Anggloo-Saksyn: Difference between revisions
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! Plooryl | ! Plooryl | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Naamnytiv''' || ic, ih || Ƿit, wit || Ƿē, wē | | '''Naamnytiv''' || ic, ih || Ƿit, wit || Ƿē, wē | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Dxenytiv''' || mīn || uncer || ūre | | '''Dxenytiv''' || mīn || uncer || ūre | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Deetiv''' || mē || unc || ūs | | '''Deetiv''' || mē || unc || ūs | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Akjuusytiv''' || mē|| unc || ūs | | '''Akjuusytiv''' || mē|| unc || ūs | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! Plooryl | ! Plooryl | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Naamnytiv''' || þū || git || gē | | '''Naamnytiv''' || þū || git || gē | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Dxenytiv''' || þīn || incer || ēoǷer, ēower | | '''Dxenytiv''' || þīn || incer || ēoǷer, ēower | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Deetiv''' || þē || inc || ēoǷ, ēow | | '''Deetiv''' || þē || inc || ēoǷ, ēow | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Akjuusytiv''' || þē || inc || ēoǷ, ēow | | '''Akjuusytiv''' || þē || inc || ēoǷ, ēow | ||
|} | |} | ||
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'''Gōd = Gud''' <br> | '''Gōd = Gud''' <br> | ||
'''Wiik''': | '''Wiik''': | ||
{| | {| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Keesiz | ! Keesiz | ||
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'''Strong''': | '''Strong''': | ||
{| | {| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Keesiz | ! Keesiz | ||
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==='''Wiik Egzampylz'''=== | ==='''Wiik Egzampylz'''=== | ||
{| | {| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="5" align="center"|'''Present tents''' | | colspan="5" align="center"|'''Present tents''' | ||
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==='''Strong Egzampylz'''=== | ==='''Strong Egzampylz'''=== | ||
{| | {| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="5" align="center"|'''Present tents''' | | colspan="5" align="center"|'''Present tents''' | ||
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Juu ar woorth az mutc az juu ar kaind.<br> | Juu ar woorth az mutc az juu ar kaind.<br> | ||
{| | {| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="5" align="center"|'''Present tents''' | | colspan="5" align="center"|'''Present tents''' | ||
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| '''3rd persyn''' || bið || bēoð || is || sind, sindon | | '''3rd persyn''' || bið || bēoð || is || sind, sindon | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="5" align="center"|'''Past | | colspan="5" align="center"|'''Past Tents''' (foor booth) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || | | || colspan="2"| sing. ||colspan="2"| pl. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''1st persyn''' || || | | '''1st persyn''' || colspan="2"| wæs ||colspan="2"| wǣron | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''2nd persyn''' || || | | '''2nd persyn''' || colspan="2"| wǣre || colspan="2"| wǣron | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''3rd persyn''' || || | | '''3rd persyn''' || colspan="2"| wæs || colspan="2"|wǣron | ||
|} | |} | ||
Latest revision as of 14:22, 3 June 2008
This article is in Tower Orthography, to see it in standard English click here.
Anggloo-Saksyn oor Oold Ingglic (A.S. Englisc) iz dhy ansestyr yv Maadern Ingglic. It iz y West Dxermanik Langgwidx and laik Dytc and Loo Saksyn (Loo Dxerman) it did naat goo throo dhy Hai Dxerman Kansynent Cift.
Anggloo-Saksyn Englisc | |
Spoken in: | Anggloo-Land (Inggland) (Angelcynn) |
Conworld: | Riil world |
Total speakers: | unknown |
Genealogical classification: | Indoo-Joroopijyn
|
Basic word order: | Ynimpoortant/V2 |
Morphological type: | inflekting |
Morphosyntactic alignment: | naminytiv-akjuusytiv |
Writing system: | |
Created by: | |
ynoon | 400-1066 C.E. |
Dhy Piipyl and Literytcyr
Dhy Saksyns wer invaitid tuu Briten tuu help fait of dhy Pikts. Y lardx maigreecyn yv Saksyns dhen muuvd frym maadern Nordhern Dxermanii and Haalind tuu Inggland. Dhy nekst fjuu sentcyriiz dhee ekspandid westwyrd kaanstyntlii and geend moor land. Dhy piipyl dhen biikeem mikst with dhy Roomanoo-Britic piipyl olredii living dheer.
