Chinese sound correspondences

This chart strives to document all regular sound correspondences between:

• Middle Chinese and major modern Chinese languages
• Middle Chinese and loans in Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese

This chart uses the following default Romanizations:

• Baxter's orthography, for Middle Chinese
• Hanyu Pinyin, for Mandarin (Beijing)
• Jyutping, for Cantonese
• Pe̍h-ōe-jī, for Hokkien
• Pinfa, for Hakka
• Wugniu, for Shanghainese
• Pre-1945 kana (歴史的仮名遣い) Romanized in faux-Wāpuro, for Japanese
• Revised Romanization, for Modern Korean

Abbreviations that are used throughout:

Onset classes:

• P = MC labials (p,ph,b,m)
• F = LMC labiodentals (p,ph,b,m)
• T = MC dental plosives and nasals (t,th,d,n)
• TR = MC retroflex plosives (tr,trh,dr), excluding nr
• S = MC dental sibilants (ts,tsh,dz,s,z)
• SR = MC retroflex sibilants (tsr,tsrh,dzr,sr)
• SY = MC palatal sibilants (tsy,tsyh,dzy,sy,zy) and ny
• K = MC velars and laryngeals (k,kh,g,ŋ,x,h,ʔ,y,hj)

Readings:

• COL = colloquial reading (白讀)
• LIT = literary reading (文讀)
• See the explanation on Wikipedia

Tones:

• 1 = Ping tone (平聲)
• 2 or X = Shang tone (上聲)
• 3 or H = Qu tone (去聲)
• 4 = Ru tone (入聲)

Chongniu (重紐) classes:

• CN-A = chongniu class A
• CN-B = chongniu class B
• See the rimes section for further information

Onsets

The onsets of Middle Chinese

Each onset is given with a traditional label (i.e. an exemplary character that uses the onset) as well as Baxter's notation for the onset. The actual phonetic values are subject to debate.

幫 p	滂 ph	並 b	明 m
端 t	透 th	定 d	泥 n	來 l
知 tr	徹 trh	澄 dr	娘 nr
精 ts	清 tsh	從 dz		心 s	邪 z
莊 tsr	初 tsrh	崇 dzr		生 sr	（俟 zr)
章 tsy	昌 tsyh	常 dzy	日 ny	書 sy	船 zy
見 k	溪 kh	群 g	疑 ng
影 ʔ		以 y		曉 x	匣 h

(俟 zr is a controversial reconstructed phoneme. It makes the chart more symmetrical, but if it existed it was marginal at best.)

Traditional Chinese philology conflated some onsets and split others, due to later sound changes. The traditional analysis, though inaccurate as a description of (Early) MC, is still influential, and also useful in analyzing later sound changes, so the differences between the traditional analysis and the reconstruction given above are listed here, as follows:

First, the tsr- and tsy- rows are traditionally conflated as follows:

Traditional labels	照	穿	牀	審	禪
Retroflexes	莊 tsr	初 tsrh	崇 dzr	生 sr	（俟 zr)
Palatals	章 tsy	昌 tsyh	常 dzy	書 sy	船 zy

Second, the p- row is split as follows:

Early MC	幫 p	滂 ph	並 b	明 m
Later labials	幫	滂	並	明
Later labiodentals	非	敷	奉	微

Though this split is late/post-MC, it is reflected in most Chinese varieties, as well as in Vietnamese and literary Min readings, as an opposition between bilabials and labiodentals, and so the split is included in the onsets chart below. The conditions for the labiodentals are:

1. The third-division (三等) and hekou (合口) rimes of 虞 ju, 微 jwɨj, 廢 jwojH, 凡 jom, 元 jwon, 文 jun, 陽 jwang, as well as
2. (Excluding the onset 明 m) The third-division rimes of 東 juwng, 鍾 jowng, 尤 juw

(See the rimes section for an explanation of rime categories)

Third, the traditional onset category 喻 has been reanalyzed as a conflation of two distinct MC onsets: 云 and 以. Furthermore, 云 is now often analyzed as merely an allophone of 匣 h before third-division rimes (匣 h does not otherwise appear before third-division rimes). Baxter's orthography reflects this analysis: 云 and 匣 are both written as "h" while 以 is written as "y". The onset chart here goes for maximum separation: 匣, 云 and 以 each gets its own separate row.

Onset correspondences (general)

Though we have tried our best, a chart like the following is prone to clutter if we attempted to include every single variation. Thus, some details are omitted from the main chart. They are instead explained in notes that follow the main chart.

Onset	Middle Chinese			Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean		Vietnamese
	Karlgren	Baxter	IPA						Go-On	Kan-On	Middle*	Modern
幫	p	p	[p]	b [p] but p [pʰ] (迫畔叛佩僕 譜圃瀑蹼) and m [m] (秘泌)	b [p] but p [pʰ] (編遍佩譜圃豹鄙謗) and m [m] (剝)	p [p]	b [p]	p [p]	h [h]	h [h]	彆 ㅂ [p]	b [p] p [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il, ip,ɛŋ,um,jʌn,jʌm]	b [ɓ] t [t] (CN-A)
滂	p'	ph	[pʰ]	p [pʰ] but b [p] (玻繽怖)	p [pʰ] but b [p] (玻繽品怖坡)	ph [pʰ]	p [pʰ]	ph [pʰ]	h [h]	h [h]	漂 ㅍ [pʰ]	b [p] p [pʰ] /_[a,je,o,jo,il, ɛŋ,um,jʌn,jʌk,jʌm]	ph [f] th [tʰ] (CN-A)
並	b'	b	[b]	p [pʰ] /_1 b [p] /_234 but p [pʰ] (佩)	p [pʰ] /_1, COL2 (棒婢被蚌抱倍蓓) b [p] /_34,LIT2 but p [pʰ] (佩)	p [p]	p [pʰ]	b [b]	b [b]	h [h]	步 ㅃ [p']	b [p] p [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il,ɛŋ]	b [ɓ] th [tʰ] (CN-A)
明	m	m	[m]	m [m] but w [w] (戊)	m [m]	b [b]	m [m]	m [m]	m [m]	b [b] m [m] (Geng She)	彌 ㅁ [m]	m [m]	m [m] d [z ~ j] (CN-A)
非	p	p	[f]	f [f]	f [f]	h [h]	f [f]	f [f]	h [h]	h [h]	彆 ㅂ [p]	b [p] p [pʰ] /_[je,uŋ]	ph [f]
敷	p'	ph	[fʰ]	f [f] but p [pʰ] (捧)	f [f] but p [pʰ] (捧)	h [h]	f [f]	f [f]	h [h]	h [h]	漂 ㅍ [pʰ]	b [p] p [pʰ] /_[je,uŋ]	ph [f]
奉	b'	b	[v]	f [f]	f [f]	h [h]	f [f] some p [pʰ]	v [v]	b [b]	h [h]	步 ㅃ [p']	b [p] but p [pʰ] (乏吠)	ph [f]
微	m	m	[ɱ]	w [w] but m [m] (曼)	m [m]	b [b]	v [v] some m [m]	LIT: v [v] COL: m [m]	m [m]	b [b]	彌 ㅁ [m]	m [m]	v [v]
端	t	t	[t]	d [t] but n [n] (鳥)	d [t] but t [tʰ] (禱) and n [n] (鳥)	t [t]	d [t]	t [t]	t [t]	t [t]	斗 ㄷ [t]	d [t] (palatalized in DIV4)	đ [ɗ]
透	t'	th	[tʰ]	t [tʰ]	t [tʰ]	th [tʰ]	t [tʰ]	th [tʰ]	t [t]	t [t]	呑 ㅌ [tʰ]	t [tʰ] some d [t] (palatalized in DIV4)	th [tʰ]
定	d'	d	[d]	t [tʰ] /_1 but d [t] (鼕) d [t] /_234 but t [tʰ] (挺艇鋌特突 沓蹋袒慟)	t [tʰ] /_1, COL2 (盾挺艇鋌怠殆肚斷) but d [t] (鼕) d [t] /_34,LIT2 but t [tʰ] (袒)	t [t]	t [tʰ]	d [d]	d [d]	t [t]	覃 ㄸ [t']	d [t] some t [tʰ] (palatalized in DIV4)	đ [ɗ]
泥	n	n	[n]	n [n]	n [n]	l [l]	n [n]	n [n]	n [n]	d [d] but n [n] (寧薴)	那 ㄴ [n]	n [n]	n [n]
來	l	l	[l]	l [l] but n [n] (弄)	l [l] but d [t] (隸)	l [l]	l [l]	l [l]	r [ɺ]	r [ɺ]	閭 ㄹ [ɾ]	r [ɾ]	l [l]
知	t̂	tr	[ʈ]	zh [tʂ] but ch [tʂʰ] (輟) and d [t] (爹)	z [ts] but c [tsʰ] (貯) and d [t] (涿啄琢爹)	t [t]	z [ts]	ts [ts]	t [t]	t [t]	斗 ㄷ [t]	d [tɕ] (/_[i,j]) t [tʰ] /_æwk t [tɕʰ] (DIV4)	tr [ʈ]
徹	t̂'	trh	[ʈʰ]	ch [tʂʰ] but zh [tʂ] (祉)	c [tsʰ] but z [ts] (祉)	th [tʰ]	c [tsʰ]	tsh [tsʰ]	t [t]	t [t]	呑 ㅌ [tʰ]	t [tɕʰ] (/_[i,j]) some d [tɕ] t [tʰ] (DIV2)	s [ʂ]
澄	d̂'	dr	[ɖʰ]	ch [tʂʰ] /_1 zh [tʂ] /_234 but z [ts] (擇澤) and ch [tʂʰ] (澈) and d [t] (瞪)	c [tsʰ] /_1, COL2 (峙重柱) z [ts] /_34,LIT2 but c [tsʰ] (澈) and d [t] (秩)	t [t]	c [tsʰ]	z [z]	d [d]	t [t]	覃 ㄸ [t']	d [tɕ] (/_[i,j]) some t [tɕʰ] d [t] /_a# t [tʰ] /_æk,æwk	tr [ʈ]
娘	n	nr	[ɳ]	n [n] but w [w] (諉)	n [n] but w [w] (諉) and j [j] (釀)	l [l]	n [n] but n [n̩] (女)	gn [ȵ]	n [n]	d [d] but n [n] (檸獰)	那 ㄴ [n]	n [n]	n [n]
精	ts	ts	[ts]	z [ts] but c [tsʰ] (雀挫)	z [ts] but c [tsʰ] (挫)	ch [ts]	z [ts]	ts [ts]	s [s]	s [s]	即 ㅈ [ts]	j [tɕ]	t [t]
清	ts'	tsh	[tsʰ]	c [tsʰ] but z [ts] (緝竣)	c [tsʰ] but z [ts] (竣)	chh [tsʰ]	c [tsʰ]	tsh [tsʰ]	s [s]	s [s]	侵 ㅊ [tsʰ]	ch [tɕʰ]	th [tʰ]
從	dz'	dz	[dz]	c [tsʰ] /_1 but d [t] (蹲) z [ts] /_234 but c [tsʰ] (攢萃悴瘁)	c [tsʰ] /_1, COL2 (坐) z [ts] /_34,LIT2 but c [tsʰ] (攢) and s [s] (萃悴瘁)	ch [ts]	c [tsʰ]	z [z]	z [z]	s [s]	慈 ㅉ [ts']	j [tɕ] ch [tɕʰ]	t [t]
心	s	s	[s]	s [s] but sh [ʂ] (珊姍) and c [tsʰ] (賜棲鞘粹) and z [ts] (燥噪峻)	s [s] but c [tsʰ] (棲賽塞速賜肖鞘燥噪) and z [ts] (峻)	s [s]	s [s]	s [s]	s [s]	s [s]	戍 ㅅ [s]	s [s]	t [t]
邪	z	z	[z]	s [s] but ∅ (嶼) and c [tsʰ] in MC zi1 (詞祠辭) and MC zjuw1 (囚)	c [tsʰ] /_1, COL2 (似) z [ts] /_34,LIT2 but s [s] (旋羨遂隧殉緒)	s [s]	s [s]	z [z]	z [z]	s [s]	邪 ㅆ [s']	s [s]	t [t]
照莊	tṣ	tsr	[tʂ]	zh [tʂ] but z [ts] (阻俎詛鄒責仄)	z [ts]	ch [ts]	z [ts]	ts [ts]	s [s]	s [s]	即 ㅈ [ts]	j [tɕ]	tr [ʈ]
穿初	tṣ'	tsrh	[tʂʰ]	ch [tʂʰ] but c [tsʰ] (策冊測惻廁篡) and zh [tʂ] (錚)	c [tsʰ] but z [ts] (錚) and s [s] (篡)	chh [tsʰ]	c [tsʰ]	tsh [tsʰ]	s [s]	s [s]	侵 ㅊ [tsʰ]	ch [tɕʰ]	s [ʂ]
床崇	dẓ'	dzr	[dʐʰ]	ch [tʂʰ] /_1 but c [ts] (岑) zh [tʂ] /_234 but sh [ʂ] (士事柿)	c [tsʰ] /_1, COL2 (柿) but s [s] (潺愁崇) z [ts] /_34,LIT2 but s [s] (士事)	ch [ts]	c [tsʰ]	z [z]	z [z]	s [s]	慈 ㅉ [ts']	s [s] ch [tɕʰ] j [tɕ]	s [ʂ]
審生	ṣ	sr	[ʂ]	sh [ʂ] but ch [tʂʰ] (產) and s [s] (灑澀縮瑟色嗇森)	s [s] but c [tsʰ] (產刷杉)	s [s]	s [s]	s [s]	s [s]	s [s]	戍 ㅅ [s]	s [s] but ss [s'] (雙)	s [ʂ]
禪俟	ź	zr	[ʐ]	s [s]	z [ts]	s [s]	s [s]	z [z]	z [z]	s [s]	邪 ㅆ [s']	s [s]	th [tʰ]
照章	tś	tsy	[tɕ]	zh [tʂ] but ch [tʂʰ] (捶) and d [t] (盹)	z [ts] but c [tsʰ] (捶診疹) and d [t] (盹)	ch [ts]	z [ts]	ts [ts]	s [s]	s [s]	即 ㅈ [ts]	j [tɕ]	ch [c]
穿昌	tś'	tsyh	[tɕʰ]	ch [tʂʰ] but sh [ʂ] (樞瀋)	c [tsʰ] but s [s] (樞瀋)	chh [tsʰ]	c [tsʰ]	tsh [tsʰ]	s [s]	s [s]	侵 ㅊ [tsʰ]	ch [tɕʰ]	x [s]
床船	dź'	zy	[ʑ]	sh [ʂ] /_234 _1: ch [tʂʰ] (船乘唇) sh [ʂ] (神繩蛇)	s [s]	s [s]	s [s]	z [z]	z [z]	s [s]	慈 ㅉ [ts']	s [s]	th [tʰ]
審書	ś	sy	[ɕ]	sh [ʂ] but ch [tʂʰ] (弛翅舂)	s [s] but c [tsʰ] (始弛矢設束翅奢) and z [ts] (舂)	s [s]	s [s]	s [s]	s [s]	s [s]	戍 ㅅ [s]	s [s]	th [tʰ]
禪常	ź	dzy	[dʑ]	sh [ʂ] /_234 but r [ɻ] (瑞) _1: ch [tʂʰ] (most) sh [ʂ] (時匙誰韶殊裳)	s [s] but c [tsʰ] (恃)	s [s]	s [s]	z [z]	z [z]	s [s]	邪 ㅆ [s']	s [s] j [tɕ] ch [tɕʰ] but ss [s'] (氏)	th [tʰ]
日	ńź	ny	[ȵ]	r [ɻ] er [aɚ] < MC nye,nyij,nyi	j [j]	j [dz], l [l]	ng [ŋ] some y [j]	z [z] gn [ȵ] /_[i,y]	n [n]	z [z]	穰 ㅿ [z]	j [j] ∅ /_[i]	nh [ɲ]
見	k	k	[k]	g [k] but k [kʰ] (扛礦昆柯膾愧榷) and h [x] (梟懈偕) and w [w] (蝸)	g(w) [k(ʷ)] but k(w) [kʰ(ʷ)] (概溉丐給汲級冀規會 膾劊愧拘駒溝箍礦羯 竭訣決抉蹶厥襟昆) and h [h] (梟懈) and w [w] (蝸媧) and ∅ (柯)	k [k]	g [k]	k [k]	k [k]	k [k]	君 ㄱ [k]	g [k]	c/k/q(u) [k] gi [z ~ j] (DIV2; kaikou)
溪	k'	kh	[kʰ]	k [kʰ] but h [x] (隙恢詼墟溪)	unlabialized: h [h] some k [kʰ] labialized: kw [kʰʷ] f [f] /MC codas j,n,t (DIV1,2) but p [pʰ] (棵) and gw [kʷ] (隙)	kh [kʰ]	k [kʰ]	kh [kʰ]	k [k]	k [k]	快 ㅋ [kʰ]	g [k] but kk [k'] (喫)	kh [x]
群	g'	g	[g]	k [kʰ] /_1 but g [k] (畿鯨) g [k] /_234 but k [kʰ] (匱饋)	k(w) [kʰ(ʷ)] /_1, COL2 (近臼舅菌) but g [k] (畿) g(w) [k(ʷ)] /_34,LIT2 but k(w) [kʰ(ʷ)] (匱及)	k [k]	k [kʰ]	g [g]	g [ɡ]	k [k]	虯 ㄲ [k']	g [k]	c/k/q(u) [k]
疑	ng	ng	[ŋ]	null but n [n] (擬孽逆虐凝牛倪霓) and g [k] (疙圪岌) and k [kʰ] (聵) and r [ɻ] (阮)	ng [ŋ] j [j] (most DIV3,4) ng [ŋ̩] < MC ngu but k [kʰ] (岌聵) and w [w] (鮠玩頑)	g [g]	ng [ŋ] also n [n̩] < MC ngu,ngjo	ng [ŋ] some gh [ɦ]	g [ɡ]	g [ɡ]	業 ㆁ [ŋ]	∅	ng/ngh [ŋ] nh [ɲ] (DIV2; kaikou)
影	'	ʔ	[ʔ]	null but h [x] (穢)	unlabialized: ∅ but n [n] (凹) j [j] (DIV3,4) labialized: w [w]	∅	∅ (kaikou) v [v] (hekou)	∅	∅	∅	挹 ㆆ [ʔ]	∅	∅ [ʔ] nh [ɲ] (CN-A)
曉	x	x	[h]	h [x] but k [kʰ] (況迄訖)	unlabialized: h [h] but ng [ŋ] (迄訖) and j [j] (欣) labialized: f [f] but k(w) [kʰ(ʷ)] (吸賄) and gw [kʷ] (轟)	h [h]	h [h] (kaikou) f [f] (hekou)	h [h]	k [k]	k [k]	虛 ㅎ [h]	h [h]	h [h]
匣	ɣ	h	[ɦ]	h [x] but g [k] (迥) and k [kʰ] (潰洽) and ∅ (完皖莞肴螢熒)	unlabialized: h [h] but ng [ŋ] (肴) j [j] /MC codas m,n,ng (DIV4) labialized: w [w] but gw [kʷ] (迥) and k(ʷ) [kʰ(ʷ)] (潰繪攜)	h [h]	h [h] (kaikou) f [f] (hekou)	gh [ɦ]	g [ɡ]	k [k]	洪 ㆅ [h']	h [h]	h [h] but th [tʰ] (話)
喻云	j	hj	[ɦj]	null but h [x] (彙彗雄熊)	unlabialized: j [j] h [h] < MC hjuwng labialized: [w]	∅	y [j] v /MC codas j,ŋ,k (hekou)	gh [ɦ]	∅	∅	欲 ㅇ [∅] 業 ㆁ [ŋ] (DIV3)	∅	h [h] (kaikou) v [v] (hekou)
喻以	∅	y	[j]	null but g [k] (捐) and k [kʰ] (鉛)	unlabialized: j [j] but g [k] (捐) labialized: w [w]	∅	y [j] but g [k] (捐) v < MC ywij	gh [ɦ] but k [k] (捐)	∅	∅	欲 ㅇ [∅] 業 ㆁ [ŋ] (DIV3)	∅	d [z ~ j] but q(u) [k] (捐)
Onset	Karlgren	Baxter	IPA	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Go-On	Kan-On	Middle*	Modern	Vietnamese
	Middle Chinese								Japanese		Korean

Notes

Mandarin — Beijing

This following major shift is completely omitted from the above chart:

z [ts]	and	g [k]	>	j [tɕ]	/ _i [i], ü [y]
c [tsʰ]		k [kʰ]		q [tɕʰ]
s [s]		h [x]		x [ɕ]

Furthermore, the modern semivowels are analyzed as epenthetic consonants occuring when the onset is null:

i [i]	>	yi [ji]	/	#_#
ü [y]		yu [ɥy]
u [u]		wu [wu]
i [i]		y [j]		#_V
ü [y]		yu [ɥ]
u [u]		w [w ~ ʋ]		#_V except #_o#
		w [w]		#_o#

For example, MC onset 以 y tends to correspond to modern y [j] or yu [ɥ], but the correspondence chart gives the modern reflex of 以 y as null; y [j] or yu [ɥ] are then synchronically produced using this sound change. This also correctly predicts situations where MC 以 y does not give modern y [j] or yu [ɥ], e.g. 惟 ywij > wéi [ʋei], where y > null and [ʋ] is produced by the Mandarin rime uei [uei], the regular descendent of MC -wij.

