Proto-Uralic/Ä: Difference between revisions

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(*ä_a per JH)
 
 
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→ Finnic *ä, Moksha ''ä'', Mari *e, Mansi *ää, Khanty *ee (/ ''*öö'' next to a velar), Smy. *ä
==Std. PU *ä_ə==
> S. ''*ē_ɤ'' (ā_ō)
{|
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! Samic !! Mordvinic !! Mari !! Permic !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| std. PU ''*ä_i'' (= *a_i ?)
! colspan="10"| Permic *o (_l when V₂ not lost early?!)
|-
| "to fill"
| *täwci || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*tić'' || *dol- || tel- || *tääɣəl || *teeL || *tärə
| S. *teavtɤ ← F.
|-
| "rope"
| '''*kewci''' || *kēvðɤ || - || - || *kol || - || style="color:red"| *kʷääləɣ || *kööLəɣ || ''*kürə''
| Smy *äw > *ü ? Within F, cf. Võ ''käütämä'' "to fasten" with *ä retained. Mari ''*kəl'' ← P.
|-
| "sister-in-law"
| *kälü || *kālōj || '''kel''' || - || U. <span style="color:red">kaľi</span><br/>~ K. ''kel'' || - || - || *kööLə || *kälü
| Perhaps *kälü rather than *käləw. K. *-ëľ > el?
|-
| "joint"
| *jäsen || - || jäźńä || Hi. ježəŋ ~<br/>Me. '''jɤžəŋ''' || *joz || '''iiz''' || - || - || -
| Ma. *ə with Hi. *jə > je ??
|-
| "to order"
| *käske- || - || - || '''*küštə-''' || *kos || || || ||
|-
| "thigh"
| *sääri || - || *śäj'''ä'''ŕ || - || K. ćɤr || - || - || - || -
| *śäxərə better than *śäjərə; or *śäxärə??
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *i (with a lost nonlabial medial?)
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "hand"
| *käci || *kētɤ || käď || ''*kit'' || *ki || keez<br/>: keze- || *käätə || *kööt || -
|-
| "power"
| *väki || *vēkɤ || '''vij''' || *vi || *vi || vele- ? || *wääɣ || ''*wööɣ'' || -
| Ma. *e > *i _#
|-
| "sap"
| - || - || - || - || *li || - || - || - || Kam. lêji
| *läŋə or *läjə; rather not *i.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *ɨ (_R), Finnic *ee (_Ri) ≈ older PU *äx_i
|-
| "tongue"
| *keeli || *kēlɤ || *käľ || - || *kɨl || - || *kääləmt-<br/>"inquire" || *kööL || *käə-
| Mari *kəl "string, handle" from *käwðə via P.
|-
| "broth"
| *leemi || *lēmɤ || *ľäm || *lem || U. lɨm || lee<br/>: leve- || *läämə || - || *jäm-
| K. ľem "jelly" rather < *d₂ümä
|-
| "to bind; bundle"
| *keer-- || *kērɤ- || kärks || *kerä- || ''ge/ɤrd'',<br/>''ke/ɤrt-'' || ''kür-, küür-'' ||style="color:green"| *kʷäärək || *keerää || *kär-
| OU 'to weave' not here (AASmy 2). P. *kär-tä-, or ← Sl-II *kert-. Cf. also F. '''*kääri-'''?
|-
| "side, pole"
| *peeli || - || *päľ || *pel || - || feel || *päälə || - || -
| cf. *pälä "half", *wärə "side"?
|-
| "mind"
| *meeli || *mēlɤ || *mäľ || - || *mɨl || - || - || - || -
|-
| "side"
| *veeri || *vērɤ || *väŕə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to swallo"
| *neele- || *ńēlɤ- || ''*ńiľə-'' || *nelä- || *ńɨl(ɨ)- <!-- -ï in Komi-->|| '''ńel-''' || *ńääl- || *ńeeL- || style="color:green"| '''*ńal-'''
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
| "to drink"
| *seeme- || - || ''*śimə-'' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
| "to drink"
| - || - || ''*iŕəďə-'' || - || K. *ɨrɤš || - || - || - || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? Smy *ɤ-r- better < *jëxə-
|-
| "lung"
| *tävvü || - || '''ťevlav''' || - || *tɨ || style="color:red"| tüdöö || - || - || style="color:red"| *täjwä ?
| Cf. "to fill"
|-
| "air"
| *sää || - || - || - || K. sɨnɤd || eeg<br/>: ege- || - || - || -
| *säŋə
|-
| "to enter"
| - || - || - || '''*pŭre-''' || *pɨr- || feer- || - || - || -
| Or *pura- with H irregular
|-
| "woodpecker"
| *kärki || - || *käŕgä || *kerɣə || *kɨr || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || *ńäŕgə- || - || *nɨr- || - || - || *nööɣər- || -
| (AA, p.c.)
|-
| "nose"
| - || *nērɤ || *ńäŕ || *ner || *nɨr || - || - || '''*niir''' || *ńär'''ə'''
|-
| "breast"
| - || *mēlkɤ || style="color:red"| *mäľkɜ || *mel || U. mɨl || mell || *määɣəl || *mööɣəL || -
| F. ''*mälvi'' "bird breast''?
|-
| "voice"
| ''*ääni'',<br/>C. <span style="color:red">''*hääli''</span> || *jēnɤ || - || - || - || eenek || - || - || -
| F. *ää > *ee blocked / #_ ?
|-
| "piece"
| *pärek || - || - || - ||  *pɨrɨ || - || *päär || '''*per''' || -
| and Es. peerg < *peere-kä?
|-
| "mare"
| Liv. keev || *kēvɤ || - || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Kh *ii₁ / _k?
|-
| "to depart"
| *läkte- || *lēktɤ- || ''#ľixtə-'' || *lektä- || '''lɨ/okt-''' || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*ɬii₁ɣət-'' || -
| re P/Mo cf. *mäjäkä
|-
| "osprey; gull"
| ''*sääksi'' || *čēkčɤ || - || - || K. '''ćikći''' || - || '''*siɣs''' || ''*sii₁ɣəs''  || -
| some confusion w/ *čäkčij? two roots?
|-
| "to see"
| *näke- || *nēkɤ- || näj- || - || U. '''naal-''' ? || style="color:red"| neez- || ''*näɣəl-'', <br/>'''*niiɣəl-''' || ''*nii₁-'' || -
|-
| "fog"
| - || *cēkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || ''*čii₁ɣ'' || -
| StUE4
|-
| "hill"
| *mäki || - || - || - || - || - || - || ''*mii₁ɣ'' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Remainder (no regular Permic reflex??)
|-
| "ice"
| *jää || *jēŋɤ || *jäŋ || *i ||style="color:red"| ''*jɤɤ'' || jeeg<br/>: jege- || *jääŋkə || *jööŋk || '''*jaŋ-'''
| *jäŋi.  Ma. *e > *i / _#
|-
| "string"
| *jänti || - || - || - || - || '''ideg''' || *jääntəɣ || '''*jöntəɣ''' || *jänti
|-
| "to become cold"
| *jäähty- || *jēŋsō- || jäkše- || '''*jükše-''' || - || - || - || '''*jöɣLi-''' || -
| *jäŋ-(k)štə-; non-West *jükšə- ??
|-
| "head, end"
| *pää || - || '''pe''' || - || '''*pooŋ''' || style="color:red"| fej<br/>: feje- || '''*päŋk''' || - || '''#pa'''
| better *e??
|-
| "louse"
| *täi || - || - || *ti || U. tej ~ K. toj || tetüü<br/>: tetve- || *tääkmə || *tööɣtəm || -
| S. *tīkɤ ← Gmc? Ma. *e > *i / _#
|-
| "bit, to cut"
| *säŋki || *čēŋkɤ- || Er. <span style="color:red">''śive-''</span> || - || *ćeeg- || seg- || *sääŋk- || *sööŋk- || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
| "cradle"
| *kätküt || *kētkɤ- || - || - || U. kɤkɨ || - || - || - || *kätə-
|-
| "near"
| *lähe- || - || - || ''*lišnə'' || - || - || - || - || *jät-
| Cf. *läkte-
|-
| "warm"
| *lämpe- || - || *ľämbɜ || ''*liwə'' || - || || - || - || *jämpə-
| Smy. "clothes"
|-
| "trace"
| *jälki || - || - || - || - || jel || - ||style="color:green"| '''*jääɣəɭ''' || *jä
| Smy. 'heel'
|-
| "lichen on trees"
| - || *jēvjɤmē || - || - || - || - || - || *jeej || ''*jüjə''
| Smy *äw > *ü ?
