Kythish lexicon: Difference between revisions
From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
(some more words at random) |
|||
(16 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown) | |||
Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
Entries are ordered thus: '''spelling''' /pronunciation/ ''part of speech'' definition — notes & etymology. Where irregular forms are listed, only the relevant inflections are given. Pronunciations are broadly transcribed, with canonical, phonemic values. | Entries are ordered thus: '''spelling''' /pronunciation/ ''part of speech'' definition — notes & etymology. Where irregular forms are listed, only the relevant inflections are given. Pronunciations are broadly transcribed, with canonical, phonemic values. | ||
''n.'' = noun; ''v.'' = verb; ''a.'' = adjective or adverb; ''p.'' = pronoun (personal, interrogative or demonstrative); ''c.'' = conjunction; ''f.'' = affix; ''i.'' = interjection | ''n.'' = noun; ''v.'' = verb; ''a.'' = adjective or adverb; ''p.'' = pronoun (personal, interrogative or demonstrative); ''c.'' = conjunction; ''f.'' = affix; ''i.'' = interjection; ''pp.'' = preposition | ||
''dial.'' = dialectal; ''colloq.'' = colloquial; ''irreg.'' = irregular; ''obs.'' = obsolete | ''dial.'' = dialectal; ''colloq.'' = colloquial; ''irreg.'' = irregular; ''obs.'' = obsolete | ||
==a== | ==a== | ||
*'''aaś''' /æːʃ/ ''n.'' The letter a. | *'''a'''- /æ/ ''f.'' Affix form of ''aa'', below. — Mostly used to form adjectives from verbs. Usually unstressed. | ||
*'''abawƿ''' /ˈæbæʊw/ ''n.'' Apple. | *'''aa''' /æː/ ''pp.'' At. — Old English ''æt''. | ||
*''' | *'''aaś''' /æːʃ/ ''n.'' The letter a. — Old English ''æsc'', ash (see ''aś''). Long vowel is common to all letter names. | ||
*'''abawƿ''' /ˈæbæʊw/ ''n.'' Apple. — Either Old English ''æppel'' or Welsh ''afal''. Influence of both is likely. | |||
*'''aŋywƿ''' /ˈæŋəʊw/ ''n.'' Angel; saintly person. | *-'''an''' /æn/ ''f.'' Marks the infinitive of verbs. — Irregular derivation of Old English -''an''. | ||
*'''asće''' /ˈæsxə/ ''n.'' Ash (dust formed from burning). | *'''aŋywƿ''' /ˈæŋəʊw/ ''n.'' Angel; saintly person. — Old English ''ængel'', variant of ''engel'', angel. | ||
*'''aś''' /æʃ/ ''n.'' Ash tree; pole or | *'''asće''' /ˈæsxə/ ''n.'' Ash (dust formed from burning). — Old English ''æsce'', ashes. | ||
*'''asom''' /æˈsɔm/ ''a.'' Fitting. — Affixation of ''a''- to ''soman'', q.v. | |||
*'''aś'''¹ /æʃ/ ''n.'' Ash tree; pole or polearm. — Old English ''æsc'', ash. | |||
*'''aś'''² /æʃ/ ''p.'' ''dial.'' I. — Metropolitan variant of ''eś'', q.v. | |||
*'''aþẃrs''' /æˈθuːrs/ ''a.'' Thirsty. — Affixation of ''a''- to ''þẃrsan'', q.v. | |||
*'''awgoŋ''' /ˈæʊɡɔŋ/ ''n.'' Exit, out-door. — Old English ''útgang'', exit. | |||
*'''aẃ''' /æuː/ ''n.'' ''slang'' Outdoors, countryside. — Middle Hacean ''auu'', from Old English ''út'', out. See ''ẃ''. | |||
==á== | ==á== | ||
*''' | *'''áneí''' /ˈaːnɛi/ ''a.'' Any. — Old English ''ǽnig'', ''ǽneg'', any. | ||
==b== | ==b== | ||
*'''bycwynan''' /bəˈkʊənæn/ ''v.'' ''colloq.'' To teach. | *'''baiwƿ''' /bæɪʊw/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Bug, creepy-crawly. — Old English ''bétel'', beetle; see ''béle''. | ||
*'''bycwynár''' /bəˈkʊənar/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' | *'''beyśe''' /ˈbɛəʃə/ ''n.'' Female animal; pejoratively, woman. — Old English ''bicce'', bitch. | ||
*'''béjan''' /ˈbeːjæn/ ''v.'' To bite; to cut off a small piece. — Old English ''bítan''. Base form is '''bé'''. | |||
*'''béje''' /ˈbeːjə/ ''n.'' Bite, chunk. — From the verb. | |||
*'''béjyne''' /ˈbeːjənə/ ''n.'' Bite (act of biting). | |||
*'''béle''' /ˈbeːlə/ ''n.'' Beetle. — Old English ''bítela''. | |||
*'''bjowm''' /bjɔʊm/ ''n.'' Tree. — Old English ''beám''. | |||
*'''bown''' /bɔʊn/ ''n.'' Bone (as an object). — Old English ''bán''. | |||
*'''bownas''' /ˈbɔʊnæs/ ''n.'' Bone (as a material). — Merely a compound of ''bown'' and -''nas''. | |||
*'''bózym''' /ˈboːzəm/ ''n.'' Chest, bosom; torso. — Old English ''bósm''. | |||
*'''bwŕ''' /bʊʀ/ ''n.'' Fort, castle, palace, large building. — Old English ''burh'', fort. | |||
*'''bẃ''' /buː/ ''n.'' Settlement; farm dwellings. — Old English and Old Norse ''by''. | |||
*'''bẃrgan''' /ˈbuːrɡæn/ ''v.'' To entomb. — Back-formation from ''bẃrǵaws'', q.v. | |||
*'''bẃrǵaws''' /ˈbuːrɣæʊs/ ''n.'' Tomb, mausoleum. — Variant of ''bẃrǵywƿs'', on the notion that it stood for *''bẃrg''-''haws'', see ''bẃrgan'' and ''haws''. | |||
*'''bẃrǵywƿs''' /ˈbuːrɣəʊws/ ''n.'' Tomb. — Old English ''byrgels'', tomb. See also ''bẃrǵaws''. | |||
*'''bẃreíjan''' /buˈrɛijæn/ ''v.'' To bury (an object, not a person). — Old English ''byrigan''. | |||
*'''byconan''' /bəˈkɔnæn/ ''v.'' To enable, make able. — Causative form of ''conan'', q.v. | |||
*'''bycwynan''' /bəˈkʊənæn/ ''v.'' ''colloq.'' To teach. — Affixation of ''by''-, a causative, to ''cwynan'', q.v. Normal verb of teaching is ''ceinan''. | |||
*'''bycwynár''' /bəˈkʊənar/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Teacher. | |||
*'''bymoŋan''' /bəˈmɔŋæn/ ''v.'' To mix (together). — Causative form of ''moŋan'', q.v. | |||
*'''byryjan''' /bəˈrəjæn/ ''v.'' To pledge, promise. — Middle Hacean ''bureian'' (''burejan''), from Old English ''borgian''. | |||
*'''bysćúźan''' /bəˈsxɑːʒæn/ ''v.'' To ruffle (hair). — Affixation of ''by''- to ''sćúźe'', q.v. | |||
*'''bysturc''' /bəˈstʌrk/ ''i.'' ''slang'' Woot! Yes! etc., indicates victory or successful completion of a task. — From the verb, on the notion that one has been 'placed higher' by succeeding. | |||
*'''bysturcan''' /bəˈstʌrkæn/ ''v.'' To raise up, place higher. — Formed from ''by''- and ''sturc'', q.v. | |||
*'''bywć''' /bəʊx/ ''n.'' Cow. — Welsh ''buwch'', cow. | |||
*'''býr''' /bɜːr/ ''n.'' Beer. — Old English ''beor''. | |||
*'''býrǵan''' /ˈbɜːrɣæn/ ''v.'' To protect, hide away; to keep. — Old English ''beorgan'', to protect. | |||
*'''býrǵáiþ''' /ˈbɜːrɣaɪθ/ ''n.'' Protection. | |||
*'''býrǵe''' /ˈbɜːrɣə/ ''n.'' Stash, caché; hideaway. — From the verb. | |||
*'''býŕ''' /bɜːʀ/ ''n.'' Mound, pile; stash. — Old English ''beorh'', mound or hill. Second sense is due to influence of ''býrǵe'', q.v. | |||
==c== | ==c== | ||
*'''cawðan''' /ˈkæʊðæn/ ''v.'' To be famous. | *'''caes''' /kæɛs/ ''n.'' Hate, hatred. — Welsh ''cas''. | ||
*'''caesan''' /ˈkæɛsæn/ ''v.'' To hate. — Formed from ''caes''. | |||
*'''caese''' /ˈkæɛsə/ ''n.'' Hatred. — From the verb. | |||
*'''caesfowƿ''' /ˈkæɛsfɔʊw/ ''a.'' Hateful; evil. | |||
*'''cawðan''' /ˈkæʊðæn/ ''v.'' To be famous. — Either Old English ''cúð'', known, or Kythish ''cwynan'', q.v. Not found in Middle Hacean. | |||
*'''cawðáiþ''' /ˈkæʊðaɪθ/ ''n.'' Fame. | |||
*'''cawðár''' /ˈkæʊðar/ ''n.'' Celebrity. | *'''cawðár''' /ˈkæʊðar/ ''n.'' Celebrity. | ||
*'''ceinan''' /ˈkɛɪnæn/ ''v.'' To teach. | *'''cawðswm''' /ˈkæʊðzʊm/ ''a.'' Famous. | ||
*'''ceinan''' /ˈkɛɪnæn/ ''v.'' To teach. — Old English ''cennan'', to cause to know. | |||
*'''ceináiþ''' /ˈkɛɪnaɪθ/ ''n.'' Education. | *'''ceináiþ''' /ˈkɛɪnaɪθ/ ''n.'' Education. | ||
*'''ceinár''' /ˈkɛɪnar/ ''n.'' | *'''ceinár''' /ˈkɛɪnar/ ''n.'' Teacher. | ||
*'''ceine''' /ˈkɛɪnə/ ''n.'' | *'''ceine''' /ˈkɛɪnə/ ''n.'' Lesson. — From the verb. | ||
*'''ceinlýs''' /ˈkɛɪnlɜs/ ''a.'' Uneducated. | *'''ceinhaws''' /ˈkɛɪnhæʊs/ ''n.'' School. — Literally "lesson-building", compound of ''ceine'' and ''haws'', q.v. | ||
*'''ceinon''' /ˈkɛɪnɔn/ ''n.'' | *'''ceinlýs''' /ˈkɛɪnlɜs/ ''a.'' Uneducated. — Literally "lessonless", from ''ceine'' and the suffix -''lýs''. | ||
*'''ceinon''' /ˈkɛɪnɔn/ ''n.'' Student. | |||
*''' | *'''cíþrár''' /ˈkiːθrar/ ''n.'' Close or intimate friend. — Possibly connected to ''cwiþár'' via an unattested form *''cwiþyrár''. | ||
*'''cíþrárnas''' /kiθˈraːrnæs/ ''n.'' Friendship group. — Affixation of -''nas'' to ''cíþrár'', q.v. | |||
*'''cíþráráiþ''' /kiθˈraːraɪθ/ ''n.'' Close friendship. | |||
*'''conan''' /ˈkɔnæn/ ''v.'' To be able. — Old English ''can''. | |||
*'''confowƿ''' /ˈkɔnfɔʊw/ ''a.'' Full of ability; well-suited to a particular task. | |||
*'''conlýs''' /ˈkɔnlɜs/ ''a.'' Without ability; weak; stupid. | |||
*'''conlýsáiþ''' /kɔnˈlɜːsaɪθ/ ''n.'' ''pejor.'' Weakness. — From the adjective, and influenced by ''conlýsár''. | |||
*'''conlýsár''' /kɔnˈlɜːsar/ ''n.'' ''pejor.'' Weakling. — From the adjective. | |||
*'''conswm''' /ˈkɔnsʊm/ ''a.'' Able. | |||
*'''coo''' /kɔː/ ''n.'' Cat. — Old English ''cat''. | |||
*'''coostopan''' /ˌkɔːˈstɔpæn/ ''v.'' To tip-toe, to creep. — Literally "cat-step"; compound of ''coo'', cat, and ''stopan'', to walk, q.v. | |||
*'''coostopár''' /ˌkɔːˈstɔpar/ ''n.'' One who creeps, or a creeper (plant). | |||
*'''coostopyrár''' /ˌkɔːˈstɔpərar/ ''n.'' A spy or cat-burgler. — Frequentative of ''coostopár''. | |||
*'''cowƿ''' /kɔʊw/ ''n.'' Basket; sack. — Old English ''caul'', basket, from Latin ''cavellum''. | |||
*'''cuwn''' /kʌʊn/ ''a.'' Chewed, mangled. — Old English ''coƿen'', past participle of ''ceóƿan'', see ''śjóƿan''. | |||
*'''cwiðan''' /ˈkʊɪðæn/ ''v.'' To reveal. — Old English ''cýðan'', to make known. | |||
*'''cwiðyne''' /ˈkʊɪðənə/ ''n.'' Revealing, unveiling. — From the continuative of ''cwiðan''. | |||
*'''cwiþár''' /ˈkʊɪθar/ ''n.'' Fellow countryman. — Derived from ''cwiþe''. | |||
*'''cwiþe''' /ˈkʊɪθə/ ''n.'' One's homeland; the Kythe. — Old English ''cýððe'', native land, kindred. | |||
*'''cwnan''' /ˈkʊnæn/ ''n.'' To test; to inquire. — Old English ''cunnian'', to seek to know, to test. | |||
*'''cwnár''' /ˈkʊnar/ ''n.'' Tester. | |||
*'''cwne''' /ˈkʊnə/ ''n.'' Test. — From the verb. | |||
*'''cwnyrár''' /ˈkʊnərar/ ''n.'' Scientist. — Frequentative of ''cwnár''. | |||
*'''cwnyráráiþ''' /kʊnəˈraːraɪθ/ ''n.'' Science. | |||
*'''cwynan''' /ˈkʊənæn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To know. — Old English ''cunnan''. | |||
*::1st person imperfect past: '''cawð''' /kæʊð/ | |||
*::2nd person imperfect past: '''cawþs''' /kæʊθs/ | |||
*::3rd person imperfect past: '''cawþ''' /kæʊθ/ | |||
*::Perfective past: '''cawðaf''' /ˈkæʊðæf/ | |||
*'''cwynáiþ''' /ˈkʊənaɪθ/ ''n.'' Knowledge. — From the verb. | |||
