[]]</span>
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| | style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;" | [[]]
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| |- style="font-size: 95%;"
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| | style="border: 0;text-align: center;" | state flag
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| | style="border: 0;text-align: center;" | coat of arms
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| |}
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| | colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 95%;" | [[]]<br />map of Ladakh
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | '''Capital'''
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | Leh
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| | '''Head of State'''
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| | style="padding: 0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | His Royal Highness
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| |-
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| | '''Head of Government'''
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| | style="padding: 0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | ???
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | '''Demonym'''
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | Ladakhi
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Religions'''
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| | Official
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| | style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | [[Wikipedia:Bön|Bön]] Buddhism
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| | Other
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| | style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | Hinduism ([[Wikipedia:Krishnaism|Krishnaism]])<br>Sikhism
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| |-
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Languages'''
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| | Official
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| | style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | [[Wikipedia:Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] 77%<br>[[Wikipedia:Hindi|Hindi]] 8%<br>[[Wikipedia:Punjabi language|Punjabi]] 5%
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Founding'''
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;" | 842
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Independence'''
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;" | 1842
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Area'''
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | 45,110 km²<br>17,417 mi²
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Population'''
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | 134,000
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| | Ethnicities
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| | style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | Tibetans 72%<br>[[Wikipedia:Dard people|Dards]] 15%<br> Sikhs 8%<br>Hindus 5%
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Currency'''
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" |1 Himalayan Rupee (Rs) = 20 sukaa (s) = 240 paisa (p)
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Time zone'''
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | UTC +6:00
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Telephone Code'''
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | ???
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Registration'''
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| | [[wikipedia:call sign#Aviation|Aviation]]
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| | style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | LDK
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| | [[wikipedia:call sign#Amateur_radio|Amateur radio]]
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| | style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | LDK
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| | [[wikipedia:ITU prefix|Radio prefix]]
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| | style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | LDK
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Organizations'''
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | Himalayan Confederacy
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| | style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Sports'''
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| | Official
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| | style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" |
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| | Other
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| | style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" |
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| |}
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| </div>
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| </div>
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|
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| ==History==
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| Texts in '''bold''' print are points of departure.
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|
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| Rock carvings found in many parts of Ladakh show that the area has been inhabited from Neolithic times. Ladakh's earliest inhabitants consisted of a mixed Indo-Aryan population of [[Wikipedia:Mon people|Mons]] and [[Wikipedia:Dard people|Dards]], who find mention in the works of Herodotus, Nearchus, Megasthenes, Pliny, Ptolemy, and the geographical lists of the [[Wikipedia:Puranas|Puranas]]. Around the first century, Ladakh was a part of the [[Wikipedia:Kushan Empire|Kushan Empire]]. Buddhism spread into western Ladakh from Kashmir in the second century when much of eastern Ladakh and western Tibet was still practicing the [[Wikipedia:Bön|Bön]] religion. One of the five principal spiritual schools of Tibetan Buddhism, it remains the predominant religion of the rajadom. The seventh century Buddhist traveler [[Wikipedia:Xuanzang|Xuanzang]] also describes the region in his accounts.
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|
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| In the eighth century, Ladakh was involved in the clash between Tibetan expansion pressing from the east and Chinese influence exerted from Central Asia through the passes. Suzerainty over Ladakh frequently changed hands between China and Tibet.
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|
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| In 842, upon the dissolution of the Tibetan empire, Nyima-Gon, a Tibetan royal representative, annexed Ladakh for himself and founded a separate Ladakhi dynasty. During this period Ladakh acquired a predominantly Tibetan population. The dynasty promoted the second spreading of Buddhism (the first being the one in Tibet itself), importing religious ideas from northwest India, particularly from Kashmir.
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|
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| In 912, Nyi-ma-mon, a great-grandson of [[Wikipedia:Langdarma|Langdarma]], the last king of the Tibetan Kingdom of Tubo, established a kingdom in [[Wikipedia:Ngari|Ngari]] and annexed [[Wikipedia:Burang County|Purang]] and [[Wikipedia:Guge|Guge]]. Before dying, he divided his lands into three parts. His eldest son, Dal-gyi-mon, became the ruler of Mar-yul (Ladakh), his second son, Bra-shis-mon, received Guge-Purang, and the third son, Le-tsug-mon, received [[Wikipedia:Zanskar|Zanskar]].
