Kalahá phonology: Difference between revisions
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The ”pure” vowels can be long: /i:/ /u:/ /a:/ which are romanised <ii> <uu> <aa> | The ”pure” vowels can be long: /i:/ /u:/ /a:/ which are romanised <ii> <uu> <aa> | ||
===Stress=== | |||
Stress in Kalahá is phonemic, and can fall on any syllable of a lexical root containing a "pure" vowel. | |||
Stress is marked with a <´> on the stressed syllable in the romanisation. | |||
If there are several lexical roots in a word, the primary stress falls on the last stressed syllable, while the other stressed syllables receive secondary stress. | |||
==Syllable structure== | |||
===Syllabic representation=== | |||
Syllable structure is C(G)V(V)(X), where: | |||
{| | |||
|C | |||
|is any consonant, including [?] but excluding the approximants | |||
|- | |||
|G | |||
|is a glide, i.e. one of the two approximants | |||
|- | |||
|V | |||
|is any vowel | |||
|- | |||
|VV | |||
|is a long vowel, or an allowed diphthong | |||
|- | |||
|X | |||
|is any consonant, excluding [?] and the approximants, and with the nasal phonemes neutralising their contrast (to /n/ lets say) | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
G is not allowed before /@/. Also /j/ is not allowed before /i/ and /w/ is not allowed before /u/. | |||
The allowed diphthongs are: | |||
{| | |||
|/ai/ | |||
|[aI)] | |||
|- | |||
|/au/ | |||
|[aU)] | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Imperial moraic representation=== | |||
The kalahans describes the syllable structure differently, which reminds of a moraic system. | |||
They describe 3 different types of morae: | |||
{| | |||
|The opening empty mora: | |||
|C- | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|The opening full mora: | |||
|(C)V- | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|The closing mora: | |||
| -VC | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Long vowels and diphthongs are described as the vowels belonging to different morae: | |||
{| | |||
|ta | |||
|ta | |||
|op.fu. | |||
|- | |||
|taa | |||
|ta+a | |||
|op.fu.+op.fu. | |||
|- | |||
|taat | |||
|ta+at | |||
|op.fu.+cl. | |||
|- | |||
|tat | |||
|t+at | |||
|op.em.+cl. | |||
|- | |||
|tjat | |||
|ti+at | |||
|op.fu.+cl. | |||
|- | |||
|tjaat | |||
|ti+a+at | |||
|op.fu.+op.fu.+cl. | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Allophony== | |||
The allophonic rules are described in the order described by the imperial linguistic society. The very first allophonic rule is however specific to my phonemic analysis. | |||
#/?/ > 0 before a glide. | |||
#The plosives are pronounced voiced between voiced sounds: | |||
##/p/ > [b] | |||
##/t/ > [d] | |||
##/k/ > [g] | |||
#The second imperial allophony rule states that short closed vowels are pronounced as approximants, as described above. | |||
#The velar sounds and /l/ are rounded before /u/ and /w/. | |||
##[k] > [k_w] | |||
##[g] > [g_w] | |||
##[N] > [N_w] | |||
##[l] > [5_w] | |||
#Many sounds are pronounced ”palatalised” before /i/ and /j/ | |||
##[t] > [ts)] | |||
##[d] > [dz)] > [z] | |||
##[n] > [J] | |||
##[s] > [s\] | |||
##[l] > [L] | |||
##[k] > [ts\)] | |||
##[g] > [dz\)] > [z\] | |||
##[N] > [J] | |||
#:''Note that /n/ and /N/ neutralise in this position.'' | |||
#One sound is pronounced differently before /a/: | |||
##[l] > [4] | |||
#The nasal coda (transcripted as /n/) shares the same POA as a following stop: | |||
##/n/ + [b] > [mb] <np> | |||
##/n/ + [m] > [mm] > [m:] <nm> | |||
##/n/ + [d] > [nd] <nt> | |||
##/n/ + [n] > [nn] > [n:] <nn> | |||
##/n/ + [g] > [Ng] <nk> | |||
##/n/ + [N] > [NN] > [N:] <ng> | |||
#/a/ changes its pronounciation after /w/ or a rounded consonant sound: | |||
##[a] > [O] | |||
#/a/ changes its pronounciation after /j/ or ”palatalised” consonant sound: | |||
##[a] > [E] | |||
#Pre-stressed high vowels are pronounced near-high: | |||
##[u] > [U] | |||
##[i] > [I] | |||
#Post-stressed high vowels are pronounced high-mid: | |||
##[u] > [o] | |||
##[i] > [e] | |||
#The eleventh imperial allophony rule states that short high vowels form diphthongs with a preceding short /a/, as described above. | |||
#Vowels that precedes a nasal coda, that is not affacted by rule 6 are pronounced nasalised: | |||
##[a] + /n/ > [a~] | |||
##[O] + /n/ > [O~] | |||
##[E] + /n/ > [E~] | |||
##[u] + /n/ > [u~] | |||
##[o] + /n/ > [o~] | |||
##[i] + /n/ > [i~] | |||
##[e] + /n/ > [e~] | |||
##[aU)] + /n/ [aU)~] | |||
##[aI)] + /n/ [aI)~] | |||
Rule 8-11 and rule 13 also affect long vowels. | |||
Additional allophony, not noted in the imperial notes: | |||
Long (geminated) /l/, ie. /l:/ is pronounced [J\:] before /i/, /j/ and otherwise [d`:]. |
Latest revision as of 12:28, 6 November 2008
Phonemes
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
Plosive | p | t | k | (?) | |
Nasal | m | n | N | ||
Fricative | s | h | |||
Lateral | l | ||||
Approximant | (w) | (j) |
Romanisation of the consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
Plosive | p | t | k | ' | |
Nasal | m | n | g | ||
Fricative | s | h | |||
Lateral | l | ||||
Approximant | u | i |
The phone [?] is not regarded as a phoneme by the imperial linguistic society. It enters first in words before a vowel, or breaks up disallowed vowel-clusters. In the romanisation [?] is written as <’> only between vowels.
