User:Ahzoh: Difference between revisions

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Line 342: Line 342:
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''kemēsan''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''kemēsan''
|-
|-
|}
=== Summary ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vrkhazhian Verb Derivation
|-
! style="width: 4em;" | Prefix(es)
! style="width: 8em;" | Internal Change
! style="width: 12em;" | Function
! style="width: 8em;" | Example
! style="width: 15em;" | Notes
|-
| —
| —
| <small>ACTIVE</small>
|
|
|-
| —
| ''-ā-''
| <small>PLURACTIONAL</small>
|
| Rare, sound and III-weak verbs only
|-
| —
| Reduplication
| <small>PLURACTIONAL, FACTITIVE</small>
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''sa-''
| —
| <small>CAUSATIVE</small>
|
|
|-
| ''-ā-''
| rowspan="2" | <small>CAUSATIVE PLURACTIONAL</small>
|
| Rare, sound and III-weak verbs only
|-
| Reduplication
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''ma-''
| —
| <small>APPLICATIVE</small>
|
|
|-
| ''-ā-''
| rowspan="2" | <small>APPLICATIVE PLURACTIONAL</small>
|
| Rare, sound and III-weak verbs only
|-
| Reduplication
|
|
|}
|}


Line 347: Line 407:


{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="more ▼" data-collapsetext="less ▲" style="text-align: center;"
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="more ▼" data-collapsetext="less ▲" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" style="background-color:#dedede; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 19em;" | Conjugation (strong, a-class)
! colspan="7" style="background-color:#dedede; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 19em;" | Conjugation (strong, a/u-class)
|-
|-
| colspan="7" style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | '''P-R-Ḫ''' (speak, say)
| colspan="7" style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | '''P-R-Ḫ''' (speak, say)
Line 862: Line 922:
|}
|}


