|
|
| (16 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| :Cironean (natively: ''rethró athenam Cirónei'', "language of the men of Cirone") is a language in the [[Redhrácic]] family of tongues spoken by the [[Homo antiquus]] [[Cironeans]]. d
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Phonology==
| |
|
| |
| ===Phonemes===
| |
|
| |
| ====Consonants====
| |
|
| |
| C, CH, D, F, G, H, J, L, M, N, P, Q, U, R, S, SH, T, TH, V, W, X, Y, Z
| |
|
| |
| ====Vowels====
| |
|
| |
| a – Latin p'''a'''ter; o – Latin p'''o'''ssum; ó – Latin laud'''o'''; u – Latin p'''u'''to; e – Latin mon'''e'''o; i – Latin f'''i'''o; ai (archaic) – approx. to Latin c'''ae'''lum; oi – English p'''oi'''nt; ou – English p'''ou'''t
| |
|
| |
| ====Syllabic Structure====
| |
|
| |
| Forbidden Singular Terminal Consonants: C, F, H, J, QU, V, W, Y, and Z
| |
|
| |
| Initial Clusters: B and C - can form clusters with L and R; D, G, P, and T - can form clusters with R; S - can form clusters with C and T
| |
|
| |
| Stress Rules: Stress rules in Cironean are similar to those in Redhrácic, from which hypothetical language it is supposed to descend. Words of a single syllable are unaccented, while other words stress the antepenult. Those words of six syllables or more stress the second syllable as well as the antepenult.
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ==Grammar==
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ===Nouns===
| |
|
| |
| ====1st Declension: “Feminine” Nouns Ending in –Ó====
| |
|
| |
| Model: Rethró, language
| |
|
| |
| {| border=1
| |
| | Case
| |
| |align=center| Singular
| |
| |align=center| Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | Nominative
| |
| | Rethró
| |
| | Rethróth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Genitive
| |
| | Rethroi
| |
| | Rethroith
| |
| |-
| |
| |Predicative
| |
| |Rethrou
| |
| |Rethrouth
| |
| |-
| |
| |Prepositive
| |
| | Rethroe
| |
| | Rethroeth
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ====2nd Declension: “Masculine” Nouns Ending in –E====
| |
|
| |
| Model: Alve, house
| |
|
| |
| {| border=1
| |
| | Case
| |
| |align=center| Singular
| |
| |align=center| Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | Nominative
| |
| | Alve
| |
| | Alven
| |
| |-
| |
| | Genitive
| |
| | Alvei
| |
| | Alvein
| |
| |-
| |
| | Predicative
| |
| | Alveu
| |
| | Alveun
| |
| |-
| |
| | Prepositive
| |
| | Alveó
| |
| | Alveón
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====3rd Declension: “Neuter” Nouns Ending in –U====
| |
|
| |
| Model: Oithu, mountain
| |
|
| |
| {| border=1
| |
| | Case
| |
| |align=center| Singular
| |
| |align=center| Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | Nominative
| |
| | Oithu
| |
| | Oithus
| |
| |-
| |
| | Genitive
| |
| | Oithui
| |
| | Oithuis
| |
| |-
| |
| | Predicative
| |
| | Oithue
| |
| | Oithues
| |
| |-
| |
| | Prepositive
| |
| | Oithua
| |
| | Oithuas
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====4th Declension: “Mixed” Nouns Ending in Consonants====
| |
|
| |
| Model: Athen, man
| |
|
| |
| {| border=1
| |
| | Case
| |
| |align=center| Singular
| |
| |align=center| Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | Nominative
| |
| | Athen
| |
| | Atheni
| |
| |-
| |
| | Genitive
| |
| | Athena
| |
| | Athenam
| |
| |-
| |
| | Predicative
| |
| | Athenu
| |
| | Athenum
| |
| |-
| |
| | Prepositive
| |
| | Athene
| |
| | Athenem
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Adjectives===
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| There are two forms of adjectives. The first form takes endings from the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Declensions, taking these endings according to the gender, number, and case of the substantive that is being modified. This holds true regardless of the declension of the noun, i.e., a type-1 adjective can modify a 4th Declension masculine noun by taking the 2nd Declension forms of the noun in question, e.g. Athen thane, a tall man. Similarly, the second type takes the endings of the 4th Declension, modifying a noun with these endings regardless of the form of the noun itself.
