User:Ahzoh: Difference between revisions
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====Verbs==== | ====Verbs==== | ||
{| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | ||
|+ Base | |+ Base | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | Weakness | ||
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis | ! style="width: 6em;" | Realis | ||
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis | ! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis | ||
! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative | ! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Strong | ! colspan="2" |Strong | ||
| '' | | ''PaRv́Ḫ-'' | ||
| ''- | | ''-PRv́Ḫ-'' | ||
| ''PaRḪ-á-'' | | ''PaRḪ-á-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Initial Weak | ! rowspan="4" style="width: 6em;" | Initial Weak | ||
| '' | ! style="width: 3em;" | I-w | ||
| ''- | | ''WaRv́Ḫ-'' | ||
| '' | | ''-ūRv́Ḫ-'' | ||
| ''WaRḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! I-y | |||
| ''YaRv́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''-īRv́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''YaRḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! I-a | |||
| ''ˀaRv́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''-āRv́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''ˀaRḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! I-e | |||
| ''ˀeRv́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''-ēRv́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''ˀeRḪ-é-'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Middle Weak | |||
! II-w | |||
| ''Pū́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''-Pū́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''PūḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! II-y | |||
| ''Pī́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''-Pī́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''PīḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! II-a | ||
| ''Pā́Ḫ-'' | | ''Pā́Ḫ-'' | ||
| ''-Pā́Ḫ-'' | | ''-Pā́Ḫ-'' | ||
| ''PāḪ-á-'' | | ''PāḪ-á-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Final Weak | ! II-e | ||
| ''PḗḪ-'' | |||
| ''-PḗḪ-'' | |||
| ''PēḪ-é-'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Final Weak | |||
! III-w | |||
| ''PaRū́-'' | |||
| ''-PRū́-'' | |||
| ''PāR-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! III-y | |||
| ''PaRī́-'' | |||
| ''-PRī́-'' | |||
| ''PāR-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! III-a | |||
| ''PaRā́-'' | | ''PaRā́-'' | ||
| ''-PRā́-'' | | ''-PRā́-'' | ||
| ''PāR-á-'' | | ''PāR-á-'' | ||
|- | |||
! III-e | |||
| ''PeRḗ-'' | |||
| ''-PRḗ-'' | |||
| ''PēR-é-'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | ||
|+ Gemination | |+ Gemination | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | Weakness | ||
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis | ! style="width: 6em;" | Realis | ||
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis | ! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis | ||
! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative | ! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Strong | ! colspan="2" |Strong | ||
| '' | | ''PaRRv́Ḫ-'' | ||
| ''- | | ''-PaRRv́Ḫ-'' | ||
| '' | | ''PaRRvḪ-á-'' | ||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" style="width: 6em;" | Initial Weak | |||
! style="width: 3em;" | I-w | |||
| ''WaRRv́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''-uRRv́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''WaRRvḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! I-y | |||
| ''YaRRv́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''-iRRv́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''YaRRvḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! I-a | ||
| '' | | ''ˀaRRv́Ḫ-'' | ||
| ''- | | ''-aRRv́Ḫ-'' | ||
| '' | | ''ˀaRRvḪ-á-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Middle Weak | ! I-e | ||
| ''ˀeRRv́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''-eRRv́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''ˀeRRvḪ-é-'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Middle Weak | |||
! II-w | |||
| ''PấḪ-'' | |||
