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| {{Ilya}}
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| =Word order=
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| Cadim has a (mostly) strict word order. The general word order is:
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| :''subject noun phrase'' - ''verb phrase''
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| :'''Marya cini semaka''' - "Maria eats fish"
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| *A noun phrase has this order:
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| : (''article'' -) (''quantity'' -) ''noun'' (- ''adjective'')
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| :'''Al tam mujat buyuk...''' - "The three large men..."
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| *A verb phrase has this order:
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| : (''auxiliary verb'')(-''tense'') ''verb'' (-''tense'') (- ''adverb'') (- ''object noun phrase'')
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| :'''...tayabi cibani tayeb''' - "...must have eaten well"
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| :'''...ciyani cabuk kulu yugat''' - "...will quickly eat all the pies"
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| *A prepositional phrase follows what it modifies, and has this order:
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| : ''preposition'' - ''noun phrase''
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| :'''...ala al kucina''' - "...in the kitchen"
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| =Nouns=
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| == Nouns and adjectives ==
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| Adjectives indicating quantities precede the noun; adjectives indicating qualities follow it. But ''tayeb'' "good" and ''mala'' "bad" usually precede the noun.
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| *'''-t'''/'''-at''' for most words
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| *'''-m'''/'''-em''' for words ending in front vowels other than [a] or when the word ends with a coronal plosive
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| The plural endings do not change the original stress of the word: '''neko''', cat... '''nekom''' cats, '''muj''', man... '''mujat''', men. Note that adjectives do not agree with plural nouns.
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| If there are other words (such as '''cok(a)''' (much/many) or numbers) that indicate plurality, the plural ending may be omitted.
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| Gender is not indicated in most nouns. For animals, use '''muj''' and '''nekeb''' as adjectives after the noun.
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| * Adjectives do not change when they are plural. But when an adjective is used in place of a noun, it can be pluralized: '''al segu''' "the following (ones)".
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| =Articles=
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| There are two articles:
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| *'''al''', the definite article
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| *'''ua''', the indefinite article
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| They go before a noun to show whether it represents something already known to the listener, or something new.
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| '''Al''' is a neutral equivalent of '''hada''' "this" and '''sela''' "that". It is used with both singular and plural nouns, in cases such as the following:
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| *The thing has already been mentioned:
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| **'''Emrabu ua doma. Al doma ilha ketan.''' "I've bought a house. The house is small."
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| *The listener can easily guess that the thing exists:
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| **'''Emrabu ua doma. Al kucina ilha adai.''' "I've bought a house. The kitchen is large."
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| *The listener can perceive the thing for themselves:
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| **'''Al hudab ilha amniha, ne?''' "The music's lovely, isn't it?"
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| *The thing is well known to everyone:
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| **'''Al kamra ilha meruk dal dunya.''' "The moon is a long way from the earth."
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| *The thing is described in the sentence itself:
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| **'''Iletani al numrat funil di ilai amikat.''' "She's lost the phone numbers of her friends."
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| '''Ua''' can be used in other cases, if the noun is countable but singular. It indicates something new:
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| *'''Ganu somek ua ketab.''' "I want to read a book."
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| If the noun is plural, don't use '''ua''' (because '''ua''' also means "one"). Instead, say:
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| *'''Somayu nej ketabat.''' "I'm going to read some books."
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| Or simply:
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| *'''Somayu ketabat'''. "I'm going to read books."
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| If the noun is uncountable, '''nej''' can be used to indicate an unspecified quantity. After a verb, '''di''' can be used:
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| *'''Nej abik fadayi dal tenjo.''' "Some dust fell from the ceiling."
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| *'''Necu ebek nej kahua.''' "I need to drink some coffee."
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| ('''Di''' is also used as a preposition after nouns of quantity — '''ua cub di kahua''' "a cup of coffee", '''sela darab di yuga''' "that piece of cake".)
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| If the quantity is unimportant, and the thing is being mentioned in a general way, the article can be omitted — or '''al''' can be used if an article seems necessary for clarity:
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| *'''Amu kahua.''' "I love coffee."
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| *'''Amu al kahua.''' "I love coffee."
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| '''Al''' is used before abstract nouns, and names of fields of knowledge, and nouns representing any member of a class:
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| *'''Al sayedeya muhim mera kua al tarueya.''' "Happiness is more important than wealth."
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| *'''Ne sabu la al matematik.''' "I don't understand mathematics."
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| *'''Al haraf ilha ua yiki hudabil.''' "The harp is a musical instrument." = '''Harafat umha yikim hudabil.''' "Harps are musical instruments."
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| But after a preposition, al and ua can often be omitted if the meaning remains clear:
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| *'''Al amir di garad.''' "The chief of police."
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| *'''Alos a okula.''' "We're going to school."
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| *'''Sela ilha ua beya ona cara ala matematikem.''' "That's an unsolved problem in mathematics."
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| *'''Ua magal ibdi necida heya yesaneya.''' "An article seems necessary for clarity."
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| Don't use an article before a proper noun or before an infinitive:
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| *'''Marya u Natan otayahum ala yaza.''' "Maria and Nathan will marry in the summer."