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|
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| Faced with the Islamic intrusions into South Asia in the thirteenth century, Ladakh sought guidance in religious matters from Tibet. For nearly two centuries, until the beginning of the seventeenth century, Ladakh was subject to raids and invasions from neighbouring Muslim states, which led some Ladakhis to convert to Islam who then fled to India.
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|
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| In 1470, [[Wikipedia:Lhachen Bhagan|Lhachen Bhagan]], the king of [[Wikipedia:Basgo|Basgo]], overthrew the king of [[Wikipedia:Leh|Leh]], reuniting and strengthening Ladakh. He took the surname Namgyal and founded the [[Wikipedia:Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh|Namgyal dynasty]] which survives to today. The Namgyals repelled raiders from Central Asia and temporarily extended the rajadom as far as Nepal.
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|
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| In the early seventeenth century efforts were made to restore destroyed artifacts and [[Wikipedia:gompa|gompas]] and the rajadom expanded into Zanskar and [[Wikipedia:Spiti Valley|Spiti]]. In 1616, Sengge Namgyal conquered many parts of the Tibetan Plateau to the west. He died in 1642 on his return from an expedition against the Mongols who had occupied the Tibetan province of Tsang and were threatening Ladakh. However, despite a defeat by the [[Wikipedia:Mughal Empire|Mughals]], who had already annexed Kashmir and Baltistan, Ladakh retained its independence.
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|
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| In the late seventeenth century, Ladakh sided with Bhutan in its dispute with Tibet which resulted in its being invaded by Tibet. During the reign of Delegs Namgyal (1660–1685), the King of Kashmir, at the time a province in the Mogul Empire, arranged for the Tibetan army to leave Ladakh. As payment for the assistance, the king made conditions, one of which was to build a large Sunni Muslim mosque in Leh. He also required that the Ladakhi king convert to Islam. The Treaty of Tismogang in 1684 settled the dispute between Tibet and Ladakh, but severely restricted Ladakh's independence, although the king returned to the Bön religion.
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|
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| In 1834, the [[Wikipedia:Dogra|Dogras]] under Zorawar Singh, a general of [[Wikipedia:Ranjit Singh|Ranjit Singh]], invaded and annexed Ladakh. '''In 1842, a Ladakhi rebellion re-established the rajadom's independence and restored the Namgyal raja to the throne. During the period of occupation, the deposed raja had been given the [[Wikipedia:jagir|jagir]] of [[Wikipedia:Stok|Stok]]. This remained the personal property of the Raja of Ladakh'''.
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|
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| ===The Yarlung Rajas of Ladakh===
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| {| border = 1 rules = rows width = 100%
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| |-
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| | colspan = 5 align = center |
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| |-
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| | style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" width=18% | '''Name'''
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| | style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" width=11% | '''Relationship'''
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| | style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" width=8% | '''Reign'''
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| | style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" width=5% | '''Died'''
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| | style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" width=58% | '''Notes'''
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| |}
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|
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|
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| 912:–?
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| Kyide Nyima Gon (sKyid-lde ñi-ma mgon) … son of Pal Khortsen; in Purang (sPu-’raṅs)
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| c.930–960
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| Lhachen Palgye Gon (Lha-c‘en dpal-gyi-mgon) … son of Kyide Nyima Gon; in Mar-yul (Ladakh)
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| c.960–990
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| Drogon (’Gro-mgon) … son of Lhachen Palgye Gon
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| c.990–1020
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| Lhachen Drakpa De (Lha-c‘en grags-pa-lde) … son of Drogon
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| c.1020–1050
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| Lhachen Changchub Sempa (Lha-c‘en byaṅ-cub-sems-dpa’) … son of Lhachen Drakpa De
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| c.1020–1080
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| Lhachen Gyalpo (Lha-c‘en rgyal-po) … son of Lhachen Changchub Sempa
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| c.1080–1110
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| Lhachen Utpala (Lha-c‘en ’Utpala) … son of Lhachen Gyalpo
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| c.1110–1140
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| Lhachen Naglug (Lha-c‘en gnag-lug) … son of Lhachen Utpala
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| c.1140–1170
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| Lhachen Gebhe (Lha-c‘en dge-bhe) … son of Lhachen Naglug
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| c.1170–1200