| ''-PấḪ-'' | |||
| ''PuḪḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! II-y | |||
| ''PấḪ-'' | |||
| ''-PấḪ-'' | |||
| ''PiḪḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! II-a | |||
| ''PấḪ-'' | | ''PấḪ-'' | ||
| ''-PấḪ-'' | | ''-PấḪ-'' | ||
| ''PaḪḪ-á-'' | | ''PaḪḪ-á-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Final Weak | ! II-e | ||
| ''PếḪ-'' | |||
| ''-PếḪ-'' | |||
| ''PeḪḪ-é-'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Final Weak | |||
! III-w | |||
| ''PaRRū́-'' | |||
| ''-PaRRū́-'' | |||
| ''PaRR-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! III-y | |||
| ''PaRRī́-'' | |||
| ''-PaRRī́-'' | |||
| ''PaRR-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! III-a | |||
| ''PaRRā́-'' | | ''PaRRā́-'' | ||
| ''-PaRRā́-'' | | ''-PaRRā́-'' | ||
| ''PaRR-á-'' | | ''PaRR-á-'' | ||
|- | |||
! III-e | |||
| ''PeRRḗ-'' | |||
| ''-PeRRḗ-'' | |||
| ''PeRR-é-'' | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
{| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | ||
|+ ''sa-'' Prefix | |+ ''sa-'' Prefix | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | Weakness | ||
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis | ! style="width: 6em;" | Realis | ||
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis | ! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis | ||
! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative | ! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Strong | ! colspan="2" |Strong | ||
| ''saPRáḪ-'' | | ''saPRáḪ-'' | ||
| ''-saPRáḪ-'' | | ''-saPRáḪ-'' | ||
| ''saPRaḪ-á-'' | | ''saPRaḪ-á-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Initial Weak | ! rowspan="4" style="width: 6em;" | Initial Weak | ||
! style="width: 3em;" | I-w | |||
| ''sūRáḪ-'' | |||
| ''-sūRáḪ-'' | |||
| ''sūRaḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! I-y | |||
| ''sīRáḪ-'' | |||
| ''-sīRáḪ-'' | |||
| ''sīRaḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! I-a | |||
| ''sāRáḪ-'' | | ''sāRáḪ-'' | ||
| ''-sāRáḪ-'' | | ''-sāRáḪ-'' | ||
| ''sāRaḪ-á-'' | | ''sāRaḪ-á-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Middle Weak | ! I-e | ||
| ''sēRéḪ-'' | |||
| ''-sēRéḪ-'' | |||
| ''sēReḪ-é-'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Middle Weak | |||
! II-w | |||
| ''saPū́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''-sPū́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''saPūḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! II-y | |||
| ''saPī́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''-sPī́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''saPīḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! II-a | |||
| ''saPā́Ḫ-'' | | ''saPā́Ḫ-'' | ||
| ''-sPā́Ḫ-'' | | ''-sPā́Ḫ-'' | ||
| ''saPāḪ-á-'' | | ''saPāḪ-á-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Final Weak | ! II-e | ||
| '' | | ''sePḗḪ-'' | ||
| ''-sPḗḪ-'' | |||
| ''sePēḪ-é-'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Final Weak | |||
! III-w | |||
| ''saPRū́-'' | |||
| ''-saPRū́-'' | |||
| ''saPR-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! III-y | |||
| ''saPRī́-'' | |||
| ''-saPRī́-'' | |||
| ''saPR-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! III-a | |||
| ''saPaRā́-'' | |||
| ''-saPRā́-'' | | ''-saPRā́-'' | ||
| ''saPR-á-'' | | ''saPR-á-'' | ||
|- | |||
! III-e | |||
| ''sePRḗ-'' | |||
| ''-sePRḗ-'' | |||
| ''sePR-é-'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | ||
|+ ''sa-'' Prefix + Gemination | |+ ''sa-'' Prefix + Gemination | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | Weakness | ||
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis | ! style="width: 6em;" | Realis | ||
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis | ! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis | ||
! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative | ! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Strong | ! colspan="2" |Strong | ||
| ''saPaRRáḪ-'' | | ''saPaRRáḪ-'' | ||
| ''-sPaRRáḪ-'' | | ''-sPaRRáḪ-'' | ||
| ''saPaRRaḪ-á-'' | | ''saPaRRaḪ-á-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Initial Weak | ! rowspan="4" style="width: 6em;" | Initial Weak | ||
! style="width: 3em;" | I-w | |||