In dhy 9th and 10th sentcyriis, Deenic Vaikings inveedid parts yv Inggland. Dhy Oold Noors influunets kan stil bii siin tuudee.
hy most wel noon tekst in Anggloo-Saksyn iz dhat vy dhy Hirooik Epik, Beowulf. Oold Ingglic lityratcyr is noon foor alityreecyn, and dheer ar menii Angglo-Saksyn ridylz. Y kraanicyl noon az dhy Anggloo-Saksyn Kraanicyl wyz y kraanicyl yv dhy iivents yv dhy Kingdym, and wyz laiklii startid in dhy 10th sentcyrii and wyz cyntinuwalii ypdeetid intuu dhy 12th.
Dheer iz noo standyrd speling in Anggloo-Saksyn, soo menii wyrds had moor dhan wyn speling.
Oorthaagryfii and Fynaalodx
Ruunik
Erii foormz yv Angglooo-Saksyn raiting wyz in Ruunik. It wyz yn ekspancyn yv dhy aaridxinal 24 ruun Fuþark, and had biikym Fuþorc. Biikyz dhy langgwidx had ciftid tuu ingkluud nuu saundz, Dhy aalfybet itself ciftid and ingkluudid severyl nuu letyrz that had nat bin in dhy Eldyr Fuþark. Hawevyr dhee did nat diivelyp dhy wyn Staf sistym similyr tuu dhy ruunik dezainz in Noorwee, Swiidyn and Denmark.
Wen dhy Latin Aalfybet wyz introoduust, Anggloo-Saksyn adid tuu simbylz tuu dhu Latin aalfybet frym Ruunik, dhooz wud bii "þ" /θ/ and "Ƿ" /w/ frym ruunik, kold Thorn and Wynn riispektivlii.
Aalfybet
Dhy Oold Ingglic Aalfybet wyz y Latin beest aalfybet and ingkluudid y fjuu ekstry simbylz dhat Madern Inghlic spiikyrz wud nat nesyseerilii rekagnaiz. Dhy dajygrafs wer olsoo kwait diferent dhan madern speling and ingkluudid cg /ʤ/ and c /ʧ/ and sc /ʃ/. Dhy latyr tuu oonlii biikym dhooz saundz biifoor oor aftyr y frynt ynraundid vaulz, ydhyrwaiz dhej ar /k/ and /sk/ riispektivlii. Dhy letyr g biikymz /j/ nekst tuu frynt vauls. Dhis iz hau gear biikymz year. Dhy kaamyn verbyl priifiks foor dhy past partysipyl iz ge- witc wyz prynaunst /jə/ and dhis saund wyz priizervd intuu Midyl Ingglic az y- sytc az in Dxefrii Tcausyr with wyrds laik yronne (ran).
Oold Ingglic did naat juuz dhy leterz v and z, biikyz f and s bekeem /v/ and /z/. Dhy letyrz þ and ð booth repriisentid dhy intyr-dentyl frikytiv /θ/ (inicalii and fainyli) and /ð/ (biitwiin vaulz). Dhis wud miin dhat ol dhy frikytivz wud bii voist biitwiin vaulz, and voisles in ythyr ceesizs.
Dhy letyr h wyz prynaunst /h/ wen begining y silybyl oor wyrd. Aftyr y bak vaul, it biikymz /x/, and aftyr y frynt vaul, it biickymz /ç/. Dhis meeks it simylyr tuu Dxerman ch.
Gramyr
Naunz
Dxendyr and Nymbyr
Dheer ar thrii Dxenders in Oold Ingglic: Maskjuliin, Feminiin, and Nuutyr. Dhiiz ar dhy seem dxendyrs in Latin, az wel az madern Rycyn and Dxerman. Laik moost langgwidxz witc hav dxenders, Naunz witc riiflekt living thingz ar juuzuwalii indikeetid in dhy Dxender yv dhy naun, byt y mydxaritii iz kympliitlii randym.
Dhy tuu nymbyrz yv Anggloo-Saksyn ar Singgjuulyr and Plooryl. Proonoauns hav dhu Duul nymbyr az wel.
Keesiz
Ynlaik Maadern Ingglic, Anggloo-Saksyn wyz fild with naun inflekcynz diinooting dhy kees yv dhy naun. Dhy oonlii wyn Dhat syrvaivd thruu dhy Midyl Inghlic ery wyz dhy -'s ending diinooting dhy aaridxinyl Dxenytiv kees. Dhy Keesiz wer Namnytiv, Akjuusytiv, Dxenytiv, and Deetiv.
