Alel grammar: Difference between revisions

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{{Alel}}


== Orthography ==
[[:Category:Alel|Alel]] uses 23 letters of the [[Wikipedia:Latin_alphabet|Latin alphabet]], leaving ''q'', ''w'' and ''x'' unused. Each of them is pronounced as their respective IPA equivalents with four exceptions. The exceptions are '''c''', which is pronounced as a [[Wikipedia:Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative|voiceless postalveolar fricative]], '''j''', which is pronounced as a [[Wikipedia:Voiced_postalveolar_fricative|voiced postalveolar fricative]], '''u''', which is pronounced as a [[Wikipedia:Voiced_labio-velar_approximant|voiced labiovelar approximant]] when followed by another vowel and , '''y''', which is pronounced as a [[Wikipedia:Palatal_approximant|palatal approximant]]. Occasionally, an apostrophe is used to indicate a [[Wikipedia:Glottal_stop|glottal stop]].
== Articles ==
*There is no indefinite article [English ''a, an'']; there is only a definite article '''al''', alike for all genders, cases and numbers [English ''the''].
*EXAMPLE
:'''ketab''' = book, a book
:'''al ketab''' = the book
== Nouns ==
=== plural ===
*To form the plural, add the ending '''-t''', or '''-at''' to words ending in a consonant. If the last consonant in word is  an [[Wikipedia:Alveolar_plosive|alveolar plosive]], then the endings '''-m''', or '''-em''' respectively
=== cases ===
*There are three cases: nominative, accusative and genitive.
*EXAMPLE
:'''Al hunda jodabi al ulademin kucayon.'''
::''DEF.ART dog.NOM chase.PAST.3SG DEF.ART boy.PL.ACC house.GEN''
:::The dog chased the boys of the house.
*Endings:
:Nominative: '''Ø''' | '''Ø'''
::for the purposes of freeing up word order, the nominative endings '''an''' and '''yan''' may be used.
:Accusative: '''in''' | '''yin'''
:Genitive: '''on''' | '''yon'''
== Adjectives ==
Adjectives follow the noun they modify and do not inflect for case or number. The comparative is made with the word '''yoc''' [English ''more''], the superlative with '''gun'''  [English ''most'']; for the comparative the conjunction '''ke'''  [English ''than''] is used.
*EXAMPLES:
:*'''Al hunda cakra jodi al muratin asud'''
:::The brown dog is chasing the black cats.
:*'''Al hunda ilha yoc cito ke al muratin asud'''
:::The brown dog is larger than the black cats.
:*'''Ama, al anaca ilha al gun cito o kul.'''
:::But the human being is the largest of all.
== Numerals ==
The basic numerals (not declined) are:
*'''ua''' - one
*'''ni''' - two
*'''uc''' - three
*'''yon''' - four
*'''go''' - five
*'''ca''' - six
*'''seb''' - seven
*'''ota''' - eight
*'''nen''' - nine
*'''da''' - ten
*'''sad''' - hundred
*'''hezra''' - thousand
--
*Tens and hundreds are formed by simple juxtaposition of the numerals.
*To show ordinal numbers we add '''-ma''' or '''-ema''' to numbers ending in a consonant; for multiples, the suffix '''–yoc''' or '''-eyoc'''; for fractions [actually, reciprocals], '''-ten''' or '''-eten'''; for collectives, '''-ku''' or '''-eku'''; for divisionals.
EXAMPLES:
*'''Hezra nensad nenda-go.''' = 1995.
*'''Al oza goma.''' = The fifth throne.
*'''Kusra niyoc.''' = A double error.
*'''Yoneten uc'''. = Three quarters.
*'''Niku'''. = A pair.
*'''Verabu hum na emla uc.''' = I gave them three apples each.
== Pronouns ==
{| class="wikitable" border=1
|-
! !! ''ACC'' !! ''NOM '''-ek''''' !! ''NOM '''-mak''''' !! ''POSS'' !! ''REFL''
|- align=center
! ''1S''
|| '''ana''' || '''-u''' || '''-na''' || '''(a)nai''' || '''anak'''
|- align=center
! ''2S''
|| '''te''' || '''-e''' || '''-ta''' || '''tai''' || '''tak'''
|- align=center
! ''3S''
|| '''il/ila/ilu''' || '''-i / (il-)''' || '''-li / (il-)''' || '''ili/ilai/ilua''' || '''ilik/ilak/iluk'''
|- align=center
! ''1P''
|| '''nos''' || '''-os''' || '''-nos''' || '''nosa''' || '''nosak'''
|- align=center
! ''2P''
|| '''tum''' || '''-ut''' || '''-tum''' || '''tuma''' || '''tumak'''
|- align=center
! ''3P''
|| '''hum''' || '''-um''' || '''-hum''' || '''huma''' || '''humak'''
|-
|}
*EXAMPLES:
:*'''Amu te.'''
::I love you.
:*'''Hundayan nai ami murayin tai.'''
::My dog loves your cat.
== Index ==
{{Alel index}}