| ''suRRáḪ-'' | |||
| ''-suRRáḪ-'' | |||
| ''suRRaḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! I-y | |||
| ''siRRáḪ-'' | |||
| ''-siRRáḪ-'' | |||
| ''siRRaḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! I-a | |||
| ''saRRáḪ-'' | | ''saRRáḪ-'' | ||
| ''-saRRáḪ-'' | | ''-saRRáḪ-'' | ||
| ''saRRaḪ-á-'' | | ''saRRaḪ-á-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Middle Weak | ! I-e | ||
| ''seRRéḪ-'' | |||
| ''-seRRéḪ-'' | |||
| ''seRReḪ-é-'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Middle Weak | |||
! II-w | |||
| ''saPấḪ-'' | |||
| ''-sPấḪ-'' | |||
| ''saPuḪḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! II-y | |||
| ''saPấḪ-'' | |||
| ''-sPấḪ-'' | |||
| ''saPiḪḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! II-a | |||
| ''saPấḪ-'' | | ''saPấḪ-'' | ||
| ''-sPấḪ-'' | | ''-sPấḪ-'' | ||
| ''saPaḪḪ-á-'' | | ''saPaḪḪ-á-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Final Weak | ! II-e | ||
| ''sePếḪ-'' | |||
| ''-sPếḪ-'' | |||
| ''sePeḪḪ-é-'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Final Weak | |||
! III-w | |||
| ''saPaRRū́-'' | |||
| ''-sPaRRū́-'' | |||
| ''saPaRR-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! III-y | |||
| ''saPaRRī́-'' | |||
| ''-sPaRRī́-'' | |||
| ''saPaRR-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! III-a | |||
| ''saPaRRā́-'' | | ''saPaRRā́-'' | ||
| ''-sPaRRā́-'' | | ''-sPaRRā́-'' | ||
| ''saPaRR-á-'' | | ''saPaRR-á-'' | ||
|- | |||
! III-e | |||
| ''sePeRRḗ-'' | |||
| ''-sPeRRḗ-'' | |||
| ''sePeRR-é-'' | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
{| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | ||
|+ ''ma-'' Prefix | |+ ''ma-'' Prefix | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | Weakness | ||
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis | ! style="width: 6em;" | Realis | ||
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis | ! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis | ||
! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative | ! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Strong | ! colspan="2" |Strong | ||
| ''maPRáḪ-'' | | ''maPRáḪ-'' | ||
| ''-maPRáḪ-'' | | ''-maPRáḪ-'' | ||
| ''maPRaḪ-á-'' | | ''maPRaḪ-á-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Initial Weak | ! rowspan="4" style="width: 6em;" | Initial Weak | ||
! style="width: 3em;" | I-w | |||
| ''mūRáḪ-'' | |||
| ''-mūRáḪ-'' | |||
| ''mūRaḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! I-y | |||
| ''mīRáḪ-'' | |||
| ''-mīRáḪ-'' | |||
| ''mīRaḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! I-a | |||
| ''māRáḪ-'' | | ''māRáḪ-'' | ||
| ''-māRáḪ-'' | | ''-māRáḪ-'' | ||
| ''māRaḪ-á-'' | | ''māRaḪ-á-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Middle Weak | ! I-e | ||
| ''mēRéḪ-'' | |||
| ''-mēRéḪ-'' | |||
| ''mēReḪ-é-'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Middle Weak | |||
! II-w | |||
| ''maPū́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''-mPū́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''maPūḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! II-y | |||
| ''maPī́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''-mPī́Ḫ-'' | |||
| ''maPīḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! II-a | |||
| ''maPā́Ḫ-'' | | ''maPā́Ḫ-'' | ||
| ''-mPā́Ḫ-'' | | ''-mPā́Ḫ-'' | ||
| ''maPāḪ-á-'' | | ''maPāḪ-á-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Final Weak | ! II-e | ||
| '' | | ''mePḗḪ-'' | ||
| ''-mPḗḪ-'' | |||
| ''mePēḪ-é-'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Final Weak | |||
! III-w | |||
| ''maPRū́-'' | |||
| ''-maPRū́-'' | |||
| ''maPR-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! III-y | |||
| ''maPRī́-'' | |||
| ''-maPRī́-'' | |||
| ''maPR-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! III-a | |||
| ''maPaRā́-'' | |||
| ''-maPRā́-'' | | ''-maPRā́-'' | ||
| ''maPR-á-'' | | ''maPR-á-'' | ||
|- | |||
! III-e | |||
| ''mePRḗ-'' | |||
| ''-mePRḗ-'' | |||
| ''mePR-é-'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''sa-'' Prefix + Gemination | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | Weakness | ||
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis | ! style="width: 6em;" | Realis | ||