Strong and Wiik
Laik with Verbz, Anggloo-Saksyn had menii naunz witc tceendxid Dheer stemz, booth in dhy plooryl and symtaimz dooring sym yv dhy keesiz yv dhy singgjuulyr. Dhiiz ar dhy riisynz foor iregjulyr naunz in Maadern Inhglic with stem tceendxiz, sytc az Man-Men (AS Mann-Menn in Naam.). Dhis iz oftyn haw Anggloo-Saksyn naunz ar katygoorizd.
Egzampyl tcarts
Maskjuuliin:
Keesiz | Dæg¹ 'Dee' | Dagas 'Deez' | Stān 'Stoon' | Stānas 'Stoonz' |
---|---|---|---|---|
Naamnytiv | dæg | dagas | stān | stānas |
Dxenytiv | dæges | daga | stānes | stāna |
Deetiv | dæge | dagum | stāne | stānum |
Akjuusytiv | dæg | dagas | stān | stānas |
¹Dæg wyz proonauntst mutc laik dhy wyrd Dai in Maadern Ingglic, oor dhy Ostreeljyn/Kaaknii proonyntsieecyn yv "Dee."
Feminiin:
Keesiz | Hond² 'Hand' | Honda 'Handz' | Ƿynn³ 'Joi' | Ƿynna 'Joiz' |
---|---|---|---|---|
Naamnytiv | hond | hondu | Ƿynn | Ƿynna |
Dxenytiv | honda | honda | Ƿynne | Ƿynna |
Deetiv | honda | hondum | Ƿynne | Ƿynnum |
Akjuusytiv | hond | honda | Ƿynne | Ƿynna |
²Hond kud olsoo bii spelt/proonauntst Hand.
³Ƿ kud olsoo bii spelt W, soo Ƿynn kud iisilii bii Wynn.
Nuutyr:
Keesiz | Scip⁴ 'Cip' | Scipu 'Cips' | Dēor⁵ 'Animyl' | Dēor 'Animylz' |
---|---|---|---|---|
Naamnytiv | scip | scipu | dēor | dēor |
Dxenytiv | scipes | scipa | dēores | dēora |
Deetiv | scipe | scipum | dēor | dēorum |
Akjuusytiv | scip | scipu | dēore | dēor |
⁴Scip iz proonauntst dhy seem wee az dhy maadern ekwivylent, Cip.
⁵Dēor, riileetid tuu dhy Dxerman wyrd Tier (animyl), sloolii biikeem juuzd foor geem animylz, and leetyr biikymz Diir in Modern English.
Artikyls
Dyring dhy iirlijyr adxiz yv dhy Anggloo-Saksyn langgwidx, dheer wer noo artikylz. Leetyr, especylii aftyr dhy Vaiking inveexyn and tuwyrdz dhy end yv dhy Anggloo-Saksyn ery, artikylz wer diivelypt. Dhee tuu diiklaind bai kees and nymbyr, and ingkluudid dhy Instrymentyl kees, witc wyz dhy seem az Deetiv Naunz. Hiir ar dhy artikylz:
Keesiz | Maskjuuliin | Feminiin | Nuutyr | Plooryl(ol Dxendyrz) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Naamnytiv | se | sēo | ðæt | ðā |
Dxenytiv | ðæs | ðǣre | ðæs | ðāra, ðǣra |
Deetiv | ðǣm | ðǣre | ðǣm | ðǣm, ðām |
Akjuusytiv | ðone | ðā | ðæt | ðā |
Instrymentyl | ðē, ðon | ðǣre | ðē, ðon | ðǣm, ðām |
Persynyl Proonaunz
Persynyl proonaunz in Anggloo-Saksyn ar kwait diferent dhan Maadern Ingglic. Dhee tuu ar diiklaind ykoording tuu dhy foor meedxyr keesiz, byt olsoo hav yn ekstry nymbyr ilystreecyn wen dheer 2, Duul. With dhy duul, dhy verbz teek dhy plooryl endingz, and it oonlii yplaiz tuu dhy fyrst and sekynd persyn proonaunz. Hiir ar dhy Tcarts foor dhy Proonaunz:
Fyrst persyn:
Keesiz | Singgjuulyr | Duul | Plooryl |
---|---|---|---|
Naamnytiv | ic, ih | Ƿit, wit | Ƿē, wē |
Dxenytiv | mīn | uncer | ūre |
Deetiv | mē | unc | ūs |
Akjuusytiv | mē | unc | ūs |
Second person:
Keesiz | Singular | Duul | Plooryl |
---|---|---|---|
Naamnytiv | þū | git | gē |
Dxenytiv | þīn | incer | ēoǷer, ēower |
Deetiv | þē | inc | ēoǷ, ēow |
Akjuusytiv | þē | inc | ēoǷ, ēow |
Third person:
Keesiz | Maskjuu. Sing. | Fem. Sing. | Nuut. Sing. | Plooryl |
---|---|---|---|---|
Naamnytiv | hē | hēo | hit | hīe |
Dxenytiv | his | hiere | his | hiera |
Deetiv | him | hiere | him | him, heom |
Akjuusytiv | hine | hīe | hit | hīe |
Adxektivz
Adxektivz olsoo diiclain bai dxendyr, nymbyr, and cees. Biikyz wyn Adxektiv haz tuu cyvyr ol thrii dxendyrz, tuu nymbyrz, and foor (faiv with dhy Strong) keesiz, dheer ar moor adxektaiv foormz dhan dheer ar enii ydhyr part yv spiitc, with dhy paasibyl eksepcyn yv dhy verb. dhee tuu hav Strong and Wiik foormz and kan hav ruut vaul stemz witc ar uumlautid. Dhy ploorylz yv dhy Wiik foormz ar juunifoorm akros dxendyrs, byt naat in dhy Strong foorms. Dhy seem adxektiv kud bii Wiik oor Strong diipending on caantekst and dhy naun.