|-
| "mild"
| '''*leppedä''' || - || Mk. ľäpä || (*liwə) || - || -  || - || *ɬeepət || -
| F → SLu lehpagis? Ma. possibly better < 'warm'
|-
| "fish sp."
| - || - || - || '''*müktə''' || K. ''mɨk'' || - || TJ mäwtək || *mööɣtəɣ || -
| *mäwəktV? PMs *määɣtəɣ (not **mäɣ- > ˣmüw-)
|-
| "7"
| *säjcen || *čēčɤm || ''*śiśəm'' || '''*sĭm''' || *śiźɨm || - || - || - || -
| Core Finnic > *seicen; Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? ← IE?
|-
| "heavy"
| *läülV || *lēvlɤ || - || *lelə <!-- Hi. nelə-->|| - || - || - || - || -
| Ms. *ľuuľ "weak", Kh. *ɬöL "cold" prob. don't belong
|-
| "a bird"
| E. ähk || - || *šäkšəj || style="color:red"| *ćećkem || K. čakčej || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to suffer"
| *kärsi- || *kērtɤ- || '''*kiŕďə-''' || *kerð/ta- || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *hardja-
|-
| "to hide"
| *kätke- || - || *käkšə- || || || || || ||
| Cf. "cradle"
|-
| "to trust"
| - || - || - || - || - || mer- || *määr- || - || -
|-
| "to dive"
| - || - || - || - || - || meriit- || *määrəkt- || '''*merət-''' || -
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || - || meet || *määkt || *mööɣət || -
|-
| "to fit"
| - || - || - || - || - || meeltoo || - || *meeL- || -
|-
| "warm"
| - || - || - || - || - || meleg || *määli || *meeLək || -
|-
| "to bind"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| †ńeek || '''*neeɣ-''' || Kr. neewəj- || -
|-
| "saddle"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ńerëg || '''*näɣər''' || E '''*nœœɣər''' || -
| or *i with H irregular?
|-
| "to tear"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńer- || *ńir(əmt)- || *ńer- || -
| better *e?
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Derivatives & such
|-
| "mound"
| style="color:red"| ''*mättäs'' || *mēktɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *mäktə
| Cf. *mäkə
|-
| "sun"
| *päjvä || '''*peajvē''' || - || - || K. bi || - || - || - || *päjwä
| possibly *päjə-wä. Permic CV ⇒ *i
|-
|-
| ""
| "badger"
| || || || || || || || ||
| - || - || Mk. ńärgas || *nerɣə || U. '''nardɨ''' || - || - || - || ''*narkå''
| #närə-ka
|}
 
==*ä_a, etc.==
> F. *ä_ä (/ *-jC-, *Ć-?) ~ *a_e (default?), S. *ā_ē, Ma. *e
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| std. PU ''*ä_a''
! colspan="10"| Finnic *a-i (main development?), *ä-- (derivatives)
|-
| "winter"
| *talvi || *tālvē || Er. ťeľe, Mk. '''ƭaľa''' || *tel(ə) || *tol || teel<br/>: tele- || *täälə || '''*teləɣ''' || -
| *w > Ms ∅
|-
| "to cut"
| ''*säli-'',<br/>''*sälek'' || *čālē- || - || *šelä- || *ćol- || sel- || '''*sil-''' || '''*süüL-''' || *sälä-
|-
|-
| "needle"
| "half"
| *äjmä || *ájmé || - || *imə || K. jem || - || - || - || *ejmä
| *pooli || '''*pealē''' || *päľɜ || *pele || *pol || feel<br/>: fele- || - ||style="color:green"| *peeɭək || *pälä
| cf. *pälə "side"; preF *palə → Slavic *polъ [*palʊ] → Mo *pola "spouse"?
|-
|-
| "to wade"
| "to wade"
| ''*kaalat-'' || *kálé- || käĺe- || *kela- || U. kol- ~ K. kel- || kel- || style="color:red"| *kʷääl- || '''*küül-'''  || -
| *koolë- || *kālē- || *käľə- || *kelä-, *kelðə- || '''*köl-''', *kolt- || kel- || style="color:red"| *kʷääl- || '''*küüL-'''  || -
| F. ← S.?
| F. ''*kaalat-'' ← S; Ma & P. #2 "to fish with a pull-net"
|-
| "root, vein"
| Liv. sūoŗ || *sārē || - || *šer || U. ''ser'' || eer<br/>: ere- || *täärə || *ɬeer || -
| F. *soori < *sarə; Udm. e / _r?
|-
| "to load"
| ''*sälyttä-'' || - || - || - || K. sɤl- || ell- || *tääl- || *ɬeeL- || '''*tij-'''
| could be *ä-ə?
|-
| "moisture"
| *kasi || *kāsē || - || - || - || - || EW *köäťəľ || *keeLää || ''*käta''
|-
| "moth"
| *koi || - || Er. '''ki''' || Me. kije || k''e''/ɤj || - || Tv '''kij, käj''' || *keej || -
| F. from *kooji < *kajə; ES '''*koajɤ''' ← F? U. e / _Ć
|-
| "gall"
| *sappi || *sāppē || *säpɜ || - || s''e''/ɤp || epe || *tääpə || - || -
|-
| "to scoop"
| F. *ammi? || - || - || - || U. omɨrt- || - || *äämärt- || *eemər- || -
| if not F. < *ama-
|-
| "dirt"
| *saksi || *sāksē || '''*seksɜ''' || - || s''e''/ɤs || - || - || - || -
| F > *sa(a)s-ta
|-
| "scab"
| *loomi || - || Er. ľeme || Hi. lim ~ Me. '''lümö''' || *lom || - || - || - || -
|-
| "tree sp."
| *sarni || - || - || *šertńe || '''*śir''' || - || - || - || -
| F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| not in F. but regular enough
|-
|-
| "spleen"
| "spleen"
| - || *ðápðé || - || *lepə || *loop || leep || - || *leepət || Ne. ''rapseä''
| - ||style="color:green"| *ðāpðē || - || *lep(ə) || '''*loop''' || leep || - || *leepət || Ne. ''rapśaa''
| *-pð- ??
| S. *l-ð > *ð-ð?
|-
| "woman; weasel"
| - || *kāðvē || - || - || - || style="color:red"| †helɟ || *kääľ || *kööjəɣ || *käjwä
| Ms. *ľɣ > ľ; MHu. > ''hölgy''
|-
| "twig"
| - || *sāŋkē || - || *šeŋge || - ||style="color:red"| eek || - || '''*ɬöŋk''' || -
|-
| "to shoo"
| - || *ārē- || - || - || - || - || *äärt- || *eerət- ||
|-
| "water"
| - || *čācē || - || - || - || - || - || *seeč- || Ne. ''sada''
|-
| "to find place"
| - || - || - || - || *t''e''/ɤrɨ- || teer- || - || - || -
| Udm. e / _r?
|-
| "to put in/on"
| - || *cākē- || - || *čie- || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *e > *i in hiatus (StUE1)
|-
| "mare"
| - || *āltō || *äľďɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"|
|-
| "ungulate sp."
| - || *vāðōk || style="color:red"| '''vedraš''' || '''*wü̆ľə''' || *vol || - || - || '''*we₂lii''' || -
| SMo "cow", MaP "horse", Kh. "reindeer". Es '''veis''' ← *vetä-, perhaps also Mo. Cf also Gmc *weθruz, L. ''vitulus'' etc.)
|-
| "moment"
| Fi. '''hetki'''<br/>~ Ka. hätki || - || style="color:red"| '''ška''' || - || *čož || - || - || - || -
| WTF?
|-
| "ring"
| - || - || - || *jĭr || *jor<!--U. -os--> || - || - || - || Ne. jorka ?
| U. *jeros > ''joros''?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Udm e ~ Komi ɤ
|-
| "back"
| Fi. '''perä'''<br/>~ E. ''pära'' || - || '''*pŕa''' || - || be/ɤr || - || '''*pärəɣ''' || '''*pertaɣ''' || -
| ObU *perɜ > *per-əɣ
|-
| "part"
| - || - || - || "рызе" || *re/ɤć || rees || -rFś || - || -
| cf. Fi. ''räsä'' "broken", unless a variant of ''risa''; Ms. dmnt.
|-
| "to prepare"
| - || *lāčē- || - || '''*lĭšte-''' || le/ɤśal-,<br/>*le/ɤśɜtɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hemp"
| - || - || - || *kĭńe || ke/ɤn || - || - || - || -
| Wanderwort.
