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| Cironean (natively: ''rethró athenam Cirónei'', "language of the men of Cirone") is a language in the [[Redhrácic]] <br> family of tongues spoken by the [[Homo antiquus]] [[Cironean]] race.
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Phonemes===
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| ====Consonants====
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| C, CH, D, F, G, H, J, L, M, N, P, Q, U, R, S, SH, T, TH, V, W, X, Y, Z
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| ====Vowels====
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| a – Latin p'''a'''ter; o – Latin p'''o'''ssum; ó – Latin laud'''o'''; u – Latin p'''u'''to; e – Latin mon'''e'''o; i – Latin f'''i'''o; ai (archaic) – approx. to Latin c'''ae'''lum; oi – English p'''oi'''nt; ou – English p'''ou'''t
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| ====Syllabic Structure====
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| Forbidden Singular Terminal Consonants: C, F, H, J, QU, V, W, Y, and Z
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| Initial Clusters: B and C - can form clusters with L and R; D, G, P, and T - can form clusters with R; S - can form clusters with C and T
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| Stress Rules: Stress rules in Cironean are similar to those in Redhrácic, from which hypothetical language it is supposed to descend. Words of a single syllable are unaccented, while other words stress the antepenult. Those words of six syllables or more stress the second syllable as well as the antepenult.
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| ==Grammar==
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| ===Nouns===
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| ====1st Declension: “Feminine” Nouns Ending in –Ó====
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| Model: Rethró, language
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| {| border=1
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| | Case
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| |align=center| Singular
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| |align=center| Plural
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| |-
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| | Nominative
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| | Rethró
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| | Rethróth
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| |-
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| | Genitive
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| | Rethroi
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| | Rethroith
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| |-
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| |Predicative
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| |Rethrou
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| |Rethrouth
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| |-
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| |Prepositive
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| | Rethroe
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| | Rethroeth
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| |}
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| ====2nd Declension: “Masculine” Nouns Ending in –E====
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| Model: Alve, house
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| {| border=1
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| | Case
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| |align=center| Singular
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| |align=center| Plural
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| |-
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| | Nominative
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| | Alve
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| | Alven
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| |-
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| | Genitive
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| | Alvei
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| | Alvein
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| |-
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| | Predicative
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| | Alveu
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| | Alveun
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| |-
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| | Prepositive
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| | Alveó
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| | Alveón
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| |}
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| ====3rd Declension: “Neuter” Nouns Ending in –U====
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| Model: Oithu, mountain
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| {| border=1
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| | Case
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| |align=center| Singular
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| |align=center| Plural
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| |-
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| | Nominative
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| | Oithu
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| | Oithus
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| |-
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| | Genitive
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| | Oithui
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| | Oithuis
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| |-
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| | Predicative
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| | Oithue
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| | Oithues
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| |-
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| | Prepositive
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| | Oithua
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| | Oithuas
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| |}
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| ====4th Declension: “Mixed” Nouns Ending in Consonants====
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| Model: Athen, man
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| {| border=1
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| | Case
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| |align=center| Singular
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| |align=center| Plural
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| |-
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| | Nominative
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| | Athen
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| | Atheni
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| |-
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| | Genitive
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| | Athena
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| | Athenam
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| |-
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| | Predicative
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| | Athenu
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| | Athenum
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| |-
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| | Prepositive
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| | Athene
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| | Athenem
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| |}
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| ===Adjectives===
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| There are two forms of adjectives. The first form takes endings from the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Declensions, taking these endings according to the gender, number, and case of the substantive that is being modified. This holds true regardless of the declension of the noun, i.e., a type-1 adjective can modify a 4th Declension masculine noun by taking the 2nd Declension forms of the noun in question, e.g. Athen thane, a tall man. Similarly, the second type takes the endings of the 4th Declension, modifying a noun with these endings regardless of the form of the noun itself.
