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Labels for local cases: Difference between revisions

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== Labels for local cases{{ref|LinguaQuestionnaire}} ==
__TOC__
== Local cases {{ref|Blake}} ==
 
The usual labels for local are cases built on the model of the Latin ''ablātīvus'' 'ablative' which is made up of the preposition ''ab'' 'from' plus a stem ''{{IPA|lātīvus}}'' the root of which is ''{{IPA|lāt}}'', which is used for the perfect participle of ''{{IPA|ferō}}'' 'I bear'. Other labels are formed by varying the preposition or by combining prepositions with the stem essīvus from ''esse'' 'to be'.
 
{| class="bordertable" width="80%" align="center" cellpadding="3"
!width=20%, align=left| Latin root
!width=20%, align=left| Meaning
!width=25%, align=left| Case label
!width=350%, align=left| Meaning
|-
|  ''ad'' || 'to' || allative || 'to(wards) (the exterior of)'
|-
|  ''in'' || 'into' || illative || 'into'
|-
|  ''ab'' || 'from' || ablative || 'from (the exterior of)'
|-
|  ''e(x)'' || 'out of || elative || 'from (the inside of)'
|-
|  ''super'' || 'above' || superlative || 'to the top of'
|-
|  ''trans'' || 'through' || translative || 'through'
|-
|  ''per'' || 'through' || perlative || 'through, along'
|-
|  ||  || essive || 'at (cf. locative)'
|-
|  ''in'' || 'in' || inessive || 'in(side)'
|-
|  ''ad'' || 'to' || adessive || 'at'
|-
|  ''super'' || 'above' || superessive || 'above'
|-
|  ''sub'' || 'under' || subessive || 'below'
|}
 
There are other local cases and labels for local cases as well, but these are the most common, except that the case covering the 'at' function is more commonly called ''locative'', while ''essive'' is used for a case that carries the meaning of a temporary state of being, often equivalent to the English "as a...".
 
== Table of labels for local cases {{ref|LinguaQuestionnaire}} ==


Please mark tentative or doubtful labels with a query (e.g. {{morpho-label|?translative}}) and newly coined labels with an asterisk (e.g. {{morpho-label|*preterlative}}!
Please mark tentative or doubtful labels with a query (e.g. {{morpho-label|?translative}}) and newly coined labels with an asterisk (e.g. {{morpho-label|*preterlative}}!


<!--
<!--
     Please don't remove the title attributes from the cells.
     Please don't remove the title attributes from the cells. They are not only helpful when viewing the table, which doesn't fit in one screen for most people, but above all they are indispensable for navigating in the table when editing it: by looking at the header cell describing the type of location and the title attribute you will easily be able to see in which row and column you are. Without them you will easily get lost, since the same English prepositions are used as descriptors in several places.
    They are not only helpful when viewing the table, which
    doesn't fit in one screen for most people, but above all
    they are indispensable for navigating in the table when
    editing it: by looking at the header cell describing the
    type of location and the title attribute you will easily
    be able to see in which row and column you are. Without
    them you will easily get lost, since the same English
    prepositions are used as descriptors in several places.
-->
-->


{| class="gridtable small sans align-top-left" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
{| class="gridtable small sans align-top-left" border="1" cellpadding="5"
!
!
! colspan="1" | Type of location
! colspan="1" | Type of location
Line 81: Line 111:
! title="type of location" | posterior
! title="type of location" | posterior
| title="A. at rest" | behind
| title="A. at rest" | behind
| class="morpho-label" |
| class="morpho-label" |*postessive
| title="B. motion to" | behind
| title="B. motion to" | behind
| class="morpho-label" |
| class="morpho-label" |*postlative
| title="C. motion from" | from behind
| title="C. motion from" | from behind
| class="morpho-label" |
| class="morpho-label" |*depostlative
| title="D. motion past" | behind
| title="D. motion past" | behind
| class="morpho-label" |
| class="morpho-label" |
Line 169: Line 199:
! title="type of location" | citerior
! title="type of location" | citerior
| title="A. at rest" | on this side of
| title="A. at rest" | on this side of
| class="morpho-label" |
| class="morpho-label" | ?cislocative
| title="B. motion to" | to this side of
| title="B. motion to" | to this side of
| class="morpho-label" |
| class="morpho-label" | ?cislative
| title="C. motion from" | from this side of
| title="C. motion from" | from this side of
| class="morpho-label" |
| class="morpho-label" | <nowiki>*?ecislative</nowiki>
| title="D. motion past" | on this side of
| title="D. motion past" | on this side of
| class="morpho-label" |
| class="morpho-label" |
Line 333: Line 363:


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
{{note|Blake}} '''Source:''' Barry J. Blake, ''Case'', Cambridge: Camb. U. P., 1994. ISBN  0521441145 (cased),
ISBN 0521446619 (pbk).