|-
| "to freeze"
| - || - || - || Hi. kiže- || ke/ɤdź- || - || - || - || '''*kə̈nsä-'''
| or *kinśä with K. irregular?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *ä-ä type 2: F *ä-ä ~ S *ā-ē; Komi *e; Ms *ee ~ Kh *ää (*ii)
| all with -CC-?
|-
| "tongue"
| - || *ńālmē || - || ''*ńĭlmə'' || - || ńelv, ńeev || *ńeeləm || *ńääLəm || style="color:red"| -
| Ne. ''ńāᵒḿu'' better ← *ńåə- < *ńalə-
|-
| "power"
| '''*tarmo''',<br/>Fi. tärmä || *tārmō || - || - || - || - || *teeriŋ || *täärəm || -
|-
| "(to) cover"
| *läppä || Lu '''liehppa''' || - || *leweðä-<br/>*lewäš || U. ''ľipɨ-''<br/>~ K. lep || lep- || *leep- || - || -
|-
| "lasso; trap"
| NF *lämsä || *lāmčē || - || - || K. leć || - || *leesə || ''*lii₁s'' || *jä²sɜn
| Medials messy; F perhaps ← Gmc *slamsa-, OU ← K?
|-
| "needle"
| *äjmä || *ājmē || - || *imə || K. jem || - || - || - || *äjmä
| Ma. *ej > *i. Also cf. U. <span style="color:red">'''veń'''</span>
|-
| "old man"
| *äjjä || *ājjē || - || - || '''*ajɨ''' || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *äjsä
| Contam. of *äjjä + *äććä in Smy?
|-
| "lath"
| '''*tarja''' || - || - || #tiər || - || - || N '''tarəs''' || *täärəs || -
| Fi. ~ ''tärjä'', contam. with *sarja? *tärə-, derivs?
|-
| "larch"
| - || - || - || - || K. ń/nia<br/>~ ńeja || - || EWMs ''ńix'' || *nääŋk || -
| Medials messy. PMs *ee, shortened?
|-
| "worm"
| - || - || - || - || K. perk || feerëg || *peer(ə)k || - || -
| medials?? probably nor *-rkk-
|-
| "bay, lake"
| - || - || - || - || U kalɤm<br/>~ K. kela || || *keeləɣ ||style="color:green"| ''*kœœɭəɣ'' || -
| Ud. a / _l ? Sk. *kuəľ not here (< PS *wåj)
|-
|-
| "branch"
| "spot"
| - || *sáré || - || šer ? || U. -ser || eer || *täär || *ɬeer || -
| *täplä || *tāplē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With F *ä-ä ~ S *ea-ē
|-
|-
| "woman; weasel"
| "thumb"
| - || *káðvé || - || - || - || hölɟ || *kääĺ || *kööjəɣ || *kejwä
| - || ''*pealkē'' || style="color:red"| *päľka || - || U. pɤlɨ<br/> ~ K. pel || - || - || - || '''*pej'''
| *pälə-kkä, cf. "side"? F. *pewka- ← Gmc.
|-
| "bog"
| - || ''*jeaŋkē'' || - || - || K. jeg || - || *jääŋkə || *jööŋk || -
| Fi. jänkä prob. ← S.
|-
| "smoke hole"
| ''*räppänä'' || ''*reapēnē'' || - || - || *ropɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lichen"
| ''*jäkälä'' || ''*jeakēl'' || - || - || K. ''jal'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to understand"
| Fi ''äly'' || ''*ealvē-'' || - || - || K. ''al'' || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Komi /e/
|-
| "to freeze"
| (*jääty-) || - || - || - || K. jed- || - || *jäänt- ||style="color:green"| '''*jentəɭ-''' ||
| *jäŋ-tä-. Also K. jo/ɤdmɨ "to harden"
|-
| "to reach"
| - || - || - || - || K. šergɤd- || eer- || *täärt- || *ɬeerəmt- || -
|-
| "to believe"
| - || - || - || - || *öskɨ- || - || ''*äɣt-'' || *ööɣəL- || -
| Ms. cf. *aa > *a / _ɣt. Cf. *usko-?
|-
| "to fly"
| - || - || - || - || ''*löb-'' || lebëg-, libëg- || - || - || -
| Rather *e? Cf. F. *lentä- ??
|-
| "thin"
| - || - || - || - || *vek-- || veekoń || - || - || -
|-
| "to understand; think"
| - || - || - || - || #väälal- || veel- || - || - || -
|-
| "old"
| - || - || - || - || K. vener || veen || - || - || -
|Or *winä?
|-
| "block"
| - || - || - || - || U džɤk ~<br/>K džek || '''čök''' || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| remainder
|-
| "friend"
| - || *lāvē || - || - || - || - || N. ''leekʷ''|| style="color:red"| *ɬöɣ || -
| Ms. transfer of labzn? S. ← ObU?
|-
| "paw"
| *käpsä || - || - || '''*küpš''' || U. '''kus-''' ~ K. '''kɨs, kɤs''' || - ||style="color:red"| '''*kʷät''' || *kööpəL || -
|-
| "this"
| *tä-mä || *tā || tä || Hi. '''ti''' ~ Me. '''tɤ''' || *ta || te- || '''*ti''' || '''*te''' ? || '''*tê-'''
| East *tê, if not rel. to "that"
|-
| "these"
| *nä-mä || *nā || *ńä || *nĭjne<!--Hi. nɤ ~ Me. ni--> || K. na || ''-ni'', -ne || ? *-nää || ? *-nää || *nä
| Ugr. lativ ending
|-
| "ass"
| - || - || - || *šeŋgə || - || šegg || style="color:red"| *sääŋkʷ || - || '''*čɤŋkå'''
| *č not palatalized in Smy?
|-
| "to chop"
| - || *āktē- || - || - || '''*ooktɨ-''' || üt- || '''*jäkt-''' || *ööɣət- || -
| Ms *ää > *ä / _kt? Cf. "to believe". P *oktɨ- "gather" not here (''contra'' HPUL)
|-
| "big, mother"
| '''*emä''' || '''*eamē''' || - || - || - || eme || - || - || *ämä
| F & S. with analogy from *ena? Cf. F. <font color="red">*ämmä</font>
|-
| "bone"
| Fi. tähde || *tāktē || - || - || - || tetem || - || - || -
| F. "leftovers"
|-
| "elm"
| - || - || śäľi || '''*šol''' || - || '''sil''' || - || - || -
| F. *salaka, *halaka "willow" ← Gmc.
|-
|-
| "to annoy"
| "star"
| - || *áré- || - || - || - || - || *äärt- || *eerət- ||
| ''*tähti'' || *tāstē || *ťäšťɜ || '''*tištə''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Arrête! ;)
| Or -i?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Ms *ää ~ Kh *ää (most spotty, perhaps most *-ə)
|-
|-
| "to cut"
| "to cut"
| *sälä || *čálé- || - || *šela- || U. ćal- ~ K. ćɤlal- || sel- || '''*sil-''' || '''*süül-''' || *selä-
| ''*vejci''<br/>Võ. väić || - || - || - || K. vɤź- || veeš- || - || *wäänć- || -
| nom. *wäńćə (> F. "knife"), verb *wäńć-ä-?
|-
| "girl"
| ''*nejt--''<br/>Võ. näio || *nējtɤ || E. ''ńi'' || - || *nɨl || - || *nääj<br/>"lady" || *nääj<br/>"lady" || *nä
| *näjə. Cf. Ms *nee ~ Kh *nii₂ŋ "woman"
|-
| "roach; ruffe"
| *särki || - || *säŕgɜ || style="color:red"| *šereŋɣə || - || - || *täärəɣ || *ɬäärəɣ || -
| Liv. ''särg'' w/o umlaut (< *särkä?)
|-
| "father"
| - || W *āččē || - || - || - || - || *ääći || *ääćii || NE #åt³sä-
| S. also E *ëćē = F. *icä?
|-
| "soft"
| - || OSw "nemok"? || - || - || - || - || *ńäämək || *ńäämək ||
|-
| "lap"
| - || - || *äľ || Hi. elt- ~ Me. ölt- ||style="color:red"| *wol'''<!--U. al, Z. volɤdź, Pm ɤvɤdź--> || - || *ääl || *ääL || -
|-
| "(to) bend"
| - || - || *mäńə- || - || - || meen || || *määnəj-,<br/>'''*mii₂n''' || '''#mËnə-'''
|-
| "to choke"
| - || - || - || - || *čök-,<br/>U. ''džok-'' ~ K. ''džag-'' || - || '''*šük-''' || *čääkən- || -
|-
| "to feel"
| - || - || - || - || K. malal || - || *määlVćl- || *määL- || -
| Es. mälu < *mälə "mind"
|-
| "honey"
| - || - || - || *mü(j) || - || - || *määɣ || *määɣ ||
| Newer loans, e.g. from Permic?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans: old
|-
| "board"
| *parci || || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*börd'' || - || *päärtə || *peert || -
| ← IE *bʰerdʰ-; separately in P.?