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| Comparison of Adjectives: The four degrees of comparison are the positive, comparative, α-superlative, and β-superlative. They are indicated by affixing the following particles to the adjective:
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| Pos: — Comp: af(a)- α-sup: ef(e)- β-sup: of(o)-
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| ===Pronouns===
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| ====Personal Pronouns====
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| =====1st Person Pronoun=====
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| {| border=1
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| | Case
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| |align=center| Singular
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| |align=center| Plural
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| |-
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| | Nominative
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| | Shó
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| | Shol
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| |-
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| | Genitive
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| | Shoe
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| |Shoel
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| |-
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| | Predicative
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| | Shou
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| | Shoül
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| |-
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| | Prepositive
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| | Shoi
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| | Shoïl
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| |}
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| =====2nd Person Pronoun=====
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| {| border=1
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| | Case
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| |align=center| Singular
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| |align=center| Plural
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| |-
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| | Nominative
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| | The
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| | Thech
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| |-
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| | Genitive
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| | Thea
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| | Theach
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| |-
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| | Predicative
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| | Theó
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| | Theóch
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| |-
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| | Prepositive
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| | Theu
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| | Theuch
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| |}
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| =====3rd Person Pronoun=====
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| {| border=1
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| | Case
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| |align=center| Singular
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| |align=center| Plural
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| |-
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| | Nominative
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| | Eó, Ie, Eu
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| | Eóth, Ien, Eus
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| |-
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| | Genitive
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| | Eoi, Iei, Eue
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| | Eoith, Iein, Eues
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| |-
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| | Predicative
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| | Eou, Ieu, Eui
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| | Eouth, Ieun, Euis
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| |-
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| | Prepositive
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| | Eoe, Ieó, Eua
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| | Eoeth, Ieón, Euas
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| |}
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| ====Other Pronouns====
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| *Proximate (This, These) ruó, rue, raü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
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| *Distant (That, Those) eruó, erue, eraü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
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| *Relative Pronouns (Who, Which) tuó, tue, taü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
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| *Interrogative Pronouns (Who, What, Which [adj]) duó, due, daü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
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| *Intensive Pronouns (Emphatics) cuó, cue, caü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
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| *Reflexive Pronouns (-self) suó, sue, saü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
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| ===Verbs===
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| ====The 1st Conjugation: Roots Ending in –A, -O/-Ó, or –U + Consonant====
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| Model/Imperative: Rath, See
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| Principal Forms: Rath (Imperative); Rathran (Verbal Noun); Rathion (Analytic)
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| {| border=1
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| | Tense
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| |align=center| 1st S
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| |align=center| 2nd S
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| |align=center| 3rd S
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| |align=center| 1st Pl
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| |align=center| 2nd Pl
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| |align=center| 3rd Pl
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| |-
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| | Present (S)
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| | Root + ash
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| | Analytic + the
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| | Analytic + eó
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| | Root + oish
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| | Analytic + thech
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| |Analytic + eóth
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| |-
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| | Past (S)
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| | Root + il + ash
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| | Analytic + il + the
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| | Analytic + il + eó
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| | Root + il + oish
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| | Analytic + il + thech
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| | Analytic + il + eóth
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| |-
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| | Future (S)
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| |-
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| | Perfect (D)
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| |-
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| | Pluperfect
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| | Root + ril + ash
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| | Analytic + ril + the
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| | Analytic + ril + eó
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| | Root + ril + oish
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| | Analytic + ril + thech
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| | Analytic + ril + eóth
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| |-
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| | Future (P)
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| |}
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| To form Subjunctive: Interpose -dó- after Root and before any other phonemes
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| ====The 2nd Conjugation: Roots Ending in –E, -I, -OI, -OU + Consonant====
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| Model/Imperative: Urgin, do
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| Principal Forms: Urigin (Imperative); Urginach (Verbal Noun); Urginait (Analytic)
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| {| border=1
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| | Tense
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| |align=center| 1st S
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| |align=center| 2nd S
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| |align=center| 3rd S
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| |align=center| 1st Pl
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| |align=center| 2nd Pl
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| |align=center| 3rd Pl
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| |-
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| | Present (S)
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| | Root + esh
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| | Analytic + the
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| | Analytic + eó
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| | Root + eshol
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| | Analytic + thech
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| | Analytic + eóth
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| |-
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| | Past (S)
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| | Root + oi + esh
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| | Analytic + oi + the
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| | Analytic + oi + eó
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| | Root + oi + eshol
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| | Analytic + oi + thech
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| | Analytic + oi + eóth
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| |-
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| | Future (S)
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| |-
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| | Perfect (D)
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| |-
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| | Pluperfect
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| | Root + coi + esh
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| | Analytic + coi + the
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| | Analytic + coi + eó
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| | Root + coi + eshol
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| | Analytic + coi + thech
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| | Analytic + coi + eóth
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| |-
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| | Future (P)
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| |}
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| To form Subjunctive: Interpose -fi- after the Root and before any other phonemes
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| ====The 3rd Conjugation: Roots Ending in Any Vowel====
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| Model: Vevu, go
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| Principal Forms: Vevu (Imperative); Vevuchou (Verbal Noun); Vevun (Analytic)
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| {| border=1
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| | Tense
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| | 1st S
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| | 2nd S
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| | 3rd S
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| | 1st Pl
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| | 2nd Pl
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| | 3rd Pl
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| |-
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| | Present (S)
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| | Root + nosh
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| | Analytic + the
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| | Analytic + eó
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| | Root + noshol
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| | Analytic + thech
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| | Analytic + eóth
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| |-
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| | Past (S)
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| | Root + nin + osh
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| | Analytic + nin + the
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| | Analytic + nin + eó
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| | Root + nin + oshol
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| | Analytic + nin + thech
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| | Analytic + nin + eóth
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| |-
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| | Future (S)
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| |-
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| | Perfect (D)
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| |-
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| | Pluperfect
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| | Root + rin + osh
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| | Analytic + rin + the
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| | Analytic + rin + eó
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| | Root + rin + oshol
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| | Analytic + rin + thech
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| | Analytic + rin + eóth
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| |-
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| | Future (P)
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| |}
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| To form Subjunctive: Interpose -na- after the Root and before any other phonemes
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| ===Adverbs===
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| Adverbs precede and modify verbs in a way similar to that adjectives use to modify substantives. There is no gender, number, or case to match, and the tense, person, mood, and voice are not mimicked. Comparison of adverbs utilizes the same prefixes as the comparison of adjectives.
