Nordaþ pronouns: Difference between revisions
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**[[Nordaþ noun cases|Cases]]<br /> | **[[Nordaþ noun cases|Cases]]<br /> | ||
**[[Nordaþ affixes|Affixes]]<br /> | **[[Nordaþ affixes|Affixes]]<br /> | ||
*''' | *'''Pronouns'''<br /> | ||
*[[Nordaþ adjectives|Adjectives]]<br /> | *[[Nordaþ adjectives|Adjectives]]<br /> | ||
*[[Nordaþ verbs|Verbs]]<br /> | *[[Nordaþ verbs|Verbs]]<br /> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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'''Subject ("Nominative case")''' | '''Subject ("Nominative case")''' | ||
* | *ike/ikä, þuï/þua/þuïï, iken, þuïn, vien, heä, sie, heti, heten | ||
'''Object ("Accusative case")''' | '''Object ("Accusative case")''' | ||
* | *ikeite/ikeitä, þuïïtï/þuïïta/þuïïtïï, ikeiten, þuïïtïn, vieiten, heeitä, sieite, heteiti, heteiten | ||
'''Indirect Object ("Dative case")''' | '''Indirect Object ("Dative case")''' | ||
* | *ikäte/ikätä, þuatï/þuata/þuatïï, ikäten, þuatïn, viäten, heätä, siäte, hetäti, hetäten | ||
'''Possessive ("Genitive case")''' | '''Possessive ("Genitive case")''' | ||
* | *ikise/ikisä, þuïsï/þuïsa/þuïsïï, ikisen, þuïsïn, viisen, heisä, siisen, hetisi, hetisen | ||
Pronouns can be declined in other ways, as well: Refer to [[Nordaþ noun cases]] | Pronouns can be declined in other ways, as well: Refer to [[Nordaþ noun cases]] | ||
== General explanation of usage == | |||
The dative pronouns (icäte/icätä, duatï/duata/duatïï, et al) are used to replace the indirect object of a sentence. They are generally placed in front of any accusative pronouns. The accusative pronouns are used to replace the direct object of the sentence. These are generally put directly before the verb. The genitive forms are akin to the English terms "of me", "of you", "of him" etc. However, they are not restricted to either the front or the back of the word which is owned. Additionally, they can stand alone and function as the noun forms "mine", "yours", "his" etc. while still literally saying "of me" et al. | |||
== Demonstrative pronouns == | == Demonstrative pronouns == | ||
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== Relative pronouns == | == Relative pronouns == | ||
=== Ke* === | === Ke* === | ||
''Ke*'' is derived from the Latin | ''Ke*'' is derived from the Latin ''QVID'' and means 'that' or 'which'. | ||
:''Þäsemi, kei | :''Þäsemi, kei senþ, senþ. Þäsemi, kei nänsenþ, nänsenþ. Senþ þäsemi esi? Esi senþ.'' | ||
:That, that is, is. That, that is not, is not. Is that it? It is. | :That, that is, is. That, that is not, is not. Is that it? It is. | ||
Ke* inflects for the gender of the item it is describing and declines as a regular noun in every form. | |||
=== Ve* === | |||
''Ve*'' is derived from the ancient Proto-Germanic ''χwas'', and means 'who'/'whom'. It inflects for number and gender. Ve* can replace ke* when the subject is a person. | |||
=== Kwis*, Van*, Kwe* === | |||
''Kwis*'' means where. Van* signifies when. Kwe* means how. | |||
==== Location & movement ==== | |||
Like ve*, kwis* can replace ke* when the subject is a location. This expression must utilise the locative case. | |||
*Letjendei, keääti/kwiääti sene. ''The place that/where I am at.'' | |||
==== Manner ==== | |||
Kwe* can replace ke* when the subject concerns the manner in which something is performed. This expression must utilise the instrumental case. | |||
*Formdei, keþairi/kweþairi deädfikst þuïn. ''The way that/how you all reacted.'' | |||
==== Time ==== | |||
Van* can replace ke* when the subject deals with time. This expression utilises the postpositional case of "during". | |||
Van* tends to be used in non-defining clauses, whereas ke* is usually used with defining clauses. However, they are still interchangeable. | |||
*Äugustmïþïï, vanmïþïï/kemïþi vekaien häbiþ fraidägeiten, byrkdei besenþ läuseis. ''In August, during when/during that the people have holidays, the town will be empty.'' | |||
[[Category:Nordaþ]] |
Latest revision as of 06:06, 29 May 2006
Personal pronouns
Nordaþ language |
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Pronunciation
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Here is a list of personal pronouns in the most common usages. The next section explains their usage.
