Seuna nouns: Difference between revisions

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End-tags for nouns
[[Nouns in Seuna]] has a lot of old ideas.
[[Seuna suffixes and some grammar]] has an old idea.
[[Seuna rubbish]] the same.


There are 14 of these end-tags (cases if you will).
==plural==


@ If the noun is the subject of the sentence or follows a preposition.
The plural is formed by adding a final "n". In the writing system this is represented by a grammatical mark ''':''', not by the soundmark '''n'''.


MU "to" ... MUTEU = upto, MUCHA = towards
'''kloga''' = shoe, '''klogan''' = shoes
In the situation were a clause is the subject or object of a sentence, in the clause the verb is in its full/citation form (actually a verbal noun), the subject is marked with the genative and the object with MU.


JAI "on, touching, incontact with, adjacent" ... JAIMU = onto, JAIDA = off
There is a subgroup of nouns that become plural by changing internally.
contiguous with, about table.JAI = on the table, "I am talking about you lot", "He is a alcoholic", "He is in love"


FAU "as" ... (this denotes a temporary state as ) "I work as a waiter", "She replied in English", youngsterFAU = when I was a youth/in my youth/as a youngster, it is cubFAU big = considering it is a cub, it is big, as the city was captured we fled 
{| border=1
  |align=center| man
  |align=center| '''bla'''
  |align=center| men
  |align=center| '''bala'''
  |align=center| male(adjective)
  |align=center| '''obla'''
  |-
  |align=center| woman
  |align=center| '''gla'''
  |align=center| women
  |align=center| '''gala'''
  |align=center| female(adjective)
  |align=center| '''egla'''
  |}


"equative case",
==role.tags==


According to SIL:
Nine role.tags are end.stuck to nouns.
 
'''u''' = "by"
 
'''yo''' = "to" or "upto"
   
   
  Equative case is a case that expresses likeness or identity to the
'''ji''' = "for"
referent of the noun it marks.
 
'''fi''' = "at"
 
'''ge''' = "of"
 
'''le''' = "from"
 
'''s''' ... can be said to show the accusative case. Also used for the vocative case.
 
'''wa''' =  "towards" or "about"
 
'''ho''' = "with"
 
'''yo''' is used to indicate the receiver of a gift.
 
'''wa''' also corresponds to English "about" as in "I think about you".
 
'''fi''' is often eroded to '''f''' if the word ends in a vowel or '''n'''. The eight position.tags can be thought of as a semantic expantion of '''fi'''. You normally use '''fi''' along with one of the position.tags.
 
The nominative is unmarked. Also the nouns that follows all prepositions are unmarked ???
 
There is a special symbol given to each of these tags, that is in text, they are never spelled out phonetically but their special symbol is used.
 
==position.tags==
 
Eight tags are front.stuck to nouns.
 
'''bali''' = above
 
'''keja''' = below
 
'''fas''' = in front (i.e. this side of)
 
'''cimo''' = behind (i.e. at the far side of)
 
'''ni''' = on (covers about the same semantic space as English "on")
 
'''tian''' = beside
 
'''pi''' = in > '''pilia''' "to enter" ... '''pilyari''' "I entered"


It can have meaning, such as
'''ompu''' = out > '''pilua''' "to exit" ... '''pilwari''' "I went out"


* as
There is a special symbol given to each of these tags, that is in text, they are never spelled out phonetically but their special symbol is used.
* like, and
 
* in the capacity of.
==motion verbs==
 
  or even an "essive case",  
'''na''' go '''pidwolo''' = (S/he goes into the house)
 
'''na''' run '''pidwolo''' = (S/he runs into the house)
 
"go" and "run" are considered "motion verbs" hence a change of position is assumed when they are used. When no change in position occurs
 
with a "motion verb", the sentence must receive extra marking. i.e.
 
'''na''' run '''pidwolof''' = (S/he runs in the house)
 
 
cat jumped '''ni'''wall = The cat jumped onto the wall
 
cat jumped '''ni'''wall'''f''' = The cat jumped on top of the wall (the English translation is actually ambiguous)
 
"the cat jumped from the wall" would be
 
meu jumped wall'''le'''
 
or if you really wanted to pin the meaning down
 
meu jumped '''ni'''wall'''le'''
 
== When two nouns come together ==
 
===attributive===
 
For the many situations in which one noun qualifies another and ownership isn't involved, we use the particle '''ta''' between the nouns.
 
book '''ta mi''' = a book written by me
 
===possession===
 
As mentioned above the endtag '''-ge''' is translated by "of" in English. However -ge actually functions in a smaller range of situation than "of". In actual fact it is only used when "possession" is involved.  
For example;-
 
book '''mige''' = my book (a book owned by me)
 
===inalienable possession===
 
'''yu''' = second person pronoun
 
'''baba''' = father
 
'''babayu''' = your father
 
'''nogami''' = my leg
 
As well as body parts and family members, also locations take the inalienable construction
(Interesting fact - the words for "face" and "back", can be considered both body parts and locations.
 
