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Proto-West Altaic': Difference between revisions

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(New page: Changes from Proto-Altaic': *Sibilants → affricates and /ɽ/ → [ɖ] when initial or prenasal **after which /N/ drops before the affricates, phonemicizing 'em *** *Retroflexes acqui...)
 
 
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Changes from [[Proto-Altaic']]:
==[[Proto-Altaic']] to Erly Proto-West Altaic'==
*Sibilants → affricates and /ɽ/ → [ɖ] when initial or prenasal
*/s ʂ/ → [ts tʂ] and /ɽ/ → [ɖ] when initial or prenasalized
**after which /N/ drops before the affricates, phonemicizing 'em
*Lenition of dorsal stops to fricativs in vicinity of other stops
***
*Retroflexes (but not the palato-alveolar sibilant allophones) acquire velarization
*Retroflexes acquire velarization
*/w/ is also possibly alreddy [βˠ] by this stage (areal influence? CF [[Proto-Betamax]])
*Conditional lenition of dorsal stops (before a certain subset of vowels maybe?) to fricativs
*/N/ drops before affricates and [ɖ], phonemicizing 'em
**after which: /x xʷ Nx Nxʷ χ χʷ Nχ Nχʷ/ → /h f ŋh ŋʷh ħ fˤ ŋħ ŋʷħ/
*Lengthening of stress'd nonclose vowels; /a/ attracts stress from a close vowel
<!--{|
*Reduction of /ɛ ɔ a/ to [ə] when unstress'd (also aj aw → əj əw)
 
==Erly to mid PWA'==
Till ca. -3ka.
 
Middle PWA' had two main dialects: [[Northern Altaic'|Northern]], spoken in the vicinity of the Aral Sea; and Southern, spoken as a continuum across a wide area south of this, with the most important subdialects being West proper just south of the Caspian Sea, and [[Proto-Sadabax]], spoken around where Samarkand exists in reality.
*/ɪ ʊ/ → /e o/, phonemicizing length
*Fronting /u/ → /ʉ/
*Before uvulars, /ei ai/ smooth to /eː ɛː/
*General difthong raising
**/ə əi əu/ → /ʌ ɪi ʊu/
**/ai au ou/ → /əi ou əu/.
**(There may be some confusion between *əi, *ai and *əu, *ou however, will hafta wait for stress details)
*/x xʷ Nx Nxʷ χ χʷ Nχ Nχʷ/ → /h f ŋh mh ħ fˤ ŋħ mħ/
*Retroflex stops (but generally not affricates) → velars before front vowels, emphatics elsewhere; [ɽˠ] → /ɡ/ consistently
 
From here on, dialect divisions appear:
 
*POA chain shift involving labials. The results differ a bit by the dialect - West proper develops an emphasis contrast, while North shifts this further to a palatalization / velarization contrast (in some cases with a third dimension too). This all may have been brought about from contact with the [[Transcaspian']] family.
** /kʷ qʷ/ → /p pˤ/ (South), /pˠ kʴ/ (North)
** /p f fˤ/ → /t̻ s̻ s̻ˤ/ (South), /pʲ fʲ fˠ/ (North)
** Note that this dedorsalization is later than the one affecting spirants, since their reflexes behave here as labials!
*Approximant drift
**/l/ → /n̻/
**/j/ → /ɟ/ → /dʲ/ (North), → /d̻/ (South)
**/w/ → /βˠ/ → /bˠ/ (North), → /bˤ/ (South)
*/q/ → /kˤ/ [qˤ] (South), /kʴ/ (North)
*/s̻/ → /sʲ/ (North and Sadabax)
** --hang on, where does North get this /s̻/? Is there a split development of *f or *h?
*/ts/ → /s̻/ (only in West)
*/ɪi ʊu/ → /i u/ (remember, these are unstress'd only)
*/i e ə/ → /ʉ/ [ɵ] /ɔ/ when before /u/ etc. (in North, only the last of these seems to occur)
*Unrounding /ʉ/ → /ɨ/
*/aː/ → /oa/ → /ua/, leaving the dialects without an open vowel at all and prompting different repair strategies:
**In West proper, /o ɔː/ → /a(ː)/, triggering a chain shift: /oː/ → /ɔː/, /ou/ → /oː/
**In North, /ɨ/ → /a/
*More difthong raising:
**/ei/ → /iː/ (general)
**/ou/ → /uː/ (North and Sadabax; West cf. prev.)
**/əi əu/ → /ɨi ɨu/ (South), furthermore /ɨi/ → /ɨː/ (West only)
**/əi əu/ → /iː uː/ (North, but without palatalization/velarization)
* Southern /kˤ/ → West /ʔ/
** in Sadabax, all non-emphatic stops lenited (may be late): /p b t̻ d̻ t ts k g/ → /f v θ ð ɾ s x ɣ/, /pˤ bˤ tˤ dˤ kˤ/ → /p b t d k/
 