|-
| "lake"
| *jarvi,<br/>''*järvi'' || *jāvrē || style="color:red"| järkä || *jer || - || - || - || - || -
| +Merya #jäkrä; ← IE *jewHro-
|-
| "to flee;<br/>to disappear"
| - || *pātārɤ- || - || - || - || - || *päätər- || - || -
| ← II *patar- "flying" (StUE1)
|-
| "goose"
| *hanhi || - || Er. <span style="color:green">šenže</span> || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *šänšä ← B.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans: likely parallel
|-
| "to tire; be ill"
| *väsü- || *vēsɤ- || - || - || *viśɨ- || - || - || - || -
| FS ← Gmc *wēsia-
|-
| "crust"
| *kärnä || ''*kearnē'' || style="color:red"| ''kšńat'' || - || - || - || || '''*käärńə-''' ||
| F & S. ← Gmc. *herna
|-
| "to go"
| *käve- || - || - || Hi. kej ~ Me. kaj|| - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc. *skeewjan
|-
| "small, few"
| *vähä || - || Er. vež- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc *wēxa-, also Er.?
|-
| "kidney"
| - || - || - || *werɣə || K. vɤrk || - || - || - || -
| ← II *vr̥tka
|-
| "iron"
| - || - || ''kšńi'' || '''*kü̆rtńe''' || *kort || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. *kaart-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Permic *a
|-
| "tree stump"
| - ||  '''*jɤlŋēs''' || - || - || U. ''jal'' || - || - || '''*jöŋkəL''' || *jä
| Check Smy.
|-
| "bird sp."
| Es. ähk(a-) || - || *šäkša-- || *ćećkem || K. ''čakčej'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "backside"
| - || NW *kācākɤ || - || - || K. ''kadž'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "birch bark vessel"
| - || - || - || *leŋəš || ''*ľaŋes'' || - || - || *jeŋəL || -
|-
| "house"
| - || - || - || *mĭt || ''*matɤ'' || - || - || - || *mat
|-
| "fish sp."
| - || - || - || - || U. ''karei'' || - || *käärɣəj || *köörə || Ne. xirii
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || ''*ka(d)ź'' || - || - || Kam. koťəp || -
|-
| "trap"
| - || - || - || - || ''*naľk'' || - || *ńääľə || - || -
| Cf. Fi. ''nalkki'' ??
|-
| "year; time"
| - || - || - || - || ''*ar'' || - || #arəm || - ||  -
| But Smy *ërö < *ëd₁ə
|-
| "time"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''kad'' || †kedig,<br/>keedig || - || - || -
|-
| "to knead"
| - || - || - || *nüštəlä- || U. ''nadź-'' || - || - || - || -
| Weak
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: FP only
|-
| "woodpecker"
| style="color:red"|*hähnä || *čāšnē || - || *šištə || *śiź || - || - || - || -
|-
| "beaver"
| '''*majaka''' || *mājēkē || ''mijav'' || - || ''mɨ/oj'' || - || - || - || -
| NB Mo. *i, P. ɨ~o also in "to leave"
|-
| "rotten"
| style="color:red"| ''*mätä'' || *mēckɤ || - || '''*määkš''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Medials incoherent
|-
| "fine; short"
| '''*hɤɤno''' || - || - || - || K. dženɨt || - || - || - || -
| Bad. K ~ F hiven = *čiŋɜ-?
|-
| "whetstone"
| '''*hɤɤra''' || - || - || - || U. šer || - || - || - || -
|-
| "cambium; milk"
| Fi. jälsi || - || - || - || *jɤl || - || - || - || -
| Bad semantics
|-
| "sickness"
| *närä || - || - || - || K. ńora || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to choke, strangle"
| *läppä(htä)- || '''*lɤppɤsē-''' || *ľäpəja-,<br/>*ľäpst'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *läkkä-
|-
| "near"
| *lähe-,<br/>*läs-nä || - || - || *lĭš-nə || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "thin"
| E *väčkü || - || - || *wĭćkəž || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "aunt; mother"
| *tätej || - || "ťäďä" || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Lallwort
|-
| "paw"
| *käppä || - || *käpɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *käpsä, also Fi. käpälä
|-
| "to breathe"
| *läkkä- || - || *ľäk'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "valley"
| - || *leakē || ľäj || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *lakc'i; WPIE *lakos
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: Permic + East
|-
| "rare; open"
| - || - || - || - || U. šer || - || *täärəɣ || *Lii₂r(tV) || -
|-
| "even"
| - || - || - || - || U. voľɨt ~<br/>K. voľk(ɨd) || - || - || E weeľəɣ ~<br/> W *weĽək || -
|-
| "to see"
| - || - || - || - || K. vidlɨ- || veed- || - || N. waant- || -
| Better *E? Cf. IE
|-
| "to heat"
| - || - || - || - || U est(ɨ)-<br/>K ɤzji- || - || - || W *eL-,<br/>V '''öl-''' || -
| cf. PIE *h₂as-? also cf. *ešə-
|-
| "sour"
| - || - || - || - || U šɤm ~<br/>K šom || - || - || '''*čii₂m''' ||
| Nothing works. Cf. *šAppa(ma), *čɜGɜ-, *šoKɜ-
|-
| "to disappear"
| - || - || - || - || U. vez- || ve(e)s- || - || - || -
|-
| "sack"
| - || - || - || - || U. '''puj(ɨ)''' || - || *pääjəp || - || -
| or *pejV? SMs ä ~ EMs öä < *ää, but NMs a < *ä (WMs a undiagnostic)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: East only
|-
| "squirrel"
| - || - || - || - || - || evet || N. '''tapriś''' || - || Sk. #täpäk
| Or H ~ V iiwə, Trj jiipət (*-ɬääŋkii)
|-
| "to lift"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| emel- || *äälm- || *ääl(əm)- || '''*(j)i²lə-'''
|-
| "daughter"
| - || - || - || - || - || ia- || *ääwi || *ööɣii || -
| H. in ia-fia "one's children"
|-
| "other side"
| - || - || - || - || - || elv || *ääləm || *ääLəm || -
|-
| "dog"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ëb''' || *äämpə || *äämp || -
|-
| "strawberry"
| - || - || - || - || - || epër || *ääpərjek || - || -
|-
| "to harden (steel)"
| - || - || - || - || - || edz- || E öät- || *äät- || -
|-
| "glue"
| - || - || - || - || - || eńv || *eeľəm || E eejəm ~<br/>W *ääjəm ||
| H *ľm > *ńm > ńv?
|-
| "to walk; have room"
| - || - || - || - || - || leep- || *lääp- || *Leep- ||
|-
| "to lurk"
| - || - || - || - || - || leš- || *lääć- || N laaśii- || -
|-
| "thin"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| veezna || '''*(w)iś''' || *wääńć || -
| and K. ''vɤsńi''??
|-
| "tail"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *määnśək || *määsəɣ || Sk. ''mäča''
|-
| "horse; herd"
| - || - || - || - || - || meen || - || *määnəŋ || -
| *E possible
|-
| "to look"
| - || - || - || - || - || tekint- || - || E. tääɣən- || -
|-
| "to scoop"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɬäät- || *täti-
| cf. Komi šɤt- 'to bring in'?!
|-
| "rapids"
| - || - || - || - || -|| šellöö || *säärlV<!-- TJ -ii ~ N -aa--> || - || -
| *č- or *ś-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: Rest
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "son-in-law"
| *vävvü ||style="color:red"| '''*vīvɤ''' || Mk. ''ov'' || '''*wiŋə''' || - || vöö || - || W *weeŋ ~<br/>E '''wooŋ''' || '''*weŋü'''
|-
| "younger male relat."