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis | ! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis | ||
! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative | ! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Strong | ! colspan="2" |Strong | ||
| ''maPaRRáḪ-'' | | ''maPaRRáḪ-'' | ||
| ''-mPaRRáḪ-'' | | ''-mPaRRáḪ-'' | ||
| ''maPaRRaḪ-á-'' | | ''maPaRRaḪ-á-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Initial Weak | ! rowspan="4" style="width: 6em;" | Initial Weak | ||
! style="width: 3em;" | I-w | |||
| ''muRRáḪ-'' | |||
| ''-muRRáḪ-'' | |||
| ''muRRaḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! I-y | |||
| ''miRRáḪ-'' | |||
| ''-miRRáḪ-'' | |||
| ''miRRaḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! I-a | |||
| ''maRRáḪ-'' | | ''maRRáḪ-'' | ||
| ''-maRRáḪ-'' | | ''-maRRáḪ-'' | ||
| ''maRRaḪ-á-'' | | ''maRRaḪ-á-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Middle Weak | ! I-e | ||
| ''meRRéḪ-'' | |||
| ''-meRRéḪ-'' | |||
| ''meRReḪ-é-'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Middle Weak | |||
! II-w | |||
| ''maPấḪ-'' | |||
| ''-mPấḪ-'' | |||
| ''maPuḪḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! II-y | |||
| ''maPấḪ-'' | |||
| ''-mPấḪ-'' | |||
| ''maPiḪḪ-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! II-a | |||
| ''maPấḪ-'' | | ''maPấḪ-'' | ||
| ''-mPấḪ-'' | | ''-mPấḪ-'' | ||
| ''maPaḪḪ-á-'' | | ''maPaḪḪ-á-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Final Weak | ! II-e | ||
| ''mePếḪ-'' | |||
| ''-mPếḪ-'' | |||
| ''mePeḪḪ-é-'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Final Weak | |||
! III-w | |||
| ''maPaRRū́-'' | |||
| ''-mPaRRū́-'' | |||
| ''maPaRR-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! III-y | |||
| ''maPaRRī́-'' | |||
| ''-mPaRRī́-'' | |||
| ''maPaRR-á-'' | |||
|- | |||
! III-a | |||
| ''maPaRRā́-'' | | ''maPaRRā́-'' | ||
| ''-mPaRRā́-'' | | ''-mPaRRā́-'' | ||
| ''maPaRR-á-'' | | ''maPaRR-á-'' | ||
|- | |||
! III-e | |||
| ''mePeRRḗ-'' | |||
| ''-mPeRRḗ-'' | |||
| ''mePeRR-é-'' | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
Latest revision as of 15:26, 5 November 2024
Creator of Vrkhazhian, Onschen and Hussite
𞤹𞤸𞤪
WIP Vrkhazhian Case System
Animate | Inanimate | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feminine | Masculine | Neuter | |||||||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
Nominative | -um | -ūwa | -im | -īya | -am | -āya | -as | -āya | |
Vocative | -u | -i | -a | ||||||
Accusative | -us | -ūsa | -is | -īsa | -as | -āsa | |||
Ergative | -un | -ūna | -in | -īna | -an | -āna | -an | -āna | |
Genitive | -uḫ | -ūwa | -iḫ | -īya | -aḫ | -āya | -aḫ | -āya | |
Equative | -ūli | -īli | -āli | -āli |
Animate | Inanimate | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feminine | Masculine | Neuter | |||||||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
Nominative | -∅ | -ū | -∅ | -ī | -∅ | -ā | -∅ | -ā | |
Oblique | |||||||||
Genitive | -u | -i | -a | -a | |||||
Equative | -ūli | -īli | -āli | -āli |
WIP Verb System
Strong Verbs | |||
---|---|---|---|
ḫaśras | namras | parḫas | |
"???" | "be evil" | "speak, say" | |
1sg | ḫaśurni | namirni | paraḫni |
2sg | ḫaśurma | namirma | paraḫma |
3sg | ḫaśurta | namirta | paraḫta |
1pl | ḫaśurti | namirti | paraḫti |
2pl | ḫaśurman | namirman | paraḫman |
3pl | ḫaśurtan | namirtan | paraḫtan |
I-Weak Verbs | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
yaźbas | wasḫas | ˀaldas | ??? | |
"???" | "be loyal" | "fight" | "???" | |
1sg | yaźubni | wasiḫni | ˀalanni | ??? |
2sg | yaźumma | wasiḫma | ˀaladma | ??? |
3sg | yaźubta | wasiḫta | ˀalatta | ??? |
1pl | yaźubti | wasiḫti | ˀalatti | ??? |
2pl | yaźumman | wasiḫman | ˀaladman | ??? |
3pl | yaźubtan | wasiḫtan | ˀalattan | ??? |
II-Weak Verbs | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
dūlas | tīlas | ṣābas | lēbas | |
"dig, reveal" | "destroy" | "kill" | "give" | |
1sg | dūlni | tīlni | ṣābni | lēbni |
2sg | dūlma | tīlma | ṣāmma | lēmma |
3sg | dūlta | tīlta | ṣābta | lēbta |
1pl | dūlti | tīlti | ṣābti | lēbti |
2pl | dūlman | tīlman | ṣāmman | lēmman |
3pl | dūltan | tīltan | ṣābtan | lēbtan |