Egzampylz
Gōd = Gud
Wiik:
Keesiz | Maskjuuliin | Feminiin | Nuutyr | Plooryl(ol Dxendyrz) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Naamnytiv | gōda | gōde | gōde | gōdan |
Dxenytiv | gōdan | gōdan | gōdan | gōdena |
Deetiv | gōdan | gōdan | gōdan | gōdum |
Akjuusytiv | gōdan | gōdan | gōde | gōdan |
Strong:
Keesiz | Maskjuuliin | Feminiin | Nuutyr | Pl. Mask. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Nuut. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Naamnytiv | gōd | gōd | gōd | gōde | gōda | gōd |
Dxenytiv | gōdes | gōdre | gōdes | gōdra | gōdra | gōdra |
Deetiv | gōdum | gōdre | gōdum | gōdum | gōdum | gōdum |
Akjuusytiv | gōdne | gōde | gōd | gōde | gōda | gōd |
Instrymentyl | gōde | gōdre | gōde | gōdum | gōdum | gōdum |
Prepysicynz and Cyndxynkcynz
Hiir iz y list yv Prepysicynz and Cyndxynkcynz.
Prepysicynz
æt - (dat.) at, frym, (acc.) yntil, tuu
tō - (dat.) tuu, tuwyrds, at,
wið, wiþ - ygenst,
æfter - (dat.) aftyr,
on - (dat.) in, on, (acc.) intuu, ontuu
mid - (dat.) with,
of - (dat.) yv, frym,
be - (dat. and acc.) bai, niir, ylong, ybaut,
beforan - (dat. and acc.) biifoor, yhed yv
fram - (dat.) frym, bai,
ofer - (dat.) oovyr, ypon (acc.) oovyr tuu, ykros,
þurh - (acc.) thruu
under - (dat.) yndyr (acc.) yndyr,
ymbe - (acc.) niir, bai, ybaut,
in - (dat.) in, (acc.) intuu,
būtan - (dat. or acc.) autsaid, eksept, withaut,
betweox - (dat. or acc.) biitwiin, ymong,
binnan - (dat.) within, (acc.) tuu within,
oð - (acc.) yp tuu, yntil,
geond - (acc.) thruu, thruwaut,
bufan (dat.) ybyv, (acc.) ypwyrds,
innan - (dat.) within (acc.) intuu,
Cyndxynkcynz
æfter - aftyr,
ǣr - biifoor
gif - if,
hwæðer, hwæþer - wedhyr
þā, ðā - wen,
hwīle - wail,
swā - az, sytc, (dhis wyrd haz y fynetik/semantik caagneet in Oold Noors, sva.)
swelce - az if,
þæt, ðæt - dhat, soo dhat,
þǣr, ðǣr - weer,
þēah, ðēah - Dhoo,
siððan, siþþan - sints, aftyr, (dhis wyn iz olsoo in Oold Noors and Midyl Ingglic sytc az dhy fyrst lain in "Sir Gawayn and the Grene Knyght".)
Verbs
Verbyl Cymparisyn, Paternz, and Dxenryl Oovyrvjuu
Laik naunz and adxektivz, Verbz hav Strong and Wiik foormz. Dhy Strong foormz juuxuwalii invaalv vaul cifts in dhy stem, iiven in dhy present tents. It iz olsoo inflektid beest on persyn, nymbyr, tentse, and muud.