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| Lhachen Jodor (Lha-c‘en jo-ldor) … son of Lhachen Gebhe
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| c.1200–1230
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| Lhachen Tashi Gon (Lha-c‘en bkra-śis-mgon) … son of Lhachen Jodor
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| c.1230–1260
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| Lhachen Kunga Namgyal (Lha-c‘en kun-dga’ rnam-rgyal) … son of Lhachen Tashi Gon
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| c.1260–1290
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| Lhachen Jopal (Lha-c‘en jo-dpal) … son of Lhachen Kunga Namgyal
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| c.1290–1320
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| Lhachen Ngodrup (Lha-c‘en dṅos-grub) … son of Lhachen Jopal
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| c.1320–1350
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| Lhachen Jowo Rinchen (Lha-c‘en jo-bo rin-c‘en) … son of Lhachen Ngodrup
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| c.1350–1380
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| Lhachen Sherab (Lha-c‘en śes-rab) … son of Lhachen Jowo Rinchen
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| c.1380–1420
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| Lhachen Tritsug De (Lha-c‘en k‘ri-gtsug-lde) … son of Lhachen Sherab
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| c.1420–1459:
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| Lhachen Drakbum De (Lha-c‘en grags-’bum-lde) … son of Lhachen Tritsug De; in Leh
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| & c.1420–1460
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| Lhachen Drakpa Bum (Lha-c‘en grags-pa-’bum) … son of Lhachen Tritsug De; in Rabten Lhatse
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| 1459:–c.1470
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| Lodro Chogden (bLo-gros mc‘og-ldan) … son of Lhachen Drakbum De; in Leh; deposed
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| c.1460–1500
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| Lhachen Bhara (Lha-c‘en bha-ra) … son of Lhachen Drakpa Bum; in Rabten Lhatse
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| c.1500–1540
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| Lhachen Bhagan (Lha-c‘en bha-gan) … son of Lhachen Bhara
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| c.1540–1555
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| Lhachen Lawang Namgyal (Lha-c‘en lha-dbaṅ rnam-rgyal) … son of Lhachen Bhagan; deposed
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| c.1555–1575
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| Tashi Namgyal (bKra-śis rnam-rgyal) … son of Lhachen Bhagan
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| c.1575–1595
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| Tsewang Namgyal I (Ts‘e-dbaṅ rnam-rgyal) … son of Lhachen Lawang Namgyal
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| c.1595–1616
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| Jamyang Namgyal (’Jam-dbyaṅs rnam-rgyal) … son of Lhachen Lawang Namgyal
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| 1616–1623
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| Senge Namgyal (Seṅ-ge rnam-rgyal) … son of Jamyang Namgyal; deposed
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| 1623–1624
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| Norbu Namgyal (Nor-bu rnam-rgyal) … son of Jamyang Namgyal
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| 1624–1642
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| Senge Namgyal (Seṅ-ge rnam-rgyal) … restored
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| 1642–1694
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| Deden Namgyal (bDe-ldan rnam-rgyal) … son of Senge Namgyal
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| 1694–1729
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| Nyima Namgyal (Ñi-ma rnam-rgyal) … son of Delek Namgyal (bDe-legs rnam-rgyal), son of Deden Namgyal
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| 1729–1739
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| Dekyong Namgyal (bDe-skyoṅ rnam-rgyal) … son of Nyima Namgyal
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| 1739–1753
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| Phuntsok Namgyal (P‘un-ts‘ogs rnam-rgyal) … son of Dekyong Namgyal
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| 1753–1782
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| Tsewang Namgyal II (Ts‘e-dbaṅ rnam-rgyal) … son of Phuntsok Namgyal
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| 1782–1802
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| Tseten Namgyal (Ts‘e-brtan rnam-rgyal) … son of Tsewang Namgyal II
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| 1802–1837
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| Tsepal Namgyal (Ts‘e-dpal rnam-rgyal) … son of Tsewang Namgyal II; deposed
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| Tsewang Rabten Namgyal (Ts‘e-dbaṅ-rab-brtan rnam-rgyal) … son of Tsepal Namgyal; associated 1830–1837
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| 1837–1839
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| (to Sikh Kashmir)
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| 1839–1840
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| Tsepal Namgyal (Ts‘e-dpal rnam-rgyal) … restored
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| 1840–1842
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| Kunga Namgyal (Kun-dga’ rnam-rgyal) … son of Tsewang Rabten Namgyal; deposed
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| (to Sikh Kashmir 1842)
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|
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| ==Toponymy==
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| The Tibetan name for the region is ''la-dwags'' meaning "land of mountain passes".