*'''cwyne''' /ˈkʊənə/ ''n.'' Something known; a piece of information. — From the verb. | |||
*'''cwynyran''' /ˈkʊənəræn/ ''v.'' To be knowledgeable. — Frequentative of ''cwynan''. | |||
*'''cwynáiþ''' /ˈkʊənaɪθ/ ''n.'' Knowledge. | |||
*'''cwyne''' /ˈkʊənə/ ''n.'' Something known; a piece of information. | |||
*'''cwynyran''' /ˈkʊənəræn/ ''v.'' To be knowledgeable. | |||
*'''cwynyrár''' /ˈkʊənərar/ ''n.'' A sage. | *'''cwynyrár''' /ˈkʊənərar/ ''n.'' A sage. | ||
*'''cyn'''- /kən/ ''f.'' Can, able to (indicates ability to do something). — From ''conan'', q.v. Usually unstressed. | |||
*'''cynƿóć''' /ˈkənwox/ ''a.'' Bendy, bendable, malleable. — Literally 'can-bend', see ''cyn''- and ''ƿóćan''. Note unusual stress. | |||
==ć== | ==ć== | ||
*'''ćjaap''' /xjæːp/ ''n.'' A lean or worthless sheep, specifically one from a highland area; humorously, a goat. — Originally a dialectal variation of ''sćjowp'', sheep, presumably from around the banoǵacei region. | |||
==d== | ==d== | ||
*'''duźe''' /ˈdʌʒə/ ''n.'' Pet dog, or broadly, any pet. | *'''daí''' /dæi/ ''n.'' Day. — Old English ''dæg''. | ||
*''' | *'''daw''' /dæʊ/ ''a.'' & ''n.'' Two. — Welsh ''dau''. | ||
*'''dwnrainyn''' /dʊnˈræɪnən/ ''i.'' It's raining (down). | *'''drwǵðe''' /ˈdrʊɣðə/ ''n.'' Drought. — Old English ''drugaðe''. Related to ''drwíjan'' and ''drẃǵ'', q.v. | ||
*'''dẃdár''' /ˈduːdar/ ''n.'' | *'''drwíjan''' /ˈdrʊijæn/ ''v.'' To (make) dry. — Old English ''drugian'', to dry. Related to ''drẃǵ'' and ''drwǵðe'', q.v. | ||
*'''dẃde''' /ˈduːdə/ ''n.'' | *'''drẃǵ''' /druːɣ/ ''a.'' Dehydrated, dried. — Old English ''dryge'', dry. Compare with ''zjowr''. Related to ''drwíjan'' and ''drwǵðe'', q.v. | ||
*'''dẃiráin''' /duɪˈraɪn/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' A downpour. | *'''duźe''' /ˈdʌʒə/ ''n.'' Pet dog, or broadly, any pet. — Old English ''docga'', dog. | ||
*'''dẃiráinan''' /duɪˈraɪnæn/ ''v.'' ''colloq.'' To pour with rain. & | *'''duźwc''' /ˈdʌʒʊk/ ''n.'' Small or juvenile pet. — Diminutive of ''duźe''. | ||
*'''dwnrainyn''' /dʊnˈræɪnən/ ''i.'' ''colloq.'' It's raining (down). — From ''dwn''-, down, and ''rainyn'', continuative of ''rainan'', q.v. | |||
*'''dwyn''' /dʊən/ ''a.'' Dark, murky. — Old English ''dunn''. | |||
*'''dẃdan''' /ˈduːdæn/ ''v.'' To delay, to deceive. — Probably Old English ''dydrian'', to lead hither and thither. | |||
*'''dẃdáiþ''' /ˈduːdaɪθ/ ''n.'' Deception. | |||
*'''dẃdár''' /ˈduːdar/ ''n.'' Delayer, deceiver; one who obstructs. | |||
*'''dẃdáran''' /duˈda:ræn/ ''v.'' ''colloq.'' ''pejor.'' To be employed by the government. — From ''dẃdár'', on the notion that to work for the government is to be a delayer, deceiver or both. | |||
*'''dẃdáráiþ''' /duˈda:raɪθ/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' ''pejor.'' Government employment. | |||
*'''dẃdáre''' /duˈda:rə/ ''n.'' Filibuster (in politics). — From ''dẃdár'', as it is 'something that delays'. | |||
*'''dẃde''' /ˈduːdə/ ''n.'' Delay. — From the verb. | |||
*'''dẃdre''' /ˈduːdrə/ ''n.'' Winding path, trail. — Formerly dialectal. Likely from Old English ''dydrian'', and thus related to ''dẃdan'', q.v. | |||
*'''dẃdyran''' /ˈduːdəræn/ ''v.'' To con. — Frequentative of ''dẃdan'', q.v. | |||
*'''dẃdyrár''' /ˈduːdərar/ ''n.'' Con artist. | |||
*'''dẃdyre''' /ˈduːdərə/ ''n.'' Con. — From the verb. | |||
*'''dẃiráin''' /duɪˈraɪn/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' A downpour. — Nordaþ ''dyrain'', itself a borrowing of Kythish ''dwnrainyn'', q.v. Nordaþ territory is significantly wetter than much of the Kythe, so their rain is a Kythishman's torrent. | |||
*'''dẃiráinan''' /duɪˈraɪnæn/ ''v.'' ''colloq.'' To pour with rain. — From the noun. | |||
*'''dẃn''' /duːn/ ''a.'' Dusky, dark (of a colour). — Welsh ''dwn''. | |||
*'''dẃnrywd''' /ˈduːnrəʊd/ ''a.'' & ''n.'' Dark red. — Compound of ''dẃn'' and ''rywd'', q.v. | |||
*'''dẃran''' /ˈduːræn/ ''v.'' To ramble, to hike. — Probably derived from either ''dẃdre'' or its Old English etymon, ''dydrian''. | |||
*'''dẃrár''' /ˈduːrar/ ''n.'' Rambler, hiker. | |||
*'''dẃre''' /ˈduːrə/ ''n.'' Ramble, hike. — From the verb. | |||
==ð== | ==ð== | ||
*'''ða''' /ðæ/ ''p.'' Thou. | *'''ða''' /ðæ/ ''p.'' Thou. — Old English ''ðú''. A better form is ''ðaw'', q.v. | ||
*''' | *'''ðaa''' /ðæː/ ''c.'' That. — Old English ''ðæt'', neuter singular of ''ðe'' or ''se'', the. | ||
*'''ðaðar''' /ˈðæðær/ ''p.'' That (inanimate object or concept). — Middle Hacean ''ðaa ðar'', that there; see ''ðaa'' and ''ðar''. The animate equivalent is ''sei''. | |||
*'''ðahair''' /ˈðæhæɪr/ ''p.'' This (inanimate object or concept). — Middle Hacean ''ðaa heer'', that here; see ''ðaa'' and ''hair''. The animate equivalent is ''ðeis''. | |||
*'''ðajun''' /ˈðæjʌn/ ''p.'' Yon (inanimate object or concept). — Middle Hacean ''ðaa giun'', that yonder; see ''ðaa'' and ''jun''. The animate equivalent is ''seijun''. | |||
*'''ðar''' /ðær/ ''a.'' There. — Old English ''ðær''. | |||
*'''ðaw''' /ðæʊ/ ''p.'' dial. Thou. — A large number of rural dialects retain this instead of the standard ''ða'', where the final -w was lost for unknown reasons. | |||
*'''ðeis''' /ðɛɪs/ ''p.'' This (animate object). — Old English ''ðes'', this. The inanimate equivalent is ''ðahair''. | |||
==e== | ==e== | ||
*''' | *'''en''' /ɛn/ ''a.'' In. — Old English ''in''. | ||
*'''enýrþan''' /ɛnˈɜːrθæn/ ''v.'' To plant. — Compound of ''en'' and ''ýrþ'', q.v. | |||
*'''eŋoŋ''' /ˈɛŋɔŋ/ ''n.'' Entrance, in-door. — Old English ''ingang'', entrance. | |||
*'''eś''' /ɛʃ/ ''p.'' I. — Old English ''ic''. In metropolitan hácei and þýcod, ''aś''² is also commonly used. | |||
==é== | ==é== | ||
==f== | ==f== | ||
*'''fjúþ''' /fjɑːθ/ ''n.'' Hate. | *'''faa''' /fæː/ ''n.'' Fat. — Old English ''fæt''. | ||
*'''fjúþan''' /ˈfjɑːθæn/ ''v.'' To hate. | *'''faafowƿ''' /ˈfæːfɔʊw/ ''a.'' Fat, obese. — Literally "full of fat". | ||
*'''feś''' /fɛʃ/ ''n.'' Fish. — Old English ''fisc''. | |||
*'''féylan''' /ˈfeəlæn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To fell, cause to fall. — Old English ''fellan''. | |||
*::1st person imperfect present: '''féwƿ''' /feʊw/ | |||
*::2nd person imperfect present: '''féwƿs''' /feʊws/ | |||
*::3rd person imperfect present: '''féwƿþ''' /feʊwθ/ | |||
*'''fjówr''' /fjoʊr/ ''a.'' & ''n.'' ''dial.''/''colloq.'' Four. — Old English ''feówer''. Though nonstandard, this word is common enough to merit inclusion. The standard word is ''pydwyr'', q.v. | |||
*'''fjúþ''' /fjɑːθ/ ''n.'' Hate. — Nordaþ ''fjaþ'', hate. Largely replaced native ''caes'', q.v. | |||
*'''fjúþan''' /ˈfjɑːθæn/ ''v.'' To hate. — As above. Largely replaced native ''caesan'', ''hooƿan'', q.v. | |||
*'''fjúþár''' /ˈfjɑːθar/ ''n.'' Hater. | *'''fjúþár''' /ˈfjɑːθar/ ''n.'' Hater. | ||
*'''fjúþon''' /ˈfjɑːθɔn/ ''n.'' Subject of hate. | *'''fjúþon''' /ˈfjɑːθɔn/ ''n.'' Subject of hate. | ||
*'''fjúþyrár''' /ˈfjɑːθərar/ ''n.'' Enemy, esp. political. | *'''fjúþyrár''' /ˈfjɑːθərar/ ''n.'' Enemy, esp. political. — Political rhetoric, literally "habitual hater". See also ''fjýþyrar''. | ||
*'''fjúþyron''' /ˈfjɑːθərɔn/ ''n.'' Victim, as of hate crimes. | *'''fjúþyron''' /ˈfjɑːθərɔn/ ''n.'' Victim, as of hate crimes. — Political rhetoric. | ||
*'''fjúþyronan''' /fjɑˈθərɔnæn/ ''v.'' To victimise. | *'''fjúþyronan''' /fjɑˈθərɔnæn/ ''v.'' To victimise. — Not commonly used outside of political correctness camps, where it originates. | ||
*'''fjýþyrar''' /ˈfjɜːθərar/ ''n.'' Humorously, any leftist. | *'''fjýþyrar''' /ˈfjɜːθərar/ ''n.'' Humorously, any leftist. — Representation of the pronunciation of ''fjúþyrár'' by teofan schjómocar (who spoke with a caźowm accent, a southern dialect), a right-wing politician famed for accusing anyone he disliked of being an 'enemy of the Kythe'. | ||
*'''fúlan''' /ˈfɑːlæn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To fall. — Old English ''feallan''. | |||
*::1st person imperfect present: '''fúwƿ''' /fɑʊw/ | |||
*::2nd person imperfect present: '''fúwƿs''' /fɑʊws/ | |||
*::3rd person imperfect present: '''fúwƿþ''' /fɑʊwθ/ | |||
*'''fwǵ''' /fʊɣ/ ''n.'' Bird. — Old English ''fugol''. The original -ywƿ ending was confused with the diminutive in -wƿ and lost. | |||
*'''fwǵwƿ''' /ˈfʊɣʊw/ ''n.'' Small or domesticated bird; occasionally, wing. — Diminutive of ''fwǵ'', q.v. | |||
*'''fwir''' /fʊɪr/ ''n.'' Fire. — Old English ''fýr''. | |||
*'''fwiran''' /ˈfʊɪræn/ ''v.'' To set on fire; to start a fire. — From the noun. | |||
*'''fwirár''' /ˈfʊɪrar/ ''n.'' Firestarter, arsonist. | |||
*'''fwidyrár''' /ˈfʊɪdərar/ ''n.'' Pyromaniac. — Formed by dissimilation from *''fwiryrár'' (not attested), frequentative of ''fwirár''. | |||
*'''fwŕ''' /fʊʀ/ ''n.'' Fir, any conifer. — Old English ''furh''. | |||
==g== | ==g== | ||
*'''geiŋe''' /ˈɡɛɪŋə/ ''n.'' Traveller; regular (as of a bar). — Old English ''genga'', goer. | |||
*'''goŋ''' /ɡɔŋ/ ''n.'' Journey, adventure. — Old English ''gang'', journey. | |||
*'''goŋan''' /ˈɡɔŋæn/ ''v.'' To go; to move. — Old English ''gangan'', to go. Doublet of ''gown'', q.v. | |||
*'''goŋáiþ''' /ˈɡɔŋaɪθ/ ''n.'' Movement. — From '''goŋan'''. | |||
*'''goŋár'''¹ /ˈɡɔŋar/ ''n.'' One who goes; go-getter. — From ''goŋan''. | |||
*'''goŋár'''² /ˈɡɔŋar/ ''n.'' Adventurer. — From ''goŋ''. | |||
*'''goŋswm''' /ˈɡɔŋsʊm/ ''a.'' Adventurous. — From ''goŋ''. | |||
*'''goŋyran''' /ˈɡɔŋəræn/ ''v.'' To travel (continuously). — Frequentative of ''goŋan'', q.v. | |||
*'''goŋyrár''' /ˈɡɔŋərar/ ''n.'' Nomad. | |||
*'''gown''' /ɡɔʊn/ ''p.'' Indicates future tense of verb it appears before. — Old English ''gán'', to go. Doublet of ''goŋan'', q.v. | |||
*'''gowr''' /ɡɔʊr/ ''n.'' Barb, sharp point. — Old English ''gár'', spear. | |||
*'''gowrstaf''' /ˈɡɔʊrstæf/ ''n.'' Spear, pike. — Compound of ''gowr'' and ''staf'', q.v. | |||
*'''gud''' /ɡʌd/ ''n.'' God. — Old English ''god''. | |||
*'''gudazolyr''' /ˌɡʌdæˈzɔlər/ ''n.'' Place of death; old battlefield. — Literally "god's altar", compound of ''gudas'', genitive of ''gud'', and ''olyr'', an archaic form of ''owƿr'', q.v. The exact connection between the literal meaning and the modern sense is obscure. | |||
==ǵ== | ==ǵ== | ||