[[Category:Alel]]
[[Category:Alel]]

Latest revision as of 14:16, 20 November 2010

This article is one of many about Alel

Orthography

Alel uses 23 letters of the Latin alphabet, leaving q, w and x unused. Each of them is pronounced as their respective IPA equivalents with four exceptions. The exceptions are c, which is pronounced as a voiceless postalveolar fricative, j, which is pronounced as a voiced postalveolar fricative, u, which is pronounced as a voiced labiovelar approximant when followed by another vowel and , y, which is pronounced as a palatal approximant. Occasionally, an apostrophe is used to indicate a glottal stop.

Articles

  • There is no indefinite article [English a, an]; there is only a definite article al, alike for all genders, cases and numbers [English the].
  • EXAMPLE
ketab = book, a book
al ketab = the book

Nouns

plural

  • To form the plural, add the ending -t, or -at to words ending in a consonant. If the last consonant in word is an alveolar plosive, then the endings -m, or -em respectively

cases

  • There are three cases: nominative, accusative and genitive.
  • EXAMPLE
Al hunda jodabi al ulademin kucayon.
DEF.ART dog.NOM chase.PAST.3SG DEF.ART boy.PL.ACC house.GEN
The dog chased the boys of the house.
  • Endings:
Nominative: Ø | Ø
for the purposes of freeing up word order, the nominative endings an and yan may be used.
Accusative: in | yin
Genitive: on | yon

Adjectives

Adjectives follow the noun they modify and do not inflect for case or number. The comparative is made with the word yoc [English more], the superlative with gun [English most]; for the comparative the conjunction ke [English than] is used.

  • EXAMPLES:
  • Al hunda cakra jodi al muratin asud
The brown dog is chasing the black cats.
  • Al hunda ilha yoc cito ke al muratin asud
The brown dog is larger than the black cats.
  • Ama, al anaca ilha al gun cito o kul.
But the human being is the largest of all.

Numerals

The basic numerals (not declined) are:

  • ua - one
  • ni - two
  • uc - three
  • yon - four
  • go - five
  • ca - six
  • seb - seven
  • ota - eight
  • nen - nine
  • da - ten
  • sad - hundred
  • hezra - thousand

--

  • Tens and hundreds are formed by simple juxtaposition of the numerals.
  • To show ordinal numbers we add -ma or -ema to numbers ending in a consonant; for multiples, the suffix –yoc or -eyoc; for fractions [actually, reciprocals], -ten or -eten; for collectives, -ku or -eku; for divisionals.

EXAMPLES:

  • Hezra nensad nenda-go. = 1995.
  • Al oza goma. = The fifth throne.
  • Kusra niyoc. = A double error.
  • Yoneten uc. = Three quarters.
  • Niku. = A pair.
  • Verabu hum na emla uc. = I gave them three apples each.

Pronouns

ACC NOM -ek NOM -mak POSS REFL
1S ana -u -na (a)nai anak
2S te -e -ta tai tak
3S il/ila/ilu -i / (il-) -li / (il-) ili/ilai/ilua ilik/ilak/iluk
1P nos -os -nos nosa nosak
2P tum -ut -tum tuma tumak
3P hum -um -hum huma humak
  • EXAMPLES:
  • Amu te.
I love you.
  • Hundayan nai ami murayin tai.
My dog loves your cat.

Index

  1. Alel grammar
  2. Alel lexicon
  3. Alel phrases
  4. Alel thematic lexicon
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