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|
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| ==Government==
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|
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| ====Provinces (''anchal'')====
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| ! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Dzongdey
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| ! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Capital
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| ! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Area
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| ! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Population
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| ! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Dzongkhag
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| ! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Notes
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| |-
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| | Leh
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| | Leh
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| | 45,100 km²
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| | 117,000
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| | Nubra<br>Khalsi<br>Leh<br>Kharo<br>Durabk<br>Nyoma
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| |-
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| | Kargil
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| | Kargil
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| | 14,086 km²<br>5,439 mi²
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| | 119,000
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| | Sarku<br>Chiktan<br>Shargole<br>Taisu<br>Zanskar<br>Drass<br>Kargil
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| |
| |
| |}
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| *Thus, the total area of the rajadom is 59,186 km², somewhat smaller than the American state of West Virginia.
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|
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| ==Geography==
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|
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| ===Borders===
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| Ladakh is bordered by on the:
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|
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| North: Tibet<br>
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| East: Tibet<br>
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| South: Jammu<br>
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| West: Jammu, Kashmir
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|
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| ==Climate==
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|
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| ==Economy==
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|
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| ==Demographics==
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| *The original inhabitants of Ladakh were Tibetans who immigrated into the region from the east. They still make up 72% of the population. They brought with them the variety of Buddhism known as Bön. An Indo-European people, known as [[Wikipedia:Dard people|Dards]] immigrated from the north. They make up about 15% of the population and have become Bön Buddhists.
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| *More recent immigrants from the south include Hindus and Sikhs. The Sikhs, 5% of the population, are the remnant of the brief occupation by the Sikh R.S. and are practitioners of the [[Wikipedia:Udasi|Udasi]] sect of Sikhism. They live mainly in the northern part of the Province of [[Wikipedia:Kargil|Kargil]], although some live in the capital cities of Kargil and Leh. Most of them work in the business world or are in civil service. Their language Punjabi is one of the official languages of the Rajadom.
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| *The other group of immigrants from the south are the Indians, 8% of the population, who remained behind after the fall of the Moghul Empire. Most of them live in the southern part of the Province of Kargil and work the land. Their language Hindi is one of the official langauges of the rajadom. They are members of the Krishnaite sect of Hinduism.
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|
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| ==Culture==
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| ===National symbols===
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| *National mammal: [[Wikipedia:Markhor|Markhor]] (''Capra falconeri'')
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| *National bird: [[Wikipedia:Scarlet minivet|Scarlet minivet]] (''Pericrocotus flammeus speciosa'']
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| *National flower: [[Wikipedia:Sausurrea obvallata|Brahma Kamal]] (''Sausurrea obvallata'')
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| *National tree: [[Wikipedia:Cedrus deodara|Himalayan cedar]] (''Cedrus deodara'')
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| *National dish: sku (noodle stew, with or without mutton)
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| *National emblem:
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| *National aviation roundel:
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| *National instrument: [[Wikipedia:|Wikipedia:]]
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|
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| ===Ladakhi holidays===
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| (Dates in ''italics'' are postponed)
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Date
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| ! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Name
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| ! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Notes
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| |-
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| | 14 February
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| | [[Wikipedia:Losar|Losar]]
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| | New Year
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| | ''The King's Birthday''
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| | 28 February
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| | [[Wikipedia:Chotrul Duchen|Chotrul Duchen]]
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| | Butter Lamp Festival (2010 only)
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| | 21 March
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| | Father's Day
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| |-
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| | 27 May
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| | [[Wikipedia:Vesak|Suga Dawa Duchen]]
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| | The Buddha's Birth, Enlightenment, and [[Wikipedia:Parinirvana|Parinirvana]] (2010 only)
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| | 21 June
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| | [[Wikipedia:Guru Rinpoche|Guru Rinpoche]]'s Birthday
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| | 15 July
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| | Chokhor Duchen
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| | The Buddha's First Sermon (2010 only)
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| | 24 August
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| |[[Wikipedia: Buddhist Holidays|Ulambana]]
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| | Ancestor Day (2010 only)
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| |-
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| | 23 September
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| | Thri-bab
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| | [[Wikipedia:Blessed Rainy Day|Blessed Rainy Day]] (2010 only)
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| |-
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| | 17 October
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| | [[Wikipedia:Dasain|Dashain]]
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| | Victory of the Goddess [[Wikipedia:Durga|Durga]] (2010 only)
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| |-
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| | 29 October
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| | [[Wikipedia:Lhabab Duchen|Lhabab Duchen]]
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| | The Buddha's Descent to Earth (2010 only))
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| |-
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| | 6 November
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| |}
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| ==Infrastructure==
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| ==Education==
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| ==Flora and fauna==
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