*'''ǵrám''' /ɣraːm/ ''a.'' Hostile, actively dangerous. — Related to ''ǵrem'' and ''ǵrom'', but origin uncertain; possibly from the same root as ''ǵrom'' via dialectal usage. | |||
*'''ǵrem''' /ɣrɛm/ ''a.'' Fierce, aggressive. — Old English ''grim''. Related to ''ǵrom'' and ''ǵrám'', q.v. | |||
*'''ǵrom''' /ɣrɔm/ ''a.'' Furious. — Old English ''gram'', angry. Related to ''ǵrem'' and ''ǵrom'', q.v. | |||
*'''ǵromáiþ''' /ˈɣrɔmaɪθ/ ''n.'' Fury. — From the adjective. | |||
==h== | ==h== | ||
*'''hai''' /hæɪ/ ''p.'' He; she. | *'''haa''' /hæː/ ''n.'' Top, pinnacle. — Old English ''hæt'', hat. | ||
*'''hee''' /hɛː/ ''p.'' It. | *'''hai''' /hæɪ/ ''p.'' He; she. — Old English ''hé'', he. Kythish has lost the distinction between masculine and feminine that English has, and gained a much more pronounced distinction between animate and inanimate, see ''hee''. Though largely obsolete, one may also find ''hjó'' in highly 'backward' dialects. | ||
*'''hjó''' /hjoː/ ''p.'' ''obs.''/''dial.'' She. | *'''hair''' /hæɪr/ ''a.'' Here. — Old English ''hér''. | ||
*'''hwnd''' /hʊnd/ ''n.'' Hound, dog. | *'''haws''' /hæʊs/ ''n.'' Small building, shed; (in compounds) any building. — Old English ''hús'', house. | ||
*'''hwndan''' /ˈhʊndæn/ ''v.'' To track or chase. | *'''hee''' /hɛː/ ''p.'' It. — Old English ''hit'', neuter of ''hé'', see ''hai''. | ||
*'''hẃd''' /huːd/ ''n.'' Guard dog. | *'''hjó''' /hjoː/ ''p.'' ''obs.''/''dial.'' She. — Old English ''heó'', feminine of ''hé'', see ''hai''. | ||
*'''hẃdan''' /ˈhuːdæn/ ''v.'' To guard (as a dog). | *'''howm''' /hɔʊm/ ''n.'' House, abode. — Old English ''hám''. | ||
*'''hẃdár''' /ˈhuːdar/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Bouncer (of a night club). | *'''hód''' /hoːd/ ''n.'' Hood, hat. — Old English ''hód'', hood. | ||
*'''hwnd''' /hʊnd/ ''n.'' Hound, dog. — Old English ''hund'', hound. | |||
*'''hwndan''' /ˈhʊndæn/ ''v.'' To track or chase. — From ''hwnd'', above. | |||
*'''hwndár''' /ˈhʊndar/ ''n.'' Tracker. | |||
*'''hẃd''' /huːd/ ''n.'' Guard dog. — Middle Hacean ''huud'', dialectal form of ''huund'', ''hund'' (= ''hwnd'', q.v.). | |||
*'''hẃdan''' /ˈhuːdæn/ ''v.'' To guard (as a dog). — From ''hẃd'', above. | |||
*'''hẃdár''' /ˈhuːdar/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Bouncer (of a night club). — On the notion that they guard like dogs. | |||
*'''hẃĺ''' /huːɬ/ ''a.'' Ugly, disfigured. — Welsh ''hyll'', ugly. | |||
*'''hẃĺan''' /ˈhuːɬæn/ ''v.'' To disfigure. — From the adjective, but confer with Welsh ''hyllu'', to mar, disfigure. | |||
==i== | ==i== | ||
*'''irce''' /ˈɪrkə/ ''n.'' Space between spread legs. — Middle Hacean ''irca'', further etymology unknown. | |||
==í== | ==í== | ||
==j== | ==j== | ||
*'''jiþućt''' /jɪˈθʌxt/ ''n.'' Thought, idea. — Old English ''geþoht''. Related to ''þeiŋcan'', q.v. | |||
*'''jiþućtáiþ''' /jɪˈθʌxtaɪθ/ ''n.'' Thought (uncountable). | |||
*'''jowpan''' /ˈjɔʊpæn/ ''v.'' To gape, yawn. — Old English ''geápan'', to gape. | |||
*'''jowpynmawþ''' /ˈjɔʊpənˌmæʊθ/ ''n.'' Simpleton, idiot. — Literally "gaping-mouth", from ''mawþ'' and the continuative of ''jowpan'', q.v. | |||
*'''jun''' /jʌn/ ''a.'' Yonder. — Old English ''geon'', yon. | |||
*'''júrd''' /jɑːrd/ ''n.'' Garden. — Old English ''geard''. | |||
*'''júre''' /ˈjɑːrə/ ''a.'' Prompt, ready. — Old English ''gearu'', ''gearo'', quick, ready. | |||
*'''jẃrd''' /juːrd/ ''n.'' Pole, post. — Old English ''gyrd'', rod. | |||
==l== | ==l== | ||
*'''ládan''' /laːd/ ''v.'' To lead, conduct. — Old English ''lǽdan''. | |||
*'''ládár''' /ˈlaːdar/ ''n.'' Leader, conductor. | |||
*'''ládáre''' /laˈdaːrə/ ''n.'' Lead, leash. | |||
*'''léðan''' /ˈleːðæn/ ''v.'' To travel, move from one place to another. — Old English ''líðan''. | |||
*'''léðyran''' /ˈleːðəræn/ ''v.'' To go abroad, on holiday. — Frequentative of ''léðan'', q.v. | |||
*'''léðyrdaínas''' /ˌleðərˈdæinæs/ ''n.'' Vacation. — Literally abroad-days, from ''léðyran'', ''daí'' and -''nas''. | |||
*'''ljowd''' /ljɔʊd/ ''n.'' Lead (the metal). — Old English ''leád''. | |||
*'''loc''' /lɔk/ ''n.'' Mountain lake, tarn. — Old English ''lac'', from Latin ''lacus''. | |||
*'''loǵe''' /ˈlɔɣə/ ''n.'' Lake. — Old English ''lagu'', lake. | |||
*'''lond''' /lɔnd/ ''n.'' Land, ground. — Old English ''land''. | |||
*'''lups''' /lʌps/ ''n.'' Lobster. — Contraction of Old English ''lopust'', corruption of Latin ''locust''. | |||
*'''lwst''' /lʊst/ ''n.'' Pleasure; joy. — Old English ''lust''. | |||
*'''lwstan''' /ˈlʊstæn/ ''v.'' To enjoy. — From the noun. Doublet of ''lẃstan''. | |||
*'''lẃ''' /luː/ ''a.'' Few, not many; little, small. — Old English ''lyt'', few, little. Second sense is from confusion with ''lẃƿ'', q.v. | |||
*'''lẃst''' /luːst/ ''n.'' Desire. — Formed on analogy with ''lwst'', q.v. | |||
*'''lẃstan''' /ˈluːstæn/ ''v.'' To desire, want. — Old English ''lystan''. Doublet of ''lwstan''. | |||
*'''lẃƿ''' /luːw/ ''a.'' Little, small. — Old English ''lytel'', little. Closely related to ''lẃ'' and ''lẃƿe'', q.v. | |||
*'''lẃƿe''' /ˈluːwə/ ''n.'' Trivial thing; in the plural, small fry. — Almost certainly directly from ''lẃƿ''. | |||
==ĺ== | |||
*'''ĺáiþ''' /ɬaɪθ/ ''n.'' Milk. — Welsh ''llaeth'', milk. | |||
*'''ĺowf''' /ɬɔʊf/ ''irreg.'' ''n.'' Loaf. — Old English ''hláf''. | |||
*::Dual: '''ĺowvaz''' /ˈɬɔʊvæz/ | |||
*::Plural: '''ĺowvaen''' /ˈɬɔʊvæɛn/ | |||
==m== | ==m== | ||
*'''mon''' /mɔn/ ''irreg.'' ''n.'' Man. | *'''mawþ''' /mæʊθ/ ''irreg.'' ''n.'' Mouth. — Old English ''múð''. | ||
:: | *::Dual: '''mawðaz''' /ˈmæʊðæz/ | ||
*::Plural: '''mawðaen''' /ˈmæʊðæɛn/ | |||
*'''maś''' /mæʃ/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Mixed mass; mashed vegetables; animal feed. — Origin obscure, but related to ''meśan''. | |||
*'''maysan''' /ˈmæəsæn/ ''v.'' To worship. — From the noun. | |||
*'''mayse''' /ˈmæəsə/ ''n.'' Religious devotion; worship. — Old English ''mæsse'', from Latin ''missa'', mass. | |||
*'''maysyre''' /ˈmæəsərə/ ''n.'' Religious fervour, fanaticism. — Frequentative of ''mayse'', q.v. | |||
*'''meiŋan''' /ˈmɛɪŋæn/ ''v.'' To mess up; to vandalise. — Old English ''mengan'', to mix. | |||
*'''meśan''' /ˈmɛʃæn/ ''v.'' To mash, to paste, to pulp. — Old English ''miscan'', to mix. | |||
*'''mueć''' /mʌɛx/ ''n.'' Pig. — Welsh ''moch'', pigs (the singular being ''mochyn''). | |||
*'''moǵan''' /ˈmɔɣæn/ ''v.'' To digest. — From the noun. | |||
*'''moǵe''' /ˈmɔɣə/ ''n.'' Stomach, belly. — Old English ''maga''. | |||
*'''mon''' /mɔn/ ''irreg.'' ''n.'' Man. — Old English ''man''. Common in compounds, but less used than ''ƿeir'' when referring to a male adult. | |||
*::Dual: '''meinaz''' /ˈmɛɪnæz/ or '''monaz''' /ˈmɔnæz/ | |||
*::Plural: '''mein''' /mɛɪn/ | |||
*'''moŋ''' /mɔŋ/ ''n.'' Mixture; crowd. — Old English ''mang''. | |||
*'''moŋan''' /ˈmɔŋæn/ ''v.'' To mix with, mingle. — From the noun. | |||
*'''moŋáiþ''' /ˈmɔŋaɪθ/ ''n.'' Chaos. — From ''moŋ'', q.v. | |||
*'''mó''' /moː/ ''n.'' Meeting; council. — Old English ''mót'', meeting. Related to ''ƿiinjó'', q.v. | |||
*'''mór''' /moːr/ ''n.'' Peat, mud. — Old English ''mór'', moor. | |||
*'''mórlond''' /ˈmoːrlɔnd/ ''n.'' Moor, bog, moorland. — Compound of ''mór'' and ''lond'', q.v. | |||
*'''mwmbýŕ''' /ˈmʊmbɜʀ/ ''n.'' Boundary wall, dyke; rampart. — Middle Hacean ''mwndbeurr'', ''mwmbeurgh'', from Old English ''mund-beorg'', protective mound. | |||
*'''mwnd''' /mʊnd/ ''n.'' Protection, defence. — Chiefly legal usage. Old English ''mund'', protection. Related to ''mwmbýŕ'', q.v. | |||
*'''mwndan''' /ˈmʊndæn/ ''v.'' To defend. — From the noun. | |||
*'''mwwn''' /mʊːn/ ''n.'' Steep hill. — Old English ''munt'', from Latin ''mont''-, stem of ''mons'', hill. | |||
*'''mýwƿc''' /mɜʊwk/ ''n.'' The milky substance found in the stems of some plants; also, coconut milk. — Old English ''meolc'', milk. | |||
==n== | ==n== | ||
*'''nú''' /nɑː/ ''n.'' Livestock animal. — Old English ''neata'', cattle. | |||
*'''núnas''' /ˈnɑːnæs/ ''n.'' Livestock. | |||
==ŋ== | ==ŋ== | ||
*'''ŋjoẃƿan''' / | *'''ŋećt''' /ŋɛxt/ ''n.'' Servant, assistant. — Old English ''cniht'', servant, youth. | ||
*'''ŋowƿan''' / | *'''ŋjoẃƿan''' /ˈŋjɔuwæn/ ''v.'' To argue, to contend. — Old English ''cneátian'', to argue. Base form is '''ŋjoẃ'''. | ||
*'''ŋúr''' /ŋɑːr/ Small ship (e.g. a yacht). | *'''ŋowƿan''' /ˈŋɔʊwæn/ ''v.'' ''slang'' To have a gut feeling for, to strongly feel. — Old English ''cnáwan'', to know. | ||
*'''ŋúran''' /ˈŋɑːræn/ To pilot a small ship; to sail leisurely. | *'''ŋúr''' /ŋɑːr/ ''n.'' Small ship (e.g. a yacht). — Old English ''cnear'', ''cnearr'', from a Norse source, akin to Icelandic ''knörr''. | ||
*'''ŋúrmon''' /ˈŋɑːrmɔn/ A yachter. | *'''ŋúran''' /ˈŋɑːræn/ ''v.'' To pilot a small ship; to sail leisurely. — From the noun. | ||
*'''ŋúrmon''' /ˈŋɑːrmɔn/ ''n.'' A yachter. — Literally "yacht-man"; compound of ''ŋúr'' and ''mon'', q.v. | |||
*'''ŋwcan''' /ˈŋʊkæn/ ''v.'' To knock something (over), make a noise by knocking. — Old English ''cnucian''. | |||
*'''ŋwcymvwǵ''' /ˈŋʊkəmvʊɣ/ ''n.'' ''dial.'' Woodpecker. — Middle Hacean ''gnuucenfugh''. Literally "knocking-bird"; compound of ''ŋwcyn'', continuative of ''ŋwcan'', and ''fwǵ'', q.v. | |||
==o== | ==o== | ||
*'''ocan''' /ˈɔkæn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To ache. — Old English ''acan''. | |||
*::Imperfect past: '''óc''' /oːk/ | |||
*::Perfect: '''ac''' /æk/ | |||
*::Perfect past: '''aćt''' /æxt/ | |||
*'''oce''' /ˈɔkə/ ''n.'' Ache. — From the verb. | |||
*'''on'''- /ɔn/ ''f.'' Indicates reversal of the action denoted by a verb beginning with a consonant. — Old English ''and''-. Before a vowel, ''ond''- is used. | |||
*'''onbyconan''' /ɔnˈbəkɔnæn/ ''v.'' To disable. — Affixation of ''on''- to ''byconan'', q.v. | |||
*'''ond'''- /ɔnd/ ''f.'' Indicates reversal of the action denoted by a verb beginning with a vowel. — Old English ''and''-. Before a consonant, ''on''- is used. | |||
*'''ondocan''' /ɔndˈɔkæn/ ''v.'' To ease pain. — Affixation of ''ond''- to ''ocan'', q.v. | |||
*'''oor''' /ɔːr/ ''n.'' Otter. — Old English ''otor'', otter. | |||
*'''owc''' /ɔʊk/ ''n.'' Oak. — Old English ''ác''. | |||
*'''owƿr''' /ɔʊwr/ ''n.'' Altar; occasional table. — Old English ''alter'', from Latin ''altar''. | |||