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| ==Appendix I: Numerals==
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| {| border=1
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| | Numeral
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| | Cironean
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| |-
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| | 0
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| | Nachen
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| |-
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| | 1
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| | inó
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| |-
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| | 2
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| | wothó
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| |-
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| | 3
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| | cetó
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| |-
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| | 4
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| | nouró
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| |-
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| | 5
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| | linó
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| |-
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| | 6
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| | thequó
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| |-
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| | 7
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| | síbó
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| |-
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| | 8
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| | foió
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| |-
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| | 9
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| | ató
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| |-
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| | 10
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| | quenó
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| |-
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| | 11
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| | inquenó
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| |-
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| | 12
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| | woquenó
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| |-
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| | 13
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| |cequenó
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| |-
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| | 14
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| | nouquenó
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| |-
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| | 15
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| | linquenó
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| |-
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| | 16
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| | thequenó
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| |-
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| | 17
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| | shiquenó
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| |-
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| | 18
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| | foiquenó
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| |-
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| | 19
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| | atquenó
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| |-
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| | 20
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| | quewodó
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| |-
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| | 21
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| | inquewodó
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| |-
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| | 30
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| | quecetó
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| |-
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| | 40
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| | quenouró
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| |-
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| | 50
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| | quelinó
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| |-
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| | 60
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| | quethequó
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| |-
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| | 70
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| | queshibó
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| |-
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| | 80
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| | quefoió
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| |-
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| | 90
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| | queató
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| |-
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| | 100
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| | quequenó; unejó
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| |-
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| | 200
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| | wodó quequenori; wodunejó
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| |-
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| | 1,000
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| | quenó quequenori; quenó unejori; yorathó
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| |-
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| | 2,000
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| | wodó quenori quequenori; wodó quenori unejori; woyorathó
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| |}
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|
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| ==Appendix II: The Copulae==
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| ===Nanzun: The Copula of Temporary Qualities===
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| Principal Parts: Nanzish; Nanzun; Nanzó, -ze, -zu
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| Passive Particle: N/A
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| Mood Markers:
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| Demonstrative: -z- Imperative: -za- Subjunctive: -zó-
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|
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| {| border=1
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| | Tense
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| | 1st S
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| | 2nd S
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| | 3rd S
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| | 1st Pl
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| | 2nd Pl
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| | 3rd Pl
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| |-
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| | Present
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| | -ish
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| | -ith
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| | -i
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| | -ishol
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| | -itheg
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| | -in
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| |-
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| | Past
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| | -ash
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| | -ath
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| | -a
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| | -ashol
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| | -atheg
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| | -an
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| |-
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| | Future
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| | -esh
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| | -eth
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| | -e
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| | -eshol
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| | -etheg
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| | -en
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| |-
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| | Present Perfect
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| | -ishu
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| | -ithu
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| | -iu
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| | -ishul
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| | -ithug
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| | -ium
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| |-
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| | Past Perfect
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| | -ashu
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| | -athu
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| | -aü
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| | -ashul
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| | -athug
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| | -aüm
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| |-
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| | Future Perfect
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| | -eshu
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| | -ethu
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| | -eu
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| | -eshul
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| | -ethug
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| | -eüm
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| |}
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|
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| ===Nonquon: The Copula of Permanent Qualities===
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|
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| Principal Parts: Nonquish; Nonquon; Nonquó, -que, -quu
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|
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| Passive Particle: N/A
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| Mood Markers:
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| Demonstrative: -qu- Imperative: -qua- Subjunctive: -quo-
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|
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| {| border 1
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| ! Tense:
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| |align=center| 1st S
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| |align=center| 2nd S
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| |align=center| 3rd S
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| |align=center| 1st Pl
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| |align=center| 2nd Pl
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| |align=center| 3rd Pl
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| |-
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| |Present
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| | -ish
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| | -ith
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| | -i
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| | -ishol
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| | -itheg
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| | -in
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| |-
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| |Past
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| | -ash
| |
| | -ath
| |
| | -a
| |
| | -ashol
| |
| | -atheg
| |
| | -an
| |
| |-
| |
| |Future
| |
| | -esh
| |
| | -eth
| |
| | -e
| |
| | -eshol
| |
| | -etheg
| |
| | -en
| |
| |-
| |
| |Present Perfect
| |
| | -ishu
| |
| | -ithu
| |
| | -iu
| |
| | -ishul
| |
| | -ithug
| |
| | -ium
| |
| |-
| |
| |Past Perfect
| |
| | -ashu
| |
| | -athu
| |
| | -aü
| |
| | -ashul
| |
| | -athug
| |
| | -aüm
| |
| |-
| |
| |Future Perfect
| |
| | -eshu
| |
| | -ethu
| |
| | -eu
| |
| | -eshul
| |
| | -ethug
| |
| | -eum
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| [[Category:Conlangs]]
| |