| |
|
| |
| Comparison of Adjectives: The four degrees of comparison are the positive, comparative, α-superlative, and β-superlative. They are indicated by affixing the following particles to the adjective:
| |
|
| |
| Pos: — Comp: af(a)- α-sup: ef(e)- β-sup: of(o)-
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ===Pronouns===
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ====Personal Pronouns====
| |
|
| |
| =====1st Person Pronoun=====
| |
|
| |
| {| border=1
| |
| | Case
| |
| |align=center| Singular
| |
| |align=center| Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | Nominative
| |
| | Shó
| |
| | Shol
| |
| |-
| |
| | Genitive
| |
| | Shoe
| |
| |Shoel
| |
| |-
| |
| | Predicative
| |
| | Shou
| |
| | Shoül
| |
| |-
| |
| | Prepositive
| |
| | Shoi
| |
| | Shoïl
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| =====2nd Person Pronoun=====
| |
|
| |
| {| border=1
| |
| | Case
| |
| |align=center| Singular
| |
| |align=center| Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | Nominative
| |
| | The
| |
| | Thech
| |
| |-
| |
| | Genitive
| |
| | Thea
| |
| | Theach
| |
| |-
| |
| | Predicative
| |
| | Theó
| |
| | Theóch
| |
| |-
| |
| | Prepositive
| |
| | Theu
| |
| | Theuch
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| =====3rd Person Pronoun=====
| |
|
| |
| {| border=1
| |
| | Case
| |
| |align=center| Singular
| |
| |align=center| Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | Nominative
| |
| | Eó, Ie, Eu
| |
| | Eóth, Ien, Eus
| |
| |-
| |
| | Genitive
| |
| | Eoi, Iei, Eue
| |
| | Eoith, Iein, Eues
| |
| |-
| |
| | Predicative
| |
| | Eou, Ieu, Eui
| |
| | Eouth, Ieun, Euis
| |
| |-
| |
| | Prepositive
| |
| | Eoe, Ieó, Eua
| |
| | Eoeth, Ieón, Euas
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Other Pronouns====
| |
|
| |
| *Proximate (This, These) ruó, rue, raü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
| |
|
| |
| *Distant (That, Those) eruó, erue, eraü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
| |
|
| |
| *Relative Pronouns (Who, Which) tuó, tue, taü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
| |
|
| |
| *Interrogative Pronouns (Who, What, Which [adj]) duó, due, daü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
| |
|
| |
| *Intensive Pronouns (Emphatics) cuó, cue, caü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
| |
|
| |
| *Reflexive Pronouns (-self) suó, sue, saü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
| |
|
| |
| ===Verbs===
| |
|
| |
| ====The 1st Conjugation: Roots Ending in –A, -O/-Ó, or –U + Consonant====
| |
|
| |
| Model/Imperative: Rath, See
| |
|
| |
| Principal Forms: Rath (Imperative); Rathran (Verbal Noun); Rathion (Analytic)
| |
|
| |
| {| border=1
| |
| | Tense
| |
| |align=center| 1st S
| |
| |align=center| 2nd S
| |
| |align=center| 3rd S
| |
| |align=center| 1st Pl
| |
| |align=center| 2nd Pl
| |
| |align=center| 3rd Pl
| |
| |-
| |
| | Present (S)
| |
| | Root + ash
| |
| | Analytic + the
| |
| | Analytic + eó
| |
| | Root + oish
| |
| | Analytic + thech
| |
| |Analytic + eóth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Past (S)
| |
| | Root + il + ash
| |
| | Analytic + il + the
| |
| | Analytic + il + eó
| |
| | Root + il + oish
| |
| | Analytic + il + thech
| |
| | Analytic + il + eóth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Future (S)
| |
| | Pres. CTQ + VN
| |
| | Pres. CTQ + VN
| |
| | Pres. CTQ + VN
| |
| | Pres. CTQ + VN
| |
| | Pres. CTQ + VN
| |
| | Pres. CTQ + VN
| |
| |-
| |
| | Perfect (D)
| |
| | Past CPQ + VN
| |
| | Past CPQ + VN
| |
| | Past CPQ + VN
| |
| | Past CPQ + VN
| |
| | Past CPQ + VN
| |
| | Past CPQ + VN
| |
| |-
| |
| | Pluperfect
| |
| | Root + ril + ash
| |
| | Analytic + ril + the
| |
| | Analytic + ril + eó
| |
| | Root + ril + oish
| |
| | Analytic + ril + thech
| |
| | Analytic + ril + eóth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Future (P)