Yue — Canton

The MC velars and laryngeals 見溪群影曉匣喻以 (k kh g ʔ x h hj y) are each given two modern reflexes, a unlabialized reflex and a labialized one. Which one occurs depends on the rime. While the outcome typically corresponds to the distinction in the MC kaikou-hekou rime categories, this is often inconsistent as numerous MC hekou rimes produce unlabialized onsets, while the MC kaikou rime u produces labialized onsets. The rime correspondence tables below specify when labialization occurs with the symbol "w [ʷ]" in the Cantonese columns. (Furthermore, unless otherwise noted, where a rime correspondence is denoted with "w [ʷ]", the labialization is neutralized after MC onset ng = Cantonese onset ng [ŋ].) Furthermore, labialization always occurs when the Cantonese rime is one of u ui un ut [uː uːi uːn uːt] (but not ung uk [ʊŋ ʊk]). The most common reflexes are as follows:

Onset	[C]	[Cʷ], [Cuː]
見 k	g [k]	gw [kʷ]
溪 kh	h [h] (k [kʰ])	kw [kʰʷ], f [f]
群 g	g [k] /_12 k [kʰ] /_34	gw [kʷ] /_12 kw [kʰʷ] /_34
影 ʔ	∅, j [j]	w [w]
曉 x	h [h]	f [f]
匣 h	h [h], j [j]	w [w]
喻 hj	j [j]	w [w]
以 y	j [j]	w [w]

Up until the early 20th century, Cantonese had alveolo-palatal sibilants [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] corresponding to Middle Chinese retroflex and palatal onsets, but these have since merged into the plain alveolar sibilants /ts tsʰ s/. As a corollary, /ts tsʰ s/ may be pronounced palatalized, especially before the front high vowels.

The following changes, disapproved of by prescriptivists, are ongoing:

• n [n] > l [l] (onset)
• ng [ŋ], ∅ > [ŋ ~ ∅] (onset)
• gw kw [kʷ kʰʷ] > g k [k kʰ] / _ong,ok [ɔːŋ ɔːk]
• ng k [ŋ k] > n t [n t] (coda)
• ng [ŋ̩] > m [m̩] (syllabic)

Minnan — Amoy

Because the Min branch branched off from a stage of Chinese prior to the development of Middle Chinese, the charts consider only the pronunciations taken from the literary layer of Min vocabulary since it is largely based on Late Middle Chinese. As such, numerous features that are commonly found in colloquial readings are not seen in the correspondence charts, with the following describing some of the notable ones:

• Final glottal stops and vowel nasalization are largely absent in literary readings, where codas closely match those from Middle Chinese. Due of the absence of nasalization, the nasal allophones of Hokkien consonants b l g [b l g] > m n ng [m n ŋ] do not surface in literary readings.
• Labiodentalization of p- row onsets is normally absent in Min, but literary readings in Hokkien reflect the late/post-MC split with h [h] corresponding with MC 幫 p, 滂 ph, and 並 b.

In addition, Hokkien exhibits the following allophones:

• ch chh j s [ts tsʰ dz s] > [tɕ tɕʰ dʑ ɕ] / _i [i]

Hakka — Moiyan

This following shift is omitted from the above chart:

z [ts]	>	j [tɕ]	/ _i [i]
c [tsʰ]		q [tɕʰ]
s [s]		x [ɕ]

The following sound changes are not reflected in Pinfa nor in the chart:

• g k h ng [k kʰ h ŋ] > [c cʰ ç ȵ] / _i [i]

The semivowel y [j] is normally treated as a null consonant followed by i [i], just like in Mandarin. However, its consonantal value is overtly displayed in the onset chart due to how consistently it appears with the corresponding historical onsets.

Wu — Shanghai

This following shift is omitted from the above chart:

ts [ts]	and	k [k]	>	c [tɕ]	/ _i [i,y]
tsh [tsʰ]		kh [kʰ]		ch [tɕʰ]
s [s]		h [h]		sh [ɕ]
n [n]		ng [ŋ]		gn [ȵ]
g [g]				j [dʑ]
z [z]				zh [ʑ]

One exception is gn [ȵ] as a consistent outcome of Middle Chinese onsets 娘 nr and 日 ny.

Also note that for onset gh [ɦ], Wugniu denotes "ghi ghu" as "y w" when preceding a vowel, and as "yi wu" otherwise. Likewise, the syllables [ɦm ɦŋ] are denoted as "m ng".

Japanese

The following consonants have allophones before i [i], y [j] and u [u]. (The influx of Western borrowings are changing many of these allophones into phonemes in their own right, but for the purposes of analyzing Chinese borrowings, they can be treated as allophones.)

C >	/i [i], y[j]	/u [u]
t [t] >	ch [tɕ]	ts [ts]
d [d] >	j [ʑ]	z [z]
s [s] >	sh [ɕ]	s [s]
z [z] >	j [ʑ]	z [z]
n [n] >	n [ɲ]	n [n]
h [h] >	h [ç]	f [ɸ]

Middle Korean The prescriptive spellings and pronunciations were ultimately ignored:

• The "muddy" (全濁) onsets were pronounced (and spelt) with plain consonants instead of emphatic consonants;
• The kh- (溪) onset tended to be pronounced without aspiration;
• The l- (來) onset was pronounced ㄴ [n] when word-initial (i.e. the first character of a compound) (but see the note below about North Korean);
• The ny- (日) onset was not pronounced when word-initial;
• The ng- (疑) onset was not pronounced at all.

Modern Korean This change is omitted from the chart:

d [t]	>	j [tɕ]	/ _i [i], _y- [j-]
t [tʰ]		ch [tɕʰ]

Following which: y [j] > null /tɕ_ and tɕʰ_. While the result of this change is reflected as such in the orthography, reflexes of T and TR that underwent those changes are expressed in the charts here as d/t + y-.

Furthermore:

• r [ɾ] > n [n] / #_ (this change has been reversed in North Korea due to spelling pronunciation)
• following which: n [n] > Ø / _[i,j]

Korean also has an extensive consonant sandhi system. For example:

• b d j g s [p t tɕ k s] > [p' t' tɕ' k' s'] after consonants (in compounds)

Vietnamese

The IPA transcriptions assume maximal diaphonemic distinctions according to the orthography, with the exception of d [z ~ j] and gi [z ~ j], which are not contrastive in any major dialect. However, no modern dialect maintains maximal distinctions, with details on the major dialectal realizations of the onsets given below:

C_	Hanoi	Saigon
v [v]	[v]	[j]
d [z ~ j]	[z]
gi [z ~ j]
r [r]		[r]
ch [c]	[tɕ]	[c]
tr [ʈ]		[ʈ]
x [s]	[s]	[s]
s [ʂ]		[ʂ]
qu [kw]	[kw]	[w]

Despite the above correspondences, a shift is ongoing in some Southern (Saigon) speakers where v, ch, tr, x, and s may be merged with the Northern (Hanoi) pronunciation. In addition, kh [x] may still be pronounced as [kʰ] in the South, but this is becoming increasingly non-standard.

Rimes

MC rimes are traditionally grouped into four divisions (等). The divisions might have had something to do with the vowels and/or medials (semivowels before the main vowel). The divisions are also useful as categories in MC phonotactics. In Baxter's orthography:

• third-division rimes are written with "i", or with "j" followed by any other vowel;
• first-division rimes are written with back vowels "a", "o" or "u";
• second-division rimes are written with low front vowels "æ" or "ɛ" (which had a tendency to merge with each other);
• fourth-division rimes are written with "e", which later tended to shift to "je" thereby merging with the third-division rimes

Baxter further categorized the large third-division into three categories:

• "Independent" rimes, limited to coming after labials and velars/laryngeals, with a tendency to merge with other, more fully distributed rimes
• "Mixed" rimes, with a more complete distribution after several series of onset consonants;
• "Chongniu" rimes. These rimes are distributed widely just liked "mixed" rimes. Furthermore, a distinction referred to as chongniu (重紐) was made among characters with labial or velar/laryngeal onsets. The nature of this distinction is unknown but it was likely phonemic. The two categories can be referred to as type A and type B. (They are also, confusingly, called "division-four chongniu rimes" and "division-three chongniu rimes", based on their placement in rime books, even though the rimes themselves are division-three (do not confuse with actual division-four rimes).) The distinction is represented in Baxter's orthography with an extra -i- or -j- for those characters in chongniu type A rimes.

Like several modern southern Sinitic languages, MC permitted the consonant codas of -p, -t, -k, -m, -n and -ng. Baxter also uses the notations of -wk and -wng in a few rimes, which might reflect MC phonology. In MC, rimes ending on stops (-ap, -at, -ak) are treated as belonging to the corresponding rimes ending on nasals (-am, -an, -ang).

Within many of the rime categories, characters were further divided into kaikou (開口) and hekou (合口), which probably referred to the presence of some kind of labialization (denoted as an additional -w- in Baxter's orthography). This distinction was generally neutralized with both labial onsets and labial codas. Instead, rimes with labial codas (in Baxter's orthography, those in -w, -m and -wng) are classified as kaikou. (The pair of 魚 jo and 虞 ju are kaikou and hekou respectively.)

Syllables with labial onsets are also put into kaikou or hekou rime categories, but because the distinction is neutralized, if a given kaikou rime occurs with labials, its corresponding hekou rime would (usually) not occur with labials, and vice versa. In particular:

• In the second and fourth divisions, labial onsets are paired with kaikou rimes
• In the first division, labial onsets are paired with kaikou rimes, except for 戈 -wa, 灰 -woj, 桓 -wan and 魂 -won.
• In the third division "independent" category, labial onsets are paired with hekou rimes.
• In the third division "mixed" category, labial onsets are paired with hekou rimes, except for 之 -i and 蒸 -ing.
• In the third division "with chongniu" category, labial onsets are paired with kaikou rimes.

The rimes were, later on, grouped into categories called she (攝) based on similarity to each other.

Rimes:

She Name	Division One	Division Two	Division Three			Division Four
			"Independent"	"Mixed"	"with Chongniu"
果 Guo	歌 a					歌 ja
	戈 wa					戈 jwa
假 Jia			麻 æ			麻 jæ
			麻 wæ
止 Zhi					微 jɨj	之 i	支 je 脂 ij
					微 jwɨj		支 jwe 脂 wij
蟹 Xie	泰 ajH	咍 oj	夬 æjH	皆 ɛj 佳 ɛɨ	廢 jojH		祭 jejH	齊 ej
	泰 wajH	灰 woj	夬 wæjH	皆 wɛj 佳 wɛɨ	廢 jwojH		祭 jwejH	齊 wej
遇 Yu	模 u					魚 jo
						虞 ju
效 Xiao	豪 aw		肴 æw				宵 jew	蕭 ew
流 Liu	侯 uw					尤 juw	幽 iw
咸 Xian	談 am	覃 om	銜 æm	咸 ɛm	嚴 jæm		鹽 jem	添 em
					凡 jom
深 Shen							侵 im
山 Shan	寒 an		刪 æn	山 ɛn	元 jon		仙 jen	先 en
	桓 wan		刪 wæn	山 wɛn	元 jwon		仙 jwen	先 wen
臻 Zhen		痕 on			欣 jɨn		真臻 in
		魂 won			文 jun		真諄 win
宕 Dang	唐 ang					陽 jang
	唐 wang					陽 jwang
曾 Zeng		登 ong				蒸 ing
		登 wong				蒸 wing
梗 Geng			庚 æng	耕 ɛng			庚 jæng / 清 jeng	青 eng
			庚 wæng	耕 wɛng			庚 jwæng / 清 jweng	青 weng
江 Jiang			江 æwng
通 Tong	東 uwng	冬 owng				東 juwng 鍾 jowng

• This table is organized according to Baxter's notation. The actual MC vowels continue to be debated.
• Some rimes occur only in the departing tone (qusheng). These are marked with "-H", Baxter's notation for that tone.
• -p, -t and -k rimes are implied for -m, -n and -ng rimes, respectively.
• The pair of 嚴 -jæm and 凡 -jom, which are classified as kaikou and hekou respectively, are actually in complementary distribution, the former coming after velar onsets and the latter after labial onsets.
• Baxter analyzes the rimes of 庚 jæng and 清 jeng as forming a chongniu type-B / type-A pair. He also classifies 幽 iw rimes as a "chongniu" type rime that has only type-B rimes in it, on the basis of the placement and description of the 幽 iw rime in the rime books.

Permissible onset-rime combinations ("no" does not necessarily mean that there are no characters given in those combinations in the rime books, but that such exceptions are so sparse and/or obscure that they are possibly exceptions/mistakes):

	Divisions 1 & 4		Division 2		Division 3 "Independent"		Division 3 "Mixed"		Division 3 "Chongniu"
	Kaikou	Hekou	Kaikou	Hekou	Kaikou	Hekou	Kaikou	Hekou	Kaikou	Hekou
p,ph,b,m	Yes		Yes		Yes		Yes		Yes + Chongniu
t,th,d,n	Yes	Some D1 rimes	打	No	No	No	No	No	地	No
tr,trh,dr,nr	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
l	Yes	Some D1 rimes	Limited	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
ts,tsh,dz,s	Yes	Some D1 rimes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
z	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
tsr,tsrh,dzr,sr	No	No	Yes	Limited	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
tsy,tsyh,zy,sy,dzy,ny	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
k,kh,ng,x,h,ʔ	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes + Chongniu	Yes + Chongniu
g	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes + Chongniu	Yes + Chongniu
y	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

• Division 1 and 4 rimes occurred in similar environments.
• Division 3 rimes could occur in the most environments, and were also the most frequent (over 50% of characters).
• The dental stops (t, th, d) were in complementary distribution with the retroflex stops, retroflex sibilants, and palatal sibilants.

Some of the onset-rime combinations attested in rime books correspond to extremely rare characters. Owing to the difficulty of ascertaining the pronunciation of those characters in modern languages, the modern reflexes of those combinations have been omitted (for now). Accordingly, those combinations are not included in the "Distribution" columns of the following charts.

果攝 Guo She

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
歌一開	â	a	a	T,l	uo [uo] but a [ɑ] (他它大那娜)	o [ɔː] but aa [aː] (他它那)	o [o]	o [o] but a [a] (他它那)	u [u] but [a] (他它那)	a [a]	a [a]	a [a]	a [a]	o
				S	uo [uo]	o [ɔː]	o [o]	o [o]	u [u]	a [a]	a [a]	a [a] wa [wa] /ts_	a [a]	o
				K	e [ɤ] but uo [uo] (我) and a [ɑ] (阿)	o [ɔː] but a [aː] (阿)	o [o] but oa [ua] (我)	o [o] but ê [e] (個)	u [u]	a [a]	a [a]	a [a] but ae [ɛ] (個)	a [a]	o
戈一合	uâ	wa	ua	P	o [uo] but a [ɑ] (爸)	o [ɔː] but aa [aː] (爸)	o [o] but a [a] (爸)	o [o] but a [a] (爸)	u [u] but a [a] (爸)	a [a]	a [a]	a [a]	a [a]	wo
				T,l	uo [uo]	o [ɔː]	o [o]	o [o]	u [u]	a [a]	a [a]	a [a]	oa [wa]	wo
				S	uo [uo]	o [ɔː]	o [o]	o [o]	u [u]	a [a]	a [a]	wa [wa] also a [a] and wae [wɛ] /s_	oa [wa]	wo
				K	uo [uo] /k,ng,ʔ_ but e [ɤ] (戈) e [ɤ] /kh,x_ but uo [uo] (禍和去)	wo [ʷɔː] fo [fɔː] < kh_	o [o]	o [o] uo [uo] /k_23	u [u]	wa [a] [wa] < h_	a [a]	wa [wa] but wae [wɛ] (倭)	oa/(q)ua [wa]	wo
戈三開	i̯â	ja	ia	K	ie [iɛ] (茄)	e [ɛː] (茄)	a [a]	io [io]	a [a], ia [ia]	ya [ja]	ya [ja]	a [a] (茄)	a [a]	(ee/e)
戈三合	i̯wâ	jwa	ya	K	üe [yɛ] (瘸靴)	e [ɛː] (瘸) oe [œː] (靴)	e [e] (瘸) ia [ia] (靴)	io [io]	ioe [yø] (靴)	e [e]	a [a]	a [a] (瘸) wa [wa] (靴)	oa/(q)ua [wa]	we

假攝 Jia She

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
麻二開	a	æ	aː	P	a [ɑ]	aa [aː]	a [a]	a [a]	o [o]	e [e]	a [a]	a [a]	a [a]	a
				TR,nr	a [ɑ]	aa [aː]	a [a]	a [a]	o [o]	ya [ja]	a [a]	a [a], ya [ja]	a [a]	a
				SR	a [ɑ]	aa [aː]	a [a]	a [a]	o [o]	ya [ja]	a [a]	a [a]	a [a]	a
			jaː	K	ia [iɑ]	aa [aː]	a [a]	a [a]	ia [ia]	e [e]	a [a]	a [a]	a [a]	ya
麻二合	wa	wæ	waː	SR	a [ɑ] (傻)	o [ɔː] (傻)	a [a] (傻)	o [o] (傻)	a [a] (傻)	a [a] (傻)	a [a] (傻)	a [a] (傻)		wa
				K	ua [uɑ]	waa [ʷaː]	ua [ua]	a [a] ua [ua] /k,kh_	o [o]	we [e]	wa [a] [wa] /ʔ_	wa [wa]	oa/(q)ua [wa]	wa
麻三開	i◌̯a	jæ	ia	SY	e [ɤ]	e [ɛː]	ia [ia]	a [a]	o [o] but a [a] (惹)	ya [ja]	ya [ja]	a [a]	a [a]	ee/e
				S	ie [iɛ]	e [ɛː]	ia [ia]	ia [ia]	ia [ia]	ya [ja]	ya [ja]	a [a] also eo [ʌ] /ts_	a [a]	ee/e
				y	ie [iɛ]	je [jɛː]	ia [ia]	ia [ia]	ia [ia]	ya [ja]	ya [ja]	ya [ja]	a [a]	ee/e

止攝（開口） Zhi She (Kaikou)