==ó== | ==ó== | ||
==p== | ==p== | ||
*'''peiź''' /pɛɪʒ/ ''n.'' Piglet; small, fat child. — Old English ''pecg'', pig. | |||
*'''ploon''' /plɔːn/ ''n.'' Plant. — Old English ''plant'', from Latin ''planta''. | |||
*'''ploonas''' /ˈplɔːnæs/ ''n.'' Vegetation. — Merely ''ploon'' + -''nas''. | |||
*'''pẃmf''' /puːmf/ ''a.'' & ''n.'' Five. — Welsh ''pump'', probably with influence of Old English ''fíf''. | |||
*'''pẃ''' /puː/ ''n.'' Hole, shaft. — Old English ''pyt'', from Latin ''puteus''. | |||
*'''pydwyr''' /ˈpədʊər/ ''a.'' & ''n.'' Four. — Welsh ''pedwar''. See also ''fjówr''. | |||
*'''pysc''' /pəsk/ ''irreg.'' ''n.'' Seasnake. — Welsh ''pysg'', fish. | |||
*::Dual: '''pyzǵaz''' /ˈpəzɣæz/ | |||
*::Plural: '''pyzǵaen''' /ˈpəzɣæɛn/ | |||
==r== | ==r== | ||
*'''rain''' /ræɪn/ ''n.'' Rain. | *'''raa''' /ræː/ ''n.'' Rat, rodent; petty thief. — Old Engish ''ræt''. | ||
*'''rainan''' / | *'''raajan''' /ˈræːjæn/ ''v.'' To take away something another needs. — From the noun, ''raa''. | ||
*'''rain''' /ræɪn/ ''n.'' Rain. — Old English ''rén'', rain. | |||
*'''rainan''' /ˈræɪnæn/ ''v.'' To rain. — From the noun. | |||
*'''ród''' /roːd/ ''n.'' Pole, girder. — Old English ''ród''. | |||
*'''rywd''' /rəʊd/ ''a.'' & ''n.'' Red. — Middle Hacean ''riood'', from Old English ''reád''. | |||
*'''rywdẃn''' /ˈrəʊdun/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Innards, internal body matter. — Literally, "dark red" or "red dark". Compound of ''rywd'' and ''dẃn'', q.v. | |||
==ŕ== | ==ŕ== | ||
*'''ŕowƿan''' /ˈʀɔʊwæn/ ''v.'' To crow; to croak. | *'''ŕaybe''' /ˈʀæəbə/ ''n.'' Crab, crayfish. | ||
*'''ŕowƿár''' /ˈʀɔʊwar/ ''n.'' Crow. | *'''ŕowƿan''' /ˈʀɔʊwæn/ ''v.'' To crow; to croak. — Old English ''cráƿan'', to crow. Base form is '''ŕowƿ'''. | ||
*'''ŕowƿe''' /ˈʀɔʊwə/ ''n.'' Crow. | *'''ŕowƿár''' /ˈʀɔʊwar/ ''n.'' Crow. — Formed from the verb, but less common than ''ŕowƿe'', below. | ||
*'''ŕowƿe''' /ˈʀɔʊwə/ ''n.'' Crow. — Old English ''cráƿe'', a crow (literally 'crower'). | |||
*'''ŕueg''' /ˈʀʌɛɡ/ ''n.'' Intersection, cross; gibbet. — Welsh ''crog'', cross. | |||
*'''ŕwc''' /ʀʊk/ ''n.'' Cross. — Old English ''cruc'', from Latin ''crucem''. | |||
==s== | ==s== | ||
*'''seiźan''' /ˈsɛɪʒæn/ ''v.'' To say, to utter. | *'''saiman''' /ˈsæɪmæn/ ''v.'' To satisfy; to honour; to compromise (only when subject is plural). — Old English ''sémen''. Related to ''some'', q.v. | ||
*'''sja''' /sjæ/ ''n.'' Romantic love. | *'''saimáiþ''' /ˈsæɪmaɪθ/ ''n.'' Satisfaction. | ||
*'''sá''' /saː/ ''n.'' Sea. — Old English ''sǽ''. | |||
*'''ságeiŋe''' /saˈɡɛɪŋə/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Passenger. — Old English ''sǽgenga'', seagoer. Originally applied only to passengers on ships, but now more generally. | |||
*'''sámon''' /ˈsaːmɔn/ ''n.'' Sailor, seaman. — Compound of ''sá'' and ''mon'', q.v. | |||
*'''sćaí''' /sxæi/ ''n.'' Sheet. — Old English ''scéte''. | |||
*'''sćembown''' /ˈsxɛmbɔʊn/ ''n.'' Shinbone. — Old English ''scinbán'', with assimilation of the n to an m. See ''sćene'' and ''bown''. | |||
*'''sćene''' /ˈsxɛnə/ ''n.'' Shin; splint. — Old English ''scina''. | |||
*'''sćjowp''' /sxjɔʊp/ ''n.'' Sheep. — Old English ''sceáp'', sheep. See also ''ćjaap''. | |||
*'''sćjoẃ''' /sxjɔu/ ''n.'' Fold; tuft of wool. — Old English ''sceát'', corner of a sail, fold of a garment. Second sense is influenced by popular etymology connecting it to ''sćjowp'', q.v. | |||
*'''sćjóƿan''' /ˈsxjoːwæn/ ''v.'' To shoot. — Old English ''sceótan''. Base form is '''sćjó'''. | |||
*'''sćóijan''' /ˈsxoɪjæn/ ''v.'' To dart, to sprint. — Old English ''scótian'', secondary verb formed from ''sceótan'', see ''sćjóƿan''. | |||
*'''sćóifowƿ''' /ˈsxoɪfɔʊw/ ''a.'' Very swift. — From ''sćóijan''. | |||
*'''sćúźe''' /ˈsxɑːʒə/ ''n.'' Messy hair. — Old English ''sceacga'', rough hair. | |||
*'''sćúźeg''' /ˈsxɑːʒɛg/ ''a.'' Unkempt. — From ''sćúźe''. | |||
*'''sćúźwƿ''' /ˈsxɑːʒʊw/ ''n.'' Stubble. — Diminutive of ''sćúźe''. | |||
*'''sćẃƿ''' /sxuːw/ ''n.'' Dish, plate. — Old English ''scutel'', from Latin ''scutella'', small tray. | |||
*'''sei''' /sɛɪ/ ''p.'' That (animate object). — Old English ''se'', the. The inanimate equivalent is ''ðaðar''. | |||
*'''seijun''' /ˈsɛɪjʌn/ ''p.'' Yon (animate object). — Appears to be an artificial compound of ''sei'' and ''jun'', on analogy to the inanimate equivalent, ''ðajun'', q.v. | |||
*'''seiźan''' /ˈsɛɪʒæn/ ''v.'' To say, to utter. — Old English ''secgan'', to say. Not the basic verb of speech, which is ''sfreican'', q.v. | |||
*'''sfreican''' /ˈsfrɛɪcæn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To speak, to say. — Old English ''sprecan'', to speak. | |||
*::Imperfect past: '''sfrac'' /sfræk/ | |||
*'''sja''' /sjæ/ ''n.'' Romantic love. — Middle Hacean ''sia'', further etymology unknown. | |||
*'''sjowp''' /sjɔʊp/ ''a.'' Steep. — Middle Hacean ''stioap'', from Old English ''steáp''. See also ''śóp''. | |||
*'''sjoran''' /ˈsjɔræn/ ''v.'' To become dry, dry up, dry out. — Old English ''seáran''. Related to ''zjowr'', q.v. | |||
*'''sjór''' /sjoːr/ ''n.'' Bull, male bovine. — Old English ''steór'', steer, bull. | |||
*'''soman''' /ˈsɔmæn/ ''v.'' To suit, befit. — Presumably from the noun. | |||
*'''some''' /ˈsɔmə/ ''a.'' Same; same as, just like. — Old English ''sama''. Related to ''saiman'', q.v. | |||
*'''sonþe''' /ˈsɔnθə/ ''n.'' One's superior; as a form of address, sir or madam. — Origin unknown. | |||
*'''spur''' /spʌr/ ''n.'' Track, footpath. — Old English ''spor'', a foot-track. Related to ''spwre'' and ''spẃran'', q.v. | |||
*'''spurn''' /spʌrn/ ''a.'' Disliked, outcast. — Middle Hacean ''spurnn'', from Old English ''spornen'', past participle of ''speornan'', see ''spýrnan''. | |||
*'''spurnan''' /ˈspʌrnæn/ ''v.'' To cast out; to reject. — From the adjective. | |||
*'''spwran''' /ˈspʊræn/ ''v.'' To spur on, goad. — From the noun. | |||
*'''spwre''' /ˈspʊrə/ ''n.'' Spur, goad. — Old English ''spura'', ''spora'', related to Old English ''spor'' and ''speornan''; see ''spur'' and ''spýrnan''. | |||
*'''spẃdyran''' /ˈspuːdəræn/ ''v.'' To investigate. — Middle Hacean ''spuyreran'', ''spuureran'', frequentative of ''spuuran'', see ''spẃran''. Doublet of ''spẃyran'', q.v. | |||
*'''spẃdyráiþ''' /ˈspuːdəraɪθ/ ''n.'' (Process of) Investigation. | |||
*'''spẃdyryne''' /spuˈdərənə/ ''n.'' Investigation, case. — Formed from the continuative of ''spẃdyran''. | |||
*'''spẃran''' /ˈspuːræn/ ''v.'' To ask, interrogate. — Old English ''spyrian'', to ask, track down, related to Old English ''spor'', see ''spur''. See also ''spẃdyran'' and ''spẃyr''. | |||
*'''spẃyr''' /spuər/ ''n.'' Quibble, query. — Originally dialectal. Middle Hacean ''spuyryr'', from ''spuyreran'', see ''spẃdyran''. | |||
*'''spẃyran''' /ˈspuəræn/ ''v.'' To quibble, disagree, raise a point. — From the noun. Doublet of ''spẃdyran'', q.v. | |||
*'''spẃyrnan''' /ˈspuərnæn/ ''v.'' ''colloq.'' To bitch, whine. — Jocular formation, based on slurred, young metropolitan pronunciation of ''spẃyryryne'', alluding to the opinion that all teenage discussions are merely bitching sessions. | |||
*'''spẃyryran''' /ˈspuərəræn/ ''v.'' To discuss (a point). — Modern derivative of ''spẃyran'', and thus a double frequentative (or rather, modernly, a double augmentative.) | |||
*'''spẃyryryne''' /spuəˈrərənə/ ''n.'' Discussion, argument. | |||
*'''spýrnan''' /ˈspɜːrnæn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To kick away, push with the foot. — Old English ''speornan'', to kick against, related to Old English ''spura'', ''spora'', see ''spwre''. | |||
*::Imperfect past: '''spúrn''' /spɑːrn/ | |||
*'''srac''' /sræk/ ''a.'' Violent. — Old English ''stræc'', variant of ''stearc'', strong. | |||
*'''srá''' /sraː/ ''n.'' Street, road. — Old English ''strǽt''. | |||
*'''srond''' /srɔnd/ ''n.'' Edge, margin; poetically, shoreline. — Old English ''strand'', shore. | |||
*'''sroŋ''' /srɔŋ/ ''a.'' Strict, stern. — Old English ''strang'', strong. | |||
*'''srywm''' /srəʊm/ ''n.'' Stream; trail (as left by a snail, for example). — Old English ''streám''. | |||
*'''srywman''' /ˈsrəʊmæn/ ''v.'' To trickle. — From the noun. | |||
*'''srup''' /srʌp/ ''n.'' Strap, bracelet, strip of fabric. — Old English ''stropp'', from Latin ''struppus'', strap. | |||
*'''staf''' /stæf/ ''irreg.'' ''n.'' Staff, stick; polearm. — Old English ''stæf''. | |||
*::Dual: '''stavaz''' /ˈstævæz/ | |||
*::Plural: '''stavaen''' /ˈstævæɛn/ | |||
*'''staþ''' /stæθ/ ''n.'' Bank (of a river). — Old English ''stæð'', bank, shore. | |||
*'''stape''' /ˈstæpə/ ''n.'' A footstep, a pace. — Old English ''stæpe'', a step. Doublet of ''stope''. | |||
*'''stavne''' /ˈstævnə/ ''n.'' Trunk of a tree, stem of a plant. — Old English ''stæfna'', ''stæfn''. Related to ''staf'' and ''steim'', q.v. | |||
*'''steim''' /stɛɪm/ ''n.'' Prow of a vessel. — Old English ''stemn'', stem or prow of a vessel, related to Old English ''stæfn'', ''stæfna''; see ''stavne''. | |||
*'''stopan''' /ˈstɔpæn/ ''v.'' To walk. — Old English ''stapan'', to go or advance. | |||
*'''stope''' /ˈstɔpə/ ''n.'' A style of walk. — From the verb. Doublet of ''stape''. | |||
*'''stopyne''' /ˈstɔpənə/ ''n.'' A walk, a trek. — Formed from the continuative of the verb. | |||
*'''stól''' /stoːl/ ''n.'' Seat, chair. — Old English ''stól''. | |||
*'''sturc''' /stʌrk/ ''n.'' Stork. — Old English ''storc''. | |||
*'''stúrc''' /stɑːrk/ ''a.'' Strong. — Old English ''stearc''. | |||
*'''stwipe''' /ˈstʊɪpə/ ''n.'' Tower, turret. — Probably simplified form of a derivative of Old English ''stýpel'', steeple, but none are found in Middle Hacean. | |||
*'''stwydan''' /ˈstʊədæn/ ''v.'' To look after, to provide for. — Old English ''studdian'', to take care of, from Latin ''studere''. | |||
*'''stwydynhaws''' /ˈstʊədənˌhæʊs/ ''n.'' Hostel. — Literally 'providing-house', see ''stwydan'' and ''haws''. | |||
*'''stýre''' /ˈstɜːrə/ ''n.'' Star. — Old English ''steorra''. | |||
*'''sƿeivnan''' /ˈswɛɪvnæn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To dream. — From ''sƿeivyn'', q.v. | |||
*::1st person imperfect present: '''sƿeivyn''' /ˈswɛɪvən/ | |||