III-Weak Verbs | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
??? | rāsas | mālas | kēmas | |
"???" | "be good" | "heal" | "go up, rise" | |
1sg | ??? | rasīni | malāni | kemēni |
2sg | ??? | rasīma | malāma | kemēma |
3sg | ??? | rasīsa | malāsa | kemēsa |
1pl | ??? | rasīti | malāti | kemēti |
2pl | ??? | rasīman | malāman | kemēman |
3pl | ??? | rasīsan | malāsan | kemēsan |
Summary
Prefix(es) | Internal Change | Function | Example |
---|---|---|---|
— | — | ACTIVE | |
— | Reduplication | PLURACTIONAL | |
sa- | — | CAUSATIVE | |
-ā- | ??? | ||
Reduplication | CAUSATIVE PLURACTIONAL | ||
ma- | — | APPLICATIVE | |
-ā- | ??? | ||
Reduplication | APPLICATIVE PLURACTIONAL |
Active Voice
Conjugation (strong, a/u-class) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P-R-Ḫ (speak, say) | ||||||
Infinitive | parḫas | |||||
Participle | parriḫ- | |||||
Affirmative | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Jussive | Imperative |
1.sg | paraḫni | napruḫni | tapruḫni | ḫapruḫni | parḫanni | — |
2.sg | paraḫma | napruḫma | tapruḫma | ḫapruḫma | parḫamma | parḫū |
3.sg | paraḫta | napruḫta | tapruḫta | ḫapruḫta | parḫatta | parḫā |
1.pl | paraḫti | napruḫti | tapruḫti | ḫapruḫti | parḫatti | — |
2.pl | paraḫman | napruḫman | tapruḫman | ḫapruḫman | parḫamman | parḫūna |
3.pl | paraḫtan | napruḫtan | tapruḫtan | ḫapruḫtan | parḫattan | parḫāna |
Negative | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Jussive | Imperative |
1.sg | paraḫnisi | napruḫnisi | tapruḫnisi | ḫapruḫnisi | parḫannisi | |
2.sg | paraḫmasi | napruḫmasi | tapruḫmasi | ḫapruḫmasi | parḫammasi | |
3.sg | paraḫtasi | napruḫtasi | tapruḫtasi | ḫapruḫtasi | parḫattasi | |
1.pl | paraḫtisi | napruḫtisi | tapruḫtisi | ḫapruḫtisi | parḫattisi | |
2.pl | paraḫmasin | napruḫmasin | tapruḫmasin | ḫapruḫmasin | parḫammasin | |
3.pl | paraḫtasin | napruḫtasin | tapruḫtasin | ḫapruḫtasin | parḫattasin |
Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y-N-D (catch) | ||||||
Infinitive | yandas | |||||
Participle | yannid- | |||||
Affirmative | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Jussive | Imperative |
1.sg | yananni | nīnanni | tīnanni | ḫīnanni | yandanni | — |
2.sg | yanadma | nīnadma | tīnadma | ḫīnadma | yandamma | yandū |
3.sg | yanatta | nīnatta | tīnatta | ḫīnatta | yandatta | yandā |
1.pl | yanatti | nīnatti | tīnatti | ḫīnatti | yandatti | — |
2.pl | yanadman | nīnadman | tīnadman | ḫīnadman | yandamman | yandūna |
3.pl | yanattan | nīnattan | tīnattan | ḫīnattan | yandattan | yandāna |
Negative | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Jussive | Imperative |
1.sg | yanannisi | nīnannisi | tīnannisi | ḫīnannisi | yandannisi | |
2.sg | yanadmasi | nīnadmasi | tīnadmasi | ḫīnadmasi | yandammasi | |
3.sg | yanattasi | nīnattasi | tīnattasi | ḫīnattasi | yandattasi | |
1.pl | yanattisi | nīnattisi | tīnattisi | ḫīnattisi | yandattisi | |
2.pl | yanadmasin | nīnadmasin | tīnadmasin | ḫīnadmasin | yandammasin | |
3.pl | yanattasin | nīnattasin | tīnattasin | ḫīnattasin | yandattasin |
Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill) | ||||||
Infinitive | ṣābas | |||||
Participle | ṣibb- | |||||
Affirmative | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Jussive | Imperative |
1.sg | ṣābni | naṣābni | taṣābni | ḫaṣābni | ṣābanni | — |
2.sg | ṣāmma | naṣāmma | taṣāmma | ḫaṣāmma | ṣābamma | ṣābū |
3.sg | ṣābta | naṣābta | taṣābta | ḫaṣābta | ṣābatta | ṣābā |
1.pl | ṣābti | naṣābti | taṣābti | ḫaṣābti | ṣābatti | — |
2.pl | ṣāmman | naṣāmman | taṣāmman | ḫaṣāmman | ṣābamman | ṣābūna |
3.pl | ṣābtan | naṣābtan | taṣābtan | ḫaṣābtan | ṣābattan | ṣābāna |
Negative | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Jussive | Imperative |
1.sg | ṣābnisi | naṣābnisi | taṣābnisi | ḫaṣābnisi | ṣābannisi | |
2.sg | ṣāmmasi | naṣāmmasi | taṣāmmasi | ḫaṣāmmasi | ṣābammasi | |
3.sg | ṣābtasi | naṣābtasi | taṣābtasi | ḫaṣābtasi | ṣābattasi | |
1.pl | ṣābtisi | naṣābtisi | taṣābtisi | ḫaṣābtisi | ṣābattisi | |
2.pl | ṣāmmasin | naṣāmmasin | taṣāmmasin | ḫaṣāmmasin | ṣābammanis | |
3.pl | ṣābtasin | naṣābtasin | taṣābtasin | ḫaṣābtasin | ṣābattasin |
Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R-S-Y (be good, be moral) | ||||||