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
支三開	ie̯	j(i)e	ji	P	i [i] ei [ei] for some p,b_ (碑卑被)	ei [ei]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i] but e [e] (碑卑)	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i
			i	l,nr	i [i]	ei [ei]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i] but yeo [jʌ] (麗)	i [i]	i
				TR	i [ʅ]	i [iː]	i [i]	i [ʅ]	y [ʅ]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i
			ɨ	SR	i [ʅ]	i [iː]	u [u]	i [ʅ]	i [ʅ]	i [i]	i [i]	a [a]		hi
			i	SY	i [ʅ] er [ɑɚ] /ny_	i [iː]	i [i]	i [ʅ]	y [ʅ]] gher [ɦəl] /ny_	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i
			ɨ	S	i [ɿ] but i [i] (徙璽)	i [iː] but aai [aːi] (徙璽)	u [u]	i [ʅ] but ai [ai] (徙璽)	y [ʅ]	i [i]	i [i]	a [a]	i [i] ư [ɨ] / tsh_	hi
			ji	K	i [i]	ei [ei] kei [kʰei] /kh_ i [iː] /ng,ʔ,y_ but ngai [ŋɐi] (蟻)	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i] ui [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_	i [i]	i/eei
脂三開	i	(j)ij	ji	P	i [i] but some ei [ei] (悲美備眉湄媚魅)	ei [ei]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i
			i	d,l,nr	i [i]	ei [ei]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i] but ia [iə̯] (地) and ơi [əj] (利)	i
				TR	i [ʅ]	i [iː]	i [i]	i [ʅ]	y [ʅ]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i
			ɨ	sr	i [ʅ]	i [iː]	u [u]	i [ʅ]	y [ʅ]	i [i]	i [i]	a [a]		hi
			i	SY	i [ʅ] er [ɑɚ] /ny_	i [iː]	i [i]	i [ʅ]	y [ʅ] i [i] /ny_	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i
			ɨ	S	i [ɿ]	i [iː] but ei [ei] (死四)	u [u]	i [ʅ]	y [ʅ]	i [i]	i [i]	a [a] i [i] /z_	ư [ɨ]	hi
			ji	K	i [i]	ei [ei] i [iː] /ng,ʔ,y_	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i] ui [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_ (CN-B)	i [i]	i/eei
之三開	i	i	i	l,nr	i [i]	ei [ei] but eoi [ɵy] (裏)	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i
				TR	i [ʅ]	i [iː]	i [i]	i [ʅ]	y [ʅ]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i
			ɨ	SR	i [ʅ] but e [ɤ] (廁)	i [iː]	u [u]	i [ʅ]	y [ʅ]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i] /_1 a [a] /_23	i [i] ư [ɨ] /sr_	hi
			i	SY	i [ʅ] er [ɑɚ] /ny_	i [iː]	i [i]	i [ʅ]	y [ʅ]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i
			ɨ	S	i [ɿ]	i [iː]	u [u]	i [ʅ]	y [ʅ]	i [i]	i [i]	a [a]	ư [ɨ] i [i] /s_	hi
			ji	K	i [i]	ei [ei] /k,kh,g,x_ i [iː] /ng,ʔ,h,y_	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	o [o] i [i] /ʔ,h,y_	i [i]	i [i] ui [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_	i [i]	i
微三開	e̯i	jɨj	ji	K	i [i]	ei [ei] /k,kh,g,x_ i [iː] /ng,ʔ,h,y_	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	e [e]	i [i]	i [i] ui [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_	i [i]	i

止攝（合口） Zhi She (Hekou)

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
支三合	wie̯	jw(i)e	yj	l	ei [ei]	eoi [ɵy]	ui [ui]	ui [ui]	e [e]	ui [ui]	ui [ui]	u [u]	uy [wi]	ue
				TR	uei [uei]	eoi [ɵy]	ui [ui]	ui [ui]	oe [ø]	ui [ui]	ui [ui]	yu [ju]	uy [wi]	ue
			uj	SR	uai [uai]	eoi [ɵy]	oe [ue]	ui [ui] but oi [oi] (衰)	oe [ø]	ui [ui]	ui [ui]	oe [we], wi [wi]	uy [wi]	ue
			yj	SY	uei [uei]	eoi [ɵy]	ui [ui]	ui [ui] but oi [oi] (吹炊睡)	oe [ø]	ui [ui]	ui [ui]	u [u] wi [wi] /tsyh_ e [e] /ny_ but we [we] (惴)	uy [wi]	ue
				S	uei [uei]	eoi [ɵy]	ui [ui]	ui [ui]	oe [ø]	ui [ui]	ui [ui]	u [u]	uy [wi]	ue
			jyj	K	uei [uei]	wai [ʷɐi] ngai [ŋɐi] < ng_ wai [wɐi] < x_23	ui [ui]	ui [ui]	ue [ue]	ui [i]	ui [i]	yu [ju] (CN-A) wi [wi] (CN-B) we [we] (CN-B) /k,kh,g_1,x_3	uy [wi]	ue/eeue
脂三合	wi	(j)wij	yj	l	ei [ei]	eoi [ɵy]	ui [ui]	ui [ui]	e [e]	ui [ui]	ui [ui]	yu [ju], u [u], oe [we]	uy [wi]	ue
				TR	uei [uei]	eoi [ɵy]	ui [ui]	ui [ui]	oe [ø]	ui [ui]	ui [ui]	u [u]	uy [wi]	ue
			uj	SR	uai [uai]	eoi [ɵy]	oe [ue]	ui [ui]	e [e]	ui [ui]	ui [ui]	oe [we]	uy [wi]	ue
			yj	SY	uei [uei]	eoi [ɵy]	ui [ui]	ui [ui]	oe [ø]	ui [ui]	ui [ui]	u [u]	uy [wi]	ue
				S	uei [uei]	eoi [ɵy]	ui [ui]	ui [ui]	oe [ø]	ui [ui]	ui [ui]	wi [wi] u [u] /s,z_	uy [wi]	ue
			jyj	K	uei [uei] but i [i] (遺季悸)	wai [ʷɐi]	ui [ui]	ui [ui] but i [i] (季) vi [vi] < h,y_	ue [ue] but i [i] (季) vi [vi] < h,y_	ui [i]	ui [i]	yu [u] we [we], yu [ju], wi [wi] /k,kh,g_ (CN-B) ui [ɰi] /x_ (CN-B)	uy [wi]	ue/eeue/wi
微三合	we̯i	jwɨj	yj	F	ei [ei]	ei [ei] but ai [ɐi] (沸費)	ui [ui]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	i [i]	uy [wi]	i
				K	uei [uei]	wai [ʷɐi] ngai [ŋɐi] < ng_ wai [wɐi] < x_3	ui [ui]	i [i] ui [ui] /k,ŋ_	ue [ue]	we [e] wi [i] < h_	i [i]	i [i] wi [wi] /ʔ,h_,x_1 we [we] /x_23	i [i] uy [wi] /k,ng,x,ʔ_	ue/eeue

蟹攝（開口） Xie She (Kaikou)

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
咍一開	âi	oj	aj	P	ei [ei]	ui [uːi]	oe [ue]	i [i]	e [e]	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	ae [ɛ]	ôi [oj]	ay
				T,l	ai [ai]	oi [ɔːi] but aai [aːi] (乃態)	ai [ai]	ai [ai] (also oi [oi])	e [e]	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	ae [ɛ]	ai [aj]	ay
				S	ai [ai]	oi [ɔːi] but aai [aːi] (猜)	ai [ai]	ai [ai] (also oi [oi])	e [e]	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	ae [ɛ]	ai [aj]	ay
				K	ai [ai]	oi [ɔːi] but koi [kʰɔːi] (慨)	ai [ai]	oi [oi]	e [e]	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	ae [ɛ]	ai [aj]	ay
泰一開	âi-	ajH	aj	P	ei [ei]	ui [uːi]	oe [ue]	i [i]	e [e]	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	ae [ɛ]	ai [aj]	ay
				T,l	ai [ai]	aai [aːi] oi [ɔːi] /n_	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	a [a]	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	ae [ɛ] oe [we] /l_	ai [aj]	ay
				S	ai [ai]	oi [ɔːi]	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	a [a]	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	ae [ɛ]	ai [aj]	ay
				K	ai [ai]	oi [ɔːi] but aai [aːi] (艾)	ai [ai]	oi [oi]	e [e]	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	ae [ɛ]	ai [aj]	ay
皆二開	ăi	ɛj	aːj	P	ai [ai]	aai [aːi]	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	a [a]	e [e]	ai [ai]	ae [ɛ]	ai [aj]	ay
				SR	ai [ai]	aai [aːi]	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	e [e]	e [e]	ai [ai]	ae [ɛ]	ai [aj]	ay
			jaːj	K	ie [iɛ] but a [ɑ] (尬) also ai [ai] < h_ kaai [kʰaːi] < kh_	aai [aːi]	ai [ai]	ai [ai] iai [iai] /k_ but ê [e] (街尬)	a [a]	e [e]	ai [ai]	ae [ɛ] also ye [je] /k,h_	ai [aj] ơi [əj] /k_3	yay
夬二開	ai-	æjH	aːj	P	ai [ai]	aai [aːi]	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	a [a]	e [e]	ai [ai]	ae [ɛ]	ai [aj]	ay
				dzr	ai [ai] (寨)	aai [aːi] (寨)	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	e [e]	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	yae [jɛ]	ai [aj]	ay
佳二開	ai	ɛɨ	aːj	P	ai [ai]	aai [aːi]	ai [ai]	ai [ai] (also a [a])	a [a]	e [e]	ai [ai]	ae [ɛ], a [a]	ai [aj]	ay
				SR	ai [ai]	aai [aːi]	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	a [a]	e [e]	ai [ai]	a [a] but wae [wɛ] (灑曬)	ai [aj]	ay
			jaːj	K	ie [iɛ] /k,h_ but ia [iɑ] (佳) ia [iɑ] /ng_ ai [ai] /ʔ_ but wa [ʋɑ] (娃)	aai [aːi] but waa [waː] (娃) and ai [ɐi] (矮)	ai [ai] but oa [ua] (娃)	ai [ai] but a [a] (娃) and ê [e] (街) and iai [iai] (解)	a [a] but ia [ia] (佳解) and ya [ɦia] (崖涯) and ua [ua] (娃)	e [e]	ai [ai]	ae [ɛ] a [a] /k_1 hae [hɛ] < k_23 ye [je] (鞋)	ai [aj] but oa [wa] (娃)	yay
廢三開	i̯ɒi-	jojH	iaj	ŋ	i [i]	aai [aːi]	e [e]	i [i]	e [e]	e [e]	ai [ai]	ye [je]	ai [aj], ê [e]	i
祭三開	i̯äi-	j(i)ejH	jiaj	P	i [i] ei [ei] / m_	ai [ɐi]	e [e]	i [i]	i [i]	e [e]	ei [eː]	ye [je]	ê [e]	i
			iaj	l	i [i]	ai [ɐi]	e [e]	i [i]	i [i]	e [e]	ei [eː]	yeo [jʌ] but ye [je] (例)	ê [e]	i
				TR	i [ʅ]	ai [ɐi]	e [e]	i [ʅ]	y [ʅ]	ai [ai]	ei [eː]	ye [je]	ê [e]	i
			aj	SR	i [ʅ]	ai [ɐi]	e [e]	i [ʅ]	y [ʅ]	e [e]	ei [eː]	e [e]	ê [e]	(hi???)
			iaj	SY	i [ʅ]	ai [ɐi]	e [e]	i [ʅ]	y [ʅ]	e [e]	ei [eː]	e [e] eo [ʌ] /zy_	ê [e]	i
				ts	i [i]	ai [ɐi]	e [e]	i [i]	i [i]	ai [ai]	ei [eː]	e [e]	ê [e]	i
			jiaj	K	i [i]	ai [ɐi]	e [e]	i [i]	i [i]	e [e] ei [eː] < y_	ei [eː]	e [e] ye [je] /ng,y_ ae [ɛ] /ʔ_	ê [e]	('yi=eei)
齊四開	iei	ej	jiaj	P	i [i]	ai [ɐi]	e [e]	i [i]	i [i]	ai [ai]	ei [eː]	i [i] also pye [pʰje] < p,b_	ê [e]	i
			iaj	T,l	i [i]	ai [ɐi]	e [e]	i [i] but ai [ai] (低底娣) and oi [oi] (梯)	i [i]	ai [ai]	ei [eː]	ye [je] also yeo [jʌ] /t_ and i [i] /l_ i [i] /n_	ê [e]	i
				S	i [i]	ai [ɐi]	e [e]	i [i] but ê [e] (砌洗細壻)	i [i]	ai [ai]	ei [eː]	e [e] also eo [ʌ] /s,tsh_	ê [e]	i
			jiaj	K	i [i]	ai [ɐi] kai [kʰai] < kh_	e [e]	i [i] but ê [e] (雞契係) and hai [hai] (溪)	i [i]	e [e]	ei [eː]	ye [je]	ê [e]	eei

蟹攝（合口） Xie She (Hekou)

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
灰一合	uâi	woj	uaj	P	ei [ei]	ui [uːi]	oe [ue]	i [i], oi [oi]	e [e]	ai [ai], e [e]	ai [ai]	ae [ɛ]	uy [wi]	ue
				T,l	uei [uei] ei [ei] /n,l_	eoi [ɵy] but oi [ɔːi] (內)	ui [ui]	ui [ui] but oi [oi] (堆碓)	e [e]	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	oe [we] ae [ɛ] /T_3 except 退 (oe)	uy [wi]	ue
				S	uei [uei]	eoi [ɵy]	ui [ui], oe [ue]	ui [ui]	oe [ø]	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	oe [we] /_12 wae [wɛ] /s_3 wi [wi] /tsh_3	uy [wi]	ue
				K	uei [uei] but uai [uai] (塊)	ui [uːi] but wai [ʷɐi] (傀塊盔) wai [ʷɐi] < k,ng_	ui [ui] oe [ue] /kh_1	ui [ui] i [i] /x,h_ but oi [oi] (灰恢煨)	ue [ue]	we [e]	wai [ai] [wai] /ʔ_	oe [we] ae [ɛ] /k,ng_3	uy [wi]	ue
泰一合	wâi-	wajH	uaj	T	uei [uei]	eoi [ɵy]	oe [ue]	ui [ui]	oe [ø]	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	ae [ɛ]	uê [we]	ue
				S	uei [uei]	eoi [ɵy]	oe [ue]	ui [ui]	oe [ø]	ai [ai]	ai [ai]	oe [we]	ôi [oj]	ue
				K	uei [uei] but kuai [kʰuai] (膾儈) and wai [ʋai] (外)	kui2 [kʰuːi˧˥] < k_ wai3 [wɐi˧] < x_ oi [ɔːi] (外) wui6 [wuːi˨] (會) kui2 [kʰuːi˧˥] (繪）	oe [ue]	uai [uai] but oi [oi] (外) i [i] /h_	ue [ue] but a [a] (外)	we [e]	wai [ai]	oe [we]	oai/(q)uai [waj] ôi [oj] /h_	ue
皆二合	wăi	wɛj	waːj	K	uai [uai]	waai [ʷaːi]	oai [uai]	uai [uai] fai [fai] < h_	ua [ua]	we [e]	wai [ai] [wai] /h_	oe [we] we [we] /x_	oai/(q)uai [waj] uy [wi] /x,ʔ_	way
夬二合	wai-	wæjH	waːj	K	uai [uai] but ua [uɑ] (話)	waai [ʷaːi] but waa [waː] (話)	oai [uai]	uai [uai] but fa [fa] or va [va] (話)	ua [ua] also o [o] (話)	we [e]	wai [ai]	wae [wɛ] but wa [wa] (話) oe [we] /ʔ_	oai/(q)uai [waj]	way
佳二合	wai	wɛɨ	waːj	K	ua [uɑ] but uo [uo] (蝸)	waa [ʷaː] but wo [wɔː] (蝸媧)	oa [ua] but o [o] (蝸)	ua [ua] /k_ but vo [vo] (蝸媧) a [a] /h,ʔ_	ua [ua] but o [o] (畫)	we [e]	wai [ai]	wa [wa] /x,h,ʔ_ wae [wɛ] /k,kh_	oai/(q)uai [waj]	way
廢三合	i̯wɒi-	jwojH	yaj	F	ei [ei]	ai [ɐi]	ui [ui], i [i]	i [i] but poi [pʰoi] (吠)	i [i]	o [o]	ai [ai]	ye [je]	ê [e]	(ue?)
				K	hui [xuei] < x,ʔ_ (喙穢)	ui [uːi] /x_ wai [wɐi] < ʔ_	oe [ue]	ê [e]	ue [ue]	we [e]	wai [ai] [wai] /ʔ_	ye [je]	uê [we]	(i? ue?)
祭三合	i̯wäi-	jw(i)ejH	yaj	TR	uei [uei]	eoi [ɵy]	oe [ue]	oi [oi]	oe [ø]	ai [ai]	ei [eː]		uê [we]	ue
				SY	uei [uei]	eoi [ɵy]	oe [ue]	oi [oi]	oe [ø]	e(i) [e(ː)]	ei [eː]	we [we] /tsy_ e [e] /sy,ny_	uê [we]	ue
				S	uei [uei]	eoi [ɵy]	oe [ue]	oi [oi]	oe [ø]	ai [ai]	ei [eː]	wi [wi] /tsh_ e [e] /s_	uê [we]	ue
			jyaj	K	uei [uei] but wei [ʋei] (衛) rui [ɻuei] < y_	wai [ʷɐi] eoi [ɵy] /y_	oe [ue]	gui [kui] < k_ fi [fi] < h_ yui [iui] < y_	ue [ue]	we [e] also ei [eː] /y_	wei [eː]	wi [wi] /k,h_ ye [je] /y_	uê [we]	eeue
齊四合	iwei	wej	jyaj	K	uei [uei] but ie [iɛ] (攜)	wai [ʷɐi]	oe [ue]	ui [ui] fi < h_ but hi [hi] (攜)	ue [ue] but i [i] (攜)	we [e]	wei [eː]	yu [ju] /_1 ye [je] /_3	uê [we]	eeue