| - || *lāvē || - || - || - || - || N <span style="color:red">'''leekʷ'''</span> || style="color:green"| *ľööɣii || -
| Kh *ɬööɣ "slave" probs not here
|-
| "sap"
| - || *ālē || - || - || - || - || '''*iľ''',<br/> Tv <span style="color:red">'''oľ'''</span> || W <span style="color:green">'''*eɭə(ɣ)'''</span><br/>~ V <span style="color:green">'''öɭ'''</span> || '''*ï/ülə'''
| Cf. "cambium"
|-
| "to burn"
| - || - || - || #Iŋä- || K. ɨń || eeg- || - || *jääŋ(L)əL- || -
| *äŋə-
|-
| "raspberry"
| - || - || *ińəźəŋ || Me. (eŋ)əž ~<br/>Hi. (əŋg)əž || U. (em)edź<br/>~ K. (ɤm)edź || - || - || *-ääńć || -
| Probs a compound also in Ma. (← eŋa- ~ əŋgä- 'to burn'?), P.
|-
| "don't"
| *älä || '''ɤlēk''' || '''iľa(k)''' || - || - || - || Tv äl /<br/>'''wil, ul''' || *ääL || (#i)
| much irregular. very analogy
|-
| "child; young"
| - || - || *ejď || - || - || i-fjú || - || *ääj || -
|-
| "porridge"
| '''*rokka''' || - || - || - || '''*rook''' || - || W raɣt,<br/>*räk- || *rook,<br/>*rääk ||
| *rokka ~ *rekkä??
|-
| "hill"
| *kääp(p)ä || - || - || - || - || - || *käp || - || -
| F. may be ← B.
|-
| "palm"
| N *kämmen,<br>S *kämmäl || - || - || - || - || - || - || *köömən || -
| S. *keamë- ← F.
|-
| "hard"
| *kämä || - || '''kemä''' || - || - || kemeeń || - || - || *kom?
|-
| "small bird"
| - || - || - || *kaj (?!) || - || - || So. koj || Kaz. kuj || Mt, Tv kai "goose"
|-
| "spear, spit"
| - ||style="color:red"| '''*sńipčō''' || - || *jɤpš || *jooć/ś || - || - || *jii₂pəs || '''*japsə'''
| Ma (++?) cf. Trk?
|-
| "belt"
|  || || || || *jee || || || || *jiəj ?
| Cf. "vyö"
|-
| "juniper"
| *kataka || *kɤsŋɤs;<br/>*koaccēvē "needle" || - || "MRS" kož || K. kač || - || *kääš- || - || -
| F. from *kača "resin" (vs. S. *kāssē "wax" < G?), or B.?
|-
| "blood"
| - || *kēlō- || - || - || - || - || ''*keel(ə)p'' || *käLə- ? || Ne. śelw-
| NS also kīlu-
|-
| "tail; back"
| '''*häntä''' || *cɤ/īckɤ || - || - || - || - || *šiš || '''*čönč''' || -
| best *e
|-
| "otter"
| NF? *hähkä || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || Sk. töötə
| Ma. šä/aškə ← Trk.
|-
| "string"
| Fi. jänni || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj jönää<br/>~ W *jen || -
| Bad (prob variants of *jäntə)
|-
| "wagtail"
| #västɜräkkɜ || - || *uśkəŕəj || - || - || - || *wärćək || *we/örćək || -
| S. #peštōr ← Kar. ''päistärikko''
|-
| "animal hair"
| - || - || - || '''*wäjä''' || - || - || - || - || Ne. #ẃeići
|-
| "to help"
| - || - || Er. '''čaŋgoďe-''' || - || - || šegiit- || - || - || -
| *č-ŋk-nt-, but wtf vowels?
|-
| "to pull, lead"
| '''*vetä-''' || - || *väďa- ~<br/>*väťa- || #wi/üðe- || - || vezet- || - || - || -
|better *ä than *e? also cf. Er. ''viťi-''
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || *wäpte-/əš || *vötes || - || - || - || -
|-
| "trap"
| - ||style="color:red"| ''*šeaššē'' || - || ? ''*ćüćäš'' || - || - || *seesəɣ || - || -
| but Ma. ← *ćüće- 'to dig' (MaWb)
|-
| "hard sno"
| - || *čiekɤr || - || - || - || - || CMs #ćAɣr || '''*ćaɣər''' ||style="color:red"| #käkar
| probably rather TN śexer, Km šëër ← OU
|-
| "to kick, jump"
| - || *čēkčɤ- || - || '''*ćükće-''' || *ćekćɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
|-
| "to load"
| ""
| *sälyttä- || - || - || || || || *tääl- || *ɬeel- || '''*tij-'''
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Rejectable
|-
| "to ruminate"
| *märeh(ti-) || style="color:red"| ''*smērēcē-'' || - || - || *roməćtɨ-<!--U. -śt- --> || - || - || - ||
| P. probably better ← II *raumantH-
|-
| "chin"
| - || - || - || - || ''*aŋ'' || || '''*eeɣən''' ||style="color:green"| *ääɣəɳ || *aŋ
| OUg better ~ *jekən, Smy ← *aŋ 'mouth' < *oŋə
|-
| "cereal"
| - || - || - || *šeðäŋə || K. <span style="color:red">*šoogdi</span> || e(e)d || - || *ɬäänt || -
| H+Kh < *sewə-ntä
|-
| "weak"
| - || - || - || '''*läńćərä''' || K. ľić || - || - || style="color:green"| ''*ɭääsək'' || -
| Medials inconsistent, Ma unetymological (better < *lańśə 'soft'?)
|-
| "weasel"
| - || - || - || - || U. jurmek || - || - || - || Sk. ńärmäk
| *je- ~ *ńä-?!
|-
| "to go"
| - || - || - || - || - || üldöz- || *jäl- || VVj jel- || -
| OU better < *elä-
|-
| "berry stew"
| - || - || - || - || K. ľaz(j-) || - || - || *lüüs || -
| Zero phonetic match
|-
|-
| "water"
| "tip of nose"
| - || *čácé || - || - || - || - || - || *seeč- || Ne. ''sada''
| - || *tīŋɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || TNe tɨna
| *ŋ ~ *n? *ī ~ *ï?
|-
|-
| "bog"
| "leather ~ bark"
| (*jäŋkä) || '''*jeaŋké''' || - || - || K. jeg || - || *jääŋk || *jeeŋk || -
| - || *čɤvtē || - || - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *käpti
| F. ← S.
|-
|-
| "sun"
| "to turn"
| *päjvä || '''*peajvé''' || - || - || K. bi || - || - || - || *pejwä
| '''*kääntä-''' || - || - || - || *kož- || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "side"
| "hill"
| '''*peeli''' || '''*pealé''' || päĺ || *pel || U. pal ~ K. pɤl || feel || *pääl || *peelək || *pelä
| - || '''*tēvā''' || - || - || K. <span style="color:green">di</span> || - || - || - || -
| S. uninheritable
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 14:31, 16 December 2018

→ Finnic *ä, Moksha ä, Mari *e, Mansi *ää, Khanty *ee (/ *öö next to a velar), Smy. *ä

Std. PU *ä_ə

> S. *ē_ɤ (ā_ō)

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
Permic *o (_l when V₂ not lost early?!)
"to fill" *täwci - - *tić *dol- tel- *tääɣəl *teeL *tärə S. *teavtɤ ← F.
"rope" *kewci *kēvðɤ - - *kol - *kʷääləɣ *kööLəɣ *kürə Smy *äw > *ü ? Within F, cf. Võ käütämä "to fasten" with *ä retained. Mari *kəl ← P.
"sister-in-law" *kälü *kālōj kel - U. kaľi
~ K. kel		 - - *kööLə *kälü Perhaps *kälü rather than *käləw. K. *-ëľ > el?
"joint" *jäsen - jäźńä Hi. ježəŋ ~
Me. jɤžəŋ		 *joz iiz - - - Ma. *ə with Hi. *jə > je ??
"to order" *käske- - - *küštə- *kos
"thigh" *sääri - *śäjäŕ - K. ćɤr - - - - *śäxərə better than *śäjərə; or *śäxärə??
Permic *i (with a lost nonlabial medial?)
""
"hand" *käci *kētɤ käď *kit *ki keez
: keze-		 *käätə *kööt -
"power" *väki *vēkɤ vij *vi *vi vele- ? *wääɣ *wööɣ - Ma. *e > *i _#
"sap" - - - - *li - - - Kam. lêji *läŋə or *läjə; rather not *i.
Permic *ɨ (_R), Finnic *ee (_Ri) ≈ older PU *äx_i
"tongue" *keeli *kēlɤ *käľ - *kɨl - *kääləmt-
"inquire"		 *kööL *käə- Mari *kəl "string, handle" from *käwðə via P.