| |
| | Future CPQ + VN
| |
| | Future CPQ + VN
| |
| | Future CPQ + VN
| |
| | Future CPQ + VN
| |
| | Future CPQ + VN
| |
| | Future CPQ + VN
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| To form Subjunctive: Interpose -dó- after Root and before any other phonemes
| |
|
| |
| ====The 2nd Conjugation: Roots Ending in –E, -I, -OI, -OU + Consonant====
| |
|
| |
| Model/Imperative: Urgin, do
| |
|
| |
| Principal Forms: Urigin (Imperative); Urginach (Verbal Noun); Urginait (Analytic)
| |
|
| |
| {| border=1
| |
| | Tense
| |
| |align=center| 1st S
| |
| |align=center| 2nd S
| |
| |align=center| 3rd S
| |
| |align=center| 1st Pl
| |
| |align=center| 2nd Pl
| |
| |align=center| 3rd Pl
| |
| |-
| |
| | Present (S)
| |
| | Root + esh
| |
| | Analytic + the
| |
| | Analytic + eó
| |
| | Root + eshol
| |
| | Analytic + thech
| |
| | Analytic + eóth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Past (S)
| |
| | Root + oi + esh
| |
| | Analytic + oi + the
| |
| | Analytic + oi + eó
| |
| | Root + oi + eshol
| |
| | Analytic + oi + thech
| |
| | Analytic + oi + eóth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Future (S)
| |
| | Pres. CTQ + VN
| |
| | Pres. CTQ + VN
| |
| | Pres. CTQ + VN
| |
| | Pres. CTQ + VN
| |
| | Pres. CTQ + VN
| |
| | Pres. CTQ + VN
| |
| |-
| |
| | Perfect (D)
| |
| | Past CPQ + VN
| |
| | Past CPQ + VN
| |
| | Past CPQ + VN
| |
| | Past CPQ + VN
| |
| | Past CPQ + VN
| |
| | Past CPQ + VN
| |
| |-
| |
| | Pluperfect
| |
| | Root + coi + esh
| |
| | Analytic + coi + the
| |
| | Analytic + coi + eó
| |
| | Root + coi + eshol
| |
| | Analytic + coi + thech
| |
| | Analytic + coi + eóth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Future (P)
| |
| | Future CPQ + VN
| |
| | Future CPQ + VN
| |
| | Future CPQ + VN
| |
| | Future CPQ + VN
| |
| | Future CPQ + VN
| |
| | Future CPQ + VN
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| To form Subjunctive: Interpose -fi- after the Root and before any other phonemes
| |
|
| |
| ====The 3rd Conjugation: Roots Ending in Any Vowel====
| |
|
| |
| Model: Vevu, go
| |
|
| |
| Principal Forms: Vevu (Imperative); Vevuchou (Verbal Noun); Vevun (Analytic)
| |
|
| |
| {| border=1
| |
| | Tense
| |
| | 1st S
| |
| | 2nd S
| |
| | 3rd S
| |
| | 1st Pl
| |
| | 2nd Pl
| |
| | 3rd Pl
| |
| |-
| |
| | Present (S)
| |
| | Root + nosh
| |
| | Analytic + the
| |
| | Analytic + eó
| |
| | Root + noshol
| |
| | Analytic + thech
| |
| | Analytic + eóth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Past (S)
| |
| | Root + nin + osh
| |
| | Analytic + nin + the
| |
| | Analytic + nin + eó
| |
| | Root + nin + oshol
| |
| | Analytic + nin + thech
| |
| | Analytic + nin + eóth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Future (S)
| |
| | Pres. CTQ + VN
| |
| | Pres. CTQ + VN
| |
| | Pres. CTQ + VN
| |
| | Pres. CTQ + VN
| |
| | Pres. CTQ + VN
| |
| | Pres. CTQ + VN
| |
| |-
| |
| | Perfect (D)
| |
| | Past CPQ + VN
| |
| | Past CPQ + VN
| |
| | Past CPQ + VN
| |
| | Past CPQ + VN
| |
| | Past CPQ + VN
| |
| | Past CPQ + VN
| |
| |-
| |
| | Pluperfect
| |
| | Root + rin + osh
| |
| | Analytic + rin + the
| |
| | Analytic + rin + eó
| |
| | Root + rin + oshol
| |
| | Analytic + rin + thech
| |
| | Analytic + rin + eóth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Future (P)
| |
| | Future CPQ + VN
| |
| | Future CPQ + VN
| |
| | Future CPQ + VN
| |
| | Future CPQ + VN
| |
| | Future CPQ + VN
| |
| | Future CPQ + VN
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| To form Subjunctive: Interpose -na- after the Root and before any other phonemes
| |
|
| |
| ===Adverbs===
| |
|
| |
| Adverbs precede and modify verbs in a way similar to that adjectives use to modify substantives. There is no gender, number, or case to match, and the tense, person, mood, and voice are not mimicked. Comparison of adverbs utilizes the same prefixes as the comparison of adjectives.