遇攝 Yu She

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
模一開	uo	u	uə̆	P	u [u]	ou [ou]	o͘ [ɔ]	u [u]	u [u]	u [u]	o [o]	o [o] some u [u]	ô [o]	u
				T,l	u [u]	ou [ou]	o͘ [ɔ]	u [u]	u [u]	u [u]	o [o]	o [o] u [u] /t_3,d_23	ô [o]	u
				S	u [u] but uo [uo] (措錯)	ou [ou]	o͘ [ɔ]	i [ʅ]	u [u]	u [u]	o [o]	o [o]	ô [o]	u
				K	u [u]	u [uː] ng [ŋ̩] < ng_	o͘ [ɔ]	u [u] fu [u] < x,h_ vu [vu] < ʔ_ n [n̩] < ng_12	u [u] also ng [ɦŋ] < ng_	u [u]	o [o] wo [o] /ʔ_	o [o]	ô [o]	u
魚三開	i̯wo	jo	iə̆	l,nr	ü [y] but u [u] (廬蘆)	eoi [ɵy]	u [u]	i [i] /l_ but u (廬蘆) n [n̩] (女)	iu [y]	yo [jo]	yo [jo]	yeo [jʌ]	ư [ɨ]	eeu
				TR	u [u]	yu [yː] but eoi [ɵy] (除)	u [u]	u [u]	y [ʅ]	yo [jo]	yo [jo]	yeo [jʌ]	ư [ɨ]	eeu
			əə̆	SR	u [u] but uo [uo] (所)	o [ɔː]	o͘ [ɔ]	i [ʅ] but o [o] (所)	u [u]	yo [jo]	o [o]	o [o] also eo [ʌ] /tsr,dzr_	ư [ɨ]	u
			iə̆	SY	u [u]	yu [yː]	u [u]	u [u] i [i] < ny_	y [ʅ] zy [zʅ] or lu [lu] /ny_	yo [jo]	yo [jo]	eo [ʌ]	ư [ɨ]	eeu
				S	ü [y]	eoi [ɵy]	u [u]	i [i]	iu [y]	yo [jo]	yo [jo]	eo [ʌ]	ư [ɨ]	eeu
				K	ü [y]	eoi [ɵy] yu [yː] /ng,ʔ,y_	u [u]	i [i] but n [n̩] (魚漁)	iu [y] but ng [ɦŋ] (魚)	o [o]	yo [jo]	eo [ʌ] yeo [jʌ] /y_	ư [ɨ]	eeu
虞三合	i̯u	ju	yə̆	F	u [u]	u [uː] ou [ou] /m_	u [u]	u [u]	u [u]	u [u]	u [u]	u [u]	u [u]	u
				l	ü [y]	eoi [ɵy]	o͘ [ɔ]	êu [eu]	eu [ɤ]	u [u]	u [u]	u [u]	u [u]	eeu
				TR	u [u]	yu [yː]	u [u]	u [u] i [i] < nr_	y [ʅ]	u [u]	yu [ju]	yu [ju]	u [u]	eeu
			uə̆	SR	u [u]	o [ɔː] but ou [ou] (數)	o͘ [ɔ]	u [u]	u [u]	u [u]	yu [ju]	u [u]	u [u]	u
			yə̆	SY	u [u]	yu [yː]	u [u]	u [u] i [i] /ny_	y [ʅ] zy [zʅ] or lu [lu] /ny_	u [u]	yu [ju]	u [u]	u [u]	eeu
				S	ü [y]	eoi [ɵy]	u [u]	i [i]	iu [y]	u [u]	yu [ju]	u [u] wi [wi] /tsh_23	u [u]	eeu
				K	ü [y]	eoi [ɵy] keoi [kʰɵy] /kh_ yu [yː] /ng,ʔ,h,y_	u [u]	i [i]	iu [y]	u [u]	u [u]	u yu [ju] /y_	u [u]	eeu

效攝 Xiao She

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
豪一開	âu	aw	aw	P	ao [ɑu]	ou [ou]	o [o]	au [au]	au [ɔ]	au [oː]	au [oː]	o [o]	ao [aw]	aw
				T,l	ao [ɑu]	ou [ou]	o [o]	au [au]	au [ɔ]	au [oː]	au [oː]	o [o]	ao [aw]	aw
				S	ao [ɑu]	ou [ou]	o [o]	au [au]	au [ɔ]	au [oː]	au [oː]	o [o]	ao [aw]	aw
				K	ao [ɑu]	ou [ou] but kaau [kʰaːu] (靠) haau [haːu] < kh_2	o [o]	au [au]	au [ɔ]	au [oː]	au [oː]	o [o]	ao [aw]	aw
肴二開	au	æw	aːw	P	ao [ɑu]	aau [aːu]	au [au]	au [au]	au [ɔ]	eu [joː]	au [oː]	o [o]	ao [aw]	aw
				nr	ao [ɑu]	aau [aːu]	au [au]	au [au]	iau [iɔ]	eu [joː]	au [oː]	yo [jo], o [o]	ao [aw]	aw
				TR	ao [ɑu]	aau [aːu]	au [au]	au [au]	au [ɔ]	eu [joː]	au [oː]	yo [jo] o [o] /dr_3	ao [aw]	aw
				SR	ao [ɑu]	aau [aːu]	au [au]	au [au]	au [ɔ]	eu [joː]	au [oː]	o [o]	ao [aw]	aw
			jaːw	K	iao [iɑu]	aau [aːu]	au [au]	au [au]	iau [iɔ]	you [joː]	au [oː]	yo [jo]	ao [aw]	eew
宵三開	i̯äu	j(i)ew	jiaw	P	iao [iɑu]	iu [iːu]	iau [iau]	iau [iau]	iau [iɔ]	eu [joː]	eu [joː]	yo [jo]	iêu [iə̯w]	eew/ew
			iaw	l	iao [iɑu]	iu [iːu]	iau [iau]	iau [iau]	iau [iɔ]	eu [joː]	eu [joː]	yo [jo]	iêu [iə̯w]	eew/ew
				TR	ao [ɑu]	iu [iːu]	iau [iau]	au [au]	au [ɔ]	eu [joː]	eu [joː]	yo [jo]	iêu [iə̯w]	eew/ew
				SY	ao [ɑu]	iu [iːu]	iau [iau]	au [au] iau [iau] /ny_	au [ɔ] iau [iɔ] /ny_	eu [joː]	eu [joː]	o [o]	iêu [iə̯w]	eew/ew
				S	iao [iɑu]	iu [iːu]	iau [iau]	iau [iau]	iau [iɔ]	eu [joː]	eu [joː]	o [o]	iêu [iə̯w]	eew/ew
			jiaw	K	iao [iɑu]	iu [iːu]	iau [iau]	iau [iau]	iau [iɔ]	eu [joː]	eu [joː]	yo [jo]	iêu [iə̯w]	eew/ew
蕭四開	ieu	ew	iaw	T	iao [iɑu]	iu [iːu]	iau [iau]	iau [iau]	iau [iɔ]	eu [joː]	eu [joː]	yo [jo]	iêu [iə̯w]	eew/ew
				S	iao [iɑu]	iu [iːu]	iau [iau]	iau [iau]	iau [iɔ]	eu [joː]	eu [joː]	o [o]	iêu [iə̯w]	eew/ew
			jiaw	K	iao [iɑu]	iu [iːu]	iau [iau]	iau [iau]	iau [iɔ]	eu [joː]	eu [joː]	yo [jo]	iêu [iə̯w]	eew/ew

流攝 Liu She

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
侯一開	ə◌̯u	uw	əw	P	ou [ou] u [u] /m_X (母牡) but ou [ou] (某) ao [ɑu] /m_H	au [ɐu] but ou [ou] (母)	o͘ [ɔ]	iau [iau] au [au] /m_X but u [u] (母)	eu [ɤ] but u [u] (母)	u [u]	ou [oː]	u [u] but o [o] (母)	âu [ə̆w]	uw
				T,l	ou [ou]	au [ɐu]	o͘ [ɔ]	êu [eu]	eu [ɤ]	u [u]	ou [oː]	u [u]	âu [ə̆w]	hiw
				S	ou [ou]	au [ɐu]	o͘ [ɔ]	êu [eu]	eu [ɤ]	u [u]	ou [oː]	u [u]	âu [ə̆w]	hiw
				K	ou [ou]	au [ɐu] kau [kʰɐu] < kh_13	o͘ [ɔ]	êu [eu]	eu [ɤ]	u [u]	ou [oː]	u [u]	âu [ə̆w]	hiw (/iw)
尤三開	iə◌̯u	juw	iw/ məw	F	u [u] but ou [ou] (否缶) ou [ou] /m_ but ao [ɑu] (矛)	au [ɐu], u [u] au [ɐu] /m_ but aau [aːu] (矛)	u [u] but o͘ [ɔ] (否缶) o͘ [ɔ] /m_ but au [au] (矛)	u [u], êu [eu] but au [au] (矛)	u [u], eu [ɜ]	u [u]	uu [uː], ou [oː]	u [u] o [o] /m_	u [u] âu [ə̆w] /m_	uw (/ow/ue)
				l,nr	iou [iou]	au [ɐu]	iu [iu]	iu [iu]	ieu [iɤ]	u [u] /l_ yu [ju] /nr_	iu [juː]	yu [ju]	ưu [ɨw]	iw
				TR	ou [ou]	au [ɐu]	iu [iu]	u [u]	eu [ɤ]	iu [juː]	iu [juː]	yu [ju]	u [u]	iw
			əw	SR	ou [ou]	au [ɐu]	iu [iu]	u [u]	eu [ɤ]	yu [ju]	uu [uː]	u [u]	ưu [ɨw]	hiw
			iw	SY	ou [ou]	au [ɐu]	iu [iu]	u [u] yiu [jiu] < ny_	eu [ɤ]	yu [ju]	iu [juː]	u [u]	u [u]	iw
				S	iou [iou]	au [ɐu]	iu [iu]	iu [iu]	ieu [iɤ]	yu [ju]	iu [juː]	u [u]	u [u]	iw
			iw	K	iou [iou]	au [ɐu] jau [jɐu] < kh,x_	iu [iu]	iu [iu]	ieu [iɤ]	u [u] iu [juː], yu [ju] /y_	iu [juː]	u [u] yu [ju] /y_, x_1,h_23	ưu [ɨw]	iw
幽三開	i̯ěu	jiw	jiw	P	iao [iɑo] /p_ iou [iou] /m_	iu [iːu] /p_ au [ɐu]/ m_	iu [iu]	iau [iau]	iau [iɔ]	iu [juː]	iu [juː]	yo [jo] yu [ju] /m_	âu [ə̆w]	iw
				K	iou [iou]	au [ɐu]	iu [iu]	êu [eu] iu [iu] /ʔ_	ieu [iɤ]	iu [juː]	iu [juː]	yu [ju]	âu [ə̆w]	iw/eeiw

咸攝（舒聲） Xian She (Nasal Coda)

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
談一開	âm	am	am	T,l	an [an]	aam [aːm]	am [am]	am [am]	e [e]	an [aɴ]	an [aɴ]	am [am]	am [am]	am
				S	an [an]	aam [aːm]	am [am]	am [am] but iam [iam] (暫)	e [e]	an [aɴ]	an [aɴ]	am [am]	am [am]	am
				K	an [an]	am [ɐm]	am [am]	am [am]	oe [ø]	an [aɴ]	an [aɴ]	am [am]	am [am]	am
覃一開	â.m	om	am	T,l	an [an]	aam [aːm]	am [am]	am [am]	e [e] /t,d,l_ oe [ø] /th,n_	on [oɴ]	an [aɴ]	am [am]	am [am]	am
				S	an [an]	aam [aːm]	am [am]	am [am]	oe [ø]	on [oɴ]	an [aɴ]	am [am]	am [am]	am
				K	an [an]	am [ɐm]	am [am]	am [am]	oe [ø] e [e] /kh,x_	on [oɴ]	an [aɴ]	am [am]	am [am]	am
銜二開	am	æm	aːm	SR	an [an]	aam [aːm]	am [am]	am [am]	e [e]	en [eɴ]	an [aɴ]	am [am]	am [am]	am
			jaːm	K	ian [iɛn]	aam [aːm]	am [am]	am [am]	e [e]	en [eɴ]	an [aɴ]	am [am]	am [am]	yam
咸二開	ăm	ɛm	aːm	l	ian [iɛn] (臉)	im [iːm] (臉)	ian [ian] (臉)	iên [ien] (臉)	i [i] (臉)	en [eɴ]	an [aɴ]	am [am]	iên [iə̯n]	am
				TR	an [an]	aam [aːm]	am [am]	am [am]	e [e]	en [eɴ]	an [aɴ]	yam [jam] am [am] /nr_	am [am]	am
				SR	an [an]	aam [aːm]	am [am]	am [am]	e [e]	en [eɴ]	an [aɴ]	am [am]	am [am]	am
			jaːm	K	ian [iɛn] but an [an] (黯)	aam [aːm] but aan [aːn] (醶) and am [ɐm] (黯)	am [am]	am [am]	e [e] but oe [ø] (函黯)	en [eɴ]	an [aɴ]	am [am]	am [am]	yam
嚴三開	i̯ɒm	jæm	iam	K	ian [iɛn]	im [iːm]	iam [iam]	iam [iam]	i [i]	on [oɴ]	en [eɴ]	eom [ʌm] but heum [hɯm] (欠)	iêm [iə̯m]	em
凡三合	i̯wɒm	jom	iam	F	an [an]	aan [aːn]	oan [uan]	am [fam]	e [e]	on [oɴ]	an [aɴ]	eom [ʌm]	am [am]	am
鹽三開	i̯äm	j(i)em	jiam	P	ian [iɛn]	in [iːn]	ian [ian]	iên [ien]	i [i]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	yeom [jʌm]	iêm [iə̯m]	em(/eem)
			iam	l,nr	ian [iɛn]	im [iːm]	iam [iam]	iam [iam]	i [i] /l_ oe [ø] /nr_	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	yeom [jʌm] /l_ but jeom [tɕʌm] (粘)	iêm [iə̯m]	em(/eem)
				TR	an [an]	im [iːm]	iam [iam]	am [am]	oe [ø]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	yeom [jʌm]	iêm [iə̯m]	em(/eem)
				SY	an [an]	im [iːm]	iam [iam]	am [am] iam [iam] /ny_	oe [ø]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	eom [ʌm]	iêm [iə̯m]	em(/eem)
				S	ian [iɛn]	im [iːm]	iam [iam]	iam [iam]	i [i]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	am [am]	iêm [iə̯m]	em(/eem)
			jiam	K	ian [iɛn]	im [iːm]	iam [iam]	iam [iam]	i [i]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	yeom [jʌm] /kh,g,h,y_ eom [ʌm] /k,x,ng,ʔ_	iêm [iə̯m]	em(/eem/yem)
添四開	iem	em	iam	T,l	ian [iɛn]	im [iːm]	iam [iam]	iam [iam]	i [i]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	yeom [jʌm]	iêm [iə̯m]	em
				S	ian [iɛn]	im [iːm]	iam [iam]	iam [iam]	i [i]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	am [am] eom [ʌm] /s_	iêm [iə̯m]	em
			jiam	K	ian [iɛn]	im [iːm]	iam [iam]	iam [iam]	i [i]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	yeom [jʌm]	iêm [iə̯m]	eem

咸攝（入聲） Xian She (Plosive Coda)

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
盍一開	âp	ap	ap	T,l	a [a]	aap [aːp]	ap [ap]	ab [ap]	aq [aʔ]	apu [oː]	apu [oː]	ap [ap]	ap [ap]	a
				K	e [ɤ]	ap [ɐp]	ap [ap]	ab [ap]	eq [əʔ]	apu [oː]	apu [oː]	ap [ap]	ap [ap]	o
合一開	â.p	op	ap	T,l	a [a]	aap [aːp]	ap [ap]	ab [ap]	aq [aʔ]	opu [oː]	opu [oː]	ap [ap]	ap [ap]	a
				S	a [a]	aap [aːp]	ap [ap]	ab [ap]	aq [aʔ]	opu [oː]	opu [oː]	ap [ap]	ap [ap]	a
				K	e [ɤ]	ap [ɐp]	ap [ap]	ab [ap]	eq [əʔ]	opu [oː]	opu [oː]	ap [ap] hap [hap] < k,kh_	ap [ap]	o
狎二開	ap	æp	jaːp	K	ia [iɑ]	aap [aːp] but aat [aːt] (壓)	ap [ap]	ab [ap]	aq [aʔ] iaq [iaʔ] /k_	epu [joː]	apu [oː]	ap [ap]	ap [ap]	ee
洽二開	ăp	ɛp	aːp	TR	a [a]	aap [aːp]	ap [ap]	ab [ap]	aq [aʔ]	epu [joː]	apu [oː]			a
				SR	a [a]	aap [aːp]	ap [ap]	ab [ap]	aq [aʔ]	epu [joː]	apu [oː]	ap [ap]	ap [ap]	a
			jaːp	K	ia [iɑ]	aap [aːp] but ap [ɐp] (恰)	ap [ap]	ab [ap]	aq [aʔ] also iaq [iaʔ] /h_	epu [joː]	apu [oː]	yeop [jʌp] eup [ɯp] /kh_ ap [ap] /x_	ap [ap]	ee
業三開	i̯ɒp	jæp	iap	K	ie [iɛ]	ip [iːp]	iap [iap]	iab [iap]	iq [iɪʔ]	opu [oː]	epu [joː]	eop [ʌp] yeop [jʌp] /x_	iêp [iə̯p]	ee/e
乏三合	i̯wɒp	jop	iap	F	fa [a]	faat [faːt] (法) fat [fɐt] (乏)	oat [uat]	fab [fap] (法) fad [fat] (乏)	faq [faʔ] (法) vaq [vaʔ] (乏)	opu [oː]	apu [oː]	beop [pʌp] (法) pip [pʰip] (乏)	phap [fap]	(f)a
葉三開	i̯äp	j(i)ep	iap	l,nr	ie [iɛ]	ip [iːp] but it [iːt] (捷睫)	iap [iap]	liab [liap] < l_ ngiab [ŋiap] < nr_	aq [aʔ] /l_ iq [iɪʔ] /nr_	epu [joː]	epu [joː]	yeop [jʌp] but seop [sʌp] (聶)	iêp [iə̯p]	ee/e
				TR	e [ɤ]	ip [iːp]	iap [iap]	ab [ap]	aq [aʔ]	epu [joː]	epu [joː]	yeop [jʌp] ap [ap] /trh_	iêp [iə̯p]	ee/e
				SY	e [ɤ]	ip [iːp]	iap [iap]	ab [ap]	eq [əʔ]	epu [joː]	epu [joː]	eop [ʌp] but yeop [ʌp] (喦)	iêp [iə̯p]	ee/e
				S	ie [iɛ]	ip [iːp]	iap [iap]	iab [iap]	iq [iɪʔ]	epu [joː]	epu [joː]	eop [ʌp]	iêp [iə̯p]	ee/e
			jiap	K	ie [iɛ]	ip [iːp]	iap [iap]	iab [iap]	iq [iɪʔ]	epu [joː]	epu [joː]	eop [ʌp] yeop [jʌp] /h,y_	iêp [iə̯p]	ee/e
帖四開	iep	ep	iap	T	ie [iɛ]	ip [iːp]	iap [iap]	iab [iap]	iq [iɪʔ]	epu [joː]	epu [joː]	yeop [jʌp]	iêp [iə̯p]	ee
				S	ie [iɛ]	ip [iːp]	iap [iap]	iab [iap]	iq [iɪʔ]	epu [joː]	epu [joː]	heop [hʌp] < ts_ eop [ʌp] /s_	iêp [iə̯p]	ee
			jiap	K	ie [iɛ] but ia [iɑ] (頰俠)	ip [iːp] but aap [aːp] (頰俠)	iap [iap]	iab [iap]	iaq [iaʔ] but iq [iɪʔ] (頰俠)	epu [joː]	epu [joː]	hyeop [hjʌp] < k,kh,x,h_ but gyeop [kjʌp] (唊)	iêp [iə̯p]	ee