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| *'''Eskimak ilha bahiza.''' "Skiing is dangerous."
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| No article is necessary before names, words used as names, abstract nouns ('''-(e)ya'''), or infinitives ('''-ek/-mak''').
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| =Determiners=
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| The following words precede the noun and often substitute for '''la''' or '''un''' and add a degree of precision:
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| *this -- '''hada'''
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| **e.g. this thing, these things -- '''hada ceya, hada ceyat'''
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| **as a pronoun: this, these -- '''hada, hadam'''
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| *that -- '''sela'''
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| **e.g. that thing, those things -- '''sela ceya, sela ceyat'''
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| **as a pronoun: that, those -- '''sela, selat'''
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| *all -- '''kul(u)'''
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| **e.g. all things, everything -- '''kul ceyat'''
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| **as a pronoun: all, everyone -- '''kulu'''
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| *each, every -- '''kada'''
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| **e.g. each thing, everything -- '''kada ceya'''
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| **as a pronoun: each one, every one -- '''kularen''' (persons only)
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| *some -- '''nej'''
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| **e.g. something, somethings -- '''nej ceya, nej ceyat'''
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| **as a pronoun: someone -- '''nejaren''' (persons only)
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| *no -- '''ne , la'''
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| **e.g. nothing, no one -- '''nul, neren'''
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| **as a pronoun: none, no one -- '''neren''' (persons only)
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| The following (when adjectives) require an article unless plural:
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| *many -- '''zida'''
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| **e.g. '''ceyat zida'''... many things
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| **e.g. '''al zida ceyat'''... the many things
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| *few -- '''cua'''
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| **e.g. '''ceyat cua'''... few things
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| **e.g. '''al ceyat cua'''... the few things
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| *same -- '''ista'''
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| **e.g. '''al ceya ista, al ceyat ista'''... the same thing, the same things
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| *other, else -- '''otra'''
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| **e.g. '''al ceya otra, al ceyat otra'''... the other things, the other thing
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| **e.g. '''ceya otra, ceyat otra'''... another thing, other things.
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| The preceding particles are often followed by...
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| *thing -- '''ceya'''
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| *person -- '''aren'''
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| *time -- '''ura''' (time, hour of the day)
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| **'''ima''' (occasion)
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| *place -- '''omra''' (area)
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| **'''lu''' (location)
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| *amount, quantity -- '''anza'''
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| *manner, way, how -- '''mod'''
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| *case, situation, circumstance -- '''mika'''
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| Others:
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| *both -- '''bada'''
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| **'''bada ceyat'''
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| *enough -- '''bas'''
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| **'''bas ceyat'''
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| *such -- '''tan'''
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| **'''tan ceyat'''
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| *certain -- '''tok'''
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| **'''tok ceya, tok ceyat'''
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| *sole, only -- '''nur(a)'''
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| **'''al nura ceya, nur ceya'''
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| =Pronouns=
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| *this -- '''hada'''
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| **as a pronoun: this, these -- '''hada, hadam'''
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| *that -- '''sela'''
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| **as a pronoun: that, those -- '''sela, selat'''
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| [[Image:Enom.GIF]]
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| ==Accusative==
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| *'''te''' The polite/formal form.
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| *'''il''', neuter | '''ila''', feminine | '''ilu''', masculine.
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| ==Possessive==
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| *'''nai''' is more common than '''anai'''.
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| ==Nominative==
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| *'''-el''' is the formal form of the 3rd person singular.
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| *'''-te''' The polite/formal form of 2nd person singular.
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| =Prepositions=
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| ==Spacial -- '''de ruma'''==
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| *at, to -- '''ela'''
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| *in front of -- '''anta'''
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| *behind -- '''ba'ad'''
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| *from, out of -- '''de'''
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| *in, into -- '''be'''
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| *outside -- '''bara'''
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| *above, over, on -- '''ala'''
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| *below, under -- '''tahet'''
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| *between, among -- '''bayan'''
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| *by, beside, up to -- '''janiba'''
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| *toward -- '''ela'''
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| *along -- '''alat'''
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| *across, through -- '''kebra'''
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| *around -- '''hula'''
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| *opposite -- '''aksa'''
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| ==Temporal -- '''de zaman'''==
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| *at, to -- '''ala'''
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| *before -- '''anta'''
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| *after -- '''ba'ad'''
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| *since -- '''mun'''
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| *in (hence) -- '''talha'''
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| *during -- '''dum'''
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| *until -- '''gayet'''
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| ==Relational -- '''de suhed'''==
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| *of -- '''man'''
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| *about, concerning -- '''beka'''
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| *for, in order to, benefiting, on behalf of -- '''heyara'''
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| *by (actor, author) -- '''beya'''
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| *with, in company of, using -- '''mita'''
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| *without, except -- '''ona'''
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| *opposite, against, in spite of -- '''aksa'''
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| *approximately, around, close to -- '''hula'''
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| =Index=
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| {{Cadim index}}
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| [[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Cadim]]
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