Kalahá phonology: Difference between revisions

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The ”pure” vowels can be long: /i:/ /u:/ /a:/ which are romanised <ii> <uu> <aa>
The ”pure” vowels can be long: /i:/ /u:/ /a:/ which are romanised <ii> <uu> <aa>
===Stress===
Stress in Kalahá is phonemic, and can fall on any syllable of a lexical root containing a "pure" vowel.
Stress is marked with a <´> on the stressed syllable in the romanisation.
If there are several lexical roots in a word, the primary stress falls on the last stressed syllable, while the other stressed syllables receive secondary stress.
==Syllable structure==
===Syllabic representation===
Syllable structure is C(G)V(V)(X), where:
{|
|C
|is any consonant, including [?] but excluding the approximants
|-
|G
|is a glide, i.e. one of the two approximants
|-
|V
|is any vowel
|-
|VV
|is a long vowel, or an allowed diphthong
|-
|X
|is any consonant, excluding [?] and the approximants, and with the nasal phonemes neutralising their contrast (to /n/ lets say)
|-
|}
G is not allowed before /@/. Also /j/ is not allowed before /i/ and /w/ is not allowed before /u/.
The allowed diphthongs are:
{|
|/ai/
|[aI)]
|-
|/au/
|[aU)]
|-
|}
===Imperial  moraic representation===
The kalahans describes the syllable structure differently, which reminds of a moraic system.
They describe 3 different types of morae:
{|
|The opening empty mora:
|C-
|-
|
|
|-
|The opening full mora:
|(C)V-
|-
|
|
|-
|The closing mora:
| -VC
|-
|}
Long vowels and diphthongs are described as the vowels belonging to different morae:
{|
|ta
|ta
|op.fu.
|-
|taa
|ta+a
|op.fu.+op.fu.
|-
|taat
|ta+at
|op.fu.+cl.
|-
|tat
|t+at
|op.em.+cl.
|-
|tjat
|ti+at
|op.fu.+cl.
|-
|tjaat
|ti+a+at
|op.fu.+op.fu.+cl.
|-
|}
==Allophony==
The allophonic rules are described in the order described by the imperial linguistic society. The very first allophonic rule is however specific to my phonemic analysis.
#/?/ > 0 before a glide.
#The plosives are pronounced voiced between voiced sounds:
##/p/ > [b]
##/t/ > [d]
##/k/ > [g]
#The second imperial allophony rule states that short closed vowels are pronounced as approximants, as described above.
#The velar sounds and /l/ are rounded before /u/ and /w/.
##[k] > [k_w]
##[g] > [g_w]
##[N] > [N_w]
##[l] > [5_w]
#Many sounds are pronounced ”palatalised” before /i/ and /j/
##[t] > [ts)]
##[d] > [dz)] > [z]
##[n] > [J]
##[s] > [s\]
##[l] > [L]
##[k] > [ts\)]
##[g] > [dz\)] > [z\]
##[N] > [J]
#:''Note that /n/ and /N/ neutralise in this position.''
#One sound is pronounced differently before /a/:
##[l] > [4]
#The nasal coda (transcripted as /n/) shares the same POA as a following stop:
##/n/ + [b] > [mb] <np>
##/n/ + [m] > [mm] > [m:] <nm>
##/n/ + [d] > [nd] <nt>
##/n/ + [n] > [nn] > [n:] <nn>
##/n/ + [g] > [Ng] <nk>
##/n/ + [N] > [NN] > [N:] <ng>
#/a/ changes its pronounciation after /w/ or a rounded consonant sound:
##[a] > [O]
#/a/ changes its pronounciation after /j/ or ”palatalised” consonant sound:
##[a] > [E]
#Pre-stressed high vowels are pronounced near-high:
##[u] > [U]
##[i] > [I]
#Post-stressed high vowels are pronounced high-mid:
##[u] > [o]
##[i] > [e]
#The eleventh imperial allophony rule states that short high vowels form diphthongs with a preceding short /a/, as described above.
#Vowels that precedes a nasal coda, that is not affacted by rule 6 are pronounced nasalised:
##[a] + /n/ > [a~]
##[O] + /n/ > [O~]
##[E] + /n/ > [E~]
##[u] + /n/ > [u~]
##[o] + /n/ > [o~]
##[i] + /n/ > [i~]
##[e] + /n/ > [e~]
##[aU)] + /n/ [aU)~]
##[aI)] + /n/ [aI)~]
Rule 8-11 and rule 13 also affect long vowels.
Additional allophony, not noted in the imperial notes:
Long (geminated) /l/, ie. /l:/ is pronounced [J\:] before /i/, /j/ and otherwise [d`:].

Latest revision as of 12:28, 6 November 2008

Phonemes

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t k (?)
Nasal m n N
Fricative s h
Lateral l
Approximant (w) (j)

Romanisation of the consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t k '
Nasal m n g
Fricative s h
Lateral l
Approximant u i


The phone [?] is not regarded as a phoneme by the imperial linguistic society. It enters first in words before a vowel, or breaks up disallowed vowel-clusters. In the romanisation [?] is written as <’> only between vowels.