深攝 Shen She

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
侵三開	i̯əm	(j)im	jim	P	ing [iɪŋ] (稟) in [in] (品)	an [ɐn]	in [in]	in [in]	in [in]	in [iɴ]	in [iɴ]	um [um]	âm [ə̆m]	im
			im	l,nr	in [in]	am [ɐm]	im [im]	im [im]	in [in]	in [iɴ]	in [iɴ]	im [im]	âm [ə̆m]	im
				TR	en [ən]	am [ɐm]	im [im]	em [əm]	en [ən]	in [iɴ]	in [iɴ]	im [im]	âm [ə̆m]	im
			əm	SR	en [ən]	am [ɐm]	im [im]	êm [em]	en [ən]	in [iɴ]	in [iɴ]	am [am]	âm [ə̆m]	him
			im	SY	en [ən]	am [ɐm]	im [im]	em [əm] im [im] /ny_	en [ən] in [in] /ny_	in [iɴ]	in [iɴ]	im [im]	âm [ə̆m]	im
				S	in [in] but ün [yn] (尋潯)	am [ɐm]	im [im]	im [im]	in [in]	in [iɴ]	in [iɴ]	im [im]	âm [ə̆m]	im
			jim	K	in [in]	am [ɐm] jam [jɐm] < kh,x_	im [im]	im [im]	in [in]	on [oɴ]	in [iɴ]	eum [ɯm]	âm [ə̆m]	im/yim
緝三開	i̯əp	(j)ip	ip	l	i [i]	ap [ɐp] but aap [aːp] (立白)	ip [ip]	êb [ep] but ib [ip] (立)	iq [iɪʔ]	ipu [juː]	ipu [juː]	ip [ip]	âp [ə̆p]	i
				TR	e [ɤ] (蟄) or i [ʅ] (縶)	at [ɐt] (蟄) or ap [ɐp] (縶)	ip [ip]	eb [əp] ib [ip] /nr_	eq [əʔ]	ipu [juː]	ipu [juː]	ip [ip]	âp [ə̆p]	i
			əp	SR	i [ʅ]	ap [ɐp] but aap [aːp] (澀白)	ip [ip]	êb [ep]	eq [əʔ]	ipu [juː]	ipu [juː]	eup [ɯp] /tsr_ ap [ap] /sr_	âp [ə̆p]	hi
			ip	SY	i [ʅ] ru [ɻu] < ny_	ap [ɐp]	ip [ip]	eb [əp] ib [ip] /ny_	eq [əʔ]	ipu [juː]	ipu [juː]	ip [ip] eup [ɯp] /sy_	âp [ə̆p]	i
				S	i [i]	ap [ɐp] (緝輯) or aap [aːp] (集習襲)	ip [ip]	ib [ip]	iq [iɪʔ]	ipu [juː]	ipu [juː]	ip [ip] eup [ɯp] /z_	âp [ə̆p]	i
			jip	K	i [i] but ei [ei] (給白)	ap [ɐp] jap [jɐp] < kh_	ip [ip]	ib [ip]	iq [iɪʔ]	opu [oː] ipu [juː] /ʔ_	ipu [juː]	eup [ɯp]	âp [ə̆p]	i/yi

山攝（開口舒聲） Shan She (Kaikou, Nasal Coda)

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
寒一開	ân	an	an	T,l	an [an]	aan [aːn]	an [an]	an [an]	e [e]	an [aɴ]	an [aɴ]	an [an]	an [an]	an
				S	an [an]	aan [aːn]	an [an]	an [an]	e [e]	an [aɴ]	an [aɴ]	an [an]	an [an]	an
				K	an [an]	on [ɔːn]	an [an]	on [on]	oe [ø]	an [aɴ]	an [aɴ]	an [an]	an [an]	an
刪二開	an	æn	aːn	P	an [an]	aan [aːn]	an [an]	an [an]	e [e]	en [eɴ]	an [aɴ]	an [an]	an [an]	an
				SR	an [an]	aan [aːn]	an [an]	an [an]	e [e]	en [eɴ]	an [aɴ]	an [an]	an [an]	an
			jaːn	K	ian [iɛn]	aan [aːn]	an [an]	ian [ian]	i [i]	en [eɴ]	an [aɴ]	an [an]	an [an]	yan
山二開	ăn	ɛn	aːn	P	an [an]	aan [aːn]	an [an]	an [an]	e [e]	en [eɴ]	an [aɴ]	an [an]	an [an] iên [iə̯n] /b_	an
				TR	an [an]	aan [aːn]	an [an]	an [an]	e [e]	en [eɴ]	an [aɴ]	an [an]	an [an]	an
				SR	an [an]	aan [aːn]	an [an]	an [an]	e [e]	en [eɴ]	an [aɴ]	an [an]	an [an]	an
			jaːn	K	ian [iɛn]	aan [aːn]	an [an]	ian [ian] an [an] /h_	i [i]	en [eɴ]	an [aɴ]	an [an]	an [an]	yan
元三開	i̯ɒn	jon	ian	K	ian [iɛn] but üan [yɛn] (軒)	in [iːn]	ian [ian]	ian [ian]	i [i]	on [oɴ]	en [eɴ]	eon [ʌn]	iên [iə̯n] but ôn [on] (言)	en
仙三開	i̯än	j(i)en	jian	P	ian [iɛn]	in [iːn]	ian [ian]	iên [ien]	i [i]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	yeon [jʌn]	iên [iə̯n]	en/een
			ian	l	ian [iɛn]	in [iːn]	ian [ian]	iên [ien]	i [i]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	yeon [jʌn]	iên [iə̯n]	en/een
				TR	an [an]	in [iːn]	ian [ian]	an [an]	oe [ø] i [i] /nr_	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	yeon [jʌn]	iên [iə̯n]	en/een
			an	SR	an [an]	in [iːn]	an [an]	an [an]	e [e]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	an [an]	iên [iə̯n]	en/een
			ian	SY	an [an]	in [iːn]	ian [ian]	an [an] yan [ian] < ny_	oe [ø]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	eon [ʌn]	iên [iə̯n]	een
				S	ian [iɛn]	in [iːn]	ian [ian]	iên [ien]	i [i]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	eon [ʌn]	iên [iə̯n]	en/een
			jian	K	ian [iɛn]	in [iːn]	ian [ian]	ian [ian]	i [i]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	eon [ʌn] yeon [jʌn] /kh,y_ (CN-B)	iên [iə̯n]	en/een
先四開	ien	en	jian	P	ian [iɛn]	in [iːn]	ian [ian]	iên [ien]	i [i]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	yeon [jʌn]	iên [iə̯n]	en
			ian	T,l	ian [iɛn]	in [iːn]	ian [ian]	iên [ien]	i [i]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	yeon [jʌn]	iên [iə̯n] uyên [wiə̯n] / l_	en
				S	ian [iɛn]	in [iːn]	ian [ian]	iên [ien]	i [i]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	eon [ʌn]	iên [iə̯n]	en/een
			jian	K	ian [iɛn]	in [iːn]	ian [ian]	ian [ian]	i [i]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	yeon [jʌn]	iên [iə̯n] also uyên [wiə̯n] /h_	en/een/yen

山攝（開口入聲） Shan She (Kaikou, Plosive Coda)

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
曷一開	ât	at	at	T,l	a [ɑ]	aat [aːt]	at [at]	ad [at]	aq [aʔ]	ati [atɕi], atu [atsu]	atu [atsu]	al [al]	at [at]	a
				S	a [ɑ]	aat [aːt]	at [at]	ad [at]	aq [aʔ]	ati [atɕi], atu [atsu]	atu [atsu]	al [al]	at [at]	a
				K	e [ɤ]	ot [ɔːt] aat [aːt] < ng,ʔ_	at [at]	od [ot]	eq [əʔ]	ati [atɕi], atu [atsu]	atu [atsu]	al [al]	at [at]	o
黠二開	at	æt	aːt	P	a [ɑ]	aat [aːt]	at [at]	ad [at]	aq [aʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	atu [atsu]	al [al]	at [at]	(a?)
				SR	a [ɑ]	aat [aːt]	at [at]	ad [at]	aq [aʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	atu [atsu]	al [al]	at [at]	a
			jaːt	K	ia [iɑ]	at [ɐt]	at [at]	ad [at] (瞎) od [ot] (轄)	aq [aʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	atu [atsu]	al [al]	at [at]	ee
鎋二開	ăt	ɛt	aːt	P	a [ɑ]	aat [aːt]	at [at]	ad [at]	aq [aʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu] but ati [atɕi] (八)	atu [atsu]	al [al]	at [at]	(a???)
				SR	a [ɑ]	aat [aːt]	at [at]	ad [at]	aq [aʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	atu [atsu]	al [al]	at [at]	(a???)
			jaːt	K	ia [iɑ]	aat [aːt]	at [at]		aq [aʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	atu [atsu]	al [al]	iêt [iə̯t]	ee
月三開	i̯ɒt	jot	iat	K	ie [iɛ]	it [iːt]	iat [iat]	iad [iat]	iq [iɪʔ]	oti [otɕi], otu [otsu]	etu [etsu]	al [al]	iêt [iə̯t]	e/ee
薛三開	i̯ät	j(i)et	jiat	P	ie [iɛ]	it [iːt]	iat [iat]	ied [iat]	iq [iɪʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	etu [etsu]	yeol [jʌl]	iêt [iə̯t]	ee
			iat	l	ie [iɛ]	it [iːt]	iat [iat]	iêd [iet]	iq [iɪʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	etu [etsu]	yeol [jʌl]	iêt [iə̯t]	ee
				TR	e [ɤ]	it [iːt]	iat [iat]	ad [at]	eq [əʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	etu [etsu]	yeol [jʌl]	iêt [iə̯t]	ee
			at	SR	e [ɤ]	aat [aːt]				eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	etu [etsu]	al [al]	iêt [iə̯t]	(ee????)
			iat	SY	e [ɤ]	it [iːt]	iat [iat]	ad [at] iad [iat] /ny_	eq [əʔ] iq [iɪʔ] /ny_	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	etu [etsu]	eol [ʌl]	iêt [iə̯t]	i/e
				S	ie [iɛ] but üe [yɛ] (薛)	it [iːt]	iat [iat]	ied [iet]	iq [iɪʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	etu [etsu]	eol [ʌl]	iêt [iə̯t]	ee
			jiat	K	ie [iɛ]	it [iːt]	iat [iat]	iad [iat]	iq [iɪʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	etu [etsu]	eol [ʌl]	iêt [iə̯t]	ee/e
屑四開	iet	et	jiat	P	ie [iɛ]	it [iːt]	iat [iat]	iêd [iet]	iq [iɪʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	etu [etsu]	yeol [jʌl]	iêt [iə̯t]	ee
			iat	T,l	ie [iɛ]	it [iːt]	iat [iat]	iêd [iet]	iq [iɪʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	etu [etsu]	yeol [jʌl] /th,d,n,l_ il [il] /t,d_	iêt [iə̯t]	ee
				S	ie [iɛ]	it [iːt]	iat [iat]	iêd [iet]	iq [iɪʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	etu [etsu]	eol [ʌl]	iêt [iə̯t]	ee
			jiat	K	ie [iɛ]	it [iːt]	iat [iat]	iad [iat]	iq [iɪʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	etu [etsu]	yeol [jʌl] eol [ʌl] /ng_	iêt [iə̯t] êt [et] /k_ (結)	ee/(y)ee

山攝（合口舒聲） Shan She (Hekou, Nasal Coda)

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
桓一合	uân	wan	uan	P	an [an]	un [uːn] but aan [aːn] (饅幔漫)	oan [uan]	an [an]	oe [ø]	an [aɴ]	an [aɴ]	an [an]	an [an]	on
				T,l	uan [uan]	yun [yːn]	oan [uan]	on [on]	oe [ø]	an [aɴ]	an [aɴ]	an [an]	oan [wan]	on
				S	uan [uan]	yun [yːn]	oan [uan]	on [on]	oe [ø]	an [aɴ]	an [aɴ]	an [an]	oan [wan]	on
				K	uan [uan]	un [uːn] wun [wuːn] < ng_	oan [uan]	uon [uon] /k_ fon [fon] < x_1,h_2 von [von] < x,h,ʔ_3 van [van] < h,ʔ_1 but yan [ian] (丸院)	uoe [uø]	wan [aɴ] [waɴ] /ʔ_	wan [aɴ] [waɴ] /ʔ_	wan [wan]	oan/(q)uan [wan]	on
刪二合	wan	wæn	waːn	SR	uan [uan]	aan [aːn]	oan [uan]	on [on]	oe [ø]	en [eɴ]	an [aɴ]	an [an]	oan [wan]	wan
				K	uan [uan]	waan [ʷaːn] waan [waːn] < ng_	oan [uan]	uan [uan] /k_ an [an] /h,ʔ_	ue [ue]	wen [eɴ]	wan [aɴ] [waɴ] /ʔ_	wan [wan]	oan/(q)uan [wan]	wan
山二合	wăn	wɛn	waːn	K	uan [uan]	waan [ʷaːn]	oan [uan]	uan [uan]	ue [ue]	wen [eɴ]	wan [aɴ]	wan [wan]	uyên [wiə̯n]	gwan, hun
元三合	i̯wɒn	jwon	yan	F	an [an]	aan [aːn]	oan [uan]	an [an]	e [e]	on [oɴ]	an [aɴ]	eon [ʌn] /_1 an [an] /_23	iên [iə̯n], an [an] an [an] /m_	(f)an
				K	üan [yɛn] but ruan [ɻuan] (阮) wan [ʋan] < ʔ_X	yun [yːn]	oan [uan]	ian [ian]	ioe [yø]	on [oɴ] won [oɴ] /ʔ_	wen [eɴ]	won [wʌn]	uyên [wiə̯n]	ween
仙三合	i̯wän	jw(i)en	yan	l	ian [iɛn] (戀) or uan [uan] (孌)	yun [yːn]	oan [uan]	iên [ien]	i [i]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	yeon [jʌn]	uyên [wiə̯n]	eeon
				TR	uan [uan]	yun [yːn]	oan [uan]	on [on]	oe [ø]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	yeon [jʌn]	uyên [wiə̯n]	ween
			uan	SR	uan [uan]	yun [yːn]	oan [uan]	on [on]	oe [ø]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	eon [ʌn]	uyên [wiə̯n] oan [wan] /dzr_	(ween? wan?)
			yan	SY	uan [uan]	yun [yːn]	oan [uan]	on [on] ion [ion] /ny_	oe [ø] ioe [yø] /ny_	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	eon [ʌn]	uyên [wiə̯n]	ween
				S	üan [yɛn]	yun [yːn]	oan [uan]	iên [ien]	i [i]	en [eɴ]	en [eɴ]	eon [ʌn]	uyên [wiə̯n] but oan [wan] (全)	ween
			jyan	K	üan [yɛn] but ian [iɛn] (沿鉛)	yun [yːn]	oan [uan] ian [ian] /j_	ian [ian]	ioe [yø]	wen [eɴ]	wen [eɴ]	yeon [jʌn] (CN-A) won [wʌn] (CN-B) but yeon [jʌn] /y_	uyên [wiə̯n] iên [iə̯n] /h_	ween/eeon/(y)ween
先四合	iwen	wen	jyan	K	üan [yɛn] but ian [iɛn] (縣)	yun [yːn]	ian [ian] oan [uan] /k,x_	ian [ian]	ioe [yø]	wen [eɴ]	wen [eɴ]	yeon [jʌn]	uyên [wiə̯n]	ween

山攝（合口入聲） Shan She (Hekou, Plosive Coda)

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
末一合	uât	wat	uat	P	o [uo]	ut [uːt]	oat [uat]	ad [at]	eq [əʔ]	ati [atɕi], atu [atsu]	atu [atsu]	al [al]	at [at]	wo
				T,l	uo [uo]	yut [yːt]	oat [uat]	od [ot]	eq [əʔ]	ati [atɕi], atu [atsu]	atu [atsu]	al [al]	oat [wat]	wo
				S	uo [uo]	yut [yːt]	oat [uat]	od [ot]	eq [əʔ]	ati [atɕi], atu [atsu]	atu [atsu]	al [al]	oat [wat]	wo
				K	uo [uo] kuo [kʰuo] /k_	kut [kʰuːt] but fut [fuːt] (闊) wut [wuːt] < h_ waat [waːt] < ʔ_	oat [uat]	fad [fat] (活闊) guad [kuat] (括)	uaq [uaʔ] but ueq [uəʔ] (活闊)	wati [atɕi], watu [atsu] wati [watɕi] /ʔ_	watu [atsu] [watsu] /ʔ_	wal [wal] al [al] /ʔ_	oat/(q)uat [wat]	wo
黠二合	wat	wæt	waːt	SR	ua [uɑ]	aat [aːt]	oat [uat]	od [ot]	eq [əʔ]	eti [etɕi]	atu [atsu]	al [al]	oat [wat]	wa
				K	ua [uɑ]	waat [ʷaːt]	oat [uat]	uad [uat]	uaq [uaʔ]	weti [etɕi]	watu [atsu] [watsu] /ʔ_	wal [wal]	oat/(q)uat [wat]	wa
鎋二合	wăt	wɛt	waːt	K	ua [uɑ]	waat [ʷaːt]	oat [uat]	vad [vat] < h_	uaq [uaʔ]	weti [etɕi]	watu [atsu] [watsu] /ʔ_	wal [wal] al [al] /ʔ_	ôt [ot]	wa
月三合	i̯wɒt	jwot	yat	F	a [ɑ]	at [ɐt] aat [aːt] /p_	oat [uat]	ad [at]	aq [aʔ]	oti [otɕi], otu [otsu]	atu [atsu]	eol [ʌl] also wol [wʌl] /b_	iêt [iə̯t] but at [at] (閥)	(f)a
				K	üe [yɛ]	yut [yːt]	oat [uat]	iad [iat]	ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ]	oti [otɕi], atu [atsu] woti [otɕi] < h_	wetu [etsu]	wol [wʌl]	uyêt [wiə̯t] iêt [iə̯t] /h_	wee/we/wa/wo
薛三合	i̯wät	jw(i)et	yat	l	üe [yɛ] but ie [iɛ] (劣)	yut [yːt]	oat [uat]	od [ot]	iq [iɪʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	etu [etsu]	yeol [jʌl]	iêt [iə̯t]	wee
				TR	uo [uo]	yut [yːt]	oat [uat]	od [ot]	eq [əʔ], oq [oʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	etu [etsu]	yeol [jʌl]	uyêt [wiə̯t]	wee
			uat	SR	uo [uo]	yut [yːt]	oat [uat]	od [ot]	eq [əʔ], oq [oʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	etu [etsu]	wal [wal]	uyêt [wiə̯t]	(wa???)
			yat	SY	uo [uo]	yut [yːt]	oat [uat]	od [ot]	eq [əʔ], oq [oʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	etu [etsu]	eol [ʌl]	uyêt [wiə̯t] iêt [iə̯t] /ny_	wee
				S	üe [yɛ]	yut [yːt]	oat [uat]	iêd [iet]	iq [iɪʔ]	eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]	etu [etsu]	eol [ʌl]	uyêt [wiə̯t]	wee
			jyat	K	üe [yɛ]	yut [yːt]	oat [uat]	iad [iat]	ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ]	weti [etɕi]	wetu [etsu]	yeol [jʌl] eol [ʌl] /k,ʔ_	uyêt [wiə̯t]	wee
屑四合	iwet	wet	jyat	K	üe [yɛ] but ie [iɛ] (血白)	yut [yːt] kyut [kʰyːt] < k,kh_	oat [uat] iat [iat] /x,h_	iad [iat]	ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ]	weti [etɕi]	wetu [etsu]	yeol [jʌl]	uyêt [wiə̯t]	wee

臻攝（開口） Zhen She (Kaikou)