"broth" *leemi *lēmɤ *ľäm *lem U. lɨm lee
: leve-		 *läämə - *jäm- K. ľem "jelly" rather < *d₂ümä
"to bind; bundle" *keer-- *kērɤ- kärks *kerä- ge/ɤrd,
ke/ɤrt-		 kür-, küür- *kʷäärək *keerää *kär- OU 'to weave' not here (AASmy 2). P. *kär-tä-, or ← Sl-II *kert-. Cf. also F. *kääri-?
"side, pole" *peeli - *päľ *pel - feel *päälə - - cf. *pälä "half", *wärə "side"?
"mind" *meeli *mēlɤ *mäľ - *mɨl - - - -
"side" *veeri *vērɤ *väŕə - - - - - -
"to swallo" *neele- *ńēlɤ- *ńiľə- *nelä- *ńɨl(ɨ)- ńel- *ńääl- *ńeeL- *ńal- Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
"to drink" *seeme- - *śimə- - - - - - - Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
"to drink" - - *iŕəďə- - K. *ɨrɤš - - - - Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? Smy *ɤ-r- better < *jëxə-
"lung" *tävvü - ťevlav - *tɨ tüdöö - - *täjwä ? Cf. "to fill"
"air" *sää - - - K. sɨnɤd eeg
: ege-		 - - - *säŋə
"to enter" - - - *pŭre- *pɨr- feer- - - - Or *pura- with H irregular
"woodpecker" *kärki - *käŕgä *kerɣə *kɨr - - - -
"to press" - - *ńäŕgə- - *nɨr- - - *nööɣər- - (AA, p.c.)
"nose" - *nērɤ *ńäŕ *ner *nɨr - - *niir *ńärə
"breast" - *mēlkɤ *mäľkɜ *mel U. mɨl mell *määɣəl *mööɣəL - F. *mälvi "bird breast?
"voice" *ääni,
C. *hääli		 *jēnɤ - - - eenek - - - F. *ää > *ee blocked / #_ ?
"piece" *pärek - - - *pɨrɨ - *päär *per - and Es. peerg < *peere-kä?
"mare" Liv. keev *kēvɤ -
Kh *ii₁ / _k?
"to depart" *läkte- *lēktɤ- #ľixtə- *lektä- lɨ/okt- - - *ɬii₁ɣət- - re P/Mo cf. *mäjäkä
"osprey; gull" *sääksi *čēkčɤ - - K. ćikći - *siɣs *sii₁ɣəs - some confusion w/ *čäkčij? two roots?
"to see" *näke- *nēkɤ- näj- - U. naal- ? neez- *näɣəl-,
*niiɣəl-		 *nii₁- -
"fog" - *cēkɤ - - - - - *čii₁ɣ - StUE4
"hill" *mäki - - - - - - *mii₁ɣ -
Remainder (no regular Permic reflex??)
"ice" *jää *jēŋɤ *jäŋ *i *jɤɤ jeeg
: jege-		 *jääŋkə *jööŋk *jaŋ- *jäŋi. Ma. *e > *i / _#
"string" *jänti - - - - ideg *jääntəɣ *jöntəɣ *jänti
"to become cold" *jäähty- *jēŋsō- jäkše- *jükše- - - - *jöɣLi- - *jäŋ-(k)štə-; non-West *jükšə- ??
"head, end" *pää - pe - *pooŋ fej
: feje-		 *päŋk - #pa better *e??
"louse" *täi - - *ti U. tej ~ K. toj tetüü
: tetve-		 *tääkmə *tööɣtəm - S. *tīkɤ ← Gmc? Ma. *e > *i / _#
"bit, to cut" *säŋki *čēŋkɤ- Er. śive- - *ćeeg- seg- *sääŋk- *sööŋk- - Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
"cradle" *kätküt *kētkɤ- - - U. kɤkɨ - - - *kätə-
"near" *lähe- - - *lišnə - - - - *jät- Cf. *läkte-
"warm" *lämpe- - *ľämbɜ *liwə - - - *jämpə- Smy. "clothes"
"trace" *jälki - - - - jel - *jääɣəɭ *jä Smy. 'heel'
"lichen on trees" - *jēvjɤmē - - - - - *jeej *jüjə Smy *äw > *ü ?
"mild" *leppedä - Mk. ľäpä (*liwə) - - - *ɬeepət - F → SLu lehpagis? Ma. possibly better < 'warm'
"fish sp." - - - *müktə K. mɨk - TJ mäwtək *mööɣtəɣ - *mäwəktV? PMs *määɣtəɣ (not **mäɣ- > ˣmüw-)
"7" *säjcen *čēčɤm *śiśəm *sĭm *śiźɨm - - - - Core Finnic > *seicen; Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? ← IE?
"heavy" *läülV *lēvlɤ - *lelə - - - - - Ms. *ľuuľ "weak", Kh. *ɬöL "cold" prob. don't belong
"a bird" E. ähk - *šäkšəj *ćećkem K. čakčej - - - -
"to suffer" *kärsi- *kērtɤ- *kiŕďə- *kerð/ta- - - - - - ← Gmc. *hardja-
"to hide" *kätke- - *käkšə- Cf. "cradle"
"to trust" - - - - - mer- *määr- - -
"to dive" - - - - - meriit- *määrəkt- *merət- -
"net" - - - - - meet *määkt *mööɣət -
"to fit" - - - - - meeltoo - *meeL- -
"warm" - - - - - meleg *määli *meeLək -
"to bind" - - - - - †ńeek *neeɣ- Kr. neewəj- -
"saddle" - - - - - ńerëg *näɣər E *nœœɣər - or *i with H irregular?
"to tear" - - - - - ńer- *ńir(əmt)- *ńer- - better *e?
"" - - - - - - - - -
Derivatives & such
"mound" *mättäs *mēktɤ - - - - - - *mäktə Cf. *mäkə
"sun" *päjvä *peajvē - - K. bi - - - *päjwä possibly *päjə-wä. Permic CV ⇒ *i
"badger" - - Mk. ńärgas *nerɣə U. nardɨ - - - *narkå #närə-ka

*ä_a, etc.

> F. *ä_ä (/ *-jC-, *Ć-?) ~ *a_e (default?), S. *ā_ē, Ma. *e

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
Finnic *a-i (main development?), *ä-- (derivatives)
"winter" *talvi *tālvē Er. ťeľe, Mk. ƭaľa *tel(ə) *tol teel
: tele-		 *täälə *teləɣ - *w > Ms ∅
"to cut" *säli-,
*sälek		 *čālē- - *šelä- *ćol- sel- *sil- *süüL- *sälä-
"half" *pooli *pealē *päľɜ *pele *pol feel
: fele-		 - *peeɭək *pälä cf. *pälə "side"; preF *palə → Slavic *polъ [*palʊ] → Mo *pola "spouse"?
"to wade" *koolë- *kālē- *käľə- *kelä-, *kelðə- *köl-, *kolt- kel- *kʷääl- *küüL- - F. *kaalat- ← S; Ma & P. #2 "to fish with a pull-net"
"root, vein" Liv. sūoŗ *sārē - *šer U. ser eer
: ere-		 *täärə *ɬeer - F. *soori < *sarə; Udm. e / _r?
"to load" *sälyttä- - - - K. sɤl- ell- *tääl- *ɬeeL- *tij- could be *ä-ə?
"moisture" *kasi *kāsē - - - - EW *köäťəľ *keeLää *käta
"moth" *koi - Er. ki Me. kije ke/ɤj - Tv kij, käj *keej - F. from *kooji < *kajə; ES *koajɤ ← F? U. e / _Ć
"gall" *sappi *sāppē *säpɜ - se/ɤp epe *tääpə - -
"to scoop" F. *ammi? - - - U. omɨrt- - *äämärt- *eemər- - if not F. < *ama-
"dirt" *saksi *sāksē *seksɜ - se/ɤs - - - - F > *sa(a)s-ta
"scab" *loomi - Er. ľeme Hi. lim ~ Me. lümö *lom - - - -
"tree sp." *sarni - - *šertńe *śir - - - - F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
not in F. but regular enough
"spleen" - *ðāpðē - *lep(ə) *loop leep - *leepət Ne. rapśaa S. *l-ð > *ð-ð?
"woman; weasel" - *kāðvē - - - †helɟ *kääľ *kööjəɣ *käjwä Ms. *ľɣ > ľ; MHu. > hölgy
"twig" - *sāŋkē - *šeŋge - eek - *ɬöŋk -
"to shoo" - *ārē- - - - - *äärt- *eerət-
"water" - *čācē - - - - - *seeč- Ne. sada
"to find place" - - - - *te/ɤrɨ- teer- - - - Udm. e / _r?
