Proto-West Altaic': Difference between revisions

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==[[Proto-Altaic']] to Erly Proto-West Altaic'==
==[[Proto-Altaic']] to Erly Proto-West Altaic'==
*/s ʂ/ → [ts tʂ] and /ɽ/ → [ɖ] when initial or prenasal
*/s ʂ/ → [ts tʂ] and /ɽ/ → [ɖ] when initial or prenasalized
*Lenition of dorsal stops to fricativs in vicinity of other stops
*Lenition of dorsal stops to fricativs in vicinity of other stops
*Retroflexes (but not the palato-alveolar sibilant allophones) acquire velarization
*Retroflexes (but not the palato-alveolar sibilant allophones) acquire velarization
*/w/ is also possibly alreddy [βˠ] by this stage (areal influence? CF [[Proto-Betamax]])
*/w/ is also possibly alreddy [βˠ] by this stage (areal influence? CF [[Proto-Betamax]])
*/N/ drops before affricates and [ɖ], phonemicizing 'em
*/N/ drops before affricates and [ɖ], phonemicizing 'em
*Lengthening of stress'd nonclose vowels; /a/ attracts stress from a close vowel
*Reduction of /ɛ ɔ a/ to [ə] when unstress'd (also aj aw → əj əw)


==Erly to mid PWA'==
==Erly to mid PWA'==
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Middle PWA' had two main dialects: [[Northern Altaic'|Northern]], spoken in the vicinity of the Aral Sea; and Southern, spoken as a continuum across a wide area south of this, with the most important subdialects being West proper just south of the Caspian Sea, and [[Proto-Sadabax]], spoken around where Samarkand exists in reality.
Middle PWA' had two main dialects: [[Northern Altaic'|Northern]], spoken in the vicinity of the Aral Sea; and Southern, spoken as a continuum across a wide area south of this, with the most important subdialects being West proper just south of the Caspian Sea, and [[Proto-Sadabax]], spoken around where Samarkand exists in reality.
*/x xʷ Nx Nxʷ χ χʷ Nχ Nχʷ/ → /h f ŋh ŋʷh ħ fˤ ŋħ ŋʷħ/
*/ɪ ʊ/ → /e o/, phonemicizing length
*Fronting /u/ → /ʉ/
*Before uvulars, /ei ai/ smooth to /eː ɛː/
*General difthong raising
**/ə əi əu/ → /ʌ ɪi ʊu/
**/ai au ou/ → /əi ou əu/.
**(There may be some confusion between *əi, *ai and *əu, *ou however, will hafta wait for stress details)
*/x xʷ Nx Nxʷ χ χʷ Nχ Nχʷ/ → /h f ŋh mh ħ fˤ ŋħ mħ/
*Retroflex stops (but generally not affricates) → velars before front vowels, emphatics elsewhere; [ɽˠ] → /ɡ/ consistently
*Retroflex stops (but generally not affricates) → velars before front vowels, emphatics elsewhere; [ɽˠ] → /ɡ/ consistently
From here on, dialect divisions appear:
*POA chain shift involving labials. The results differ a bit by the dialect - West proper develops an emphasis contrast, while North shifts this further to a palatalization / velarization contrast (in some cases with a third dimension too). This all may have been brought about from contact with the [[Transcaspian']] family.
*POA chain shift involving labials. The results differ a bit by the dialect - West proper develops an emphasis contrast, while North shifts this further to a palatalization / velarization contrast (in some cases with a third dimension too). This all may have been brought about from contact with the [[Transcaspian']] family.
** /kʷ ŋʷ qʷ/ → /p m pˤ/ (South), /pˠ m kʴ/ (North)
** /kʷ qʷ/ → /p pˤ/ (South), /pˠ kʴ/ (North)
** /p f fˤ/ → /t̻ θ θˤ/ (South), /pʲ fʲ fˠ/ (North) (/m/ is not pushed due to distributional differences)
** /p f fˤ/ → /t̻ s̻ s̻ˤ/ (South), /pʲ fʲ fˠ/ (North)
** Note that this dedorsalization is later than the one affecting spirants, since their reflexes behave here as labials!
** Note that this dedorsalization is later than the one affecting spirants, since their reflexes behave here as labials!
*Approximant drift
*Approximant drift
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**/j/ → /ɟ/ → /dʲ/ (North), → /d̻/ (South)
**/j/ → /ɟ/ → /dʲ/ (North), → /d̻/ (South)
**/w/ → /βˠ/ → /bˠ/ (North), → /bˤ/ (South)
**/w/ → /βˠ/ → /bˠ/ (North), → /bˤ/ (South)
*/q/ → /ʔ/ (South), /kʴ/ (North)
*/q/ → /kˤ/ [qˤ] (South), /kʴ/ (North)
*/θ/ → /s̻/ (→ /sʲ/ in North and Sadabax)
*/s̻/ → /sʲ/ (North and Sadabax)
** --hang on, where does North get this /θ/? Is there a split development of *f or *h?
** --hang on, where does North get this /s̻/? Is there a split development of *f or *h?
*/ts/ → /s̻/ (only in West)
*/ts/ → /s̻/ (only in West)
*/ɪi ʊu/ → /i u/ (remember, these are unstress'd only)
*/i e ə/ → /ʉ/ [ɵ] /ɔ/ when before /u/ etc. (in North, only the last of these seems to occur)
*Unrounding /ʉ/ → /ɨ/
*/aː/ → /oa/ → /ua/, leaving the dialects without an open vowel at all and prompting different repair strategies:
**In West proper, /o ɔː/ → /a(ː)/, triggering a chain shift: /oː/ → /ɔː/, /ou/ → /oː/
**In North, /ɨ/ → /a/
*More difthong raising:
**/ei/ → /iː/ (general)
**/ou/ → /uː/ (North and Sadabax; West cf. prev.)
**/əi əu/ → /ɨi ɨu/ (South), furthermore /ɨi/ → /ɨː/ (West only)
**/əi əu/ → /iː uː/ (North, but without palatalization/velarization)
* Southern /kˤ/ → West /ʔ/
** in Sadabax, all non-emphatic stops lenited (may be late): /p b t̻ d̻ t ts k g/ → /f v θ ð ɾ s x ɣ/, /pˤ bˤ tˤ dˤ kˤ/ → /p b t d k/