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
痕一開	ən	on	ən	th	un [uən] (吞)	an [ɐn] (吞)	un [un] (吞)	un [un] (吞)	en [ən] (吞)	on [oɴ] (吞)	on [oɴ] (吞)	an [an] (吞)	ôn [on] (吞)
				K	en [ən]	an [ɐn] jan [jɐn] < ʔ_	un [un]	ên [en]	en [ən]	on [oɴ]	on [oɴ]	eun [ɯn] /_1 an [an] /_23 but eun [ɯn] (很)	ân [ə̆n]
欣三開	jən	jɨn	in	K	in [in]	an [ɐn]	un [un]	in [in] iun [iun] /g,ng_	in [in]	on [oɴ]	in [iɴ]	eun [ɯn]	ân [ə̆n]
真三開	jĕn	(j)in	jin	P	in [in]	an [ɐn]	in [in]	in [in]	in [in]	in [iɴ]	in [iɴ]	in [in]	ân [ə̆n]
			in	l	in [in]	eon [ɵn]	in [in]	in [in]	in [in]	in [iɴ]	in [iɴ]	in [in]	ân [ə̆n]
				TR	en [ən]	an [ɐn]	in [in]	en [ən]	en [ən]	in [iɴ]	in [iɴ]	in [in]	ân [ə̆n]
				SY	en [ən]	an [ɐn]	in [in]	en [ən] iun [iun] /ny_ but yin [in] (仁)	en [ən]	in [iɴ]	in [iɴ]	in [in]	ân [ə̆n]
				S	in [in] but ün [yn] (訊汛)	eon [ɵn] an [ɐn] /tsh,s_1	in [in]	in [in]	in [in]	in [iɴ]	in [iɴ]	in [in]	ân [ə̆n]
			jin	K	in [in]	an [ɐn]	in [in]	in [in] iun [iun] /g,ng_	in [in]	in [iɴ] (CN-A) on [oɴ] (CN-B)	in [iɴ]	in [in] /k,h,ʔ,y_ but eon [ʌn] (巾) eun [ɯn] /kh,g,x,ng_	ân [ə̆n]
臻三開	jɛn	in	ən	SR	en [ən]	an [ɐn] eon [ɵn] /tsr_	in [in]	in [in]	en [ən]	in [iɴ]	in [iɴ]	in [in]	ân [ə̆n] ăn [ăn] /tsr_
麧一開	ət	ot	ət	h	e [ɤ]	at [ɐt]		êd [et](?)		oti [otɕi], otu [otsu]	otu [otsu]	eol [ʌl]	ôt [ot]
迄三開	jət	jɨt	it	K	i [i]	at [ɐt]	it [it]	id [it]	iq [iɪʔ]	oti [otɕi]	itu [itsu]	eul [ɯl] but eol [ʌl] (乞)	ât [ə̆t]
質三開	jĕt	(j)it	jit	P	i [i]	at [ɐt] but it [iːt] (必)	it [it]	id [it] êd [et] /m_	iq [iɪʔ]	iti [itɕi]	itu [itsu]	il [il]	ât [ə̆t]
			it	l	i [i]	eot [ɵt]	it [it]	id [it]	iq [iɪʔ]	iti [itɕi]	itu [itsu]	yul [jul]	ât [ə̆t]
				TR	i [ʅ]	at [ɐt] but dit [tiːt] (秩)	it [it]	ed [ət]	eq [əʔ]	iti [itɕi]	itu [itsu]	il [il]	ât [ə̆t]
				SY	i [ʅ]	at [ɐt]	it [it]	ed [ət] id [it] /ny_	eq [əʔ] also iq [iɪʔ] /ny_	iti [itɕi]	itu [itsu]	il [il]	ât [ə̆t]
				S	i [i]	at [ɐt]	it [it]	id [it]	iq [iɪʔ]	iti [itɕi]	itu [itsu]	il [il], eul [ɯl]	ât [ə̆t]
			jit	K	i [i]	at [ɐt] but yut [yːt] (乙)	it [it]	id [it] but iad [iat] (乙)	iq [iɪʔ]	oti [otɕi], otu [otsu]	itu [itsu]	il [il] but eul [ɯl] (乙)	ât [ə̆t]
櫛三開	jɛt	it	ət	SR	e [ɤ] (瑟) i [ʅ] (櫛陸蝨) ie [iɛ] (櫛台)	at [ɐt] but it [iːt] (櫛)	it [it]	id [it] (瑟) êd [et] (蝨) iêd [iet] (櫛)	əq [əʔ]	iti [itɕi]	itu [itsu]	eul [ɯl] but il [il] (蟋)	ât [ə̆t]

臻攝（合口） Zhen She (Hekou)

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
魂一合	uən	won	un	P	en [ən]	an [ɐn], un [uːn]	un [un]	un [un]	en [ən]	on [oɴ]	on [oɴ]	un [un] but on [on] (本)	ôn [on] also an [an] (本)
				T,l	un [uən] en [ən] /n_	eon [ɵn] yun [yːn] /d_1,n_	un [un]	un [un]	en [ən]	on [oɴ]	on [oɴ]	on [on], un [un]	ôn [on] uân [wə̆n] /l_
				S	un [uən] ün [yn] /s_3	yun [yːn] eon [ɵn] /ts_1,s_3	un [un]	un [un]	en [ən]	on [oɴ]	on [oɴ]	on [on] also un [un] /ts,dz_	ôn [on]
				K	un [uən]	wan [ʷɐn] kwan [kʰʷɐn] < kh_ wan [wɐn] < ng_	un [un]	un [un]	uen [uən]	on [oɴ] won [oɴ] /ʔ_	on [oɴ] won [oɴ] /ʔ_	on [on]	ôn [on]
文三合	juən	jun	yn	F	en [ən]	an [ɐn]	un [un]	un [un]	en [ən]	un [uɴ]	un [uɴ]	un [un]	ân [ə̆n]
				K	ün [yn]	wan [ʷɐn]	un [un]	iun [iun] but ian [ian] (員) un [un] /x,ʔ_	iun [yn], ion [ioŋ]	un [uɴ]	un [uɴ]	un [un] on [on] /ʔ_	uân [wə̆n] ân [ə̆n] /h_
真三合	juĕn	win	yn	K	ün [yn] but iong [yʊŋ] (窘)	wan [ʷɐn]	un [un]	iun [iun]	iun [yn]	on [oɴ] in [iɴ] /h_	in [iɴ]	yun [jun] un [un] /h_	uân [wə̆n] vân [və̆n] < h_
淳三合	juĕn	(j)win	yn	l	un [uən]	eon [ɵn]	un [un]	un [un]	ən [ən]	in [iɴ]	in [iɴ]	yun [jun]	uân [wə̆n]
				TR	un [uən]	eon [ɵn]	un [un]	un [un]	en [ən]	yun [juɴ]	yun [juɴ]	un [un] /trh_ yun [jun] /tr_	uân [wə̆n]
				SY	un [uən]	eon [ɵn]	un [un]	un [un] yun [iun] < ny_	ən [ən]	yun [juɴ]	yun [juɴ]	un [un]	uân [wə̆n]
				S	ün [yn] un [uən] /ts_1,s_2	eon [ɵn]	un [un]	un [un]	iun [yn]	yun [juɴ]	yun [juɴ]	un [un]	uân [wə̆n]
			jyn	K	ün [yn] but in [in] (尹)	wan [ʷɐn]	un [un]	iun [iun]	iun [yn], ion [ioŋ] but in [in] (尹)	in [iɴ]	in [iɴ]	yun [jun]	uân [wə̆n]
沒一合	uət	wot	ut	P	o [uo] but ei [ei] (沒白)	ut [uːt]	ut [ut]	ud [ut]	eq [əʔ]	oti [otɕi], otu [otsu]	otu [otsu]	al [al]	ôt [ot]
				T,l	u [u]	eot [ɵt] also at [ɐt] /n_ at [ɐt] /d_	ut [ut]	ud [ut]	eq [əʔ]	oti [otɕi], otu [otsu]	otu [otsu]	ol [ol] ul [ul] /n_ yul [ul] /l_	ôt [ot]
				S	u [u]	yut [yːt] but eot [ɵt] (卒)	ut [ut]	ud [ut]	eq [əʔ]	oti [otɕi], otu [otsu]	otu [otsu]	ol [ol]	ôt [ot]
				K	u [u]	wat [ʷɐt]	ut [ut]	ud [ut]	ueq [uəʔ] but oq [oʔ] (忽淴)	oti [otɕi], otu [otsu]	otu [otsu]	ol [ol] ul [ul] /k_	ôt [ot]
物三合	juət	jut	yt	F	u [u] but uo [uo] (佛)	at [ɐt]	ut [ut]	ud [ut]	eq [əʔ]	oti [otɕi], otu [otsu]	utu [otsu]	ul [ul]	ât [ə̆t]
				K	ü [y] üe [yɛ] /k,g,ng_	wat [ʷɐt] but wat [wɐt] (屈)	ut [ut]	iud [iut]	ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ]	uti [utɕi]	utu [otsu]	ul [ul]	uât [wə̆t]
質三合	juĕt	wit	yt	K	ü [y]	at [ɐt]				iti [itɕi]	itu [itsu]	yul [jul]
術三合	juĕt	(j)wit	yt	l	ü [y]	eot [ɵt]	ut [ut]	ud [ut], id [it]	iq [iɪʔ]	iti [itɕi]	itu [itsu]	yul [jul]	uât [wə̆t]
				TR	u [u]	eot [ɵt]	ut [ut]	od [ot]	oq [oʔ]	yuti [jutɕi], yutu [jutsu]	yutu [jutsu]	yul [jul]	uât [wə̆t]
			ut	SR	uai [uai]	eot [ɵt]	ut [ut]	ud [ut]	eq [əʔ]	yuti [jutɕi], yutu [jutsu]	yutu [jutsu]	ol [ol]	uât [wə̆t]
			yt	SY	u [u]	eot [ɵt]	ut [ut]	ud [ut]	eq [əʔ]	yuti [jutɕi], yutu [jutsu]	yutu [jutsu]	ul [ul]	uât [wə̆t]
				S	ü [y]	eot [ɵt]	ut [ut]	ud [ut]	ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ] but iq [iɪʔ] (戌)	yuti [jutɕi], yutu [jutsu]	yutu [jutsu]	ol [ol] ul [ul] /s_	uât [wə̆t]
			jyt	K	ü [y]	wat [ʷɐt]	ut [ut]	id [it]	ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ]	iti [itɕi], itu [itsu]	itu [itsu]	yul [jul]	uât [wə̆t]

宕攝 Dang She

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
唐一開	âng	ang	aŋ	P	ang [ɑŋ]	ong [ɔːŋ]	ong [ɔŋ]	ong [oŋ]	aon [ɑ̃]	au [oː]	au [oː]	ang [aŋ]	ang [aŋ]	ang
				T,l	ang [ɑŋ]	ong [ɔːŋ]	ong [ɔŋ]	ong [oŋ]	aon [ɑ̃]	au [oː]	au [oː]	ang [aŋ]	ang [aŋ] ương [ɨə̯ŋ] /d_1	ang
				S	ang [ɑŋ]	ong [ɔːŋ]	ong [ɔŋ]	ong [oŋ]	aon [ɑ̃]	au [oː]	au [oː]	ang [aŋ]	ang [aŋ] ương [ɨə̯ŋ] /tsh_	ang
				K	ang [ɑŋ]	ong [ɔːŋ] kong [kʰɔːŋ] < kh_3	ong [ɔŋ]	ong [oŋ]	aon [ɑ̃]	au [oː]	au [oː]	ang [aŋ]	ang [aŋ] ương [ɨə̯ŋ] /k_	ang
陽三開	i̯ang	jang	iaŋ	l,nr	iang [iɑŋ]	oeng [œːŋ]	iong [iɔŋ]	iong [ioŋ]	ian [iã]	au [oː]	au [oː]	yang [jaŋ] but ang [aŋ] (釀)	ương [ɨə̯ŋ]	yang
				TR	ang [ɑŋ]	oeng [œːŋ]	iong [iɔŋ]	ong [oŋ]	an [ã]	yau [joː]	yau [joː]	yang [jaŋ]	ương [ɨə̯ŋ]	yang
			aːŋ	SR	uang [uɑŋ]	ong [ɔːŋ] /tsr,tsrh,dzr_ oeng [œːŋ] /sr_	ong [ɔŋ]	ong [oŋ]	aon [ɑ̃]	yau [joː], au [oː]	yau [joː], au [oː]	ang [aŋ]	ang [aŋ] ương [ɨə̯ŋ] /sr_	hang
			iaŋ	SY	ang [ɑŋ]	oeng [œːŋ]	iong [iɔŋ]	ong [oŋ] yong [ioŋ] < ny_	aon [ɑ̃] ian [iã] < ny_	yau [joː], au [oː]	yau [joː], au [oː]	ang [aŋ]	ương [ɨə̯ŋ]	yang
				S	iang [iɑŋ]	oeng [œːŋ]	iong [iɔŋ]	iong [ioŋ]	ian [iã]	yau [joː], au [oː]	yau [joː], au [oː]	ang [aŋ]	ương [ɨə̯ŋ]	yang
				K	iang [iɑŋ]	oeng [œːŋ]	iong [iɔŋ]	iong [ioŋ]	ian [iã]	au [oː] yau [joː] /ʔ,y_	yau [oː]	ang [aŋ] yang [jaŋ] /x,y_	ương [ɨə̯ŋ]	yang, eeing
鐸一開	âk	ak	ak	P	o [uo]	ok [ɔːk]	ok [ɔk]	og [ok]	oq [oʔ]	aku [aku]	aku [aku]	ak [ak]	ac [ak]	aw
				T,l	uo [uo]	ok [ɔːk]	ok [ɔk]	og [ok]	oq [oʔ]	aku [aku]	aku [aku]	ak [ak]	ac [ak]	aw
				S	uo [uo]	ok [ɔːk]	ok [ɔk]	og [ok]	oq [oʔ]	aku [aku]	aku [aku]	ak [ak]	ac [ak]	aw
				K	e [ɤ]	ok [ɔːk]	ok [ɔk]	og [ok]	oq [oʔ]	aku [aku]	aku [aku]	ak [ak]	ac [ak] but ach [ajk] (格)	aw
藥三開	i̯ak	jak	iak	l	LIT üe [yɛ]	oek[œːk]	iok [iɔk]	iog [iok]	iaq [iaʔ]	aku [aku]	aku [aku]	yak [jak]	ươc [ɨə̯k]	ew/eew
				TR	LIT uo [uo] COL ao [ɑu] (著)	oek[œːk]	iok [iɔk]	og [ok]	aq [aʔ]	yaku [jaku]	yaku [jaku]	yak [jak]	ươc [ɨə̯k]	(aw? ew/eew?)
				SY	LIT uo [uo] COL ao [ɑu] (勺)	oek[œːk]	iok [iɔk]	og [ok]	oq [oʔ] aq [aʔ] /ny_	aku [aku]	yaku [jaku]	ak [ak]	ươc [ɨə̯k]	(aw? ew/eew?)
				S	LIT üe [yɛ] COL iao [iɑu] (雀嚼削)	oek[œːk]	iok [iɔk]	iog [iok]	iaq [iaʔ]	aku [aku]	yaku [jaku]	ak [ak]	ươc [ɨə̯k]	ew/eew
				K	LIT üe [yɛ] COL iao [iɑu] (腳藥鑰)	oek[œːk]	iok [iɔk]	iog [iok]	iaq [iaʔ]	aku [aku] yaku [jaku] /ʔ,y_	yaku [jaku]	ak [ak] yak [jak] /ʔ,y_	ươc [ɨə̯k]	ew/eew
唐一合	wâng	wang	uaŋ	K	uang [uɑŋ]	wong [ʷɔːŋ]	ong [ɔŋ]	uong [uoŋ] /k_ ong [oŋ] /x,h,ʔ_	uaon [uɑ̃]	wau [oː]	wau [oː]	wang [waŋ]	oang/(q)uang [waŋ]	wang/ong
陽三合	i̯wang	jwang	yaŋ	F	ang [ɑŋ]	ong [ɔːŋ]	ong [ɔŋ]	ong [oŋ]	aon [ɑ̃]	au [oː]	au [oː]	ang [aŋ]	ong [awŋ], ang [aŋ], ương [ɨə̯ŋ] ong [awŋ] /m_	(f)ang
				K	uang [uɑŋ]	wong [ʷɔːŋ] hong [hɔːŋ] < kh_	ong [ɔŋ]	ong [oŋ] iong [ioŋ] /kh_	uaon [uɑ̃]	wau [oː]	yau [joː] au [oː] < h,y_	wang [waŋ]	uông [uə̯ŋ] ương [ɨə̯ŋ] /h_	weeng, wang
鐸一合	wâk	wak	uak	K	uo [uo]	wok [ʷɔːk]	ok [ɔk]	uog [uok] /k,kh_ og [ok] /x,h_	oq [oʔ]	waku [aku] [waku] < h,ʔ_	waku [aku] [waku] < h,ʔ_	wak [wak]	oach/(q)uach [wajk]	waw
藥三合	i̯wak	jwak	yak	b	fu [fu] (縛)	bok [pɔːk]	ok [ɔk]	piog [pʰiok]	boq [boʔ]	aku [aku]	aku [aku]	ak [ak]		(f)aw
				K	üe [yɛ]	wok [wɔːk] fok [fɔːk] < k,x_	iok [iɔk]	iog [iok]	ioq [ioʔ]	waku [aku]	yaku [jaku] waku [waku] /ʔ_	wak [wak]	quăc [kwăk] < k_	weew