"to put in/on" - *cākē- - *čie- - - - - - Ma. *e > *i in hiatus (StUE1)
"mare" - *āltō *äľďɜ - - - - - -
"ungulate sp." - *vāðōk vedraš *wü̆ľə *vol - - *we₂lii - SMo "cow", MaP "horse", Kh. "reindeer". Es veis ← *vetä-, perhaps also Mo. Cf also Gmc *weθruz, L. vitulus etc.)
"moment" Fi. hetki
~ Ka. hätki		 - ška - *čož - - - - WTF?
"ring" - - - *jĭr *jor - - - Ne. jorka ? U. *jeros > joros?
Udm e ~ Komi ɤ
"back" Fi. perä
~ E. pära		 - *pŕa - be/ɤr - *pärəɣ *pertaɣ - ObU *perɜ > *per-əɣ
"part" - - - "рызе" *re/ɤć rees -rFś - - cf. Fi. räsä "broken", unless a variant of risa; Ms. dmnt.
"to prepare" - *lāčē- - *lĭšte- le/ɤśal-,
*le/ɤśɜtɨ-		 - - - -
"hemp" - - - *kĭńe ke/ɤn - - - - Wanderwort.
"to freeze" - - - Hi. kiže- ke/ɤdź- - - - *kə̈nsä- or *kinśä with K. irregular?
*ä-ä type 2: F *ä-ä ~ S *ā-ē; Komi *e; Ms *ee ~ Kh *ää (*ii) all with -CC-?
"tongue" - *ńālmē - *ńĭlmə - ńelv, ńeev *ńeeləm *ńääLəm - Ne. ńāᵒḿu better ← *ńåə- < *ńalə-
"power" *tarmo,
Fi. tärmä		 *tārmō - - - - *teeriŋ *täärəm -
"(to) cover" *läppä Lu liehppa - *leweðä-
*lewäš		 U. ľipɨ-
~ K. lep		 lep- *leep- - -
"lasso; trap" NF *lämsä *lāmčē - - K. leć - *leesə *lii₁s *jä²sɜn Medials messy; F perhaps ← Gmc *slamsa-, OU ← K?
"needle" *äjmä *ājmē - *imə K. jem - - - *äjmä Ma. *ej > *i. Also cf. U. veń
"old man" *äjjä *ājjē - - *ajɨ - - - *äjsä Contam. of *äjjä + *äććä in Smy?
"lath" *tarja - - #tiər - - N tarəs *täärəs - Fi. ~ tärjä, contam. with *sarja? *tärə-, derivs?
"larch" - - - - K. ń/nia
~ ńeja		 - EWMs ńix *nääŋk - Medials messy. PMs *ee, shortened?
"worm" - - - - K. perk feerëg *peer(ə)k - - medials?? probably nor *-rkk-
"bay, lake" - - - - U kalɤm
~ K. kela		 *keeləɣ *kœœɭəɣ - Ud. a / _l ? Sk. *kuəľ not here (< PS *wåj)
"spot" *täplä *tāplē - - - - - - -
With F *ä-ä ~ S *ea-ē
"thumb" - *pealkē *päľka - U. pɤlɨ
~ K. pel		 - - - *pej *pälə-kkä, cf. "side"? F. *pewka- ← Gmc.
"bog" - *jeaŋkē - - K. jeg - *jääŋkə *jööŋk - Fi. jänkä prob. ← S.
"smoke hole" *räppänä *reapēnē - - *ropɨ- - - - -
"lichen" *jäkälä *jeakēl - - K. jal - - - -
"to understand" Fi äly *ealvē- - - K. al - - - - -
With Komi /e/
"to freeze" (*jääty-) - - - K. jed- - *jäänt- *jentəɭ- *jäŋ-tä-. Also K. jo/ɤdmɨ "to harden"
"to reach" - - - - K. šergɤd- eer- *täärt- *ɬeerəmt- -
"to believe" - - - - *öskɨ- - *äɣt- *ööɣəL- - Ms. cf. *aa > *a / _ɣt. Cf. *usko-?
"to fly" - - - - *löb- lebëg-, libëg- - - - Rather *e? Cf. F. *lentä- ??
"thin" - - - - *vek-- veekoń - - -
"to understand; think" - - - - #väälal- veel- - - -
"old" - - - - K. vener veen - - - Or *winä?
"block" - - - - U džɤk ~
K džek		 čök - - -
remainder
"friend" - *lāvē - - - - N. leekʷ *ɬöɣ - Ms. transfer of labzn? S. ← ObU?
"paw" *käpsä - - *küpš U. kus- ~ K. kɨs, kɤs - *kʷät *kööpəL -
"this" *tä-mä *tā tä Hi. ti ~ Me. tɤ *ta te- *ti *te ? *tê- East *tê, if not rel. to "that"
"these" *nä-mä *nā *ńä *nĭjne K. na -ni, -ne ? *-nää ? *-nää *nä Ugr. lativ ending
"ass" - - - *šeŋgə - šegg *sääŋkʷ - *čɤŋkå *č not palatalized in Smy?
"to chop" - *āktē- - - *ooktɨ- üt- *jäkt- *ööɣət- - Ms *ää > *ä / _kt? Cf. "to believe". P *oktɨ- "gather" not here (contra HPUL)
"big, mother" *emä *eamē - - - eme - - *ämä F & S. with analogy from *ena? Cf. F. *ämmä
"bone" Fi. tähde *tāktē - - - tetem - - - F. "leftovers"
"elm" - - śäľi *šol - sil - - - F. *salaka, *halaka "willow" ← Gmc.
"star" *tähti *tāstē *ťäšťɜ *tištə - - - - - Or -i?
With Ms *ää ~ Kh *ää (most spotty, perhaps most *-ə)
"to cut" *vejci
Võ. väić		 - - - K. vɤź- veeš- - *wäänć- - nom. *wäńćə (> F. "knife"), verb *wäńć-ä-?
"girl" *nejt--
Võ. näio		 *nējtɤ E. ńi - *nɨl - *nääj
"lady"		 *nääj
"lady"		 *nä *näjə. Cf. Ms *nee ~ Kh *nii₂ŋ "woman"
"roach; ruffe" *särki - *säŕgɜ *šereŋɣə - - *täärəɣ *ɬäärəɣ - Liv. särg w/o umlaut (< *särkä?)
"father" - W *āččē - - - - *ääći *ääćii NE #åt³sä- S. also E *ëćē = F. *icä?
"soft" - OSw "nemok"? - - - - *ńäämək *ńäämək
"lap" - - *äľ Hi. elt- ~ Me. ölt- *wol - *ääl *ääL -
"(to) bend" - - *mäńə- - - meen *määnəj-,
*mii₂n		 #mËnə-
"to choke" - - - - *čök-,
U. džok- ~ K. džag-		 - *šük- *čääkən- -
"to feel" - - - - K. malal - *määlVćl- *määL- - Es. mälu < *mälə "mind"
"honey" - - - *mü(j) - - *määɣ *määɣ Newer loans, e.g. from Permic?
Loans: old
"board" *parci - - *börd - *päärtə *peert - ← IE *bʰerdʰ-; separately in P.?
"lake" *jarvi,
*järvi		 *jāvrē järkä *jer - - - - - +Merya #jäkrä; ← IE *jewHro-
"to flee;
to disappear" 		- *pātārɤ- - - - - *päätər- - - ← II *patar- "flying" (StUE1)
"goose" *hanhi - Er. šenže - - - - - - *šänšä ← B.
Loans: likely parallel
"to tire; be ill" *väsü- *vēsɤ- - - *viśɨ- - - - - FS ← Gmc *wēsia-
"crust" *kärnä *kearnē kšńat - - - *käärńə- F & S. ← Gmc. *herna
"to go" *käve- - - Hi. kej ~ Me. kaj - - - - - F. ← Gmc. *skeewjan
"small, few" *vähä - Er. vež- - - - - - - F. ← Gmc *wēxa-, also Er.?
"kidney" - - - *werɣə K. vɤrk - - - - ← II *vr̥tka
"iron" - - kšńi *kü̆rtńe *kort - - - - ← Ir. *kaart-
With Permic *a
"tree stump" - *jɤlŋēs - - U. jal - - *jöŋkəL *jä Check Smy.
"bird sp." Es. ähk(a-) - *šäkša-- *ćećkem K. čakčej - - - -
"backside" - NW *kācākɤ - - K. kadž - - - -
"birch bark vessel" - - - *leŋəš *ľaŋes - - *jeŋəL -
"house" - - - *mĭt *matɤ - - - *mat
"fish sp." - - - - U. karei - *käärɣəj *köörə Ne. xirii
"net" - - - - *ka(d)ź - - Kam. koťəp -
"trap" - - - - *naľk - *ńääľə - - Cf. Fi. nalkki ??
