Italian: Difference between revisions
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'''Italian''' is a [[Romance languages|Romance]] language, spoken primarily in Italy, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City, and Malta. There is also a large amount of speakers of Italian in France, Croatia, Ethiopia and Slovenia. | '''Italian''' is a [[Romance languages|Romance]] language, spoken primarily in Italy, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City, and Malta. There is also a large amount of speakers of Italian in France, Croatia, Ethiopia and Slovenia. | ||
=History= | ==History== | ||
=Phonology= | ==Phonology== | ||
==Consonants== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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* '''s''' is pronounced /s/ or /z/ depending on the dialect and the word. It's usually pronounced [z] when intervocalic and [s] otherwise. | * '''s''' is pronounced /s/ or /z/ depending on the dialect and the word. It's usually pronounced [z] when intervocalic and [s] otherwise. | ||
==Vowels== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | {| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | ||
!colspan=11 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Vowels | !colspan=11 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Vowels | ||
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* When diphthongised, '''u''' and '''i''' become similar to /w/ and /j/. | * When diphthongised, '''u''' and '''i''' become similar to /w/ and /j/. | ||
=Grammar= | ==Grammar== | ||
==Nouns== | ===Nouns=== | ||
===Gender=== | ====Gender==== | ||
===Number=== | ====Number==== | ||
===Articles=== | ====Articles==== | ||
==Pronouns== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
==Adjectives== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
==Prepositions== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
===Contractions=== | ====Contractions==== | ||
==Conjunctions== | ===Conjunctions=== | ||
==Verbs== | ===Verbs=== | ||
===Present=== | ====Present==== | ||
===Future=== | ====Future==== | ||
===Imperfect=== | ====Imperfect==== | ||
===Past Absolute=== | ====Past Absolute==== | ||
===Conditional=== | ====Conditional==== | ||
===Subjunctive=== | ====Subjunctive==== | ||
====Present==== | =====Present===== | ||
=====Imperfect===== | |||
==== | ====Compound==== | ||
=== | ====Passive==== | ||
=== | ====Verb '''essere''' and '''stare'''==== | ||
===Verb ''' | ====Verb '''avere'''==== | ||
== | ==Sources== | ||
[[Category:Romance natlangs]] | |||
{{Natlangs}} |
Latest revision as of 10:12, 6 November 2012
Italian is a Romance language, spoken primarily in Italy, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City, and Malta. There is also a large amount of speakers of Italian in France, Croatia, Ethiopia and Slovenia.
History
Phonology
Consonants
Consonants | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiod. | Inter-dental | Alveolar | Post-alv. | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||||||||
Plosive | p | b | t̪ | d̪ | k | g | ||||||||||
Fricative | f | v | s | z | ʃ | (ʒ) | ||||||||||
Affricate | ʦ | ʣ | ʧ | ʤ | ||||||||||||
Approximants & glides | (w) | (j) | ||||||||||||||
Trill | r | |||||||||||||||
Flap | ɾ | |||||||||||||||
Lateral Approximant | l/ɫ | ʎ |
- Most of the orthographic Italian symbols are the same as their IPA equivalents. These include: b, p, m, n, f, v, t, d, and l.
- c is normally /k/, except when i or e immediately succeed it. ch is pronounced /k/ and is used when i or e do immediately succeed it.
- c is /ʧ/ when i or e immediately succeed it. Unless the i is stressed, it's usually silent.
- g is normally /g/, except when i or e immediately succeed it. gh is pronounced /g/ and is used when i or e do immediately succeed it.
- g is /ʤ/ when i or e immediately succeed it. Unless the i is stressed, it's silent.
- sc is normally /sk/, except when i or e immediately succeed it. sch is pronounced /sk/ and is used when i or e do immediately succeed it.
- sc is /ʃ/ when i or e immediately succeed it. If the i isn't stressed it's usually silent.
- gn is pronounced /ɲ/.
- ng and nc are pronounced /ŋg/ and /ŋk/ respectively, unless directly followed by i or e. In those cases, ng and nc are pronounced /nʤ/ and /nʧ/ respectively. When spelt ngh or nch they are pronounced /ŋg/ and /ŋk/ respectively.
- r is pronounced /r/ or /ɾ/ depending on individual or dialect.
- gli is pronounced /ʎi/.
- The glides /w/ and /j/ are actually mutations of the vowels u and i and are represented by those orthographically. It can occurs with other vowel diphthongs as well.
- z is pronounced /ʦ/ or /ʣ/ depending on the dialect and the word.
- s is pronounced /s/ or /z/ depending on the dialect and the word. It's usually pronounced [z] when intervocalic and [s] otherwise.
Vowels
Vowels | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Central | Back | ||||||||
Unround | Unrounded | Rounded | ||||||||
High | i | u | ||||||||
Open-mid | e | o | ||||||||
Close-mid | ɛ | ɔ | ||||||||
Low | a |
- Most of the vowels are spelt the way they are in the IPA, so i /i/, e /e/, a /a/, o /o/, and u /u/.
- Stressed è and ò (with or without accents) are pronounced /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ respectively.
- When diphthongised, u and i become similar to /w/ and /j/.
Grammar
Nouns
Gender
Number
Articles
Pronouns
Adjectives
Prepositions
Contractions
Conjunctions
Verbs
Present
Future
Imperfect
Past Absolute
Conditional
Subjunctive
Present
Imperfect
Compound
Passive
Verb essere and stare
Verb avere
Sources
This article is one of quite a few pages about Natlangs. Indo-european natlangs:
Uralic Natlangs: Finnish * Khanty * Mansi * Mordvinic * Proto-Uralic
Isolate Natlangs: Basque * * |