Infinitive | rāsas | |||||
Participle | rassi- | |||||
Affirmative | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Jussive | Imperative |
1.sg | rasīni | narsīni | tarsīni | ḫarsīni | rāsanni | — |
2.sg | rasīma | narsīma | tarsīma | ḫarsīma | rāsamma | rāsū |
3.sg | rasīsa | narsīsa | tarsīsa | ḫarsīsa | rāsatta | rāsā |
1.pl | rasīti | narsīti | tarsīti | ḫarsīti | rāsatti | — |
2.pl | rasīman | narsīman | tarsīman | ḫarsīman | rāsamman | rāsūna |
3.pl | rasīsan | narsīsan | tarsīsan | ḫarsīsan | rāsattan | rāsāna |
Negative | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Jussive | Imperative |
1.sg | rasīnisi | narsīnisi | tarsīnisi | ḫarsīnisi | rāsannisi | |
2.sg | rasīmasi | narsīmasi | tarsīmasi | ḫarsīmasi | rāsammasi | |
3.sg | rasīsasi | narsīsasi | tarsīsasi | ḫarsīsasi | rāsattasi | |
1.pl | rasītisi | narsītisi | tarsītisi | ḫarsītisi | rāsattisi | |
2.pl | rasīmasin | narsīmasin | tarsīmasin | ḫarsīmasin | rāsammasin | |
3.pl | rasīsasin | narsīsasin | tarsīsasin | ḫarsīsasin | rāsattasin |
Pluractional
Conjugation (strong, a/u-class) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P-R-R-Ḫ (say many things) | ||||||
Infinitive | parraḫas | |||||
Participle | parriḫ- | |||||
Affirmative | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Jussive | Imperative |
1.sg | parraḫni | naparruḫni | taparruḫni | ḫaparruḫni | parraḫanni | — |
2.sg | parraḫma | naparruḫma | taparruḫma | ḫaparruḫma | parraḫamma | parraḫū |
3.sg | parraḫta | naparruḫta | taparruḫta | ḫaparruḫta | parraḫatta | parraḫā |
1.pl | parraḫti | naparruḫti | taparruḫti | ḫaparruḫti | parraḫatti | — |
2.pl | parraḫman | naparruḫman | taparruḫman | ḫaparruḫman | parraḫamman | parraḫūna |
3.pl | parraḫtan | naparruḫtan | taparruḫtan | ḫaparruḫtan | parraḫattan | parraḫāna |
Negative | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Jussive | Imperative |
1.sg | parraḫnisi | naparruḫnisi | taparruḫnisi | ḫaparruḫnisi | parraḫannisi | |
2.sg | parraḫmasi | naparruḫmasi | taparruḫmasi | ḫaparruḫmasi | parraḫammasi | |
3.sg | parraḫtasi | naparruḫtasi | taparruḫtasi | ḫaparruḫtasi | parraḫattasi | |
1.pl | parraḫtisi | naparruḫtisi | taparruḫtisi | ḫaparruḫtisi | parraḫattisi | |
2.pl | parraḫmasin | naparruḫmasin | taparruḫmasin | ḫaparruḫmasin | parraḫammasin | |
3.pl | parraḫtasin | naparruḫtasin | taparruḫtasin | ḫaparruḫtasin | parraḫattasin |
Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y-N-D (catch) | ||||||
Infinitive | yannadas | |||||
Participle | yannid- | |||||
Active | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Long Jussive | Short Jussive |
1.sg | yannanni | ninnanni | tinnanni | ḫinnanni | yannadanni | — |
2.sg | yannadma | ninnadma | tinnadma | ḫinnadma | yannadamma | yannadū |
3.sg | yannatta | ninnatta | tinnatta | ḫinnatta | yannadatta | yannadā |
1.pl | yannatti | ninnatti | tinnatti | ḫinnatti | yannadatti | — |
2.pl | yannadman | ninnadman | tinnadman | ḫinnadman | yannadamman | yannadūna |
3.pl | yanattan | ninnattan | tinnattan | ḫinnattan | yannadattan | yannadāna |
Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill) | ||||||
Infinitive | ṣabbas | |||||
Participle | ṣibb- | |||||
Active | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Long Jussive | Short Jussive |
1.sg | ṣâbni | naṣâbni | taṣâbni | ḫaṣâbni | ṣabbanni | — |
2.sg | ṣâmma | naṣâmma | taṣâmma | ḫaṣâmma | ṣabbamma | ṣabbū |
3.sg | ṣâbta | naṣâbta | taṣâbta | ḫaṣâbta | ṣabbatta | ṣabbā |
1.pl | ṣâbti | naṣâbti | taṣâbti | ḫaṣâbti | ṣabbatti | — |
2.pl | ṣâmman | naṣâmman | taṣâmman | ḫaṣâmman | ṣabbamman | ṣabbūna |
3.pl | ṣâbtan | naṣâbtan | taṣâbtan | ḫaṣâbtan | ṣabbattan | ṣabbāna |
Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R-S-Y (be good, be moral) | ||||||
Infinitive | rassâs | |||||
Participle | rassi- | |||||
Active | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Long Jussive | Short Jussive |
1.sg | rassīni | narassīni | tarassīni | ḫarassīni | rassanni | — |
2.sg | rassīma | narassīma | tarassīma | ḫarassīma | rassamma | rassû |
3.sg | rassīsa | narassīsa | tarassīsa | ḫarassīsa | rassatta | rassâ |
1.pl | rassīti | narassīti | tarassīti | ḫarassīti | rassatti | — |
2.pl | rassīman | narassīman | tarassīman | ḫarassīman | rassamman | rassûna |