曾攝 Zeng She

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
登一開	əng	ong	əə̆ŋ	P	eng [ɤŋ]	ang [ɐŋ]	eng [iŋ]	ên [en]	an [ã]	ou [oː]	ou [oː]	ung [uŋ] ong [oŋ] /m_	ăng [ăŋ]	hing
				T	eng [ɤŋ]	ang [ɐŋ]	eng [iŋ]	ên [en]	en [ən]	ou [oː]	ou [oː]	eung [ɯŋ]	ăng [ăŋ]	hing
				l	eng [ɤŋ]	ing [ɪŋ]	eng [iŋ]	in [in]		ou [oː]	ou [oː]	eung [ɯŋ]	ăng [ăŋ]	hing
				S	eng [ɤŋ]	ang [ɐŋ]	eng [iŋ]	ên [en]	en [ən]	ou [oː]	ou [oː]	eung [ɯŋ]	ăng [ăŋ]	hing
				K	eng [ɤŋ] but en [ən] (肯)	ang [ɐŋ]	eng [iŋ]	ên [en]	en [ən]	ou [oː]	ou [oː]	eung [ɯŋ] but ang [aŋ] /h_	ăng [ăŋ]	hing
蒸三開	i̯əng	ing	iə̆ŋ	P	ing [iɪŋ]	ing [ɪŋ]	eng [iŋ]	ên [en]	in [in]	you [joː]	you [joː]	ing [iŋ]	ăng [ăŋ]	ing
				l	ing [iɪŋ]	ing [ɪŋ]	eng [iŋ]	in [in]	in [in]	you [joː]	you [joː]	eung [ɯŋ]	ăng [ăŋ]	ing
				TR	eng [ɤŋ]	ing [ɪŋ]	eng [iŋ]	en [ən]	en [ən]	you [joː]	you [joː]	ing [iŋ]	ưng [ɨŋ]	ing
			əə̆ŋ	SR	eng [ɤŋ]	ang [ɐŋ]				you [joː]	you [joː]	eung [ɯŋ]	ăng [ăŋ]	ing
			iə̆ŋ	SY	eng [ɤŋ]	ing [ɪŋ]	eng [iŋ]	en [ən] yin [in] < ny_	en [ən]	you [joː]	you [joː]	eung [ɯŋ] ing [iŋ] /tsyh,ny_	ưng [ɨŋ] ăng [ăŋ] /sy,dzy_	ing
				S	eng [ɤŋ]	ang [ɐŋ]	eng [iŋ]	ên [en]	en [ən]	you [joː]	you [joː]	eung [ɯŋ]	ăng [ăŋ]	ing
				K	ing [iɪŋ] but ün [yn] (孕)	ing [ɪŋ] but jan [jɐn] (孕)	eng [iŋ]	in [in] but ên [en] (凝)	in [in] but iun [yn] or ion [ion] (孕)	ou [oː] also you [joː] /k,kh,g,x_	you [joː]	eung [ɯŋ] ing [iŋ] /y_	ăng [ăŋ] ưng [ɨŋ] /k_	ing
德一開	ək	ok	ək	P	LIT o [uo] COL ei [ei] (北)	ak [ɐk]	ak [ak]	êd [et]	oq [oʔ]	oku [oku]	oku [oku]	uk [uk]	ăc [ăk]	ue
				T,l	LIT e [ɤ] COL ei [ei] (得忒勒肋)	ak [ɐk]	ek [ik]	êd [et] but id [it] (特)	eq [əʔ]	oku [oku]	oku [oku]	euk [ɯk] but ok [ok] (德)	ăc [ăk] ưc [ɨk] /t_	hiy
				S	LIT e [ɤ] COL ei [ei] (賊塞)	ak [ɐk]	ek [ik]	êd [et]	eq [əʔ]	oku [oku]	oku [oku]	ik [ik] (則) eok [ʌk] (賊) aek [ɛk] (塞)	ăc [ăk]	hiy
				K	LIT e [ɤ] COL ei [ei] (黑)	ak [ɐk]	ek [ik]	êd [et]	eq [əʔ]	oku [oku]	oku [oku]	euk [ɯk] but ak [ak] (刻) and aek [ɛk] (劾)	ăc [ăk]	hiy, iy
職三開	i̯ək	ik	iə̆k	P	i [i]	ik [ɪk]	ek [ik]	id [it]	iq [iɪʔ]	iki [iki]	yoku [joku]	yeok [jʌk] but pip [pʰip] (逼偪愊)	ưc [ɨk]	i
				l,nr	i [i]	ik [ɪk]	ek [ik]	id [it]	iq [iɪʔ]	iki [iki] /l_ yoku [joku] /nr_	yoku [joku]	yeok [jʌk] /l_ ik [ik] /nr_	ưc [ɨk]	i
				TR	i [ʅ]	ik [ɪk]	ek [ik]	ed [ət]	eq [əʔ]	iki [iki]	yoku [joku]	ik [ik] but yeok [jʌk] (陟)	ăc [ăk] ưc [ɨk] /dr_	i
			ək	SR	LIT e [ɤ] and onset is plain alveolar COL ai [ai] (色)	ak [ɐk] /tsr,tsrh,dzr_ ik [ɪk] /sr_	ek [ik]	êd [et]	eq [əʔ]	iki [iki]	yoku [joku]	euk [ɯk] aek [ɛk] /sr_	ăc [ăk]	hiy
			iə̆k	SY	i [ʅ]	ik [ɪk]	ek [ik]	ed [ət]	eq [əʔ]	iki [iki]	yoku [joku]	ik [ik]	ưc [ɨk]	i
				S	i [i]	ik [ɪk]	ek [ik]	id [it]	iq [iɪʔ]	iki [iki], oku [oku]	yoku [joku]	ik [ik] /s_ euk [ɯk] /ts_ except 稷 (ik)	ưc [ɨk]	i
				K	i [i]	ik [ɪk]	ek [ik]	id [it]	iq [iɪʔ]	oku [oku]	yoku [joku]	euk [ɯk] eok [ʌk] /ng,ʔ_ ik [ik] /y_	ưc [ɨk]	i
登一合	wəng	wong	uə̆ŋ	K	ong [ʊŋ]	gwang [kʷɐŋ] < k,h_ wang [wɐŋ] < x_	ong [ɔŋ]	ên [en]	on [oŋ]	ou [oː]	ou [oː]	oeng [weŋ] /k_ ong [oŋ] /h_ ung [uŋ] /x_	oăng/(q)uăng [wăŋ]	ung, wung
德一合	wək	wok	uə̆k	K	uo [uo]	gwok [kʷɔːk] < k_ waak [waːk] < h_	ok [ɔk] /k ek [ik] /h_	uêd [uet] /k êd [et] /h_	oq [oʔ]	oku [oku] waku [waku] < h_	oku [oku]	uk [uk] /k_ ok [ok] /h_	oăc [wăk] /h_ quôc [kuə̯k ~ wə̆k] < k_ (國)	ue(?)
職三合	i̯wək	wik	yə̆k	K	ü [y]	gwik [kʷɪk] < x_ wik [wɪk] < h_	ek [ik]	êd [et]	ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ]	oku [oku] wiki [iki] < h_	yoku [joku]	yeok [jʌk]	ưc [ɨk]	ue

梗攝（開口舒聲） Geng She (Kaikou, Nasal Coda)

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
庚二開	ɒng	æng	aːjŋ	P	eng [ɤŋ] but ang [ɑŋ] (盲)	aang [aːŋ]	eng [iŋ]	ang [aŋ]	an [ã]	yau [joː]	au [oː]	aeng [ɛŋ], ang [aŋ]	anh [ajŋ], ang [aŋ] anh [ajŋ] /m_	hing, (m)ung
				(t)	da [tɑ] (打)	daa [taː] (打)	taⁿ [tã] (打)	da [ta] (打)	tan [tã] (打)	tyau [tɕoː] (打)	tei [teː] (打)	ta [tʰa] (打)	đa [ɗa] (打)	hing
				l	leng [lɤŋ] (冷)	laang [laːŋ] (冷)	eng [iŋ] (冷)	lang [laŋ] (冷)	lan [lã] (冷)	ryau [ɺjoː] (冷)	rei [ɺeː] (冷)	raeng [ɾɛŋ] (冷)	lanh [lajŋ] (冷)	hing
				nr	ing [iɪŋ]	ing [ɪŋ]	eng [iŋ]	ên [en]	in [in]	yau [joː]	au [oː]	yeong [jʌŋ]	anh [ajŋ], inh [ɪjŋ]	hing
				TR	eng [ɤŋ]	aang [aːŋ]	eng [iŋ]	en [ən]	an [ã]	yau [joː]	au [oː]	yeong [jʌŋ], aeng [ɛŋ]	anh [ajŋ]	hing
				SR	eng [ɤŋ]	aang [aːŋ]	eng [iŋ]	ên [en]	en [ən]	yau [joː]	au [oː]	aeng [ɛŋ] but eong [ʌŋ] (猩) ang [aŋ] (傖)	anh [ajŋ]	hing
			jaːjŋ	K	eng [ɤŋ] but ing [iɪŋ] (行杏)	ang [ɐŋ] aang [aːŋ] /kh_	eng [iŋ]	ang [aŋ] /k,kh_ ên [en] /x,h_	an [ã]	yau [joː]	au [oː]	yeong [jʌŋ], aeng [ɛŋ]	anh [ajŋ] also ang [aŋ] (行)	eeing
耕二開	ɛng	ɛng	aːjŋ	P	eng [ɤŋ] but in [in] (拼) and ang [ɑŋ] (鼆)	aang [aːŋ] but ing [ɪŋ] (拼迸) ang [ɐŋ] /m_ but an [ɐn] (鼆)	eng [iŋ]	ang [aŋ] but in (拼)	an [ã]	yau [joː]	au [oː]	yeong [jʌŋ] /_13 aeng [ɛŋ] /_12	anh [ajŋ]	hing
				TR	eng [ɤŋ]	aang [aːŋ]	eng [iŋ]	ang [aŋ]	en [ən]	yau [joː]	au [oː]	yeong [jʌŋ] but jeung [tɕɯŋ] (橙)	anh [ajŋ] but inh [ɪjŋ] (丁)	hing
				SR	eng [ɤŋ]	ang [ɐŋ]	eng [iŋ]	ên [en]	en [ən]	yau [joː]	au [oː]	aeng [ɛŋ] but eong [ʌŋ] (淨埩)	anh [ajŋ]	hing
			jaːjŋ	K	eng [ɤŋ] /k,kh_ ing [iɪŋ] /ng,h,ʔ_	aang [aːŋ] ang [ɐŋ] /h_	eng [iŋ]	ang [aŋ] /k,kh_ ên [en] /h_ in [in] /ʔ_	en [ən] /k,kh_ in [in] /h,ʔ_	yau [joː]	au [oː]	yeong [jʌŋ] also aeng [ɛŋ] /kh,h,ʔ_	anh [ajŋ] but oanh [wajŋ] (鶯)	hing
庚三開	i̯ɒng	jæng	iajŋ	P	ing [iɪŋ] but in [in] (皿)	LIT ing [ɪŋ] COL eng [ɛːŋ]	eng [iŋ]	in [in], iang [iaŋ] but ên [en] (盟皿)	in [in] but en [ən] (盟)	yau [joː]	ei [eː]	yeong [jʌŋ]	inh [ɪjŋ] ênh [əjŋ] /_3 also anh [ajŋ] (命)	ing
			ajŋ	SR	eng [ɤŋ]	aang [aːŋ]	eng [iŋ]	ên [en], ang [aŋ]	an [ã]	yau [joː]	ei [eː]	aeng [ɛŋ]	inh [ɪjŋ]	ing
			iajŋ	K	ing [iɪŋ]	LIT ing [ɪŋ] COL eng [ɛːŋ]	eng [iŋ]	in [in], iang [iaŋ]	in [in]	yau [joː]	ei [eː]	yeong [jʌŋ]	anh [ajŋ] inh [ɪjŋ] /k,g_13 ênh [əjŋ] /ng_ (迎)	eeing
清三開	i̯äng	j(i)eng	jiajŋ	P	ing [iɪŋ] but in [in] (聘)	LIT ing [ɪŋ] COL eng [ɛːŋ]	eng [iŋ]	in [in] but iang [iaŋ] (餅名)	in [in]	yau [joː]	ei [eː]	yeong [jʌŋ]	inh [ɪjŋ]	hing, (m)ung
			iajŋ	l	ing [iɪŋ]	LIT ing [ɪŋ] COL eng [ɛːŋ]	eng [iŋ]	iang [iaŋ]	in [in]	yau [joː]	ei [eː]	yeong [jʌŋ]	anh [ajŋ], inh [ɪjŋ]	ing
				TR	eng [ɤŋ] but en [ən] (貞)	ing [ɪŋ]	eng [iŋ]	en [ən]	en [ən]	yau [joː]	ei [eː]	yeong [jʌŋ]	inh [ɪjŋ]	ing
				SY	eng [ɤŋ]	LIT ing [ɪŋ] COL eng [ɛːŋ]	eng [iŋ]	en [ən], ang [aŋ]	en [ən]	yau [joː]	ei [eː]	eong [ʌŋ]	inh [ɪjŋ] anh [ajŋ] /sy,zy_	ing
				S	ing [iɪŋ]	LIT ing [ɪŋ] COL eng [ɛːŋ]	eng [iŋ]	in [in], iang [iaŋ]	in [in]	yau [joː]	ei [eː]	eong [ʌŋ]	inh [ɪjŋ] anh [ajŋ] /tsh_	ing
			jiajŋ	K	ing [iɪŋ]	LIT ing [ɪŋ] COL eng [ɛːŋ]	eng [iŋ]	in [in], iang [iaŋ]	in [in]	yau [joː]	ei [eː]	yeong [jʌŋ]	inh [ɪjŋ] anh [ajŋ] /ʔ_	eeing
青四開	ieng	eng	jiajŋ	P	ing [iɪŋ]	ing [ɪŋ]	eng [iŋ]	in [in], ên [en]	in [in]	yau [joː]	ei [eː]	yeong [jʌŋ]	inh [ɪjŋ]	ing
			iajŋ	T,l	ing [iɪŋ]	LIT ing [ɪŋ] COL eng [ɛːŋ]	eng [iŋ]	in [in], ên [en] in [in], ang [aŋ] /l_	in [in]	yau [joː]	ei [eː]	yeong [jʌŋ]	inh [ɪjŋ]	ing
				S	ing [iɪŋ]	LIT ing [ɪŋ] COL eng [ɛːŋ]	eng [iŋ]	iang [iaŋ], ên [en]	in [in]	yau [joː]	ei [eː]	eong [ʌŋ]	inh [ɪjŋ] anh [ajŋ] /tsh_	ing
			jiajŋ	K	ing [iɪŋ]	ing [ɪŋ]	eng [iŋ]	in [in], iang [iaŋ]	in [in]	yau [joː]	ei [eː]	yeong [jʌŋ]	inh [ɪjŋ] anh [ajŋ] /kh_	ing

梗攝（開口入聲） Geng She (Kaikou, Plosive Coda)

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
陌二開	ɒk	æk	aːjk	P	LIT o [uo] COL ai [ai] (伯百拍白)	aak [aːk] ak [ɐk] /m_	ek [ik]	ag [ak], og [ok]	aq [aʔ]	yaku [jaku]	aku [aku]	aek [ɛk] some ak [ak]	ach [ajk]	ay(!)
				TR	LIT e [ɤ] and onset may be plain alveolar (澤擇) COL ai [ai] (宅)	aak [aːk]	ek [ik]	êd [et]	aq [aʔ], eq [əʔ]	yaku [jaku]	aku [aku]	aek [ɛk], yaek [jɛk]	ach [ajk]	ay(!)
				SR	LIT e [ɤ] and onset may be plain alveolar (嘖) COL ai [ai] (窄)	aak [aːk]	ek [ik]	ag [ak]	aq [aʔ]	yaku [jaku]	aku [aku]	aek [ɛk] but ak [ak] (窄岝)	ach [ajk]	ay(!)
			jaːjk	K	e [ɤ] but ia [iɑ] (嚇)	aak [aːk]	ek [ik]	ag [ak]	aq [aʔ]	yaku [jaku]	aku [aku]	yeok [jʌk] /k,x,h_ aek [ɛk] /kh,ng_	ach [ajk]	yay(!)
麥二開	ɛk	ɛk	aːjk	P	LIT o [uo] COL ai [ai] (擘麥脈)	aak [aːk] ak [ɐk] /m_	ek [ik]	ag [ak]	aq [aʔ]	yaku [jaku]	aku [aku]	yeok [jʌk] aek [ɛk] /m_	ach [ajk]	ay(!)
				TR	COL ai [ai] (摘)	aak [aːk]	ek [ik]	ag [ak]	aq [aʔ]	yaku [jaku]	aku [aku]	yeok [jʌk] but aek [ɛk] (宅)	ich [ɪjk]	ay(!)
				SR	LIT e [ɤ] and onset is plain alveolar (責策冊) COL ai [ai] (債??)	aak [aːk]	ek [ik]	ag [ak], êd [et], id [it]	aq [aʔ] eq [əʔ] /tsr_	yaku [jaku]	aku [aku]	aek [ɛk]	ach [ajk]	ay(!)
			jaːjk	K	e [ɤ]	aak [aːk]	ek [ik]	ag [ak] but êd [et] (革)	eq [əʔ] but aq [aʔ] (隔膈)	yaku [jaku]	aku [aku]	yeok [jʌk] but gyeok [kjʌk] (繳) aek [ɛk] /ʔ_	ach [ajk]	yay(!)
陌三開	i̯ɒk	jæk	iajk	P	i [i]	ik [ɪk]	ek [ik]	id [it]	iq [iɪʔ]	yaku [jaku]	eki [eki]	ak [ak] (欂) yeok [jʌk] (碧)	ich [ɪjk]	i/ay
				K	i [i] but ü [y] (劇)	ik [ɪk] ek [ɛːk] < g_ gwik [kʷɪk], kwik [kʰʷɪk] /kh_	ek [ik]	iag [iak] but id [it] (隙)	iq [iɪʔ] but ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ] (屐)	yaku [jaku]	eki [eki]	euk [ɯk] yeok [jʌk] /ng_	ich [ɪjk]	i/yay
昔三開	i̯äk	j(i)ek	jiajk	P	i [i]	ik [ɪk]	ek [ik]	id [it]	iq [iɪʔ]	yaku [jaku]	eki [eki]	yeok [jʌk]	ich [ɪjk]	i
			iajk	TR	i [ʅ]	aak [aːk]	ek [ik]	ed [ət]	eq [əʔ]	yaku [jaku]	eki [eki]	yeok [jʌk]	ich [ɪjk]	i
				SY	i [ʅ]	ek [ɛːk] but ik [ɪk] (適斥)	ek [ik]	ag [ak] but ed [ət] (適斥)	aq [aʔ] but eq [əʔ] (適)	yaku [jaku]	eki [eki]	eok [ʌk]	ich [ɪjk]	i
				S	i [i]	ik [ɪk]	ek [ik]	id [it]	iq [iɪʔ]	yaku [jaku]	eki [eki]	eok [ʌk]	ich [ɪjk]	i
			jiajk	K	i [i]	ik [ɪk]	ek [ik]	id [it]	iq [iɪʔ]	yaku [jaku]	eki [eki]	ik [ik] /ʔ_ yeok [jʌk] /y_ but aek [ɛk] (腋掖液)	ich [ɪjk]	eei
錫四開	iek	ek	jiajk	P	i [i]	ik [ɪk]	ek [ik]	id [it]	iq [iɪʔ]	yaku [jaku]	eki [eki]	yeok [jʌk]	ich [ɪjk]	i
			iajk	T,l	i [i]	ik [ɪk]	ek [ik]	id [it]	iq [iɪʔ]	yaku [jaku]	eki [eki]	yeok [jʌk]	ich [ɪjk]	i
				S	i [i]	ik [ɪk]	ek [ik]	id [it]	iq [iɪʔ]	yaku [jaku]	eki [eki]	eok [ʌk]	ich [ɪjk]	i
			jiajk	K	i [i]	ik [ɪk]	ek [ik]	id [it]	iq [iɪʔ]	yaku [jaku]	eki [eki]	yeok [jʌk] but ik [ik] (鷁喫)	ich [ɪjk]	eei

梗攝（合口） Geng She (Hekou)

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
庚二合	wɒng	wæng	waːjŋ	K	uang [uɑŋ] but eng [ɤŋ] (橫)	wong [ʷɔːŋ] but waang [waːŋ] (橫)	ong [ɔŋ] but eng [iŋ] (横)	uang [uaŋ] but ang [aŋ] (横)	uaon [uɑ̃] but uan [uã] (横)	wau [oː]	wau [oː]	wang [waŋ], oeng [weŋ] yeong [jʌŋ] /ʔ_	oang/(q)uang [waŋ]	ung
耕二合	wɛng	wɛng	waːjŋ	K	ung [ʊŋ]	wang [wɐŋ] gwang [kʷɐŋ] < x_	ong [ɔŋ]	ang [aŋ] but ên [en] (宏)	on [oŋ]	wau [oː]	wau [oː]	oeng [weŋ] ong [oŋ] /ʔ_	oanh [wajŋ]	ung
庚三合	i̯wɒng	jwæng	yajŋ	K	iong [yʊŋ] but rong [ɻʊŋ] (榮蠑嶸) and ing [iɪŋ] (憬璟瑩)	wing [ʷɪŋ] but ing [ɪŋ] (憬璟兄瑩)	eng [iŋ]	in [in] /k_ iung [iuŋ] /x_ iun [iun] /h_ but iung [iuŋ] (榮)	ion [ioŋ] in [in] /k_	yau [joː]	ei [eː]	yeong [jʌŋ]	oanh [wajŋ] /ʔ_ inh [ɪjŋ] /h_ uynh [wɪjŋ] /x_	eeung (yeeung)
清三合	i̯wäng	jw(i)eng	yajŋ	s	ing [iɪŋ]	ing [ɪŋ]				yau [joː]	ei [eː]	eong [ʌŋ]		eeung
			jyajŋ	K	ing [iɪŋ] but iong [yʊŋ] (瓊)	ing [ɪŋ] wing6 [wɪŋ˨] < y_2	eng [iŋ]	ên [en], iun [iun] but in [in], iang [iaŋ] (營)	in [in] but ion [ioŋ] (瓊)	yau [joː]	ei [eː]	yeong [jʌŋ]	uynh [wɪjŋ] inh [ɪjŋ] /y_	eeung
青四合	iweng	weng	jyajŋ	K	jiong [tɕyʊŋ] ying [jiɪŋ] < h_1	gwing [kʷɪŋ] jing [jɪŋ] < h_1	keng [kiŋ] eng [iŋ] < h_1	guên [kuen] yin [jin] < h_1	cion [tɕioŋ] yon [ɦioŋ] < h_1	yau [joː]	ei [eː]	yeong [jʌŋ]	uynh [wɪjŋ]	eeung (/eeing)
陌二合	wɒk	wæk	waːjk	nr	uo [uo]	ok [ɔːk]								way
				K	uo [uo]	waak [waːk] < x wok [wɔːk] < h_ gwik [kʷɪk] < k_ (虢)						oek [wek]	quach [kwajk] < k_	way
麥二合	wɛk	wɛk	waːjk	K	uo [uo] but ua [uɑ] (劃)	gwok [kʷɔːk] < k_ waak [waːk] < h_ but wok [wɔːk] (獲)	ek [ik] ok [ɔk] /k_	ag [ak] uêd [uet] /k_	oq [oʔ], uaq [uaʔ], ueq [uəʔ]	waku [aku], oku [oku] waku [waku] < h_	waku [aku], yaku [jaku]	oek [wek]	quăc [kwăk] < k_ hoach [hwajk] < h_	way
陌三合	i̯wɒk	jwæk	yajk	ʔ	huo [xuo] (擭)	wok [wɔːk]				yaku [jaku]	weki [eki]	wak [wak]	oach [wajk]	(ywi? ue?)
昔三合	i̯wäk	jwiek	jyajk	y	yi [ji] (役疫)	jik [jɪk]	ek [ik]	yid [jit]	yoq [ɦioʔ], yuq [ɦyɪʔ]	yaku [jaku]	weki [eki]	yeok [jʌk]	dich [zɪjk ~ jɨt]	ywi (y+wi)
錫四合	iwek	wek	jyajk	K	ü [y]	gwik [kʷɪk]				yaku [jaku]	weki [eki]	yeok [jʌk]		(ywi? ue?)