'''pi''' = the interior, the inside
 
'''dwolo''' = house
 
'''pidwolo''' = the interior of the house
 
'''pidwolof''' = in the house
 
=== other associations ===
 
door '''ta''' room
 
paper '''ta''' today
 
table '''ta''' wood
 
milk three litres milk


According to SIL:
'''ta''' can be used withiut a proceding noun.
Essive case is a case that expresses the temporary state of the referent
specified by a noun.


The case has the meaning of
'''ta''' room = the one of the room


* while, and
'''ta''' today = the one of today
* in the capacity of.


'''ta''' wood = the one of wood


BE the partative case marker
'''ta hia''' = the red one
"five of them', "she drank from the milk", "I watched the news", "he searched for his screwdriver(and did not find it)" ... If instead of "BE", "S" is suffixed in the above sentence, then the meaning of each one changes quite a bit.


GO "for"
'''tan hia''' = the red ones


DA "from" ... DACHA = away from
'''ta''' wood = the one made of wood
This has a number of functions. The main one is as in "he walked home from school"
Another one is "I am taller from my father"
Another one is "the bees kept the farmer from the honey in the hive"


LI "with" ... instrumental, adverb forming, adjective forming
'''tan''' '''pi'''boat'''fi''' = the ones in the boat
"we went with friends", "to see with the eyes", "with care", "with great speed"
saw.LI = with a saw(saw.JAI once considered),
"I bought the doll for 25 baht"


LU "without" ... the same as LI  but opposite
'''ta mige''' = that one of mine


CA "-ish" ... denote likeness or similarity, does not denote a temporary state
'''tan mige''' = those ones of mine
    as FAU does


S if the noun is the "undergoer" in the sentence
=== two nouns together ===


KOI "like, in the manner of" ... He walks like a woman.
In Seuna when to nouns come together, they can be translated into English with an "and" between them. (Same also for verbs).  
this denotes, not a generl likeness as CA does, but a likeness in relation
to a particular action


PI "in" ... PIMU = into, PIDA = out of
X Y Z.jwo = X and Y and Z
"schoolPI = "in the school building"
X Y Z.ple = X or Y or Z When speaking a list, there is a definite pause between each item.
as opposed to the more usual term "schoolTEU"


TEU "at, near, by" ... TEUCHA = around ??
'''jwo''' and '''ple''' are both clitics.
"schoolTEU" = at school, "tuesdayTEU' = on tuesday


N "of" ... the genitive, denotes ownership
Adposition is not allowed in Seuna - you can not have "Obama, the president" but must insert a '''ta''' between the two nouns, introducing the second element, in a relative clause. Similarly "William the Conqueror", Alexander the Great"
In the situation were a clause is the subject or object of a sentence, in the clause the verb is in its full/citation form (actually a verbal noun), the subject is marked with the genative and the object with MU (or S ??). ==================================================================
-NI equivalent to "to" or "for" i.e.    comeARA HITANI  xxS = I am coming in order to hit her ????
AN = reason, ANMU = in order to, ANDA = because
================


The thirty family words.
Co-ordinative compounds ( motherfather = parents, swordspear = weapen, armleg =limb) when both words contribute equally to the compound. Called Dvandva in Sanskrit.


@
My son, the doctor, went to town
MAMA ……. mother
My son, the doctor, and I went to town
YAYA …….. son
JAJA ………. daughter
FAFA ……… grand-daughter
BABA ……. father
GAGA …… older sister
DADA ……. older brother 7
L
CACA ……. grandmother
SASA …….. cousin (female)
KAKA ……. younger sister
PAPA ……… grandson
TATA ……... younger brother
WAWA …… grandfather
NANA …….. cousin (male) 7
H


DABA …….. uncle
===compounds===
TABA …….. uncle
GABA …….. aunt
KABA …….. aunt
DAMA ……. uncle
TAMA ……. uncle
GAMA …….. aunt
KAMA …….. aunt 8


YAJA ……… offspring, children
'''tolno.senai''' = windmill
MABA …….. parents
CAWA …….. grandparents
DATA ………brothers
GAKA ……...sisters
DAGA ……...older brothers and sisters
TAKA …….. younger brothers and sisters 7


All the above 36 words (xAxA) words and the 2x240 personal names (xExE & xOxO) do not express plurality on the actual word. (You can use the word ALKA)
'''tolno.mose''' = watermill


GWO ……… member ... GAWO members
There are many compounds. The compounds are head final. More than 50% are attributive compounds.  
UGO ………. group ... WAGO groups
HALGO …… family – this is a good example of a compound word


GYA = man
The same method of compounding is used for object incorporating in verbs.
GAYA = men, male


BYA = woman
I hunt deer => I deer.hunt
BAYA = women, female


LA = person
hand.make'''oi''' = handmade
LAWA = people, human


wife.beat'''gu''' = wifebeater


[[Category:Seuna]]