It is noon foor having -st in dhy sekynd persyn, witc wyz juuzd foor thou (Thau) in dhy Midyl Ingglic ery. It iz olsoo uuzd in Dxerman foor dhy du foorm, witc iz dhy caagneet tuu þū and thou (witc iz olsoo y caagneet tuu Latin tu). Anggloo-Saksyn Verbz ar noon foor dhy signytcyr -ð/-þ ending in dhy 3rd persyn singjuulyr, witc wyz olsoo uuzd intuu dhy Erlii Maadern Ingglic ery, witc Ceekspiir iz ypart yv, egzampylz frym dhat ery ingkluud dhy wyrdz: hath, goeth, doth, knoweth, etc.
Dhy infinytiv ending iz caamynlii -an oor -en, witc iz similyr tuu dhy maadern Dxerman -en infinytiv ending. Olsoo dhy oorthaagryfik caagneet ge- iz juuzd in booth Dxerman and Anggloo-Saksyn tuu repriisent dhy past tents, iiven if Dhee ar naat proonauntst dhy seem wee, and in Standyrd High Dxerman, dhy priifiks iz riikwajyrd, weeraz dhy Anggloo-Saksyn wyn iz moor opcynyl. Dhy Wiik past tents markyr inserts -ed-, weeraz dhy Strong past tents juuxuwalii invaalvz y vaul tcandx.
Oldhoo Anggloo-Saksyn did hav dhy Sybdxynktiv and Imperytiv, dhy egzampylz cal bii fookyst on dhy Present and Past tentsiz.
Wiik Egzampylz
Present tents | ||||
Infinytiv | Lufian tuu lyv | Fremman tuu duu | ||
sing. | pl. | sing. | pl. | |
1st persyn | lufie | lufiað | fremme | femmað |
2nd persyn | lufast | lufiað | fremest | femmað |
3rd persyn | lufað | lufiað | fremeð | femmað |
Past tents | ||||
sing. | pl. | sing. | pl. | |
1st persyn | lufode | lufodon | fremede | femmedon |
2nd persyn | lufodest | lufodon | fremedest | femmedon |
3rd persyn | lufode | lufodon | fremede | femmedon |
Strong Egzampylz
Present tents | ||||
Infinytiv | Singan tuu sing | Niman tuu teek | ||
sing. | pl. | sing. | pl. | |
1st persyn | singe | singað | nime | nimað |
2nd persyn | singest | singað | nimest | nimað |
3rd persyn | singeð | singað | nimeð | nimað |
Past Tents | ||||
sing. | pl. | sing. | pl. | |
1st persyn | sang | sungon | nam | nāmon |
2nd persyn | sunge | sungon | nāme | nāmon |
3rd persyn | sang | sungon | nam | nāmon |
Dhy Verb Bēon and Wesan
Dheer ar tuu foormz yv dhy verb tuu bii in Anggloo-Saksyn. Dhed booth ceer dhy seem past tents, ruutid in wesan. Dhy verb foorm wesan wyz priizervd in dhy past tents, in dhy foorm yv was and were.
Dhiiz verb foormz wer olsoo priiservd intuu dhy Midyl Ingglic ery, in yn Epik kold Brut:
"Al swa muchel thu bist woruh, swa thu velden ært."
(All as much thou art worth, as thou kind art)
Juu ar woorth az mutc az juu ar kaind.
Present tents | ||||
Infinitive | Bēon tuu bii | Wesan tuu bii | ||
sing. | pl. | sing. | pl. | |
1st persyn | bēo | bēoð | eom | sind, sindon |
2nd persyn | bist | bēoð | eart | sind, sindon |
3rd persyn | bið | bēoð | is | sind, sindon |
Past Tents (foor booth) | ||||
sing. | pl. | |||
1st persyn | wæs | wǣron | ||
2nd persyn | wǣre | wǣron | ||
3rd persyn | wæs | wǣron |
Sources and External Links
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/oldenglish.htm
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/runic.htm#futhorc
http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/engol-0-X.html
http://members.tripod.com/babaev/archive/grammar43.html
http://home.comcast.net/~modean52/index.htm
http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/resources/IOE/index.html
Finegan, Edward. "English." The World’s Major Languages. Ed. Bernard Comrie. New York, NY Oxford University Press, 1990
Atherton, Mark. Teach Yourself Old English. Coventry, England, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.: 2006.
Page written by Timothy Patrick Snyder.