*::2nd person imperfect present: '''sƿeivyns''' /ˈswɛɪvəns/ | |||
*::3rd person imperfect present: '''sƿeivynþ''' /ˈswɛɪvənθ/ | |||
*'''sƿeivyn''' /ˈswɛɪvən/ ''n.'' Dream. — Old English ''swefn''. | |||
==ś== | ==ś== | ||
*'''śaize''' /ˈʃæɪzə/ ''n.'' Cheese. — Old English ''cése''. | |||
*'''śen''' /ʃɛn/ ''n.'' Chin. — Old English ''cin''. | |||
*'''śjóƿan''' /ˈʃjoːwæn/ ''v.'' To chew, ruminate. — Old English ''ceóƿan''. Base form is '''śjóƿ'''. | |||
*'''śóp''' /ʃoːp/ ''a.'' ''dial.'' High; upright. — Middle Hacean ''tsioop'', metathesis of ''stioap'', see ''sjowp''. | |||
*'''śẃste''' /ˈʃuːstə/ ''n.'' Box, (treasure) chest; chest cavity. — Old English ''cyste''. | |||
==t== | ==t== | ||
*'''traf''' /træf/ ''irreg.'' ''n.'' Village, hamlet. — Welsh ''tref'', hamlet. | |||
*::Dual: '''travaz''' /ˈtrævæz/ | |||
*::Plural: '''travaen''' /ˈtrævæɛn/ | |||
*'''treí''' /trɛi/ ''a.'' & ''n.'' Three. — Welsh ''tri''. | |||
*'''tryw''' /trəʊ/ ''n.'' Timber, dead wood. — Old English ''treó'', timber. | |||
==þ== | ==þ== | ||
*'''þeiŋcan''' /ˈθɛɪŋkæn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To think. — Old English ''þencan''. Related to ''þeiśan'', ''þẃŋcan'', ''þoŋc'', ''þuŋc'' and ''jiþućt'', q.v. | |||
*::Imperfect past: '''þućty''' /ˈθʌxtə/ | |||
*'''þeiśan''' /ˈθɛɪʃæn/ ''v.'' To feel (an emotion). — Old English ''þencean'', variant of ''þencan''; see ''þeiŋcan''. | |||
*'''þeiśáiþ''' /ˈθɛɪʃaɪθ/ ''n.'' Emotion (uncountable). | |||
*'''þeiśe''' /ˈθɛɪʃə/ ''n.'' Feeling, emotion (countable). — From the verb. | |||
*'''þeiśfowƿ''' /ˈθɛɪʃfɔʊw/ ''a.'' Emotional. | |||
*'''þneic''' /θnɛɪk/ ''n.'' Neck. — Old English ''hnecca''. | |||
*'''þnẃ''' /θnuː/ ''n.'' Nut. — Old English ''hnutu''. | |||
*'''þoŋc''' /θɔŋk/ ''n.'' Goodwill, thanks. — Old English ''þanc''. Related to ''þuŋc'', q.v. | |||
*'''þoŋcan''' /ˈθɔŋkæn/ ''v.'' To thank. — From the noun. | |||
*'''þuŋc''' /θʌŋk/ ''n.'' Favour. — Old English ''þonc'', variant of ''þanc''; see ''þoŋc''. | |||
*'''þuŋcan''' /ˈθʌŋkæn/ ''v.'' To favour, treat well. — From the noun. | |||
*'''þurp''' /θʌrp/ ''n.'' Village, small town. — Old English ''þorp''. | |||
*'''þwŕ''' /θʊʀ/ ''a.'' Through. — Old English ''þurh''. | |||
*'''þẃŋcan''' /ˈθuːŋkæn/ ''v.'' To seem. — Old English ''þyncan''. Related to ''þeiŋcan'', q.v. | |||
*'''þẃrs''' /θuːrs/ ''n.'' Thirst. — Old English ''þyrst''. | |||
*'''þẃrsan''' /ˈθuːrsæn/ ''v.'' To thirst, be thirsty. — Old English ''þyrstan''. | |||
==u== | ==u== | ||
*'''un''' /ʌn/ ''p.'' On. — Old English ''on''. | |||
*'''unfúlan''' /ʌnˈfɑːlæn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To attack. — Literally 'to fall on', compound of ''un'' and ''fúlan'', q.v. | |||
*::1st person imperfect present: '''unfúwƿ''' /ʌnˈfɑʊw/ | |||
*::2nd person imperfect present: '''unfúwƿs''' /ʌnˈfɑʊws/ | |||
*::3rd person imperfect present: '''unfúwƿþ''' /ʌnˈfɑʊwθ/ | |||
*'''uŋoŋan''' /ʌˈŋɔŋæn/ ''v.'' To approach. — Middle Hacean ''ungongan'', modelled on Old English ''ongán'', to approach. | |||
*'''urǵywƿ''' /ˈʌrɣəʊw/ ''n.'' Organ (musical instrument). — Old English ''orgel'', from Latin ''organum''. See also ''yrǵone''. | |||
==ú== | ==ú== | ||
==v== | ==v== | ||
==w== | ==w== | ||
*'''wn'''- /ʊn/ ''f.'' Indicates negativity. — Old English ''un''-. See also ''on''-/''ond''-. | |||
*'''wnconan''' /ʊnˈkɔnæn/ ''v.'' To be unable. — Affixation of ''wn''- to ''conan'', q.v. | |||
*'''wnconswm''' /ʊnˈkɔnsʊm/ ''a.'' Not able; disabled (of a creature born so). — Affixation of ''wn''- to ''conswm'', q.v. See also ''onbyconswm''. | |||
*'''wncwiþár''' /ʊnˈkʊɪθar/ ''n.'' Foreigner. — Affixation of ''wn''- to ''cwiþár'', q.v. | |||
*'''wnsƿeivyn''' /ʊnˈswɛɪvən/ ''n.'' Nightmare. — Affixation of ''wn''- and ''sƿeivyn'', q.v. | |||
==ẃ== | ==ẃ== | ||
*'''ẃ''' /uː/ ''a.'' Out. — Monophthongisation of Middle Hacean ''auu'', from Old English ''út''. Related to ''aẃ''. | |||
*'''ẃm''' /uːm/ ''a.'' Around. — Old English ''ymb''. | |||
*'''ẃn''' /uːn/ ''a.'' & ''n.'' One. — Welsh ''un''. | |||
==ƿ== | ==ƿ== | ||
*'''ƿaar''' /wæːr/ ''n.'' Water. — Old English ''ƿæter'', water. | |||
*'''ƿaaran''' /ˈwæːræn/ ''v.'' To water. — From the noun. | |||
*'''ƿaarcowƿ''' /ˈwæːrkɔʊw/ ''n.'' Canvas bottle for carrying water. — Literally water-bag, see ''ƿaar'' and ''cowƿ''. | |||
*'''ƿá''' /waː/ ''a.'' Wet. — Old English ''ƿǽt'', wet. | |||
*'''ƿájan''' /ˈwaːjæn/ ''v.'' ''colloq.'' To wet. — Formed from the noun in lieu of ''ƿán'', q.v. | |||
*'''ƿán''' /waːn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To wet. — Old English ''ƿǽtan'', to wet. Only the infinitive is irregular, all other forms inflect from a root of '''ƿá'''. See also ''ƿájan''. | |||
*'''ƿeir''' /wɛɪr/ ''n.'' Man, male. — Old English ''ƿer''. | |||
*'''ƿiinjó''' /ˈwɪːnjo/ ''n.'' Government; parliament. — Contraction of Middle English ''ƿiin iemo'', ''ƿiiniemo'' (also ''ƿeen iemo'', a more regular derivation), from Old English ''witena gemót'', meeting of wise men, parliament; see ''mó''. | |||
*'''ƿóć''' /woːx/ ''a.'' Bent. — Old English ''ƿóh''. | |||
*'''ƿóćan''' /ˈwoːxæn/ ''v.'' To bend. — From ''ƿóć''. | |||
*'''ƿóće''' /ˈwoːxə/ ''n.'' Bend, curve. — From the verb. | |||
*'''ƿóí''' /woi/ ''a.'' Favourably inclined. — Middle Hacean ''ƿooi'', related to ''ƿooian'', see ''ƿóíjan''. | |||
*'''ƿóíd''' /woid/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' One's lover or significant other. — Probably from the past tense of ''ƿóíjan'', (i.e. 'one's wooed') more specifically Middle Hacean ''ƿooian'', but not attested. | |||
*'''ƿóíjan''' /ˈwoijæn/ ''v.'' To woo; to persuade. — Old English ''ƿógian'', to woo, bend towards oneself. | |||
*'''ƿẃn''' /wuːn/ ''n.'' The letter ƿ, wynn. — Old English ''wynn'', see ''ƿẃyn''. | |||
*'''ƿẃyn''' /wuən/ ''n.'' Joy, happiness. — Old English ''wynn''. See also ''ƿẃn''. | |||
*'''ƿẃynfowƿ''' /ˈwuənfɔʊw/ ''a.'' Joyful, happy. | |||
*'''ƿẃynlýs''' /ˈwuənlɜs/ ''a.'' Joyless, listless; boring. | |||
*'''ƿywf''' /wəʊf/ ''n.'' Wolf. — Weakening of Middle Hacean ''ƿuƿf'', ''ƿuuƿf'', from Old English ''ƿulf''. Related to ''ƿywƿan'', q.v. | |||
*'''ƿywƿan''' /ˈwəʊwæn/ ''v.'' To gnaw; to nibble at the edge of something. — Middle Hacean ''ƿuƿfan'', to rend or maim, from ''ƿuƿf''; see ''ƿywf''. Base form is '''ƿywƿ'''. | |||
==y== | ==y== | ||
*'''ypestywƿ''' /əˈpɛstəʊw/ ''n.'' Letter (of correspondance). — Old English ''epistol'', from Latin ''epistula''. | |||
*'''ypestywƿan''' /əpɛsˈtəʊwæn/ ''v.'' To correspond; to send a letter. — From the noun. | |||
*'''ypestywƿáiþ''' /əpɛsˈtəʊwaɪθ/ ''n.'' Correspondance. | |||
*'''yrǵonan''' /ərˈɣɔnæn/ ''v.'' ''colloq.'' To play a musical instrument. — From ''yrǵone''. | |||
*'''yrǵonár''' /ərˈɣɔnar/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Musician. | |||
*'''yrǵone''' /ərˈɣɔnə/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Musical instrument. — Weakening of Middle Hacean ''aurgone'', from Old English ''organe'', organ, applied vaguely to musical instruments. See also ''urǵywƿ''. | |||
*'''yrǵonyne''' /ərˈɣɔnənə/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Music. — Formed from the continuative of the verb. | |||
==ý== | ==ý== | ||
*'''ýrþ''' /ɜːrθ/ ''n.'' Earth, ground. — Old English ''eorþ''. | |||
==z== | ==z== | ||
*'''zjowr''' /zjɔʊr/ ''a.'' Dry. — Old English ''seár'', dry. Compare with ''drẃǵ''. Related to ''sjoran'', q.v. | |||
==ź== | ==ź== | ||
[[Category:Kythish]] | |||
[[Category:General lexica]] |
Latest revision as of 13:43, 25 March 2006
This is a list of Kythish words.
Entries are ordered thus: spelling /pronunciation/ part of speech definition — notes & etymology. Where irregular forms are listed, only the relevant inflections are given. Pronunciations are broadly transcribed, with canonical, phonemic values.
n. = noun; v. = verb; a. = adjective or adverb; p. = pronoun (personal, interrogative or demonstrative); c. = conjunction; f. = affix; i. = interjection; pp. = preposition
dial. = dialectal; colloq. = colloquial; irreg. = irregular; obs. = obsolete
a
- a- /æ/ f. Affix form of aa, below. — Mostly used to form adjectives from verbs. Usually unstressed.
- aa /æː/ pp. At. — Old English æt.
- aaś /æːʃ/ n. The letter a. — Old English æsc, ash (see aś). Long vowel is common to all letter names.
- abawƿ /ˈæbæʊw/ n. Apple. — Either Old English æppel or Welsh afal. Influence of both is likely.
- -an /æn/ f. Marks the infinitive of verbs. — Irregular derivation of Old English -an.
- aŋywƿ /ˈæŋəʊw/ n. Angel; saintly person. — Old English ængel, variant of engel, angel.
- asće /ˈæsxə/ n. Ash (dust formed from burning). — Old English æsce, ashes.
- asom /æˈsɔm/ a. Fitting. — Affixation of a- to soman, q.v.
- aś¹ /æʃ/ n. Ash tree; pole or polearm. — Old English æsc, ash.
- aś² /æʃ/ p. dial. I. — Metropolitan variant of eś, q.v.
- aþẃrs /æˈθuːrs/ a. Thirsty. — Affixation of a- to þẃrsan, q.v.
- awgoŋ /ˈæʊɡɔŋ/ n. Exit, out-door. — Old English útgang, exit.
- aẃ /æuː/ n. slang Outdoors, countryside. — Middle Hacean auu, from Old English út, out. See ẃ.
á
- áneí /ˈaːnɛi/ a. Any. — Old English ǽnig, ǽneg, any.
b
- baiwƿ /bæɪʊw/ n. colloq. Bug, creepy-crawly. — Old English bétel, beetle; see béle.
- beyśe /ˈbɛəʃə/ n. Female animal; pejoratively, woman. — Old English bicce, bitch.
- béjan /ˈbeːjæn/ v. To bite; to cut off a small piece. — Old English bítan. Base form is bé.
- béje /ˈbeːjə/ n. Bite, chunk. — From the verb.
- béjyne /ˈbeːjənə/ n. Bite (act of biting).
- béle /ˈbeːlə/ n. Beetle. — Old English bítela.
- bjowm /bjɔʊm/ n. Tree. — Old English beám.
- bown /bɔʊn/ n. Bone (as an object). — Old English bán.
- bownas /ˈbɔʊnæs/ n. Bone (as a material). — Merely a compound of bown and -nas.
- bózym /ˈboːzəm/ n. Chest, bosom; torso. — Old English bósm.
- bwŕ /bʊʀ/ n. Fort, castle, palace, large building. — Old English burh, fort.
- bẃ /buː/ n. Settlement; farm dwellings. — Old English and Old Norse by.
- bẃrgan /ˈbuːrɡæn/ v. To entomb. — Back-formation from bẃrǵaws, q.v.
- bẃrǵaws /ˈbuːrɣæʊs/ n. Tomb, mausoleum. — Variant of bẃrǵywƿs, on the notion that it stood for *bẃrg-haws, see bẃrgan and haws.
- bẃrǵywƿs /ˈbuːrɣəʊws/ n. Tomb. — Old English byrgels, tomb. See also bẃrǵaws.