==Mid to late PWA'==
ca. -1.5ka
*/t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops)
*Voicing processes (or maybe later? NB /h ħ/ will not voice)
*Introduce /ɬ̻ ɬˤ/, whence /l̻ ɫ/ (cf. [[East Persian']]!)
*/θˤ/ → /ħ/, /ɫ/
*Velar rounding before /ua/, which itself returns to /aː/ (& elsewhere?)
**also hʷ → xʷ
* Short vowels lengthen before _CLASS (short sonorants?); also /i/ → /iə/
**[ɵ] returns to /e/; however [ɵː] breiks → [eɔ]
* Insertion of shwa before _CLASS (pharyngeals?), with length and /ee ɛɛ/, /oo ɔɔ/ contrasts neutralized
**/iə ɨə uə/ remain difthongs; the last of these attracts remaining /ua/
*[ə] renormalizes to [ɔ] outside of difthongs
**[eɔ aɔ] → [ɛː ɔː]
*Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too)
**Emphasis spreds thru a word unless blocked by a velar obstruent or nasal.
**The laminal/apical distinction in coronals is neutralized when emphatic.
 
{|
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2" | Dental /<br/> alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Lamino-<br/>dental
! rowspan="2" | Retro-<br/>flex
! colspan="2"| Apico-<br/>postalveolar
! rowspan="2" | Post-<br/>alveolar
! colspan="2"| Velar
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2"| Laryngeal
! colspan="2" | Uvular
|-
|-
!<small>Plain</small>
!<small>Plain</small>
!<small>Labialized</small>
!<small>Emphatic</small>
!<small>Plain</small>
!<small>Plain</small>
!<small>Labialized</small>
!<small>Emphatic</small>
|-
!<small>Plain</small>
! Voiceless stops
!<small>Labial</small>
| align="center" | p
!<small>Plain</small>
| align="center" | t
!<small>Emphatic</small>
| align="center" | ʈ ||
|- align="center"
| align="center" | k
! align="left" rowspan="2"| Stops
| align="center" | kʷ
! align="left"| <small>Voiceless</small>
| align="center" | q
| p
| align="center" | qʷ
| pˤ
|-
| t̻
! Voiced stop
| ṯ
| align="center" | b
| ṯˤ
|-
| k
! Fricativs
| kʷ
| align="center" | f
| (ʔ ~ ∅)
| align="center" | s
|
| align="center" | ʂ
|- align="center"
|-
! align="left"| <small>Voiced</small>
! Nasals
| b
| align="center" | m
| bˤ
| align="center" | n
| d̻
|-
| ḏ
! Approximants
| ḏˤ
| ɡ
| ɡʷ
|- align="center"
! align="left" rowspan="2"| Fricatives
! align="left"| <small>Voiceless</small>
|
|
| s̻
| s̱
| ʂˣ
|
| xʷ
| h
| ħ
|- align="center"
! align="left"| (<small>Voiced</small>
|
|
| z̻
| ẕ
| ʐˠ
|
|
| align="center" | l
| (ɣʷ))
| align="center" | ɽ
|- align="center"
| align="right" | j ||
! align="left" colspan="2"| Nasals
| align="center" | w
| m
|-
| mˤ
|}-->
| n̻
| ṉ
| ṉˤ
| ŋ
|- align="center"
! align="left" colspan="2"| Laterals
| ||
| l̻
| (ḻ)
| ɫ
|- align="center"
! align="left" colspan="2"| Semivowels
| || || ||
| ɻˠ
| align="left" | j
| w
|}
 
(Depending on the font, the laminality signs (subsc. square) may look like dentality sings (subsc. bridge), but since they're dental anyway, that's no problem.)
 
[[Category:Earth']]

Latest revision as of 20:54, 26 October 2010

Proto-Altaic' to Erly Proto-West Altaic'

  • /s ʂ/ → [ts tʂ] and /ɽ/ → [ɖ] when initial or prenasalized
  • Lenition of dorsal stops to fricativs in vicinity of other stops
  • Retroflexes (but not the palato-alveolar sibilant allophones) acquire velarization
  • /w/ is also possibly alreddy [βˠ] by this stage (areal influence? CF Proto-Betamax)
  • /N/ drops before affricates and [ɖ], phonemicizing 'em
  • Lengthening of stress'd nonclose vowels; /a/ attracts stress from a close vowel
  • Reduction of /ɛ ɔ a/ to [ə] when unstress'd (also aj aw → əj əw)

Erly to mid PWA'

Till ca. -3ka.

Middle PWA' had two main dialects: Northern, spoken in the vicinity of the Aral Sea; and Southern, spoken as a continuum across a wide area south of this, with the most important subdialects being West proper just south of the Caspian Sea, and Proto-Sadabax, spoken around where Samarkand exists in reality.