"year; time" - - - - *ar - #arəm - - But Smy *ërö < *ëd₁ə
"time" - - - - K. kad †kedig,
keedig		 - - -
"to knead" - - - *nüštəlä- U. nadź- - - - - Weak
TBS: FP only
"woodpecker" *hähnä *čāšnē - *šištə *śiź - - - -
"beaver" *majaka *mājēkē mijav - mɨ/oj - - - - NB Mo. *i, P. ɨ~o also in "to leave"
"rotten" *mätä *mēckɤ - *määkš - - - - - Medials incoherent
"fine; short" *hɤɤno - - - K. dženɨt - - - - Bad. K ~ F hiven = *čiŋɜ-?
"whetstone" *hɤɤra - - - U. šer - - - -
"cambium; milk" Fi. jälsi - - - *jɤl - - - - Bad semantics
"sickness" *närä - - - K. ńora - - - -
"to choke, strangle" *läppä(htä)- *lɤppɤsē- *ľäpəja-,
*ľäpsta-		 - - - - - - Cf. *läkkä-
"near" *lähe-,
*läs-nä		 - - *lĭš-nə - - - - -
"thin" E *väčkü - - *wĭćkəž - - - - -
"aunt; mother" *tätej - "ťäďä" - - - - - - Lallwort
"paw" *käppä - *käpɜ - - - - - - Cf. *käpsä, also Fi. käpälä
"to breathe" *läkkä- - *ľäka- - - - - - -
"valley" - *leakē ľäj - - - - - - Cf. *lakc'i; WPIE *lakos
TBS: Permic + East
"rare; open" - - - - U. šer - *täärəɣ *Lii₂r(tV) -
"even" - - - - U. voľɨt ~
K. voľk(ɨd)		 - - E weeľəɣ ~
W *weĽək		 -
"to see" - - - - K. vidlɨ- veed- - N. waant- - Better *E? Cf. IE
"to heat" - - - - U est(ɨ)-
K ɤzji-		 - - W *eL-,
V öl-		 - cf. PIE *h₂as-? also cf. *ešə-
"sour" - - - - U šɤm ~
K šom		 - - *čii₂m Nothing works. Cf. *šAppa(ma), *čɜGɜ-, *šoKɜ-
"to disappear" - - - - U. vez- ve(e)s- - - -
"sack" - - - - U. puj(ɨ) - *pääjəp - - or *pejV? SMs ä ~ EMs öä < *ää, but NMs a < *ä (WMs a undiagnostic)
TBS: East only
"squirrel" - - - - - evet N. tapriś - Sk. #täpäk Or H ~ V iiwə, Trj jiipət (*-ɬääŋkii)
"to lift" - - - - - emel- *äälm- *ääl(əm)- *(j)i²lə-
"daughter" - - - - - ia- *ääwi *ööɣii - H. in ia-fia "one's children"
"other side" - - - - - elv *ääləm *ääLəm -
"dog" - - - - - ëb *äämpə *äämp -
"strawberry" - - - - - epër *ääpərjek - -
"to harden (steel)" - - - - - edz- E öät- *äät- -
"glue" - - - - - eńv *eeľəm E eejəm ~
W *ääjəm		 H *ľm > *ńm > ńv?
"to walk; have room" - - - - - leep- *lääp- *Leep-
"to lurk" - - - - - leš- *lääć- N laaśii- -
"thin" - - - - - veezna *(w)iś *wääńć - and K. vɤsńi??
"tail" - - - - - - *määnśək *määsəɣ Sk. mäča
"horse; herd" - - - - - meen - *määnəŋ - *E possible
"to look" - - - - - tekint- - E. tääɣən- -
"to scoop" - - - - - - - *ɬäät- *täti- cf. Komi šɤt- 'to bring in'?!
"rapids" - - - - - šellöö *säärlV - - *č- or *ś-?
TBS: Rest
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"son-in-law" *vävvü *vīvɤ Mk. ov *wiŋə - vöö - W *weeŋ ~
E wooŋ		 *weŋü
"younger male relat." - *lāvē - - - - N leekʷ *ľööɣii - Kh *ɬööɣ "slave" probs not here
"sap" - *ālē - - - - *iľ,
Tv oľ		 W *eɭə(ɣ)
~ V öɭ		 *ï/ülə Cf. "cambium"
"to burn" - - - #Iŋä- K. ɨń eeg- - *jääŋ(L)əL- - *äŋə-
"raspberry" - - *ińəźəŋ Me. (eŋ)əž ~
Hi. (əŋg)əž		 U. (em)edź
~ K. (ɤm)edź		 - - *-ääńć - Probs a compound also in Ma. (← eŋa- ~ əŋgä- 'to burn'?), P.
"don't" *älä ɤlēk iľa(k) - - - Tv äl /
wil, ul		 *ääL (#i) much irregular. very analogy
"child; young" - - *ejď - - i-fjú - *ääj -
"porridge" *rokka - - - *rook - W raɣt,
*räk-		 *rook,
*rääk		 *rokka ~ *rekkä??
"hill" *kääp(p)ä - - - - - *käp - - F. may be ← B.
"palm" N *kämmen,
S *kämmäl		 - - - - - - *köömən - S. *keamë- ← F.
"hard" *kämä - kemä - - kemeeń - - *kom?
"small bird" - - - *kaj (?!) - - So. koj Kaz. kuj Mt, Tv kai "goose"
"spear, spit" - *sńipčō - *jɤpš *jooć/ś - - *jii₂pəs *japsə Ma (++?) cf. Trk?
"belt" *jee *jiəj ? Cf. "vyö"
"juniper" *kataka *kɤsŋɤs;
*koaccēvē "needle"		 - "MRS" kož K. kač - *kääš- - - F. from *kača "resin" (vs. S. *kāssē "wax" < G?), or B.?
"blood" - *kēlō- - - - - *keel(ə)p *käLə- ? Ne. śelw- NS also kīlu-
"tail; back" *häntä *cɤ/īckɤ - - - - *šiš *čönč - best *e
"otter" NF? *hähkä - - - - - - - Sk. töötə Ma. šä/aškə ← Trk.
"string" Fi. jänni - - - - - - Vj jönää
~ W *jen		 - Bad (prob variants of *jäntə)
"wagtail" #västɜräkkɜ - *uśkəŕəj - - - *wärćək *we/örćək - S. #peštōr ← Kar. päistärikko
"animal hair" - - - *wäjä - - - - Ne. #ẃeići
"to help" - - Er. čaŋgoďe- - - šegiit- - - - *č-ŋk-nt-, but wtf vowels?
"to pull, lead" *vetä- - *väďa- ~
*väťa-		 #wi/üðe- - vezet- - - - better *ä than *e? also cf. Er. viťi-
"net" - - - *wäpte-/əš *vötes - - - -
"trap" - *šeaššē - ? *ćüćäš - - *seesəɣ - - but Ma. ← *ćüće- 'to dig' (MaWb)
"hard sno" - *čiekɤr - - - - CMs #ćAɣr *ćaɣər #käkar probably rather TN śexer, Km šëër ← OU
"to kick, jump" - *čēkčɤ- - *ćükće- *ćekćɨ- - - - -
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Rejectable
"to ruminate" *märeh(ti-) *smērēcē- - - *roməćtɨ- - - - P. probably better ← II *raumantH-
"chin" - - - - *aŋ *eeɣən *ääɣəɳ *aŋ OUg better ~ *jekən, Smy ← *aŋ 'mouth' < *oŋə
"cereal" - - - *šeðäŋə K. *šoogdi e(e)d - *ɬäänt - H+Kh < *sewə-ntä
"weak" - - - *läńćərä K. ľić - - *ɭääsək - Medials inconsistent, Ma unetymological (better < *lańśə 'soft'?)
"weasel" - - - - U. jurmek - - - Sk. ńärmäk *je- ~ *ńä-?!
"to go" - - - - - üldöz- *jäl- VVj jel- - OU better < *elä-
"berry stew" - - - - K. ľaz(j-) - - *lüüs - Zero phonetic match
"tip of nose" - *tīŋɤ - - - - - - TNe tɨna *ŋ ~ *n? *ī ~ *ï?
"leather ~ bark" - *čɤvtē - - - - - - *käpti
"to turn" *kääntä- - - - *kož- - - - -
"hill" - *tēvā - - K. di - - - - S. uninheritable
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