- bẃreíjan /buˈrɛijæn/ v. To bury (an object, not a person). — Old English byrigan.
- byconan /bəˈkɔnæn/ v. To enable, make able. — Causative form of conan, q.v.
- bycwynan /bəˈkʊənæn/ v. colloq. To teach. — Affixation of by-, a causative, to cwynan, q.v. Normal verb of teaching is ceinan.
- bycwynár /bəˈkʊənar/ n. colloq. Teacher.
- bymoŋan /bəˈmɔŋæn/ v. To mix (together). — Causative form of moŋan, q.v.
- byryjan /bəˈrəjæn/ v. To pledge, promise. — Middle Hacean bureian (burejan), from Old English borgian.
- bysćúźan /bəˈsxɑːʒæn/ v. To ruffle (hair). — Affixation of by- to sćúźe, q.v.
- bysturc /bəˈstʌrk/ i. slang Woot! Yes! etc., indicates victory or successful completion of a task. — From the verb, on the notion that one has been 'placed higher' by succeeding.
- bysturcan /bəˈstʌrkæn/ v. To raise up, place higher. — Formed from by- and sturc, q.v.
- bywć /bəʊx/ n. Cow. — Welsh buwch, cow.
- býr /bɜːr/ n. Beer. — Old English beor.
- býrǵan /ˈbɜːrɣæn/ v. To protect, hide away; to keep. — Old English beorgan, to protect.
- býrǵáiþ /ˈbɜːrɣaɪθ/ n. Protection.
- býrǵe /ˈbɜːrɣə/ n. Stash, caché; hideaway. — From the verb.
- býŕ /bɜːʀ/ n. Mound, pile; stash. — Old English beorh, mound or hill. Second sense is due to influence of býrǵe, q.v.
c
- caes /kæɛs/ n. Hate, hatred. — Welsh cas.
- caesan /ˈkæɛsæn/ v. To hate. — Formed from caes.
- caese /ˈkæɛsə/ n. Hatred. — From the verb.
- caesfowƿ /ˈkæɛsfɔʊw/ a. Hateful; evil.
- cawðan /ˈkæʊðæn/ v. To be famous. — Either Old English cúð, known, or Kythish cwynan, q.v. Not found in Middle Hacean.
- cawðáiþ /ˈkæʊðaɪθ/ n. Fame.
- cawðár /ˈkæʊðar/ n. Celebrity.
- cawðswm /ˈkæʊðzʊm/ a. Famous.
- ceinan /ˈkɛɪnæn/ v. To teach. — Old English cennan, to cause to know.
- ceináiþ /ˈkɛɪnaɪθ/ n. Education.
- ceinár /ˈkɛɪnar/ n. Teacher.
- ceine /ˈkɛɪnə/ n. Lesson. — From the verb.
- ceinhaws /ˈkɛɪnhæʊs/ n. School. — Literally "lesson-building", compound of ceine and haws, q.v.
- ceinlýs /ˈkɛɪnlɜs/ a. Uneducated. — Literally "lessonless", from ceine and the suffix -lýs.
- ceinon /ˈkɛɪnɔn/ n. Student.
- cíþrár /ˈkiːθrar/ n. Close or intimate friend. — Possibly connected to cwiþár via an unattested form *cwiþyrár.
- cíþrárnas /kiθˈraːrnæs/ n. Friendship group. — Affixation of -nas to cíþrár, q.v.
- cíþráráiþ /kiθˈraːraɪθ/ n. Close friendship.
- conan /ˈkɔnæn/ v. To be able. — Old English can.
- confowƿ /ˈkɔnfɔʊw/ a. Full of ability; well-suited to a particular task.
- conlýs /ˈkɔnlɜs/ a. Without ability; weak; stupid.
- conlýsáiþ /kɔnˈlɜːsaɪθ/ n. pejor. Weakness. — From the adjective, and influenced by conlýsár.
- conlýsár /kɔnˈlɜːsar/ n. pejor. Weakling. — From the adjective.
- conswm /ˈkɔnsʊm/ a. Able.
- coo /kɔː/ n. Cat. — Old English cat.
- coostopan /ˌkɔːˈstɔpæn/ v. To tip-toe, to creep. — Literally "cat-step"; compound of coo, cat, and stopan, to walk, q.v.
- coostopár /ˌkɔːˈstɔpar/ n. One who creeps, or a creeper (plant).
- coostopyrár /ˌkɔːˈstɔpərar/ n. A spy or cat-burgler. — Frequentative of coostopár.
- cowƿ /kɔʊw/ n. Basket; sack. — Old English caul, basket, from Latin cavellum.
- cuwn /kʌʊn/ a. Chewed, mangled. — Old English coƿen, past participle of ceóƿan, see śjóƿan.
- cwiðan /ˈkʊɪðæn/ v. To reveal. — Old English cýðan, to make known.
- cwiðyne /ˈkʊɪðənə/ n. Revealing, unveiling. — From the continuative of cwiðan.
- cwiþár /ˈkʊɪθar/ n. Fellow countryman. — Derived from cwiþe.
- cwiþe /ˈkʊɪθə/ n. One's homeland; the Kythe. — Old English cýððe, native land, kindred.
- cwnan /ˈkʊnæn/ n. To test; to inquire. — Old English cunnian, to seek to know, to test.
- cwnár /ˈkʊnar/ n. Tester.
- cwne /ˈkʊnə/ n. Test. — From the verb.
- cwnyrár /ˈkʊnərar/ n. Scientist. — Frequentative of cwnár.
- cwnyráráiþ /kʊnəˈraːraɪθ/ n. Science.
- cwynan /ˈkʊənæn/ irreg. v. To know. — Old English cunnan.
- 1st person imperfect past: cawð /kæʊð/
- 2nd person imperfect past: cawþs /kæʊθs/
- 3rd person imperfect past: cawþ /kæʊθ/
- Perfective past: cawðaf /ˈkæʊðæf/
- cwynáiþ /ˈkʊənaɪθ/ n. Knowledge. — From the verb.
- cwyne /ˈkʊənə/ n. Something known; a piece of information. — From the verb.
- cwynyran /ˈkʊənəræn/ v. To be knowledgeable. — Frequentative of cwynan.
- cwynyrár /ˈkʊənərar/ n. A sage.
- cyn- /kən/ f. Can, able to (indicates ability to do something). — From conan, q.v. Usually unstressed.
- cynƿóć /ˈkənwox/ a. Bendy, bendable, malleable. — Literally 'can-bend', see cyn- and ƿóćan. Note unusual stress.
ć
- ćjaap /xjæːp/ n. A lean or worthless sheep, specifically one from a highland area; humorously, a goat. — Originally a dialectal variation of sćjowp, sheep, presumably from around the banoǵacei region.
d
- daí /dæi/ n. Day. — Old English dæg.
- daw /dæʊ/ a. & n. Two. — Welsh dau.
- drwǵðe /ˈdrʊɣðə/ n. Drought. — Old English drugaðe. Related to drwíjan and drẃǵ, q.v.
- drwíjan /ˈdrʊijæn/ v. To (make) dry. — Old English drugian, to dry. Related to drẃǵ and drwǵðe, q.v.
- drẃǵ /druːɣ/ a. Dehydrated, dried. — Old English dryge, dry. Compare with zjowr. Related to drwíjan and drwǵðe, q.v.
- duźe /ˈdʌʒə/ n. Pet dog, or broadly, any pet. — Old English docga, dog.
- duźwc /ˈdʌʒʊk/ n. Small or juvenile pet. — Diminutive of duźe.
- dwnrainyn /dʊnˈræɪnən/ i. colloq. It's raining (down). — From dwn-, down, and rainyn, continuative of rainan, q.v.
- dwyn /dʊən/ a. Dark, murky. — Old English dunn.
- dẃdan /ˈduːdæn/ v. To delay, to deceive. — Probably Old English dydrian, to lead hither and thither.
- dẃdáiþ /ˈduːdaɪθ/ n. Deception.
- dẃdár /ˈduːdar/ n. Delayer, deceiver; one who obstructs.
- dẃdáran /duˈda:ræn/ v. colloq. pejor. To be employed by the government. — From dẃdár, on the notion that to work for the government is to be a delayer, deceiver or both.
- dẃdáráiþ /duˈda:raɪθ/ n. colloq. pejor. Government employment.
- dẃdáre /duˈda:rə/ n. Filibuster (in politics). — From dẃdár, as it is 'something that delays'.
- dẃde /ˈduːdə/ n. Delay. — From the verb.
- dẃdre /ˈduːdrə/ n. Winding path, trail. — Formerly dialectal. Likely from Old English dydrian, and thus related to dẃdan, q.v.
- dẃdyran /ˈduːdəræn/ v. To con. — Frequentative of dẃdan, q.v.
- dẃdyrár /ˈduːdərar/ n. Con artist.
- dẃdyre /ˈduːdərə/ n. Con. — From the verb.
- dẃiráin /duɪˈraɪn/ n. colloq. A downpour. — Nordaþ dyrain, itself a borrowing of Kythish dwnrainyn, q.v. Nordaþ territory is significantly wetter than much of the Kythe, so their rain is a Kythishman's torrent.
- dẃiráinan /duɪˈraɪnæn/ v. colloq. To pour with rain. — From the noun.
- dẃn /duːn/ a. Dusky, dark (of a colour). — Welsh dwn.
- dẃnrywd /ˈduːnrəʊd/ a. & n. Dark red. — Compound of dẃn and rywd, q.v.
- dẃran /ˈduːræn/ v. To ramble, to hike. — Probably derived from either dẃdre or its Old English etymon, dydrian.
- dẃrár /ˈduːrar/ n. Rambler, hiker.
- dẃre /ˈduːrə/ n. Ramble, hike. — From the verb.
ð
- ða /ðæ/ p. Thou. — Old English ðú. A better form is ðaw, q.v.
- ðaa /ðæː/ c. That. — Old English ðæt, neuter singular of ðe or se, the.
- ðaðar /ˈðæðær/ p. That (inanimate object or concept). — Middle Hacean ðaa ðar, that there; see ðaa and ðar. The animate equivalent is sei.
- ðahair /ˈðæhæɪr/ p. This (inanimate object or concept). — Middle Hacean ðaa heer, that here; see ðaa and hair. The animate equivalent is ðeis.
- ðajun /ˈðæjʌn/ p. Yon (inanimate object or concept). — Middle Hacean ðaa giun, that yonder; see ðaa and jun. The animate equivalent is seijun.
- ðar /ðær/ a. There. — Old English ðær.
- ðaw /ðæʊ/ p. dial. Thou. — A large number of rural dialects retain this instead of the standard ða, where the final -w was lost for unknown reasons.
- ðeis /ðɛɪs/ p. This (animate object). — Old English ðes, this. The inanimate equivalent is ðahair.
e
- en /ɛn/ a. In. — Old English in.
- enýrþan /ɛnˈɜːrθæn/ v. To plant. — Compound of en and ýrþ, q.v.
- eŋoŋ /ˈɛŋɔŋ/ n. Entrance, in-door. — Old English ingang, entrance.
- eś /ɛʃ/ p. I. — Old English ic. In metropolitan hácei and þýcod, aś² is also commonly used.
é
f
- faa /fæː/ n. Fat. — Old English fæt.
- faafowƿ /ˈfæːfɔʊw/ a. Fat, obese. — Literally "full of fat".
- feś /fɛʃ/ n. Fish. — Old English fisc.
- féylan /ˈfeəlæn/ irreg. v. To fell, cause to fall. — Old English fellan.
- 1st person imperfect present: féwƿ /feʊw/
- 2nd person imperfect present: féwƿs /feʊws/
- 3rd person imperfect present: féwƿþ /feʊwθ/
- fjówr /fjoʊr/ a. & n. dial./colloq. Four. — Old English feówer. Though nonstandard, this word is common enough to merit inclusion. The standard word is pydwyr, q.v.
- fjúþ /fjɑːθ/ n. Hate. — Nordaþ fjaþ, hate. Largely replaced native caes, q.v.
- fjúþan /ˈfjɑːθæn/ v. To hate. — As above. Largely replaced native caesan, hooƿan, q.v.
- fjúþár /ˈfjɑːθar/ n. Hater.
- fjúþon /ˈfjɑːθɔn/ n. Subject of hate.
- fjúþyrár /ˈfjɑːθərar/ n. Enemy, esp. political. — Political rhetoric, literally "habitual hater". See also fjýþyrar.
- fjúþyron /ˈfjɑːθərɔn/ n. Victim, as of hate crimes. — Political rhetoric.
- fjúþyronan /fjɑˈθərɔnæn/ v. To victimise. — Not commonly used outside of political correctness camps, where it originates.
- fjýþyrar /ˈfjɜːθərar/ n. Humorously, any leftist. — Representation of the pronunciation of fjúþyrár by teofan schjómocar (who spoke with a caźowm accent, a southern dialect), a right-wing politician famed for accusing anyone he disliked of being an 'enemy of the Kythe'.
- fúlan /ˈfɑːlæn/ irreg. v. To fall. — Old English feallan.
- 1st person imperfect present: fúwƿ /fɑʊw/
- 2nd person imperfect present: fúwƿs /fɑʊws/
- 3rd person imperfect present: fúwƿþ /fɑʊwθ/
- fwǵ /fʊɣ/ n. Bird. — Old English fugol. The original -ywƿ ending was confused with the diminutive in -wƿ and lost.
- fwǵwƿ /ˈfʊɣʊw/ n. Small or domesticated bird; occasionally, wing. — Diminutive of fwǵ, q.v.
- fwir /fʊɪr/ n. Fire. — Old English fýr.
- fwiran /ˈfʊɪræn/ v. To set on fire; to start a fire. — From the noun.
- fwirár /ˈfʊɪrar/ n. Firestarter, arsonist.
- fwidyrár /ˈfʊɪdərar/ n. Pyromaniac. — Formed by dissimilation from *fwiryrár (not attested), frequentative of fwirár.
- fwŕ /fʊʀ/ n. Fir, any conifer. — Old English furh.
g
- geiŋe /ˈɡɛɪŋə/ n. Traveller; regular (as of a bar). — Old English genga, goer.
- goŋ /ɡɔŋ/ n. Journey, adventure. — Old English gang, journey.
- goŋan /ˈɡɔŋæn/ v. To go; to move. — Old English gangan, to go. Doublet of gown, q.v.
- goŋáiþ /ˈɡɔŋaɪθ/ n. Movement. — From goŋan.
- goŋár¹ /ˈɡɔŋar/ n. One who goes; go-getter. — From goŋan.
- goŋár² /ˈɡɔŋar/ n. Adventurer. — From goŋ.