3.pl | rassīsan | narassīsan | tarassīsan | ḫarassīsan | rassattan | rassâna |
Applicative Voice
Benefactive
Conjugation (strong, a-class) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P-R-Ḫ (speak, say) | ||||||
Infinitive | supruḫas | |||||
Participle | supruḫ- | |||||
Active | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Long Jussive | Short Jussive |
1.sg | sapraḫni | nasapraḫni | tasapraḫni | ḫasapraḫni | sapraḫanni | — |
2.sg | sapraḫma | nasapraḫma | tasapraḫma | ḫasapraḫma | sapraḫamma | sapraḫū |
3.sg | sapraḫta | nasapraḫta | tasapraḫta | ḫasapraḫta | sapraḫatta | sapraḫā |
1.pl | sapraḫti | nasapraḫti | tasapraḫti | ḫasapraḫti | sapraḫatti | — |
2.pl | sapraḫman | nasapraḫman | tasapraḫman | ḫasapraḫman | sapraḫamman | sapraḫūna |
3.pl | sapraḫtan | nasapraḫtan | tasapraḫtan | ḫasapraḫtan | sapraḫattan | sapraḫāna |
Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y-N-D (catch) | ||||||
Infinitive | sūnudas | |||||
Participle | sūnud- | |||||
Active | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Long Jussive | Short Jussive |
1.sg | sīnanni | nasīnanni | tasīnanni | ḫasīnanni | sīnadanni | — |
2.sg | sīnadma | nasīnadma | tasīnadma | ḫasīnadma | sīnadamma | sīnadū |
3.sg | sīnatta | nasīnatta | tasīnatta | ḫasīnatta | sīnadatta | sīnadā |
1.pl | sīnatti | nasīnatti | tasīnatti | ḫasīnatti | sīnadatti | — |
2.pl | sīnadman | nasīnadman | tasīnadman | ḫasīnadman | sīnadamman | sīnadūna |
3.pl | sīnattan | nasīnattan | tasīnattan | ḫasīnattan | sīnadattan | sīnadāna |
Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill) | ||||||
Infinitive | suṣubbas | |||||
Participle | suṣubb- | |||||
Active | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Long Jussive | Short Jussive |
1.sg | saṣābni | naṣṣābni | taṣṣābni | ḫaṣṣābni | saṣābanni | — |
2.sg | saṣāmma | naṣṣāmma | taṣṣāmma | ḫaṣṣāmma | saṣābamma | saṣābū |
3.sg | saṣābta | naṣṣābta | taṣṣābta | ḫaṣṣābta | saṣābatta | saṣābā |
1.pl | saṣābti | naṣṣābti | taṣṣābti | ḫaṣṣābti | saṣābatti | — |
2.pl | saṣāmman | naṣṣāmman | taṣṣāmman | ḫaṣṣāmman | saṣābamman | saṣābūna |
3.pl | saṣābtan | naṣṣābtan | taṣṣābtan | ḫaṣṣābtan | saṣābattan | saṣābāna |
Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R-S-Y (be good, be moral) | ||||||
Infinitive | sursâs | |||||
Participle | sursu- | |||||
Active | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Long Jussive | Short Jussive |
1.sg | sarsīni | nasarsīni | tasarsīni | ḫasarsīni | sarsanni | — |
2.sg | sarsīma | nasarsīma | tasarsīma | ḫasarsīma | sarsamma | sarsû |
3.sg | sarsīsa | nasarsīsa | tasarsīsa | ḫasarsīsa | sarsatta | sarsâ |
1.pl | sarsīti | nasarsīti | tasarsīti | ḫasarsīti | sarsatti | — |
2.pl | sarsīman | nasarsīman | tasarsīman | ḫasarsīman | sarsamman | sarsûna |
3.pl | sarsīsan | nasarsīsan | tasarsīsan | ḫasarsīsan | sarsattan | sarsâna |
Other
Conjugation (strong, a-class) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P-R-Ḫ (speak, say) | ||||||
Infinitive | mupruḫas | |||||
Participle | mupruḫ- | |||||
Active | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Long Jussive | Short Jussive |
1.sg | mapraḫni | namapraḫni | tamapraḫni | ḫamapraḫni | mapraḫanni | — |
2.sg | mapraḫma | namapraḫma | tamapraḫma | ḫamapraḫma | mapraḫamma | mapraḫū |
3.sg | mapraḫta | namapraḫta | tamapraḫta | ḫamapraḫta | mapraḫatta | mapraḫā |
1.pl | mapraḫti | namapraḫti | tamapraḫti | ḫamapraḫti | mapraḫatti | — |
2.pl | mapraḫman | namapraḫman | tamapraḫman | ḫamapraḫman | mapraḫamman | mapraḫūna |
3.pl | mapraḫtan | namapraḫtan | tamapraḫtan | ḫamapraḫtan | mapraḫattan | mapraḫāna |
Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y-N-D (catch) | ||||||
Infinitive | mūnudas | |||||
Participle | mūnud- | |||||
Active | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Long Jussive | Short Jussive |
1.sg | mīnanni | namīnanni | tamīnanni | ḫamīnanni | mīnadanni | — |
2.sg | mīnadma | namīnadma | tamīnadma | ḫamīnadma | mīnadamma | mīnadū |
3.sg | mīnatta | namīnatta | tamīnatta | ḫamīnatta | mīnadatta | mīnadā |
1.pl | mīnatti | namīnatti | tamīnatti | ḫamīnatti | mīnadatti | — |
2.pl | mīnadman | namīnadman | tamīnadman | ḫamīnadman | mīnadamman | mīnadūna |