==Index==
==Index==


{{Seuna index}}
{{Seuna index}}

Latest revision as of 15:48, 27 May 2009

Nouns in Seuna has a lot of old ideas. Seuna suffixes and some grammar has an old idea. Seuna rubbish the same.

plural

The plural is formed by adding a final "n". In the writing system this is represented by a grammatical mark :, not by the soundmark n.

kloga = shoe, klogan = shoes

There is a subgroup of nouns that become plural by changing internally.

man bla men bala male(adjective) obla
woman gla women gala female(adjective) egla

role.tags

Nine role.tags are end.stuck to nouns.

u = "by"

yo = "to" or "upto"

ji = "for"

fi = "at"

ge = "of"

le = "from"

s ... can be said to show the accusative case. Also used for the vocative case.

wa = "towards" or "about"

ho = "with"

yo is used to indicate the receiver of a gift.

wa also corresponds to English "about" as in "I think about you".

fi is often eroded to f if the word ends in a vowel or n. The eight position.tags can be thought of as a semantic expantion of fi. You normally use fi along with one of the position.tags.

The nominative is unmarked. Also the nouns that follows all prepositions are unmarked ???

There is a special symbol given to each of these tags, that is in text, they are never spelled out phonetically but their special symbol is used.

position.tags

Eight tags are front.stuck to nouns.

bali = above

keja = below

fas = in front (i.e. this side of)

cimo = behind (i.e. at the far side of)

ni = on (covers about the same semantic space as English "on")

tian = beside

pi = in > pilia "to enter" ... pilyari "I entered"

ompu = out > pilua "to exit" ... pilwari "I went out"

There is a special symbol given to each of these tags, that is in text, they are never spelled out phonetically but their special symbol is used.

motion verbs

na go pidwolo = (S/he goes into the house)

na run pidwolo = (S/he runs into the house)

"go" and "run" are considered "motion verbs" hence a change of position is assumed when they are used. When no change in position occurs

with a "motion verb", the sentence must receive extra marking. i.e.

na run pidwolof = (S/he runs in the house)


cat jumped niwall = The cat jumped onto the wall

cat jumped niwallf = The cat jumped on top of the wall (the English translation is actually ambiguous)

"the cat jumped from the wall" would be

meu jumped wallle

or if you really wanted to pin the meaning down

meu jumped niwallle

When two nouns come together

attributive

For the many situations in which one noun qualifies another and ownership isn't involved, we use the particle ta between the nouns.

book ta mi = a book written by me

possession

As mentioned above the endtag -ge is translated by "of" in English. However -ge actually functions in a smaller range of situation than "of". In actual fact it is only used when "possession" is involved. For example;-

book mige = my book (a book owned by me)

inalienable possession

yu = second person pronoun

baba = father

babayu = your father

nogami = my leg

As well as body parts and family members, also locations take the inalienable construction (Interesting fact - the words for "face" and "back", can be considered both body parts and locations.

pi = the interior, the inside

dwolo = house

pidwolo = the interior of the house

pidwolof = in the house

other associations

door ta room

paper ta today

table ta wood

milk three litres milk

ta can be used withiut a proceding noun.

ta room = the one of the room

ta today = the one of today

ta wood = the one of wood

ta hia = the red one

tan hia = the red ones

ta wood = the one made of wood

tan piboatfi = the ones in the boat

ta mige = that one of mine

tan mige = those ones of mine

two nouns together

In Seuna when to nouns come together, they can be translated into English with an "and" between them. (Same also for verbs).

X Y Z.jwo = X and Y and Z X Y Z.ple = X or Y or Z When speaking a list, there is a definite pause between each item.

jwo and ple are both clitics.

Adposition is not allowed in Seuna - you can not have "Obama, the president" but must insert a ta between the two nouns, introducing the second element, in a relative clause. Similarly "William the Conqueror", Alexander the Great"

Co-ordinative compounds ( motherfather = parents, swordspear = weapen, armleg =limb) when both words contribute equally to the compound. Called Dvandva in Sanskrit.

My son, the doctor, went to town My son, the doctor, and I went to town

compounds

tolno.senai = windmill

tolno.mose = watermill

There are many compounds. The compounds are head final. More than 50% are attributive compounds.

The same method of compounding is used for object incorporating in verbs.

I hunt deer => I deer.hunt

hand.makeoi = handmade

wife.beatgu = wifebeater

Index

  1. Introduction to Seuna
  2. Seuna : Chapter 1
  3. Seuna word shape
  4. The script of Seuna
  5. Seuna sentence structure
  6. Seuna pronouns
  7. Seuna nouns
  8. Seuna verbs (1)
  9. Seuna adjectives
  10. Seuna demonstratives
  11. Seuna verbs (2)
  12. Asking a question in Seuna
  13. Seuna relative clauses
  14. Seuna verbs (3)
  15. Methods for deriving words in Seuna
  16. List of all Seuna derivational affixes
  17. Numbers in Seuna
  18. Naming people in Seuna
  19. The Seuna calendar
  20. Seuna units
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