- goŋswm /ˈɡɔŋsʊm/ a. Adventurous. — From goŋ.
- goŋyran /ˈɡɔŋəræn/ v. To travel (continuously). — Frequentative of goŋan, q.v.
- goŋyrár /ˈɡɔŋərar/ n. Nomad.
- gown /ɡɔʊn/ p. Indicates future tense of verb it appears before. — Old English gán, to go. Doublet of goŋan, q.v.
- gowr /ɡɔʊr/ n. Barb, sharp point. — Old English gár, spear.
- gowrstaf /ˈɡɔʊrstæf/ n. Spear, pike. — Compound of gowr and staf, q.v.
- gud /ɡʌd/ n. God. — Old English god.
- gudazolyr /ˌɡʌdæˈzɔlər/ n. Place of death; old battlefield. — Literally "god's altar", compound of gudas, genitive of gud, and olyr, an archaic form of owƿr, q.v. The exact connection between the literal meaning and the modern sense is obscure.
ǵ
- ǵrám /ɣraːm/ a. Hostile, actively dangerous. — Related to ǵrem and ǵrom, but origin uncertain; possibly from the same root as ǵrom via dialectal usage.
- ǵrem /ɣrɛm/ a. Fierce, aggressive. — Old English grim. Related to ǵrom and ǵrám, q.v.
- ǵrom /ɣrɔm/ a. Furious. — Old English gram, angry. Related to ǵrem and ǵrom, q.v.
- ǵromáiþ /ˈɣrɔmaɪθ/ n. Fury. — From the adjective.
h
- haa /hæː/ n. Top, pinnacle. — Old English hæt, hat.
- hai /hæɪ/ p. He; she. — Old English hé, he. Kythish has lost the distinction between masculine and feminine that English has, and gained a much more pronounced distinction between animate and inanimate, see hee. Though largely obsolete, one may also find hjó in highly 'backward' dialects.
- hair /hæɪr/ a. Here. — Old English hér.
- haws /hæʊs/ n. Small building, shed; (in compounds) any building. — Old English hús, house.
- hee /hɛː/ p. It. — Old English hit, neuter of hé, see hai.
- hjó /hjoː/ p. obs./dial. She. — Old English heó, feminine of hé, see hai.
- howm /hɔʊm/ n. House, abode. — Old English hám.
- hód /hoːd/ n. Hood, hat. — Old English hód, hood.
- hwnd /hʊnd/ n. Hound, dog. — Old English hund, hound.
- hwndan /ˈhʊndæn/ v. To track or chase. — From hwnd, above.
- hwndár /ˈhʊndar/ n. Tracker.
- hẃd /huːd/ n. Guard dog. — Middle Hacean huud, dialectal form of huund, hund (= hwnd, q.v.).
- hẃdan /ˈhuːdæn/ v. To guard (as a dog). — From hẃd, above.
- hẃdár /ˈhuːdar/ n. colloq. Bouncer (of a night club). — On the notion that they guard like dogs.
- hẃĺ /huːɬ/ a. Ugly, disfigured. — Welsh hyll, ugly.
- hẃĺan /ˈhuːɬæn/ v. To disfigure. — From the adjective, but confer with Welsh hyllu, to mar, disfigure.
i
- irce /ˈɪrkə/ n. Space between spread legs. — Middle Hacean irca, further etymology unknown.
í
j
- jiþućt /jɪˈθʌxt/ n. Thought, idea. — Old English geþoht. Related to þeiŋcan, q.v.
- jiþućtáiþ /jɪˈθʌxtaɪθ/ n. Thought (uncountable).
- jowpan /ˈjɔʊpæn/ v. To gape, yawn. — Old English geápan, to gape.
- jowpynmawþ /ˈjɔʊpənˌmæʊθ/ n. Simpleton, idiot. — Literally "gaping-mouth", from mawþ and the continuative of jowpan, q.v.
- jun /jʌn/ a. Yonder. — Old English geon, yon.
- júrd /jɑːrd/ n. Garden. — Old English geard.
- júre /ˈjɑːrə/ a. Prompt, ready. — Old English gearu, gearo, quick, ready.
- jẃrd /juːrd/ n. Pole, post. — Old English gyrd, rod.
l
- ládan /laːd/ v. To lead, conduct. — Old English lǽdan.
- ládár /ˈlaːdar/ n. Leader, conductor.
- ládáre /laˈdaːrə/ n. Lead, leash.
- léðan /ˈleːðæn/ v. To travel, move from one place to another. — Old English líðan.
- léðyran /ˈleːðəræn/ v. To go abroad, on holiday. — Frequentative of léðan, q.v.
- léðyrdaínas /ˌleðərˈdæinæs/ n. Vacation. — Literally abroad-days, from léðyran, daí and -nas.
- ljowd /ljɔʊd/ n. Lead (the metal). — Old English leád.
- loc /lɔk/ n. Mountain lake, tarn. — Old English lac, from Latin lacus.
- loǵe /ˈlɔɣə/ n. Lake. — Old English lagu, lake.
- lond /lɔnd/ n. Land, ground. — Old English land.
- lups /lʌps/ n. Lobster. — Contraction of Old English lopust, corruption of Latin locust.
- lwst /lʊst/ n. Pleasure; joy. — Old English lust.
- lwstan /ˈlʊstæn/ v. To enjoy. — From the noun. Doublet of lẃstan.
- lẃ /luː/ a. Few, not many; little, small. — Old English lyt, few, little. Second sense is from confusion with lẃƿ, q.v.
- lẃst /luːst/ n. Desire. — Formed on analogy with lwst, q.v.
- lẃstan /ˈluːstæn/ v. To desire, want. — Old English lystan. Doublet of lwstan.
- lẃƿ /luːw/ a. Little, small. — Old English lytel, little. Closely related to lẃ and lẃƿe, q.v.
- lẃƿe /ˈluːwə/ n. Trivial thing; in the plural, small fry. — Almost certainly directly from lẃƿ.
ĺ
- ĺáiþ /ɬaɪθ/ n. Milk. — Welsh llaeth, milk.
- ĺowf /ɬɔʊf/ irreg. n. Loaf. — Old English hláf.
- Dual: ĺowvaz /ˈɬɔʊvæz/
- Plural: ĺowvaen /ˈɬɔʊvæɛn/
m
- mawþ /mæʊθ/ irreg. n. Mouth. — Old English múð.
- Dual: mawðaz /ˈmæʊðæz/
- Plural: mawðaen /ˈmæʊðæɛn/
- maś /mæʃ/ n. colloq. Mixed mass; mashed vegetables; animal feed. — Origin obscure, but related to meśan.
- maysan /ˈmæəsæn/ v. To worship. — From the noun.
- mayse /ˈmæəsə/ n. Religious devotion; worship. — Old English mæsse, from Latin missa, mass.
- maysyre /ˈmæəsərə/ n. Religious fervour, fanaticism. — Frequentative of mayse, q.v.
- meiŋan /ˈmɛɪŋæn/ v. To mess up; to vandalise. — Old English mengan, to mix.
- meśan /ˈmɛʃæn/ v. To mash, to paste, to pulp. — Old English miscan, to mix.
- mueć /mʌɛx/ n. Pig. — Welsh moch, pigs (the singular being mochyn).
- moǵan /ˈmɔɣæn/ v. To digest. — From the noun.
- moǵe /ˈmɔɣə/ n. Stomach, belly. — Old English maga.
- mon /mɔn/ irreg. n. Man. — Old English man. Common in compounds, but less used than ƿeir when referring to a male adult.
- Dual: meinaz /ˈmɛɪnæz/ or monaz /ˈmɔnæz/
- Plural: mein /mɛɪn/
- moŋ /mɔŋ/ n. Mixture; crowd. — Old English mang.
- moŋan /ˈmɔŋæn/ v. To mix with, mingle. — From the noun.
- moŋáiþ /ˈmɔŋaɪθ/ n. Chaos. — From moŋ, q.v.
- mó /moː/ n. Meeting; council. — Old English mót, meeting. Related to ƿiinjó, q.v.
- mór /moːr/ n. Peat, mud. — Old English mór, moor.
- mórlond /ˈmoːrlɔnd/ n. Moor, bog, moorland. — Compound of mór and lond, q.v.
- mwmbýŕ /ˈmʊmbɜʀ/ n. Boundary wall, dyke; rampart. — Middle Hacean mwndbeurr, mwmbeurgh, from Old English mund-beorg, protective mound.
- mwnd /mʊnd/ n. Protection, defence. — Chiefly legal usage. Old English mund, protection. Related to mwmbýŕ, q.v.
- mwndan /ˈmʊndæn/ v. To defend. — From the noun.
- mwwn /mʊːn/ n. Steep hill. — Old English munt, from Latin mont-, stem of mons, hill.
- mýwƿc /mɜʊwk/ n. The milky substance found in the stems of some plants; also, coconut milk. — Old English meolc, milk.
n
- nú /nɑː/ n. Livestock animal. — Old English neata, cattle.
- núnas /ˈnɑːnæs/ n. Livestock.
ŋ
- ŋećt /ŋɛxt/ n. Servant, assistant. — Old English cniht, servant, youth.
- ŋjoẃƿan /ˈŋjɔuwæn/ v. To argue, to contend. — Old English cneátian, to argue. Base form is ŋjoẃ.
- ŋowƿan /ˈŋɔʊwæn/ v. slang To have a gut feeling for, to strongly feel. — Old English cnáwan, to know.
- ŋúr /ŋɑːr/ n. Small ship (e.g. a yacht). — Old English cnear, cnearr, from a Norse source, akin to Icelandic knörr.
- ŋúran /ˈŋɑːræn/ v. To pilot a small ship; to sail leisurely. — From the noun.
- ŋúrmon /ˈŋɑːrmɔn/ n. A yachter. — Literally "yacht-man"; compound of ŋúr and mon, q.v.
- ŋwcan /ˈŋʊkæn/ v. To knock something (over), make a noise by knocking. — Old English cnucian.
- ŋwcymvwǵ /ˈŋʊkəmvʊɣ/ n. dial. Woodpecker. — Middle Hacean gnuucenfugh. Literally "knocking-bird"; compound of ŋwcyn, continuative of ŋwcan, and fwǵ, q.v.
o
- ocan /ˈɔkæn/ irreg. v. To ache. — Old English acan.
- Imperfect past: óc /oːk/
- Perfect: ac /æk/
- Perfect past: aćt /æxt/
- oce /ˈɔkə/ n. Ache. — From the verb.
- on- /ɔn/ f. Indicates reversal of the action denoted by a verb beginning with a consonant. — Old English and-. Before a vowel, ond- is used.
- onbyconan /ɔnˈbəkɔnæn/ v. To disable. — Affixation of on- to byconan, q.v.
- ond- /ɔnd/ f. Indicates reversal of the action denoted by a verb beginning with a vowel. — Old English and-. Before a consonant, on- is used.
- ondocan /ɔndˈɔkæn/ v. To ease pain. — Affixation of ond- to ocan, q.v.
- oor /ɔːr/ n. Otter. — Old English otor, otter.
- owc /ɔʊk/ n. Oak. — Old English ác.
- owƿr /ɔʊwr/ n. Altar; occasional table. — Old English alter, from Latin altar.
ó
p
- peiź /pɛɪʒ/ n. Piglet; small, fat child. — Old English pecg, pig.
- ploon /plɔːn/ n. Plant. — Old English plant, from Latin planta.
- ploonas /ˈplɔːnæs/ n. Vegetation. — Merely ploon + -nas.
- pẃmf /puːmf/ a. & n. Five. — Welsh pump, probably with influence of Old English fíf.
- pẃ /puː/ n. Hole, shaft. — Old English pyt, from Latin puteus.
- pydwyr /ˈpədʊər/ a. & n. Four. — Welsh pedwar. See also fjówr.
- pysc /pəsk/ irreg. n. Seasnake. — Welsh pysg, fish.
- Dual: pyzǵaz /ˈpəzɣæz/
- Plural: pyzǵaen /ˈpəzɣæɛn/
r
- raa /ræː/ n. Rat, rodent; petty thief. — Old Engish ræt.
- raajan /ˈræːjæn/ v. To take away something another needs. — From the noun, raa.
- rain /ræɪn/ n. Rain. — Old English rén, rain.
- rainan /ˈræɪnæn/ v. To rain. — From the noun.
- ród /roːd/ n. Pole, girder. — Old English ród.
- rywd /rəʊd/ a. & n. Red. — Middle Hacean riood, from Old English reád.
- rywdẃn /ˈrəʊdun/ n. colloq. Innards, internal body matter. — Literally, "dark red" or "red dark". Compound of rywd and dẃn, q.v.
ŕ
- ŕaybe /ˈʀæəbə/ n. Crab, crayfish.
- ŕowƿan /ˈʀɔʊwæn/ v. To crow; to croak. — Old English cráƿan, to crow. Base form is ŕowƿ.
- ŕowƿár /ˈʀɔʊwar/ n. Crow. — Formed from the verb, but less common than ŕowƿe, below.
- ŕowƿe /ˈʀɔʊwə/ n. Crow. — Old English cráƿe, a crow (literally 'crower').
- ŕueg /ˈʀʌɛɡ/ n. Intersection, cross; gibbet. — Welsh crog, cross.
- ŕwc /ʀʊk/ n. Cross. — Old English cruc, from Latin crucem.
s
- saiman /ˈsæɪmæn/ v. To satisfy; to honour; to compromise (only when subject is plural). — Old English sémen. Related to some, q.v.
- saimáiþ /ˈsæɪmaɪθ/ n. Satisfaction.
- sá /saː/ n. Sea. — Old English sǽ.
- ságeiŋe /saˈɡɛɪŋə/ n. colloq. Passenger. — Old English sǽgenga, seagoer. Originally applied only to passengers on ships, but now more generally.
- sámon /ˈsaːmɔn/ n. Sailor, seaman. — Compound of sá and mon, q.v.
- sćaí /sxæi/ n. Sheet. — Old English scéte.
- sćembown /ˈsxɛmbɔʊn/ n. Shinbone. — Old English scinbán, with assimilation of the n to an m. See sćene and bown.
- sćene /ˈsxɛnə/ n. Shin; splint. — Old English scina.
- sćjowp /sxjɔʊp/ n. Sheep. — Old English sceáp, sheep. See also ćjaap.
- sćjoẃ /sxjɔu/ n. Fold; tuft of wool. — Old English sceát, corner of a sail, fold of a garment. Second sense is influenced by popular etymology connecting it to sćjowp, q.v.
- sćjóƿan /ˈsxjoːwæn/ v. To shoot. — Old English sceótan. Base form is sćjó.