  • /ɪ ʊ/ → /e o/, phonemicizing length
  • Fronting /u/ → /ʉ/
  • Before uvulars, /ei ai/ smooth to /eː ɛː/
  • General difthong raising
    • /ə əi əu/ → /ʌ ɪi ʊu/
    • /ai au ou/ → /əi ou əu/.
    • (There may be some confusion between *əi, *ai and *əu, *ou however, will hafta wait for stress details)
  • /x xʷ Nx Nxʷ χ χʷ Nχ Nχʷ/ → /h f ŋh mh ħ fˤ ŋħ mħ/
  • Retroflex stops (but generally not affricates) → velars before front vowels, emphatics elsewhere; [ɽˠ] → /ɡ/ consistently

From here on, dialect divisions appear:

  • POA chain shift involving labials. The results differ a bit by the dialect - West proper develops an emphasis contrast, while North shifts this further to a palatalization / velarization contrast (in some cases with a third dimension too). This all may have been brought about from contact with the Transcaspian' family.
    • /kʷ qʷ/ → /p pˤ/ (South), /pˠ kʴ/ (North)
    • /p f fˤ/ → /t̻ s̻ s̻ˤ/ (South), /pʲ fʲ fˠ/ (North)
    • Note that this dedorsalization is later than the one affecting spirants, since their reflexes behave here as labials!
  • Approximant drift
    • /l/ → /n̻/
    • /j/ → /ɟ/ → /dʲ/ (North), → /d̻/ (South)
    • /w/ → /βˠ/ → /bˠ/ (North), → /bˤ/ (South)
  • /q/ → /kˤ/ [qˤ] (South), /kʴ/ (North)
  • /s̻/ → /sʲ/ (North and Sadabax)
    • --hang on, where does North get this /s̻/? Is there a split development of *f or *h?
  • /ts/ → /s̻/ (only in West)
  • /ɪi ʊu/ → /i u/ (remember, these are unstress'd only)
  • /i e ə/ → /ʉ/ [ɵ] /ɔ/ when before /u/ etc. (in North, only the last of these seems to occur)
  • Unrounding /ʉ/ → /ɨ/
  • /aː/ → /oa/ → /ua/, leaving the dialects without an open vowel at all and prompting different repair strategies:
    • In West proper, /o ɔː/ → /a(ː)/, triggering a chain shift: /oː/ → /ɔː/, /ou/ → /oː/
    • In North, /ɨ/ → /a/
  • More difthong raising:
    • /ei/ → /iː/ (general)
    • /ou/ → /uː/ (North and Sadabax; West cf. prev.)
    • /əi əu/ → /ɨi ɨu/ (South), furthermore /ɨi/ → /ɨː/ (West only)
    • /əi əu/ → /iː uː/ (North, but without palatalization/velarization)
  • Southern /kˤ/ → West /ʔ/
    • in Sadabax, all non-emphatic stops lenited (may be late): /p b t̻ d̻ t ts k g/ → /f v θ ð ɾ s x ɣ/, /pˤ bˤ tˤ dˤ kˤ/ → /p b t d k/

Mid to late PWA'

ca. -1.5ka

  • /t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops)
  • Voicing processes (or maybe later? NB /h ħ/ will not voice)
  • Introduce /ɬ̻ ɬˤ/, whence /l̻ ɫ/ (cf. East Persian'!)
  • /θˤ/ → /ħ/, /ɫ/
  • Velar rounding before /ua/, which itself returns to /aː/ (& elsewhere?)
    • also hʷ → xʷ
  • Short vowels lengthen before _CLASS (short sonorants?); also /i/ → /iə/
    • [ɵ] returns to /e/; however [ɵː] breiks → [eɔ]
  • Insertion of shwa before _CLASS (pharyngeals?), with length and /ee ɛɛ/, /oo ɔɔ/ contrasts neutralized
    • /iə ɨə uə/ remain difthongs; the last of these attracts remaining /ua/
  • [ə] renormalizes to [ɔ] outside of difthongs
    • [eɔ aɔ] → [ɛː ɔː]
  • Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too)
    • Emphasis spreds thru a word unless blocked by a velar obstruent or nasal.
    • The laminal/apical distinction in coronals is neutralized when emphatic.
Labial Lamino-
dental 		Apico-
postalveolar 		Velar Laryngeal
Plain Emphatic Plain Emphatic Plain Labial Plain Emphatic
Stops Voiceless p pˤ t̻ ṯ ṯˤ k kʷ (ʔ ~ ∅)
Voiced b bˤ d̻ ḏ ḏˤ ɡ ɡʷ
Fricatives Voiceless s̻ s̱ ʂˣ xʷ h ħ
(Voiced z̻ ẕ ʐˠ (ɣʷ))
Nasals m mˤ n̻ ṉ ṉˤ ŋ
Laterals l̻ (ḻ) ɫ
Semivowels ɻˠ j w

(Depending on the font, the laminality signs (subsc. square) may look like dentality sings (subsc. bridge), but since they're dental anyway, that's no problem.)

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