江攝 Jiang She

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
江二開	ång	æwng	aːwŋ	P	ang [ɑŋ]	ong [ɔːŋ]	ang [aŋ]	ong [oŋ] but ung [uŋ] (棒)	aon [ɑ̃]	ou [oː]	au [oː]	ang [aŋ]	ang [aŋ]	ang
				TR	uang [wɑŋ]	oeng [œːŋ]	ong [ɔŋ]	ong [oŋ]	aon [ɑ̃]	ou [oː]	au [oː]	ang [aŋ]	ang [aŋ]	wang
				SR	uang [wɑŋ]	oeng [œːŋ]	ong [ɔŋ]	ung [uŋ]	aon [ɑ̃]	ou [oː]	au [oː]	ang [aŋ]	ong [awŋ]	wang
			jaːwŋ	K	iang [jɑŋ] but ang [ɑŋ] (扛缸港)	ong [ɔːŋ]	ang [aŋ]	ong [oŋ]	aon [ɑ̃]	ou [oː]	au [oː]	ang [aŋ]	ang [aŋ] ông [əwŋ] /kh_	yang
覺二開	åk	æwk	aːwk	P	LIT o [uo] but u [u] (朴) COL ao [ɑu] (剝雹) or iao [iɑu] (朴)	ok [ɔːk]	ok [ɔk]	og [ok]	oq [oʔ]	oku [oku]	aku [aku]	ak [ak]	ac [ak]	aw
				TR	LIT uo [uo]	oek [œːk] ok [ɔːk], uk [ʊk] /dr_	ok [ɔk]	og [ok]	oq [oʔ]	aku [aku]	aku [aku]	ak [ak]	ac [ak]	waw
				SR	LIT uo [uo]	ok [ɔːk] uk [ʊk] /tsr,tsrh_	ok [ɔk]	og [ok]	oq [oʔ]	aku [aku]	aku [aku]	ak [ak]	ac [ak]	waw
			jaːwk	K	LIT üe [yɛ] but iao [iɑu] (殼) uo [uo] / ʔ_ COL iao [iɑu] (角) and e [ɤ] (殼)	ok [ɔːk] kok [kʰɔːk] < kh_ ak [ɐk] < ʔ_	ak [ak]	og [ok]	oq [oʔ] but ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ] (確珏)	aku [aku]	aku [aku]	ak [ak]	ac [ak] but oc [awk] (學)	yaw

通攝（舒聲） Tong She (Nasal Coda)

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
東一開	ung	uwng	əwŋ	P	eng [ɤŋ]	ung [ʊŋ]	ong [ɔŋ]	ung [uŋ]	on [oŋ]	u [u]	ou [oː]	ong [oŋ]	ông [əwŋ]	ung
				T,l	ong [ʊŋ]	ung [ʊŋ]	ong [ɔŋ]	ung [uŋ]	on [oŋ]	uu [uː] u [u] /l_	ou [oː]	ong [oŋ]	ông [əwŋ]	ung
				S	ong [ʊŋ]	ung [ʊŋ]	ong [ɔŋ]	ung [uŋ]	on [oŋ]	u [u]	ou [oː]	ong [oŋ]	ông [əwŋ]	ung
				K	ong [ʊŋ] weng [ʋɤŋ] < ʔ_	ung [ʊŋ] jung [jʊŋ] < ʔ_12	ong [ɔŋ]	ung [uŋ]	on [oŋ]	u [u]	ou [oː]	ong [oŋ]	ông [əwŋ]	ung
冬一開	uong	owng	əwŋ	T	ong [ʊŋ]	ung [ʊŋ]	ong [ɔŋ]	ung [uŋ]	on [oŋ]	ou [oː]	ou [oː]	ong [oŋ]	ông [əwŋ]	ung
				S	ong [ʊŋ]	ung [ʊŋ]	ong [ɔŋ]	ung [uŋ]	on [oŋ]	o [o]	ou [oː]	ong [oŋ]	ông [əwŋ]	ung
				k	ong [ʊŋ]	ung [ʊŋ]	ong [ɔŋ]	ung [uŋ]	on [oŋ]	o [o]	ou [oː]	ong [oŋ]	ông [əwŋ]	ung
東三開	i̯ung	juwng	iwŋ/ məwŋ	F	eng [ɤŋ]	ung [ʊŋ]	ong [ɔŋ]	ung [uŋ]	on [oŋ]	u [u], uu [uː]	(y)ou [(j)oː]	ung [uŋ] but ong [oŋ] (鳳賵) ong [oŋ] /m_	ung [ʊwŋ], ương [ɨə̯ŋ] /b_ ong [awŋ] /p,ph_ ông [əwŋ] /m_	(f)ung
				l	ong [ʊŋ]	ung [ʊŋ]	iong [iɔŋ]	ung [uŋ]	on [oŋ]	u [u], uu [uː]	yuu [juː]	yung [juŋ]	ung [ʊwŋ]	eeung
				TR	ong [ʊŋ]	ung [ʊŋ]	iong [iɔŋ]	ung [uŋ]	on [oŋ]	yuu [juː], yu [ju]	yuu [juː]	yung [juŋ]	ung [ʊwŋ] but ong [awŋ] (仲)	ung, eeung
			əwŋ	dzr	ong [ʊŋ]	ung [ʊŋ]	iong [iɔŋ]	ung [uŋ]	on [oŋ]	uu [uː]	yuu [juː]	ung [uŋ], ong [oŋ]	ung [ʊwŋ]	ung
			iwŋ	SY	ong [ʊŋ]	ung [ʊŋ]	iong [iɔŋ]	ung [uŋ] yung [iuŋ] < ny_	on [oŋ] ion [ioŋ] /ny_	u [u], uu [uː], yu [ju]	yuu [juː]	ung [uŋ]	ung [ʊwŋ]	ung
				S	ong [ʊŋ]	ung [ʊŋ]	iong [iɔŋ]	iung [iuŋ]	on [oŋ]	u [u], uu [uː], yu [ju]	yuu [juː]	ung [uŋ]	ung [ʊwŋ]	eeung
				K	iong [yʊŋ] ong [ʊŋ] /k_ rong [ɻʊŋ] < y_	ung [ʊŋ] hung [hʊŋ] < h_	iong [iɔŋ]	iung [iuŋ]	ion [ioŋ] on [ioŋ] /kh,g_	u [u], uu [uː] (y)u [(j)u] /y_	yuu [juː]	ung [uŋ] yung [juŋ] /y_	ung [ʊwŋ]	eeung
鍾三開	i̯wong	jowng	ywŋ	F	eng [ɤŋ]	ung [ʊŋ]	ong [ɔŋ]	ung [uŋ]	on [oŋ]	u [u], uu [uː]	ou [oː]	ong [oŋ]	ong [awŋ] ung [ʊwŋ] /b_	(f)ung
				l	ong [ʊŋ]	ung [ʊŋ]	eng [eŋ]	iung [iuŋ]	on [oŋ]	yuu [juː]	you [joː]	ong [oŋ], yong [joŋ]	ung [ʊwŋ] but ong [awŋ] (龍)	eeung
				TR	ong [ʊŋ]	ung [ʊŋ]	iong [iɔŋ]	ung [uŋ]	on [oŋ] ion [ioŋ] /nr_	yuu [juː]	you [joː]	yong [joŋ] but yung [juŋ] (重)	ung [ʊwŋ]	ung, eeung
				SY	ong [ʊŋ]	ung [ʊŋ]	iong [iɔŋ]	ung [uŋ] yung [iuŋ] < ny_	on [oŋ] also ion [ioŋ] /ny_	u [u], yu [ju]	you [joː]	ong [oŋ] but ung [uŋ] (衝) ung [juŋ] /ny_	ung [ʊwŋ]	ung
				S	ong [ʊŋ]	ung [ʊŋ]	iong [iɔŋ]	iung [iuŋ]	on [oŋ]	u [u], yu [ju]	you [joː]	ong [oŋ]	ung [ʊwŋ]	eeung
				K	iong [yʊŋ] ong [ʊŋ] /k,kh_, g_23 rong [ɻʊŋ] < y_	ung [ʊŋ]	iong [iɔŋ]	iung [iuŋ]	ion [ioŋ] on [oŋ] < k,kh,g_	u [u], uu [uː] also yo [jo] /ʔ_	you [joː]	ong [oŋ] yong [joŋ] /y_ yung [juŋ] /x_	ung [ʊwŋ]	eeung

通攝（入聲） Tong She (Plosive Coda)

Rime	Middle Chinese			C_	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Amoy	Hakka Moiyan	Wu Shanghai	Japanese		Korean	Vietnamese	Phags-Pa (Old Mandarin)
	Karlgren	Baxter	LMC							Go-On	Kan-On
屋一開	uk	uwk	əwk	P	u [u]	uk [ʊk]	ok [ɔk]	ug [uk]	oq [oʔ]	oku [oku]	oku [oku]	ok [ok]	ôc [əwk]	u
				T,l	u [u]	uk [ʊk]	ok [ɔk]	ug [uk]	oq [oʔ]	oku [oku]	oku [oku]	ok [ok]	ôc [əwk]	u
				S	u [u]	uk [ʊk]	ok [ɔk]	ug [uk]	oq [oʔ]	oku [oku]	oku [oku]	ok [ok]	ôc [əwk]	u
				K	u [u]	uk [ʊk]	ok [ɔk]	ug [uk]	oq [oʔ]	oku [oku] woku [oku] /ʔ_	oku [oku] woku [oku] /ʔ_	ok [ok]	ôc [əwk]	u
沃一開	uok	owk	əwk	P	u [u]	uk [ʊk]	ok [ɔk]	ug [uk]	oq [oʔ]	oku [oku]	oku [oku]	ok [ok]	ôc [əwk]	u
				T,l	u [u]	uk [ʊk]	ok [ɔk]	ug [uk]	oq [oʔ]	oku [oku]	oku [oku]	ok [ok]	ôc [əwk]	u
				S	u [u]	uk [ʊk]	ok [ɔk]	ug [uk]	oq [oʔ]	oku [oku]	oku [oku]	ok [ok]	ôc [əwk]	u
				K	u [u] but uo [uo] (沃)	uk [ʊk] but juk [jʊk] (沃)	ok [ɔk]	ug [uk] but vog [vok] (沃)	oq [oʔ]	oku [oku] woku [oku] /ʔ_	oku [oku] yoku [joku] /ʔ_	ok [ok]	ôc [əwk]	u
屋三開	i̯uk	juwk	iwk/ məwk	F	u [u]	uk [ʊk]	ok [ɔk]	ug [uk]	oq [oʔ]	uku [uku] oku [oku] /m_	uku [uku] oku [oku] /m_	ok [ok]	uc [ʊwk]	(f)u
				l	LIT u [u] COL iou [iou] (六)	uk [ʊk]	iok [iɔk]	iug [iuk]	oq [oʔ]	oku [oku]	iku [iku]	yuk [juk]	uc [ʊwk]	eeu
				TR	LIT u [u] COL iou [iou] (軸)	uk [ʊk]	iok [iɔk]	ug [uk]	oq [oʔ] but ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ] (軸)	iku [iku]	iku [iku]	yuk [juk]	uc [ʊwk]	eeu
			əwk	SR	u [u] but uo [uo] (縮)	uk [ʊk]	iok [iɔk]	ug [uk]	oq [oʔ]	uku [uku]	yuku [juku]	uk [uk] but ok [ok] (矗)	uc [ʊwk]	u
			iwk	SY	LIT u [u] COL iou [iou] (粥熟肉)	uk [ʊk]	iok [iɔk]	ug [uk] iug [iuk] /ny_	oq [oʔ] ioq [ioʔ] /ny_	uku [uku] iku [iku] /ny_	yuku [juku] iku [iku] /ny_	uk [uk]	uc [ʊwk]	eeu
				S	LIT u [u] COL iou [iou] (宿)	uk [ʊk]	iok [iɔk]	iug [iuk]	oq [oʔ]	uku [uku]	yuku [juku]	uk [uk]	uc [ʊwk]	eeu
				K	ü [y]	uk [ʊk]	iok [iɔk]	iug [iuk]	ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ]	iku [iku]	iku [iku]	uk [uk] yuk [juk] /y_	uc [ʊwk]	eeu
燭三開	i̯wok	jowk	ywk	F	u [u]	uk [ʊk]	iok [iɔk]	ug [uk]	oq [oʔ]	oku [oku]	yoku [joku]	ok [ok]	uc [ʊwk]	(f)u
				l	u [u] but ü [y] (綠)	uk [ʊk]	iok [iɔk] but ek [ik] (緑)	iug [iuk]	oq [oʔ]	oku [oku]	yoku [joku]	ok [ok]	uc [ʊwk]	eeu
				TR	u [u]	uk [ʊk]	iok [iɔk]	og [ok] (亍)	oq [oʔ]	oku [oku]	yoku [joku]	yok [jok]	uc [ʊwk]	eeu
				SY	u [u]	uk [ʊk]	iok [iɔk]	ug [uk] yug [iuk] < ny_	oq [oʔ] also ioq [ioʔ] /ny_	oku [oku]	yoku [joku]	ok [ok]	uc [ʊwk]	eeu
				S	u [u] but ü [y] (續)	uk [ʊk]	iok [iɔk]	iug [iuk]	oq [oʔ]	oku [oku]	yoku [joku]	ok [ok]	uc [ʊwk]	eeu
				K	ü [y]	uk [ʊk]	iok [iɔk]	iug [iuk]	ioq [ioʔ]	oku [oku] yoku [joku] /y_	yoku [joku]	uk [uk] /k,g,x_ ok [ok] /kh,ng_ yok [jok] /y_	uc [ʊwk]	eeu

Tones

Middle Chinese is traditionally described as having four tones. However, the Ru tone (入聲) is in complementary distribution with each of the other three tones. If MC were a modern language, a modern linguist might analyze it as an allophone of one of the other tones:

	Open syllable	Closed syllable with nasal coda	Closed syllable with plosive coda
Ping/level tone (平聲)	Yes	Yes	No
Shang/rising tone (上聲)	Yes	Yes	No
Qu/departing tone (去聲)	Yes	Yes	No
Ru/entering tone (入聲)	No	No	Yes

In MC, Ping was much more common than each of the other three tones.

Karlgren uses : and - while Baxter uses X and H for the Shang and Qu tones. (Ping is left unmarked and Ru is of course self-evident.)

Near the end of, or after, MC, the tones split into high and low varieties based on the onset of the syllable. Syllables with voiceless onsets became high, while syllables with voiced onsets became low. In most Sinitic languages, the voice distinction was then lost, and the high/low distinction became phonemic for some or all tones. Whenever this happened, the high varieties come to be called called "Yin" (Yin Ping, Yin Shang, Yin Qu, Yin Ru) while the low varieties are called "Yang" (Yang Ping, Yang Shang, Yang Qu, Yang Ru). Here is an idealized illustration of how the system would work for a given tone (aspiration is ignored in this illustration for simplicity):

Before	After
pan (P)	pan (YinP)
man (P)	man (YangP)
ban (P)	pan (YangP)

The vast majority of languages and dialects today have separate Yin Ping and Yang Ping tones. Only some southern languages and dialects have separate Yin Qu and Yang Qu tones. It is even rarer to have separate Yin Shang and Yang Shang tones; instead, there is a widespread tendency to move what would be Yang Shang syllables, beginning with obstruent onsets, into the Qu tone. Taking the dialect of Changsha as an example:

MC	Changsha
pan (S)	pan (S)
man (S)	man (S)
ban (S)	pan (YangQ)
pan (Q)	pan (YinQ)
man (Q)	man (YangQ)
ban (Q)	pan (YangQ)

The Ru tone deserves special mention, because with a few exceptions (e.g. Changsha, Wenzhou), it lived and died with the plosive codas that it was associated with. In southern languages that maintain plosive codas, the Ru tone survives (though, as in MC, the Ru tone, or Ru tones where the tone has split, is/are usually associated exclusively with plosive codas, and can therefore be analyzed as an allophone or allophones of other tones.) On the other hand, plosive codas have dropped away completely in most dialects of Mandarin, and syllables with Ru tone were reassigned to other tones.

Reconstructions are omitted from the following since no one seems to be attempting it (??).

• P = MC unvoiced obstruent onset
• M = MC sonorant onset
• B = MC voiced obstruent onset

Tone		Mandarin							Jin Taiyuan	Yue Canton	Minnan		Mindong Fuzhou	Hakka Moiyan	Gan Nanchang	Wu			Xiang Changsha	Vietnamese
		Beijing	Jinan	Xi'an	Wuhan	Chengdu	Hefei	Yangzhou			Amoy	Teochew				Suzhou	Shanghai	Wenzhou
平 Ping	P	55	213	21	55	44	212	21	11	55	44	33	55	44	42	44	52	44	33	ngang
	M	35	42	24	213	31	55	34		21	24	55	53	11	24	224	YangQ	31	13
	B																			huyền
上 Shang	P	214	55	53	42	53	24	42	53	35	53	52	33	31	213	52	YinQ	45	41	hỏi
	M									23	COLYangQ LITYinS	COLYangS LITYinS	COLYangQ LITYinS	YinP or YinS		YangQ	YangQ	34		ngã
	B	51	21	55	35	13	53	55	45	COLYangS LITYangQ	YangQ	35	YangQ	COLYinP LITQ	YangQ				YangQ	nặng
去 Qu	P									33	21	213	213	52	55	412	34	42	45	sắc
	M									22	22	11	242		21	231	14	22	21	nặng
	B
入 Ru	P	Random	YinP	YinP	YangP	YangP	4	4	2	33(long) 5(short)	32	11	24	1	5	4	44	323	24	sắc
	M	Q	Q							22	4	4	5	5	2	23	24	212		nặng
	B	YangP	YangP	YangP					54

Resources

Middle Chinese

• Introduction to historical Chinese phonology (PDF)
• Middle Chinese pronunciation dictionary
• Middle Chinese lookup tool
• Comparative Chart of Middle Chinese Initials
• Comparative Chart of Middle Chinese Finals
• Baxter's Middle Chinese spelling
• Middle Chinese rime characters (Ignores Chongniu)
• zi.tools

Modern Chinese

• Putonghua lookup
• Guoyu lookup
• Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka lookup
• Cantonese lookup
• Taiwanese lookup

Sino-Xenic

• Japanese Wiktionary (Kan-on, Go-on lookup)
• Japanese dictionary (old orthography lookup)
• Hanja lookup
• Sino-Vietnamese lookup

Other correspondence lists

• Sino-Japanese
• Sino-Korean