==Mid to late PWA'==
==Mid to late PWA'==
ca. -1.5ka
ca. -1.5ka
*/t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops)
*/t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops)
*Voicing processes
*Voicing processes (or maybe later? NB /h ħ/ will not voice)
*Introduce /ɬ̻ ɬˤ/, whence /l̻ ɫ/ (cf. [[East Persian']]!)
*Introduce /ɬ̻ ɬˤ/, whence /l̻ ɫ/ (cf. [[East Persian']]!)
*/θˤ/ → /ħ/; under voicing /ɫ/ (pre-existing /h ħ/ do not voice!)
*/θˤ/ → /ħ/, /ɫ/
*Velar rounding (maybe not with vowel elision but mergers / harmony?)
*Velar rounding before /ua/, which itself returns to /aː/ (& elsewhere?)
**also hʷ → xʷ
* Short vowels lengthen before _CLASS (short sonorants?); also /i/ → /iə/
**[ɵ] returns to /e/; however [ɵː] breiks → [eɔ]
* Insertion of shwa before _CLASS (pharyngeals?), with length and /ee ɛɛ/, /oo ɔɔ/ contrasts neutralized
**/iə ɨə uə/ remain difthongs; the last of these attracts remaining /ua/
*[ə] renormalizes to [ɔ] outside of difthongs
**[eɔ aɔ] → [ɛː ɔː]
*Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too)
*Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too)
**Emphasis spreds thru a word unless blocked by a velar obstruent or nasal.
**Emphasis spreds thru a word unless blocked by a velar obstruent or nasal.
**The laminal/apical distinction in coronals is neutralized when emphatic.
**The laminal/apical distinction in coronals is neutralized when emphatic.


{|
{|
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| ħ
| ħ
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! align="left"| <small>Voiced</small>
! align="left"| (<small>Voiced</small>
|
|
|
|
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| ʐˠ
| ʐˠ
|
|
| (ɣʷ)
| (ɣʷ))
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! align="left" colspan="2"| Nasals
! align="left" colspan="2"| Nasals

Latest revision as of 19:54, 26 October 2010

Proto-Altaic' to Erly Proto-West Altaic'

  • /s ʂ/ → [ts tʂ] and /ɽ/ → [ɖ] when initial or prenasalized
  • Lenition of dorsal stops to fricativs in vicinity of other stops
  • Retroflexes (but not the palato-alveolar sibilant allophones) acquire velarization
  • /w/ is also possibly alreddy [βˠ] by this stage (areal influence? CF Proto-Betamax)
  • /N/ drops before affricates and [ɖ], phonemicizing 'em
  • Lengthening of stress'd nonclose vowels; /a/ attracts stress from a close vowel
  • Reduction of /ɛ ɔ a/ to [ə] when unstress'd (also aj aw → əj əw)

Erly to mid PWA'

Till ca. -3ka.

Middle PWA' had two main dialects: Northern, spoken in the vicinity of the Aral Sea; and Southern, spoken as a continuum across a wide area south of this, with the most important subdialects being West proper just south of the Caspian Sea, and Proto-Sadabax, spoken around where Samarkand exists in reality.