===Causative Voice===
===Pluractional===
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="more ▼" data-collapsetext="less ▲" style="text-align: center;"
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="more ▼" data-collapsetext="less ▲" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" style="background-color:#dedede; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 19em;" | Conjugation (strong, a-class)
! colspan="7" style="background-color:#dedede; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 19em;" | Conjugation (strong, a/u-class)
|-
|-
| colspan="7" style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | '''P-R-Ḫ''' (speak, say)
| colspan="7" style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | '''P-R-R-Ḫ''' (say many things)
|-
|-
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | Infinitive
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | Infinitive
Line 884: Line 944:
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" |  
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" |  
|-
|-
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Active
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Affirmative
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Actual
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Actual
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Potential
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Potential
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Commissive
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Commissive
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Counterfactual
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Counterfactual
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Long Jussive
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Jussive
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Short Jussive
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Imperative
|-
|-
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | 1.sg
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | 1.sg
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫni''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫni''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''naparraḫni''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''naparruḫni''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''taparraḫni''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''taparruḫni''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''ḫaparraḫni''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''ḫaparruḫni''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫanni''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫanni''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''—''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''—''
Line 902: Line 962:
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | 2.sg
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | 2.sg
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫma''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫma''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''naparraḫma''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''naparruḫma''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''taparraḫma''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''taparruḫma''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''ḫaparraḫma''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''ḫaparruḫma''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫamma''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫamma''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫū''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫū''
Line 910: Line 970:
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | 3.sg
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | 3.sg
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫta''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫta''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''naparraḫta''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''naparruḫta''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''taparraḫta''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''taparruḫta''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''ḫaparraḫta''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''ḫaparruḫta''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫatta''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫatta''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫā''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫā''
Line 918: Line 978:
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | 1.pl
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | 1.pl
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫti''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫti''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''naparraḫti''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''naparruḫti''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''taparraḫti''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''taparruḫti''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''ḫaparraḫti''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''ḫaparruḫti''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫatti''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫatti''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''—''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''—''
Line 926: Line 986:
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | 2.pl
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | 2.pl
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫman''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫman''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''naparraḫman''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''naparruḫman''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''taparraḫman''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''taparruḫman''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''ḫaparraḫman''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''ḫaparruḫman''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫamman''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫamman''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫūna''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫūna''
Line 934: Line 994:
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | 3.pl
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | 3.pl
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫtan''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫtan''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''naparraḫtan''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''naparruḫtan''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''taparraḫtan''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''taparruḫtan''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''ḫaparraḫtan''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''ḫaparruḫtan''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫattan''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫattan''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫāna''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫāna''
|-
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Negative
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Actual
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Potential
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Commissive
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Counterfactual
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Jussive
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 7em;" | Imperative
|-
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | 1.sg
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫnisi''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''naparruḫnisi''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''taparruḫnisi''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''ḫaparruḫnisi''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" colspan="2" | ''parraḫannisi''
|-
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | 2.sg
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫmasi''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''naparruḫmasi''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''taparruḫmasi''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''ḫaparruḫmasi''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" colspan="2" | ''parraḫammasi''
|-
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | 3.sg
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫtasi''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''naparruḫtasi''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''taparruḫtasi''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''ḫaparruḫtasi''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" colspan="2" | ''parraḫattasi''
|-
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | 1.pl
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫtisi''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''naparruḫtisi''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''taparruḫtisi''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''ḫaparruḫtisi''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" colspan="2" | ''parraḫattisi''
|-
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | 2.pl
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫmasin''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''naparruḫmasin''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''taparruḫmasin''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''ḫaparruḫmasin''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" colspan="2" | ''parraḫammasin''
|-
! style="background-color:#cdcdcd; border:3px solid #ffffff;" | 3.pl
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''parraḫtasin''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''naparruḫtasin''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''taparruḫtasin''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" | ''ḫaparruḫtasin''
| style="border:3px solid #ffffff;" colspan="2" | ''parraḫattasin''
|-
|-
|}
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="more ▼" data-collapsetext="less ▲" style="text-align: center;"
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="more ▼" data-collapsetext="less ▲" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" style="background-color:#dedede; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 19em;" | Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class)
! colspan="7" style="background-color:#dedede; border:3px solid #ffffff; width: 19em;" | Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class)
Line 1,817: Line 1,926:


====Verbs====
====Verbs====
{|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Base
|+ Base
|-
|-
! style="width: 6.7em;" | Weakness
! colspan="2" | Weakness
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Realis
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Imperative
! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative
|-
|-
! Strong
! colspan="2" |Strong
| ''PaRáḪ-''
| ''PaRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-PRáḪ-''
| ''-PRv́Ḫ-''
| ''PaRḪ-á-''
| ''PaRḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! Initial Weak
! rowspan="4" style="width: 6em;" | Initial Weak
| ''PaRáḪ-''
! style="width: 3em;" | I-w
| ''-RáḪ-''
| ''WaRv́Ḫ-''
| ''PaRḪ-á-''
| ''-ūRv́Ḫ-''
| ''WaRḪ-á-''
|-
! I-y
| ''YaRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-īRv́Ḫ-''
| ''YaRḪ-á-''
|-
! I-a
| ''ˀaRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-āRv́Ḫ-''
| ''ˀaRḪ-á-''
|-
! I-e
| ''ˀeRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-ēRv́Ḫ-''
| ''ˀeRḪ-é-''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Middle Weak
! II-w
| ''Pū́Ḫ-''
| ''-Pū́Ḫ-''
| ''PūḪ-á-''
|-
! II-y
| ''Pī́Ḫ-''
| ''-Pī́Ḫ-''
| ''PīḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! Middle Weak
! II-a
| ''Pā́Ḫ-''
| ''Pā́Ḫ-''
| ''-Pā́Ḫ-''
| ''-Pā́Ḫ-''
| ''PāḪ-á-''
| ''PāḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! Final Weak
! II-e
| ''PḗḪ-''
| ''-PḗḪ-''
| ''PēḪ-é-''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Final Weak
! III-w
| ''PaRū́-''
| ''-PRū́-''
| ''PāR-á-''
|-
! III-y
| ''PaRī́-''
| ''-PRī́-''
| ''PāR-á-''
|-
! III-a
| ''PaRā́-''
| ''PaRā́-''
| ''-PRā́-''
| ''-PRā́-''
| ''PāR-á-''
| ''PāR-á-''
|-
! III-e
| ''PeRḗ-''
| ''-PRḗ-''
| ''PēR-é-''
|}
|}
 