The approximants [w] and [j] are regarded as allophones of the short vowels /u/ and /i/ by the kalahaic linguists.


Vowels

Front Central Back
High i u
Mid @
Low a

Romanisation of the vowels

Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e
Low a


/@/ is not regarded as a ”pure” vowel by the kalahaic linguists, but nevertheless as an phonemic vowel.

The ”pure” vowels can be long: /i:/ /u:/ /a:/ which are romanised <ii> <uu> <aa>


Stress

Stress in Kalahá is phonemic, and can fall on any syllable of a lexical root containing a "pure" vowel.

Stress is marked with a <´> on the stressed syllable in the romanisation.

If there are several lexical roots in a word, the primary stress falls on the last stressed syllable, while the other stressed syllables receive secondary stress.


Syllable structure

Syllabic representation

Syllable structure is C(G)V(V)(X), where:

C is any consonant, including [?] but excluding the approximants
G is a glide, i.e. one of the two approximants
V is any vowel
VV is a long vowel, or an allowed diphthong
X is any consonant, excluding [?] and the approximants, and with the nasal phonemes neutralising their contrast (to /n/ lets say)

G is not allowed before /@/. Also /j/ is not allowed before /i/ and /w/ is not allowed before /u/.


The allowed diphthongs are:

/ai/ [aI)]
/au/ [aU)]


Imperial moraic representation

The kalahans describes the syllable structure differently, which reminds of a moraic system.

They describe 3 different types of morae:

The opening empty mora: C-
The opening full mora: (C)V-
The closing mora: -VC


Long vowels and diphthongs are described as the vowels belonging to different morae:

ta ta op.fu.
taa ta+a op.fu.+op.fu.
taat ta+at op.fu.+cl.
tat t+at op.em.+cl.
tjat ti+at op.fu.+cl.
tjaat ti+a+at op.fu.+op.fu.+cl.

Allophony

The allophonic rules are described in the order described by the imperial linguistic society. The very first allophonic rule is however specific to my phonemic analysis.

  1. /?/ > 0 before a glide.
  2. The plosives are pronounced voiced between voiced sounds:
    1. /p/ > [b]
    2. /t/ > [d]
    3. /k/ > [g]
  3. The second imperial allophony rule states that short closed vowels are pronounced as approximants, as described above.
  4. The velar sounds and /l/ are rounded before /u/ and /w/.
    1. [k] > [k_w]
    2. [g] > [g_w]
    3. [N] > [N_w]
    4. [l] > [5_w]
  5. Many sounds are pronounced ”palatalised” before /i/ and /j/
    1. [t] > [ts)]
    2. [d] > [dz)] > [z]
    3. [n] > [J]
    4. [s] > [s\]
    5. [l] > [L]
    6. [k] > [ts\)]
    7. [g] > [dz\)] > [z\]
    8. [N] > [J]
    Note that /n/ and /N/ neutralise in this position.
  6. One sound is pronounced differently before /a/:
    1. [l] > [4]
  7. The nasal coda (transcripted as /n/) shares the same POA as a following stop:
    1. /n/ + [b] > [mb] <np>
    2. /n/ + [m] > [mm] > [m:] <nm>
    3. /n/ + [d] > [nd] <nt>
    4. /n/ + [n] > [nn] > [n:] <nn>
    5. /n/ + [g] > [Ng] <nk>
    6. /n/ + [N] > [NN] > [N:] <ng>
  8. /a/ changes its pronounciation after /w/ or a rounded consonant sound:
    1. [a] > [O]
  9. /a/ changes its pronounciation after /j/ or ”palatalised” consonant sound:
    1. [a] > [E]
  10. Pre-stressed high vowels are pronounced near-high:
    1. [u] > [U]
    2. [i] > [I]
  11. Post-stressed high vowels are pronounced high-mid:
    1. [u] > [o]
    2. [i] > [e]
  12. The eleventh imperial allophony rule states that short high vowels form diphthongs with a preceding short /a/, as described above.
  13. Vowels that precedes a nasal coda, that is not affacted by rule 6 are pronounced nasalised:
    1. [a] + /n/ > [a~]
    2. [O] + /n/ > [O~]
    3. [E] + /n/ > [E~]
    4. [u] + /n/ > [u~]
    5. [o] + /n/ > [o~]
    6. [i] + /n/ > [i~]
    7. [e] + /n/ > [e~]
    8. [aU)] + /n/ [aU)~]
    9. [aI)] + /n/ [aI)~]

Rule 8-11 and rule 13 also affect long vowels.

Additional allophony, not noted in the imperial notes:

Long (geminated) /l/, ie. /l:/ is pronounced [J\:] before /i/, /j/ and otherwise [d`:].