{{note|LinguaQuestionnaire}} This is based on a table of possible local semantic functions in the [http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/fieldtools/linguaQ.html The Lingua Descriptive Studies Questionnaire], section ''2.1.1.5.''
{{note|LinguaQuestionnaire}} This is based on a table of possible local semantic functions in the [http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/fieldtools/linguaQ.html The Lingua Descriptive Studies Questionnaire], section ''2.1.1.5.''
Line 339: Line 372:


{{note|translative}} {{morpho-label|translative}} is more familiar as the label for a case indicating "a change into a state", e.g. in Finnish, but it seems correct to use this label also for "motion through something", at least in terms of the general meaning of Latin ''trans''.
{{note|translative}} {{morpho-label|translative}} is more familiar as the label for a case indicating "a change into a state", e.g. in Finnish, but it seems correct to use this label also for "motion through something", at least in terms of the general meaning of Latin ''trans''.
[[Category:Grammatical cases]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Terminology]]

Latest revision as of 08:31, 10 January 2012

Local cases [1]

The usual labels for local are cases built on the model of the Latin ablātīvus 'ablative' which is made up of the preposition ab 'from' plus a stem lātīvus the root of which is lāt, which is used for the perfect participle of ferō 'I bear'. Other labels are formed by varying the preposition or by combining prepositions with the stem essīvus from esse 'to be'.

Latin root Meaning Case label Meaning
ad 'to' allative 'to(wards) (the exterior of)'
in 'into' illative 'into'
ab 'from' ablative 'from (the exterior of)'
e(x) 'out of elative 'from (the inside of)'
super 'above' superlative 'to the top of'
trans 'through' translative 'through'
per 'through' perlative 'through, along'
essive 'at (cf. locative)'
in 'in' inessive 'in(side)'
ad 'to' adessive 'at'
super 'above' superessive 'above'
sub 'under' subessive 'below'

There are other local cases and labels for local cases as well, but these are the most common, except that the case covering the 'at' function is more commonly called locative, while essive is used for a case that carries the meaning of a temporary state of being, often equivalent to the English "as a...".

Table of labels for local cases [2]

Please mark tentative or doubtful labels with a query (e.g. ?translative ) and newly coined labels with an asterisk (e.g. *preterlative !


Type of location A. at rest B. motion to C. motion from D. motion past
1. general at locative to lative from separative past *preterlative[3]
2. proximate near (to) adessive near allative from near ablative near
3. interior in(side) inessive in(to) illative out of elative through ?translative[4]
4. exterior outside up to ?terminative away from ?egressive past prolative
5. anterior in front of in front of from in front of in front of
6. posterior behind *postessive behind *postlative from behind *depostlative behind
7. superior above/over *supraessive above *supralative from above *desuperlative over
8. superior-contact on superessive on(to) sublative off over
8a. surface on on(to) off delative over/across
9. inferior below/under *subteressive, *infraessive below/under *subterlative, *infralative from under *desubterlative, *deinfralative under
10. inferior-contact under subessive under from under under
11. lateral beside apudessive beside from beside past
12. lateral-contact on pertingent on(to) off over, along prolative
13. citerior on this side of ?cislocative to this side of ?cislative from this side of *?ecislative on this side of
14. citerior-contact on this side of to this side of from this side of on this side of
15. ulterior beyond beyond from beyond beyond
16. ulterior-contact on the other side of/across across from across on the other side of
17. medial (2) between between from between between
18. medial (3+) among among from among through prolative
19. circumferential - - - round
20. citerior-anterior opposite opposite from opposite on the other side
21. interior (long object) through/along
22. exterior (long object) past/along prosecutive
23. superior along (above)
24. superior-contact (long object) along (on top of)
24a. surface (long object) along ?vialis
25. inferior (long object) along (under)
26. inferior-contact (long object) along (under)

Notes

^  Source: Barry J. Blake, Case, Cambridge: Camb. U. P., 1994. ISBN 0521441145 (cased), ISBN 0521446619 (pbk).

^  This is based on a table of possible local semantic functions in the The Lingua Descriptive Studies Questionnaire, section 2.1.1.5.

^  A more conservative label for "general motion past" might be perlative 

which more specifically labels motion "over/across a surface" (8a.d.). Such homonymies arise because the more general and more specific cases seldom occur simultaneously in a single language, so that linguists and grammarians have found no need to distinguish them.

^  translative 

is more familiar as the label for a case indicating "a change into a state", e.g. in Finnish, but it seems correct to use this label also for "motion through something", at least in terms of the general meaning of Latin trans.
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