Subject ("Nominative case")
- ike/ikä, þuï/þua/þuïï, iken, þuïn, vien, heä, sie, heti, heten
Object ("Accusative case")
- ikeite/ikeitä, þuïïtï/þuïïta/þuïïtïï, ikeiten, þuïïtïn, vieiten, heeitä, sieite, heteiti, heteiten
Indirect Object ("Dative case")
- ikäte/ikätä, þuatï/þuata/þuatïï, ikäten, þuatïn, viäten, heätä, siäte, hetäti, hetäten
Possessive ("Genitive case")
- ikise/ikisä, þuïsï/þuïsa/þuïsïï, ikisen, þuïsïn, viisen, heisä, siisen, hetisi, hetisen
Pronouns can be declined in other ways, as well: Refer to Nordaþ noun cases
General explanation of usage
The dative pronouns (icäte/icätä, duatï/duata/duatïï, et al) are used to replace the indirect object of a sentence. They are generally placed in front of any accusative pronouns. The accusative pronouns are used to replace the direct object of the sentence. These are generally put directly before the verb. The genitive forms are akin to the English terms "of me", "of you", "of him" etc. However, they are not restricted to either the front or the back of the word which is owned. Additionally, they can stand alone and function as the noun forms "mine", "yours", "his" etc. while still literally saying "of me" et al.
Demonstrative pronouns
- Near the speaker ("this"): þesämä, þesämi, þesäme
- Near the listener ("that"): þasemä, þasemi, þaseme
- Away from both the speaker and listener ("that over there"): þesemä, þesemi, þeseme
(Note that the above are only given in the nominative forms and always decline regularly)
Relative pronouns
Ke*
Ke* is derived from the Latin QVID and means 'that' or 'which'.
- Þäsemi, kei senþ, senþ. Þäsemi, kei nänsenþ, nänsenþ. Senþ þäsemi esi? Esi senþ.
- That, that is, is. That, that is not, is not. Is that it? It is.
Ke* inflects for the gender of the item it is describing and declines as a regular noun in every form.
Ve*
Ve* is derived from the ancient Proto-Germanic χwas, and means 'who'/'whom'. It inflects for number and gender. Ve* can replace ke* when the subject is a person.
Kwis*, Van*, Kwe*
Kwis* means where. Van* signifies when. Kwe* means how.
Location & movement
Like ve*, kwis* can replace ke* when the subject is a location. This expression must utilise the locative case.
- Letjendei, keääti/kwiääti sene. The place that/where I am at.
Manner
Kwe* can replace ke* when the subject concerns the manner in which something is performed. This expression must utilise the instrumental case.
- Formdei, keþairi/kweþairi deädfikst þuïn. The way that/how you all reacted.
Time
Van* can replace ke* when the subject deals with time. This expression utilises the postpositional case of "during". Van* tends to be used in non-defining clauses, whereas ke* is usually used with defining clauses. However, they are still interchangeable.
- Äugustmïþïï, vanmïþïï/kemïþi vekaien häbiþ fraidägeiten, byrkdei besenþ läuseis. In August, during when/during that the people have holidays, the town will be empty.