|
|
| (4 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Ilya}}
| | ( ) |
| =Nouns=
| |
| | |
| == Nouns and adjectives ==
| |
| | |
| Adjectives indicating quantities precede the noun; adjectives indicating qualities follow it. But ''tayeb'' "good" and ''mala'' "bad" usually precede the noun.
| |
| | |
| *'''-t'''/'''-at''' for most words
| |
| *'''-m'''/'''-em''' for words ending in front vowels other than [a] or when the word ends with a coronal plosive
| |
| | |
| The plural endings do not change the original stress of the word: '''neko''', cat... '''nekom''' cats, '''muj''', man... '''mujat''', men. Note that adjectives do not agree with plural nouns.
| |
| | |
| If there are other words (such as '''cok(a)''' (much/many) or numbers) that indicate plurality, the plural ending may be omitted.
| |
| | |
| Gender is not indicated in most nouns. For animals, use '''muj''' and '''nekeb''' as adjectives after the noun.
| |
| | |
| * Adjectives do not change when they are plural. But when an adjective is used in place of a noun, it can be pluralized: '''al segu''' "the following (ones)".
| |
| | |
| =Articles=
| |
| | |
| There are two articles:
| |
| | |
| *'''al''', the definite article
| |
| *'''ua''', the indefinite article
| |
| | |
| They go before a noun to show whether it represents something already known to the listener, or something new.
| |
| '''Al''' is a neutral equivalent of '''hada''' "this" and '''sela''' "that". It is used with both singular and plural nouns, in cases such as the following:
| |
| | |
| *The thing has already been mentioned:
| |
| **'''Emrabu ua doma. Al doma ilha ketan.''' "I've bought a house. The house is small."
| |
| *The listener can easily guess that the thing exists:
| |
| **'''Emrabu ua doma. Al kucina ilha adai.''' "I've bought a house. The kitchen is large."
| |
| *The listener can perceive the thing for themselves:
| |
| **'''Al hudab ilha amniha, ne?''' "The music's lovely, isn't it?"
| |
| *The thing is well known to everyone:
| |
| **'''Al kamra ilha meruk dal dunya.''' "The moon is a long way from the earth."
| |
| *The thing is described in the sentence itself:
| |
| **'''Iletani al numrat funil di ilai amikat.''' "She's lost the phone numbers of her friends."
| |
| | |
| '''Ua''' can be used in other cases, if the noun is countable but singular. It indicates something new:
| |
| *'''Ganu somek ua ketab.''' "I want to read a book."
| |
| | |
| If the noun is plural, don't use '''ua''' (because '''ua''' also means "one"). Instead, say:
| |
| *'''Somayu nej ketabat.''' "I'm going to read some books."
| |
| Or simply:
| |
| *'''Somayu ketabat'''. "I'm going to read books."
| |
| | |
| If the noun is uncountable, '''nej''' can be used to indicate an unspecified quantity. After a verb, '''di''' can be used:
| |
| *'''Nej abik fadayi dal tenjo.''' "Some dust fell from the ceiling."
| |
| *'''Necu ebek nej kahua.''' "I need to drink some coffee."
| |
| | |
| ('''Di''' is also used as a preposition after nouns of quantity — '''ua cub di kahua''' "a cup of coffee", '''sela darab di yuga''' "that piece of cake".)
| |
| | |
| If the quantity is unimportant, and the thing is being mentioned in a general way, the article can be omitted — or '''al''' can be used if an article seems necessary for clarity:
| |
| *'''Amu kahua.''' "I love coffee."
| |
| *'''Amu al kahua.''' "I love coffee."
| |
| '''Al''' is used before abstract nouns, and names of fields of knowledge, and nouns representing any member of a class:
| |
| *'''Al sayedeya muhim mera kua al tarueya.''' "Happiness is more important than wealth."
| |
| *'''Ne sabu la al matematik.''' "I don't understand mathematics."
| |
| *'''Al haraf ilha ua yiki hudabil.''' "The harp is a musical instrument." = '''Harafat umha yikim hudabil.''' "Harps are musical instruments."
| |
| But after a preposition, al and ua can often be omitted if the meaning remains clear:
| |
| *'''Al amir di garad.''' "The chief of police."
| |
| *'''Alos a okula.''' "We're going to school."
| |
| *'''Sela ilha ua beya ona cara ala matematikem.''' "That's an unsolved problem in mathematics."
| |
| *'''Ua magal ibdi necida heya yesaneya.''' "An article seems necessary for clarity."
| |
| Don't use an article before a proper noun or before an infinitive:
| |
| *'''Marya u Natan otayahum ala yaza.''' "Maria and Nathan will marry in the summer."
| |
| *'''Eskimak ilha bahiza.''' "Skiing is dangerous."
| |
| | |
| No article is necessary before names, words used as names, abstract nouns ('''-(e)ya'''), or infinitives ('''-ek/-mak''').