The approximants [w] and [j] are regarded as allophones of the short vowels /u/ and /i/ by the kalahaic linguists.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
High | i | u | |
Mid | @ | ||
Low | a |
Romanisation of the vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
High | i | u | |
Mid | e | ||
Low | a |
/@/ is not regarded as a ”pure” vowel by the kalahaic linguists, but nevertheless as an phonemic vowel.
The ”pure” vowels can be long: /i:/ /u:/ /a:/ which are romanised <ii> <uu> <aa>
Stress
Stress in Kalahá is phonemic, and can fall on any syllable of a lexical root containing a "pure" vowel.
Stress is marked with a <´> on the stressed syllable in the romanisation.
If there are several lexical roots in a word, the primary stress falls on the last stressed syllable, while the other stressed syllables receive secondary stress.
Syllable structure
Syllabic representation
Syllable structure is C(G)V(V)(X), where:
C | is any consonant, including [?] but excluding the approximants |
G | is a glide, i.e. one of the two approximants |
V | is any vowel |
VV | is a long vowel, or an allowed diphthong |
X | is any consonant, excluding [?] and the approximants, and with the nasal phonemes neutralising their contrast (to /n/ lets say) |
G is not allowed before /@/. Also /j/ is not allowed before /i/ and /w/ is not allowed before /u/.
The allowed diphthongs are:
/ai/ | [aI)] |
/au/ | [aU)] |
Imperial moraic representation
The kalahans describes the syllable structure differently, which reminds of a moraic system.
They describe 3 different types of morae:
The opening empty mora: | C- |
The opening full mora: | (C)V- |
The closing mora: | -VC |
Long vowels and diphthongs are described as the vowels belonging to different morae:
ta | ta | op.fu. |
taa | ta+a | op.fu.+op.fu. |
taat | ta+at | op.fu.+cl. |
tat | t+at | op.em.+cl. |
tjat | ti+at | op.fu.+cl. |
tjaat | ti+a+at | op.fu.+op.fu.+cl. |
Allophony
The allophonic rules are described in the order described by the imperial linguistic society. The very first allophonic rule is however specific to my phonemic analysis.
- /?/ > 0 before a glide.
- The plosives are pronounced voiced between voiced sounds:
- /p/ > [b]
- /t/ > [d]
- /k/ > [g]
- The second imperial allophony rule states that short closed vowels are pronounced as approximants, as described above.
- The velar sounds and /l/ are rounded before /u/ and /w/.
- [k] > [k_w]
- [g] > [g_w]
- [N] > [N_w]
- [l] > [5_w]
- Many sounds are pronounced ”palatalised” before /i/ and /j/
- [t] > [ts)]
- [d] > [dz)] > [z]
- [n] > [J]
- [s] > [s\]
- [l] > [L]
- [k] > [ts\)]
- [g] > [dz\)] > [z\]
- [N] > [J]
- Note that /n/ and /N/ neutralise in this position.
- One sound is pronounced differently before /a/:
- [l] > [4]
- The nasal coda (transcripted as /n/) shares the same POA as a following stop:
- /n/ + [b] > [mb] <np>
- /n/ + [m] > [mm] > [m:] <nm>
- /n/ + [d] > [nd] <nt>
- /n/ + [n] > [nn] > [n:] <nn>
- /n/ + [g] > [Ng] <nk>
- /n/ + [N] > [NN] > [N:] <ng>
- /a/ changes its pronounciation after /w/ or a rounded consonant sound:
- [a] > [O]
- /a/ changes its pronounciation after /j/ or ”palatalised” consonant sound:
- [a] > [E]
- Pre-stressed high vowels are pronounced near-high:
- [u] > [U]
- [i] > [I]
- Post-stressed high vowels are pronounced high-mid:
- [u] > [o]
- [i] > [e]
- The eleventh imperial allophony rule states that short high vowels form diphthongs with a preceding short /a/, as described above.
- Vowels that precedes a nasal coda, that is not affacted by rule 6 are pronounced nasalised:
- [a] + /n/ > [a~]
- [O] + /n/ > [O~]
- [E] + /n/ > [E~]
- [u] + /n/ > [u~]
- [o] + /n/ > [o~]
- [i] + /n/ > [i~]
- [e] + /n/ > [e~]
- [aU)] + /n/ [aU)~]
- [aI)] + /n/ [aI)~]
Rule 8-11 and rule 13 also affect long vowels.
Additional allophony, not noted in the imperial notes:
Long (geminated) /l/, ie. /l:/ is pronounced [J\:] before /i/, /j/ and otherwise [d`:].