- sćóijan /ˈsxoɪjæn/ v. To dart, to sprint. — Old English scótian, secondary verb formed from sceótan, see sćjóƿan.
- sćóifowƿ /ˈsxoɪfɔʊw/ a. Very swift. — From sćóijan.
- sćúźe /ˈsxɑːʒə/ n. Messy hair. — Old English sceacga, rough hair.
- sćúźeg /ˈsxɑːʒɛg/ a. Unkempt. — From sćúźe.
- sćúźwƿ /ˈsxɑːʒʊw/ n. Stubble. — Diminutive of sćúźe.
- sćẃƿ /sxuːw/ n. Dish, plate. — Old English scutel, from Latin scutella, small tray.
- sei /sɛɪ/ p. That (animate object). — Old English se, the. The inanimate equivalent is ðaðar.
- seijun /ˈsɛɪjʌn/ p. Yon (animate object). — Appears to be an artificial compound of sei and jun, on analogy to the inanimate equivalent, ðajun, q.v.
- seiźan /ˈsɛɪʒæn/ v. To say, to utter. — Old English secgan, to say. Not the basic verb of speech, which is sfreican, q.v.
- sfreican /ˈsfrɛɪcæn/ irreg. v. To speak, to say. — Old English sprecan, to speak.
- Imperfect past: 'sfrac /sfræk/
- sja /sjæ/ n. Romantic love. — Middle Hacean sia, further etymology unknown.
- sjowp /sjɔʊp/ a. Steep. — Middle Hacean stioap, from Old English steáp. See also śóp.
- sjoran /ˈsjɔræn/ v. To become dry, dry up, dry out. — Old English seáran. Related to zjowr, q.v.
- sjór /sjoːr/ n. Bull, male bovine. — Old English steór, steer, bull.
- soman /ˈsɔmæn/ v. To suit, befit. — Presumably from the noun.
- some /ˈsɔmə/ a. Same; same as, just like. — Old English sama. Related to saiman, q.v.
- sonþe /ˈsɔnθə/ n. One's superior; as a form of address, sir or madam. — Origin unknown.
- spur /spʌr/ n. Track, footpath. — Old English spor, a foot-track. Related to spwre and spẃran, q.v.
- spurn /spʌrn/ a. Disliked, outcast. — Middle Hacean spurnn, from Old English spornen, past participle of speornan, see spýrnan.
- spurnan /ˈspʌrnæn/ v. To cast out; to reject. — From the adjective.
- spwran /ˈspʊræn/ v. To spur on, goad. — From the noun.
- spwre /ˈspʊrə/ n. Spur, goad. — Old English spura, spora, related to Old English spor and speornan; see spur and spýrnan.
- spẃdyran /ˈspuːdəræn/ v. To investigate. — Middle Hacean spuyreran, spuureran, frequentative of spuuran, see spẃran. Doublet of spẃyran, q.v.
- spẃdyráiþ /ˈspuːdəraɪθ/ n. (Process of) Investigation.
- spẃdyryne /spuˈdərənə/ n. Investigation, case. — Formed from the continuative of spẃdyran.
- spẃran /ˈspuːræn/ v. To ask, interrogate. — Old English spyrian, to ask, track down, related to Old English spor, see spur. See also spẃdyran and spẃyr.
- spẃyr /spuər/ n. Quibble, query. — Originally dialectal. Middle Hacean spuyryr, from spuyreran, see spẃdyran.
- spẃyran /ˈspuəræn/ v. To quibble, disagree, raise a point. — From the noun. Doublet of spẃdyran, q.v.
- spẃyrnan /ˈspuərnæn/ v. colloq. To bitch, whine. — Jocular formation, based on slurred, young metropolitan pronunciation of spẃyryryne, alluding to the opinion that all teenage discussions are merely bitching sessions.
- spẃyryran /ˈspuərəræn/ v. To discuss (a point). — Modern derivative of spẃyran, and thus a double frequentative (or rather, modernly, a double augmentative.)
- spẃyryryne /spuəˈrərənə/ n. Discussion, argument.
- spýrnan /ˈspɜːrnæn/ irreg. v. To kick away, push with the foot. — Old English speornan, to kick against, related to Old English spura, spora, see spwre.
- Imperfect past: spúrn /spɑːrn/
- srac /sræk/ a. Violent. — Old English stræc, variant of stearc, strong.
- srá /sraː/ n. Street, road. — Old English strǽt.
- srond /srɔnd/ n. Edge, margin; poetically, shoreline. — Old English strand, shore.
- sroŋ /srɔŋ/ a. Strict, stern. — Old English strang, strong.
- srywm /srəʊm/ n. Stream; trail (as left by a snail, for example). — Old English streám.
- srywman /ˈsrəʊmæn/ v. To trickle. — From the noun.
- srup /srʌp/ n. Strap, bracelet, strip of fabric. — Old English stropp, from Latin struppus, strap.
- staf /stæf/ irreg. n. Staff, stick; polearm. — Old English stæf.
- Dual: stavaz /ˈstævæz/
- Plural: stavaen /ˈstævæɛn/
- staþ /stæθ/ n. Bank (of a river). — Old English stæð, bank, shore.
- stape /ˈstæpə/ n. A footstep, a pace. — Old English stæpe, a step. Doublet of stope.
- stavne /ˈstævnə/ n. Trunk of a tree, stem of a plant. — Old English stæfna, stæfn. Related to staf and steim, q.v.
- steim /stɛɪm/ n. Prow of a vessel. — Old English stemn, stem or prow of a vessel, related to Old English stæfn, stæfna; see stavne.
- stopan /ˈstɔpæn/ v. To walk. — Old English stapan, to go or advance.
- stope /ˈstɔpə/ n. A style of walk. — From the verb. Doublet of stape.
- stopyne /ˈstɔpənə/ n. A walk, a trek. — Formed from the continuative of the verb.
- stól /stoːl/ n. Seat, chair. — Old English stól.
- sturc /stʌrk/ n. Stork. — Old English storc.
- stúrc /stɑːrk/ a. Strong. — Old English stearc.
- stwipe /ˈstʊɪpə/ n. Tower, turret. — Probably simplified form of a derivative of Old English stýpel, steeple, but none are found in Middle Hacean.
- stwydan /ˈstʊədæn/ v. To look after, to provide for. — Old English studdian, to take care of, from Latin studere.
- stwydynhaws /ˈstʊədənˌhæʊs/ n. Hostel. — Literally 'providing-house', see stwydan and haws.
- stýre /ˈstɜːrə/ n. Star. — Old English steorra.
- sƿeivnan /ˈswɛɪvnæn/ irreg. v. To dream. — From sƿeivyn, q.v.
- 1st person imperfect present: sƿeivyn /ˈswɛɪvən/
- 2nd person imperfect present: sƿeivyns /ˈswɛɪvəns/
- 3rd person imperfect present: sƿeivynþ /ˈswɛɪvənθ/
- sƿeivyn /ˈswɛɪvən/ n. Dream. — Old English swefn.
ś
- śaize /ˈʃæɪzə/ n. Cheese. — Old English cése.
- śen /ʃɛn/ n. Chin. — Old English cin.
- śjóƿan /ˈʃjoːwæn/ v. To chew, ruminate. — Old English ceóƿan. Base form is śjóƿ.
- śóp /ʃoːp/ a. dial. High; upright. — Middle Hacean tsioop, metathesis of stioap, see sjowp.
- śẃste /ˈʃuːstə/ n. Box, (treasure) chest; chest cavity. — Old English cyste.
t
- traf /træf/ irreg. n. Village, hamlet. — Welsh tref, hamlet.
- Dual: travaz /ˈtrævæz/
- Plural: travaen /ˈtrævæɛn/
- treí /trɛi/ a. & n. Three. — Welsh tri.
- tryw /trəʊ/ n. Timber, dead wood. — Old English treó, timber.
þ
- þeiŋcan /ˈθɛɪŋkæn/ irreg. v. To think. — Old English þencan. Related to þeiśan, þẃŋcan, þoŋc, þuŋc and jiþućt, q.v.
- Imperfect past: þućty /ˈθʌxtə/
- þeiśan /ˈθɛɪʃæn/ v. To feel (an emotion). — Old English þencean, variant of þencan; see þeiŋcan.
- þeiśáiþ /ˈθɛɪʃaɪθ/ n. Emotion (uncountable).
- þeiśe /ˈθɛɪʃə/ n. Feeling, emotion (countable). — From the verb.
- þeiśfowƿ /ˈθɛɪʃfɔʊw/ a. Emotional.
- þneic /θnɛɪk/ n. Neck. — Old English hnecca.
- þnẃ /θnuː/ n. Nut. — Old English hnutu.
- þoŋc /θɔŋk/ n. Goodwill, thanks. — Old English þanc. Related to þuŋc, q.v.
- þoŋcan /ˈθɔŋkæn/ v. To thank. — From the noun.
- þuŋc /θʌŋk/ n. Favour. — Old English þonc, variant of þanc; see þoŋc.
- þuŋcan /ˈθʌŋkæn/ v. To favour, treat well. — From the noun.
- þurp /θʌrp/ n. Village, small town. — Old English þorp.
- þwŕ /θʊʀ/ a. Through. — Old English þurh.
- þẃŋcan /ˈθuːŋkæn/ v. To seem. — Old English þyncan. Related to þeiŋcan, q.v.
- þẃrs /θuːrs/ n. Thirst. — Old English þyrst.
- þẃrsan /ˈθuːrsæn/ v. To thirst, be thirsty. — Old English þyrstan.
u
- un /ʌn/ p. On. — Old English on.
- unfúlan /ʌnˈfɑːlæn/ irreg. v. To attack. — Literally 'to fall on', compound of un and fúlan, q.v.
- 1st person imperfect present: unfúwƿ /ʌnˈfɑʊw/
- 2nd person imperfect present: unfúwƿs /ʌnˈfɑʊws/
- 3rd person imperfect present: unfúwƿþ /ʌnˈfɑʊwθ/
- uŋoŋan /ʌˈŋɔŋæn/ v. To approach. — Middle Hacean ungongan, modelled on Old English ongán, to approach.
- urǵywƿ /ˈʌrɣəʊw/ n. Organ (musical instrument). — Old English orgel, from Latin organum. See also yrǵone.
ú
v
w
- wn- /ʊn/ f. Indicates negativity. — Old English un-. See also on-/ond-.
- wnconan /ʊnˈkɔnæn/ v. To be unable. — Affixation of wn- to conan, q.v.
- wnconswm /ʊnˈkɔnsʊm/ a. Not able; disabled (of a creature born so). — Affixation of wn- to conswm, q.v. See also onbyconswm.
- wncwiþár /ʊnˈkʊɪθar/ n. Foreigner. — Affixation of wn- to cwiþár, q.v.
- wnsƿeivyn /ʊnˈswɛɪvən/ n. Nightmare. — Affixation of wn- and sƿeivyn, q.v.
ẃ
- ẃ /uː/ a. Out. — Monophthongisation of Middle Hacean auu, from Old English út. Related to aẃ.
- ẃm /uːm/ a. Around. — Old English ymb.
- ẃn /uːn/ a. & n. One. — Welsh un.
ƿ
- ƿaar /wæːr/ n. Water. — Old English ƿæter, water.
- ƿaaran /ˈwæːræn/ v. To water. — From the noun.
- ƿaarcowƿ /ˈwæːrkɔʊw/ n. Canvas bottle for carrying water. — Literally water-bag, see ƿaar and cowƿ.
- ƿá /waː/ a. Wet. — Old English ƿǽt, wet.
- ƿájan /ˈwaːjæn/ v. colloq. To wet. — Formed from the noun in lieu of ƿán, q.v.
- ƿán /waːn/ irreg. v. To wet. — Old English ƿǽtan, to wet. Only the infinitive is irregular, all other forms inflect from a root of ƿá. See also ƿájan.
- ƿeir /wɛɪr/ n. Man, male. — Old English ƿer.
- ƿiinjó /ˈwɪːnjo/ n. Government; parliament. — Contraction of Middle English ƿiin iemo, ƿiiniemo (also ƿeen iemo, a more regular derivation), from Old English witena gemót, meeting of wise men, parliament; see mó.
- ƿóć /woːx/ a. Bent. — Old English ƿóh.
- ƿóćan /ˈwoːxæn/ v. To bend. — From ƿóć.
- ƿóće /ˈwoːxə/ n. Bend, curve. — From the verb.
- ƿóí /woi/ a. Favourably inclined. — Middle Hacean ƿooi, related to ƿooian, see ƿóíjan.
- ƿóíd /woid/ n. colloq. One's lover or significant other. — Probably from the past tense of ƿóíjan, (i.e. 'one's wooed') more specifically Middle Hacean ƿooian, but not attested.
- ƿóíjan /ˈwoijæn/ v. To woo; to persuade. — Old English ƿógian, to woo, bend towards oneself.
- ƿẃn /wuːn/ n. The letter ƿ, wynn. — Old English wynn, see ƿẃyn.
- ƿẃyn /wuən/ n. Joy, happiness. — Old English wynn. See also ƿẃn.
- ƿẃynfowƿ /ˈwuənfɔʊw/ a. Joyful, happy.
- ƿẃynlýs /ˈwuənlɜs/ a. Joyless, listless; boring.
- ƿywf /wəʊf/ n. Wolf. — Weakening of Middle Hacean ƿuƿf, ƿuuƿf, from Old English ƿulf. Related to ƿywƿan, q.v.
- ƿywƿan /ˈwəʊwæn/ v. To gnaw; to nibble at the edge of something. — Middle Hacean ƿuƿfan, to rend or maim, from ƿuƿf; see ƿywf. Base form is ƿywƿ.
y
- ypestywƿ /əˈpɛstəʊw/ n. Letter (of correspondance). — Old English epistol, from Latin epistula.
- ypestywƿan /əpɛsˈtəʊwæn/ v. To correspond; to send a letter. — From the noun.
- ypestywƿáiþ /əpɛsˈtəʊwaɪθ/ n. Correspondance.
- yrǵonan /ərˈɣɔnæn/ v. colloq. To play a musical instrument. — From yrǵone.
- yrǵonár /ərˈɣɔnar/ n. colloq. Musician.
- yrǵone /ərˈɣɔnə/ n. colloq. Musical instrument. — Weakening of Middle Hacean aurgone, from Old English organe, organ, applied vaguely to musical instruments. See also urǵywƿ.
- yrǵonyne /ərˈɣɔnənə/ n. colloq. Music. — Formed from the continuative of the verb.
ý
- ýrþ /ɜːrθ/ n. Earth, ground. — Old English eorþ.
z
- zjowr /zjɔʊr/ a. Dry. — Old English seár, dry. Compare with drẃǵ. Related to sjoran, q.v.