3.pl | mīnattan | namīnattan | tamīnattan | ḫamīnattan | mīnadattan | mīnadāna |
Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill) | ||||||
Infinitive | muṣubbas | |||||
Participle | muṣubb- | |||||
Active | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Long Jussive | Short Jussive |
1.sg | maṣābni | namṣābni | tamṣābni | ḫamṣābni | maṣābanni | — |
2.sg | maṣāmma | namṣāmma | tamṣāmma | ḫamṣāmma | maṣābamma | maṣābū |
3.sg | maṣābta | namṣābta | tamṣābta | ḫamṣābta | maṣābatta | maṣābā |
1.pl | maṣābti | namṣābti | tamṣābti | ḫamṣābti | maṣābatti | — |
2.pl | maṣāmman | namṣāmman | tamṣāmman | ḫamṣāmman | maṣābamman | maṣābūna |
3.pl | maṣābtan | namṣābtan | tamṣābtan | ḫamṣābtan | maṣābattan | maṣābāna |
Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R-S-Y (be good, be moral) | ||||||
Infinitive | mursâs | |||||
Participle | mursu- | |||||
Active | Actual | Potential | Commissive | Counterfactual | Long Jussive | Short Jussive |
1.sg | marsīni | namarsīni | tamarsīni | ḫamarsīni | marsanni | — |
2.sg | marsīma | namarsīma | tamarsīma | ḫamarsīma | marsamma | marsû |
3.sg | marsīsa | namarsīsa | tamarsīsa | ḫamarsīsa | marsatta | marsâ |
1.pl | marsīti | namarsīti | tamarsīti | ḫamarsīti | marsatti | — |
2.pl | marsīman | namarsīman | tamarsīman | ḫamarsīman | marsamman | marsûna |
3.pl | marsīsan | namarsīsan | tamarsīsan | ḫamarsīsan | marsattan | marsâna |
Stem shapes based on stress
Verbs
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Deverbatives
Weakness | Abs. | Cons. | Poss. (Sg.) | Poss. (Pl.) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Strong | PáRḪ-as | PáRaḪ | PaRáḪ- | PaRḪ-ā́- |
Initial Weak | PáRḪ-as | PáRaḪ | PaRáḪ- | PaRḪ-ā́- |
Middle Weak | Pā́Ḫ-as | Pā́Ḫ | Pā́Ḫ- | PāḪ-ā́- |
Final Weak | Pā́R-as | Pā́R | Pā́R- | PāR-ā́- |
Weakness | Abs. | Cons. | Poss. (Sg.) | Poss. (Pl.) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Strong | PaRā́Ḫ-as | PáRāḪ | PaRā́Ḫ- | PaRāḪ-ā́- |
Initial Weak | PaRā́Ḫ-as | PáRāḪ | PaRā́Ḫ- | PaRāḪ-ā́- |
Middle Weak | PấḪ-as | PấḪ | PấḪ- | PâḪ-ā́- |
Final Weak | PaR-ấs | PáRā | PaR-ấ- |
Weakness | Abs. | Cons. | Poss. (Sg.) | Poss. (Pl.) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Strong | PáRRaḪ-as | PáRRaḪ | PaRRáḪ- | PaRRaḪ-ā́- |
Initial Weak | PáRRaḪ-as | PáRRaḪ | PaRRáḪ- | PaRRaḪ-ā́- |
Middle Weak | PáḪḪ-as | Pā́Ḫ | PáḪḪ-a | PaḪḪ-ā́- |
Final Weak | PaRR-ấs | PáRRa | PaRR-ấ- |
Voice
Voice | Role/Marking | ||
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Accusative | Instrumental | |
Active (Intransitive) | Subject | N/A | N/A |
Active (Monotransitive) | Subject | Object | N/A |
Active (Ditransitive) | Subject | Primary Object | Secondary Object |
Causative/Instrumental | Causer | Causee/Instrument | Object |
Morpheme Chain
Clausal Proclitics | Relativizer | Tense/Mood | Stem | Imperative | Subject | Negation | Subject Plural (2nd and 3rd) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Voice | Root | |||||||
various | iC- | na-, ta-, ḫa- | s(i)-, m(i)- | R₁(a)R₂aR₃ R₁(a)R₂uR₃ R₁(a)R₂iR₃ |
-aC- / -ā- | various | -si | -n |
Ablaut Classes
Realis | Irrealis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Class 1 | Transitive | a | a | |
Intransitive | Dynamic | u | a | |
Stative | i | a | ||
Class 2 | Transitive | a | u | |
Intransitive | Dynamic | u | u | |
Stative | i | i | ||
Class 3 | Transitive | a | a | |
Intransitive | Dynamic | u | a | |
Stative | i | i |
Ch'adic
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
central | lateral | |||||||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ ⟨n̮⟩ | |||||
Stop | fortis | p | t | t͡ɬ ⟨ć⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨č⟩ | k | ʡ | ʔ |
emphatic | pʼ ⟨ṗ⟩ | tʼ ⟨ṭ⟩ | t͡ɬʼ ⟨ć̣⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨č̣⟩ | kʼ ⟨ḳ⟩ | |||
lenis | b | d | d͡ɮ ⟨ʒ́⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨ǯ⟩ | g | |||
Fricative | f | s | ɬ ⟨ś⟩ | ʃ ⟨š⟩ | x ⟨ḫ⟩ | ħ ⟨ḥ⟩ | h | |
Approximant | w | j ⟨y⟩ | ||||||
Liquid | r | l |
Status Absolutus | Status Constructus | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Feminine | -u | -un | -u | -ū |
Masculine | -i | -in | -i | -ī |
Neuter | -ar | -aran | -a | -ā |
Inanimate | -aš | -ašan |