| |
| | |
| =Determiners=
| |
| | |
| The following words precede the noun and often substitute for '''la''' or '''un''' and add a degree of precision:
| |
| | |
| *this -- '''hada'''
| |
| **e.g. this thing, these things -- '''hada ceya, hada ceyat'''
| |
| **as a pronoun: this, these -- '''hada, hadam'''
| |
| *that -- '''sela'''
| |
| **e.g. that thing, those things -- '''sela ceya, sela ceyat'''
| |
| **as a pronoun: that, those -- '''sela, selat'''
| |
| | |
| *all -- '''kul(u)'''
| |
| **e.g. all things, everything -- '''kul ceyat'''
| |
| **as a pronoun: all, everyone -- '''kulu'''
| |
| *each, every -- '''kada'''
| |
| **e.g. each thing, everything -- '''kada ceya'''
| |
| **as a pronoun: each one, every one -- '''kularen''' (persons only)
| |
| *some -- '''nej'''
| |
| **e.g. something, somethings -- '''nej ceya, nej ceyat'''
| |
| **as a pronoun: someone -- '''nejaren''' (persons only)
| |
| *no -- '''ne , la'''
| |
| **e.g. nothing, no one -- '''nul, neren'''
| |
| **as a pronoun: none, no one -- '''neren''' (persons only)
| |
| | |
| The following (when adjectives) require an article unless plural:
| |
| | |
| *many -- '''zida'''
| |
| **e.g. '''ceyat zida'''... many things
| |
| **e.g. '''al zida ceyat'''... the many things
| |
| *few -- '''cua'''
| |
| **e.g. '''ceyat cua'''... few things
| |
| **e.g. '''al ceyat cua'''... the few things
| |
| *same -- '''ista'''
| |
| **e.g. '''al ceya ista, al ceyat ista'''... the same thing, the same things
| |
| *other, else -- '''otra'''
| |
| **e.g. '''al ceya otra, al ceyat otra'''... the other things, the other thing
| |
| **e.g. '''ceya otra, ceyat otra'''... another thing, other things.
| |
| | |
| The preceding particles are often followed by...
| |
| | |
| *thing -- '''ceya'''
| |
| *person -- '''aren'''
| |
| *time -- '''ura''' (time, hour of the day)
| |
| **'''ima''' (occasion)
| |
| *place -- '''omra''' (area)
| |
| **'''lu''' (location)
| |
| *amount, quantity -- '''anza'''
| |
| *manner, way, how -- '''mod'''
| |
| *case, situation, circumstance -- '''mika'''
| |
| | |
| Others:
| |
| | |
| *both -- '''bada'''
| |
| **'''bada ceyat'''
| |
| *enough -- '''bas'''
| |
| **'''bas ceyat'''
| |
| *such -- '''tan'''
| |
| **'''tan ceyat'''
| |
| *certain -- '''tok'''
| |
| **'''tok ceya, tok ceyat'''
| |
| *sole, only -- '''nur(a)'''
| |
| **'''al nura ceya, nur ceya'''
| |
| | |
| =Pronouns=
| |
| | |
| *this -- '''hada'''
| |
| **as a pronoun: this, these -- '''hada, hadam'''
| |
| *that -- '''sela'''
| |
| **as a pronoun: that, those -- '''sela, selat'''
| |
| | |
| [[Image:Enom.GIF]]
| |
| | |
| ==Accusative==
| |
| | |
| *'''te''' The polite/formal form.
| |
| *'''il''', neuter | '''ila''', feminine | '''ilu''', masculine.
| |
| | |
| ==Possessive==
| |
| | |
| *'''nai''' is more common than '''anai'''.
| |
| | |
| ==Nominative==
| |
| | |
| *'''-el''' is the formal form of the 3rd person singular.
| |
| *'''-te''' The polite/formal form of 2nd person singular.
| |
| | |
| =Prepositions=
| |
| | |
| ==Spacial -- '''de ruma'''==
| |
| | |
| *at, to -- '''ela'''
| |
| *in front of -- '''anta'''
| |
| *behind -- '''ba'ad'''
| |
| *from, out of -- '''de'''
| |
| *in, into -- '''be'''
| |
| *outside -- '''bara'''
| |
| *above, over, on -- '''ala'''
| |
| *below, under -- '''tahet'''
| |
| *between, among -- '''bayan'''
| |
| *by, beside, up to -- '''janiba'''
| |
| *toward -- '''ela'''
| |
| *along -- '''alat'''
| |
| *across, through -- '''kebra'''
| |
| *around -- '''hula'''
| |
| *opposite -- '''aksa'''
| |
| | |
| ==Temporal -- '''de zaman'''==
| |
| | |
| *at, to -- '''ala'''
| |
| *before -- '''anta'''
| |
| *after -- '''ba'ad'''
| |
| *since -- '''mun'''
| |
| *in (hence) -- '''talha'''
| |
| *during -- '''dum'''
| |
| *until -- '''gayet'''
| |
| | |
| ==Relational -- '''de suhed'''==
| |
| | |
| *of -- '''man'''
| |
| *about, concerning -- '''beka'''
| |
| *for, in order to, benefiting, on behalf of -- '''heyara'''
| |
| *by (actor, author) -- '''beya'''
| |
| *with, in company of, using -- '''mita'''
| |
| *without, except -- '''ona'''
| |
| *opposite, against, in spite of -- '''aksa'''
| |
| *approximately, around, close to -- '''hula'''
| |
| | |
| =Index=
| |
| {{Cadim index}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Cadim]]
| |