  • /ɪ ʊ/ → /e o/, phonemicizing length
  • Fronting /u/ → /ʉ/
  • Before uvulars, /ei ai/ smooth to /eː ɛː/
  • General difthong raising
    • /ə əi əu/ → /ʌ ɪi ʊu/
    • /ai au ou/ → /əi ou əu/.
    • (There may be some confusion between *əi, *ai and *əu, *ou however, will hafta wait for stress details)
  • /x xʷ Nx Nxʷ χ χʷ Nχ Nχʷ/ → /h f ŋh mh ħ fˤ ŋħ mħ/
  • Retroflex stops (but generally not affricates) → velars before front vowels, emphatics elsewhere; [ɽˠ] → /ɡ/ consistently

From here on, dialect divisions appear:

  • POA chain shift involving labials. The results differ a bit by the dialect - West proper develops an emphasis contrast, while North shifts this further to a palatalization / velarization contrast (in some cases with a third dimension too). This all may have been brought about from contact with the Transcaspian' family.
    • /kʷ qʷ/ → /p pˤ/ (South), /pˠ kʴ/ (North)
    • /p f fˤ/ → /t̻ s̻ s̻ˤ/ (South), /pʲ fʲ fˠ/ (North)
    • Note that this dedorsalization is later than the one affecting spirants, since their reflexes behave here as labials!
  • Approximant drift
    • /l/ → /n̻/
    • /j/ → /ɟ/ → /dʲ/ (North), → /d̻/ (South)
    • /w/ → /βˠ/ → /bˠ/ (North), → /bˤ/ (South)
  • /q/ → /kˤ/ [qˤ] (South), /kʴ/ (North)
  • /s̻/ → /sʲ/ (North and Sadabax)
    • --hang on, where does North get this /s̻/? Is there a split development of *f or *h?
  • /ts/ → /s̻/ (only in West)
  • /ɪi ʊu/ → /i u/ (remember, these are unstress'd only)
  • /i e ə/ → /ʉ/ [ɵ] /ɔ/ when before /u/ etc. (in North, only the last of these seems to occur)
  • Unrounding /ʉ/ → /ɨ/
  • /aː/ → /oa/ → /ua/, leaving the dialects without an open vowel at all and prompting different repair strategies:
    • In West proper, /o ɔː/ → /a(ː)/, triggering a chain shift: /oː/ → /ɔː/, /ou/ → /oː/
    • In North, /ɨ/ → /a/
  • More difthong raising:
    • /ei/ → /iː/ (general)
    • /ou/ → /uː/ (North and Sadabax; West cf. prev.)
    • /əi əu/ → /ɨi ɨu/ (South), furthermore /ɨi/ → /ɨː/ (West only)
    • /əi əu/ → /iː uː/ (North, but without palatalization/velarization)
  • Southern /kˤ/ → West /ʔ/
    • in Sadabax, all non-emphatic stops lenited (may be late): /p b t̻ d̻ t ts k g/ → /f v θ ð ɾ s x ɣ/, /pˤ bˤ tˤ dˤ kˤ/ → /p b t d k/

Mid to late PWA'

ca. -1.5ka

  • /t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops)
  • Voicing processes (or maybe later? NB /h ħ/ will not voice)
  • Introduce /ɬ̻ ɬˤ/, whence /l̻ ɫ/ (cf. East Persian'!)
  • /θˤ/ → /ħ/, /ɫ/
  • Velar rounding before /ua/, which itself returns to /aː/ (& elsewhere?)
    • also hʷ → xʷ
  • Short vowels lengthen before _CLASS (short sonorants?); also /i/ → /iə/
    • [ɵ] returns to /e/; however [ɵː] breiks → [eɔ]
  • Insertion of shwa before _CLASS (pharyngeals?), with length and /ee ɛɛ/, /oo ɔɔ/ contrasts neutralized
    • /iə ɨə uə/ remain difthongs; the last of these attracts remaining /ua/
  • [ə] renormalizes to [ɔ] outside of difthongs
    • [eɔ aɔ] → [ɛː ɔː]
  • Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too)
    • Emphasis spreds thru a word unless blocked by a velar obstruent or nasal.
    • The laminal/apical distinction in coronals is neutralized when emphatic.
Labial Lamino-
dental 		Apico-
postalveolar 		Velar Laryngeal
Plain Emphatic Plain Emphatic Plain Labial Plain Emphatic
Stops Voiceless p pˤ t̻ ṯ ṯˤ k kʷ (ʔ ~ ∅)
Voiced b bˤ d̻ ḏ ḏˤ ɡ ɡʷ
Fricatives Voiceless s̻ s̱ ʂˣ xʷ h ħ
(Voiced z̻ ẕ ʐˠ (ɣʷ))
Nasals m mˤ n̻ ṉ ṉˤ ŋ
Laterals l̻ (ḻ) ɫ
Semivowels ɻˠ j w

(Depending on the font, the laminality signs (subsc. square) may look like dentality sings (subsc. bridge), but since they're dental anyway, that's no problem.)

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