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ==Appendix I: Numerals==
| |
|
| |
| {| border=1
| |
| | Numeral
| |
| | Cironean
| |
| |-
| |
| | 0
| |
| | Nachen
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1
| |
| | inó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2
| |
| | wothó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3
| |
| | cetó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 4
| |
| | nouró
| |
| |-
| |
| | 5
| |
| | linó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 6
| |
| | thequó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 7
| |
| | síbó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 8
| |
| | foió
| |
| |-
| |
| | 9
| |
| | ató
| |
| |-
| |
| | 10
| |
| | quenó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 11
| |
| | inquenó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 12
| |
| | woquenó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 13
| |
| |cequenó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 14
| |
| | nouquenó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 15
| |
| | linquenó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 16
| |
| | thequenó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 17
| |
| | shiquenó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 18
| |
| | foiquenó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 19
| |
| | atquenó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 20
| |
| | quewodó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 21
| |
| | inquewodó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 30
| |
| | quecetó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 40
| |
| | quenouró
| |
| |-
| |
| | 50
| |
| | quelinó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 60
| |
| | quethequó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 70
| |
| | queshibó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 80
| |
| | quefoió
| |
| |-
| |
| | 90
| |
| | queató
| |
| |-
| |
| | 100
| |
| | quequenó; unejó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 200
| |
| | wodó quequenori; wodunejó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1,000
| |
| | quenó quequenori; quenó unejori; yorathó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2,000
| |
| | wodó quenori quequenori; wodó quenori unejori; woyorathó
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ==Appendix II: The Copulae==
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ===Nanzun: The Copula of Temporary Qualities===
| |
|
| |
| Principal Parts: Nanzish; Nanzun; Nanzó, -ze, -zu
| |
|
| |
| Passive Particle: N/A
| |
| Mood Markers:
| |
| Demonstrative: -z- Imperative: -za- Subjunctive: -zó-
| |
|
| |
| {| border=1
| |
| | Tense
| |
| | 1st S
| |
| | 2nd S
| |
| | 3rd S
| |
| | 1st Pl
| |
| | 2nd Pl
| |
| | 3rd Pl
| |
| |-
| |
| | Present
| |
| | -ish
| |
| | -ith
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -ishol
| |
| | -itheg
| |
| | -in
| |
| |-
| |
| | Past
| |
| | -ash
| |
| | -ath
| |
| | -a
| |
| | -ashol
| |
| | -atheg
| |
| | -an
| |
| |-
| |
| | Future
| |
| | -esh
| |
| | -eth
| |
| | -e
| |
| | -eshol
| |
| | -etheg
| |
| | -en
| |
| |-
| |
| | Present Perfect
| |
| | -ishu
| |
| | -ithu
| |
| | -iu
| |
| | -ishul
| |
| | -ithug
| |
| | -ium
| |
| |-
| |
| | Past Perfect
| |
| | -ashu
| |
| | -athu
| |
| | -aü
| |
| | -ashul
| |
| | -athug
| |
| | -aüm
| |
| |-
| |
| | Future Perfect
| |
| | -eshu
| |
| | -ethu
| |
| | -eu
| |
| | -eshul
| |
| | -ethug
| |
| | -eüm
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Nonquon: The Copula of Permanent Qualities===
| |
|
| |
| Principal Parts: Nonquish; Nonquon; Nonquó, -que, -quu
| |
|
| |
| Passive Particle: N/A
| |
| Mood Markers:
| |
| Demonstrative: -qu- Imperative: -qua- Subjunctive: -quo-
| |
|
| |
| {| border 1
| |
| ! Tense:
| |
| |align=center| 1st S
| |
| |align=center| 2nd S
| |
| |align=center| 3rd S
| |
| |align=center| 1st Pl
| |
| |align=center| 2nd Pl
| |
| |align=center| 3rd Pl
| |
| |-
| |
| |Present
| |
| | -ish
| |
| | -ith
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -ishol
| |
| | -itheg
| |
| | -in
| |
| |-
| |
| |Past
| |
| | -ash
| |
| | -ath
| |
| | -a
| |
| | -ashol
| |
| | -atheg
| |
| | -an
| |
| |-
| |
| |Future
| |
| | -esh
| |
| | -eth
| |
| | -e
| |
| | -eshol
| |
| | -etheg
| |
| | -en
| |
| |-
| |
| |Present Perfect
| |
| | -ishu
| |
| | -ithu
| |
| | -iu
| |
| | -ishul
| |
| | -ithug
| |
| | -ium
| |
| |-
| |
| |Past Perfect
| |
| | -ashu
| |
| | -athu
| |
| | -aü
| |
| | -ashul
| |
| | -athug
| |
| | -aüm
| |
| |-
| |
| |Future Perfect
| |
| | -eshu
| |
| | -ethu
| |
| | -eu
| |
| | -eshul
| |
| | -ethug
| |
| | -eum
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| [[Category:Conlangs]]
| |