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Gemination
|+ Gemination
|-
|-
! style="width: 6.7em;" | Weakness
! colspan="2" | Weakness
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Realis
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Imperative
! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative
|-
|-
! Strong
! colspan="2" |Strong
| ''PaRRáḪ-''
| ''PaRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-PaRRáḪ-''
| ''-PaRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''PaRRaḪ-á-''
| ''PaRRvḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! Initial Weak
! rowspan="4" style="width: 6em;" | Initial Weak
| ''PaRRáḪ-''
! style="width: 3em;" | I-w
| ''-RRáḪ-''
| ''WaRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''PaRRaḪ-á-''
| ''-uRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''WaRRvḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! Middle Weak
! I-y
| ''YaRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-iRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''YaRRvḪ-á-''
|-
! I-a
| ''ˀaRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-aRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''ˀaRRvḪ-á-''
|-
! I-e
| ''ˀeRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-eRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''ˀeRRvḪ-é-''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Middle Weak
! II-w
| ''PấḪ-''
| ''-PấḪ-''
| ''PuḪḪ-á-''
|-
! II-y
| ''PấḪ-''
| ''-PấḪ-''
| ''PiḪḪ-á-''
|-
! II-a
| ''PấḪ-''
| ''PấḪ-''
| ''-PấḪ-''
| ''-PấḪ-''
| ''PaḪḪ-á-''
| ''PaḪḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! Final Weak
! II-e
| ''PếḪ-''
| ''-PếḪ-''
| ''PeḪḪ-é-''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Final Weak
! III-w
| ''PaRRū́-''
| ''-PaRRū́-''
| ''PaRR-á-''
|-
! III-y
| ''PaRRī́-''
| ''-PaRRī́-''
| ''PaRR-á-''
|-
! III-a
| ''PaRRā́-''
| ''PaRRā́-''
| ''-PaRRā́-''
| ''-PaRRā́-''
| ''PaRR-á-''
| ''PaRR-á-''
|-
! III-e
| ''PeRRḗ-''
| ''-PeRRḗ-''
| ''PeRR-é-''
|}
|
|}
|}


{|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Prefix
|+ ''sa-'' Prefix
|-
|-
! style="width: 6.7em;" | Weakness
! colspan="2" | Weakness
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Realis
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Imperative
! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative
|-
|-
! Strong
! colspan="2" |Strong
| ''saPRáḪ-''
| ''saPRáḪ-''
| ''-saPRáḪ-''
| ''-saPRáḪ-''
| ''saPRaḪ-á-''
| ''saPRaḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! Initial Weak
! rowspan="4" style="width: 6em;" | Initial Weak
! style="width: 3em;" | I-w
| ''sūRáḪ-''
| ''-sūRáḪ-''
| ''sūRaḪ-á-''
|-
! I-y
| ''sīRáḪ-''
| ''-sīRáḪ-''
| ''sīRaḪ-á-''
|-
! I-a
| ''sāRáḪ-''
| ''sāRáḪ-''
| ''-sāRáḪ-''
| ''-sāRáḪ-''
| ''sāRaḪ-á-''
| ''sāRaḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! Middle Weak
! I-e
| ''sēRéḪ-''
| ''-sēRéḪ-''
| ''sēReḪ-é-''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Middle Weak
! II-w
| ''saPū́Ḫ-''
| ''-sPū́Ḫ-''
| ''saPūḪ-á-''
|-
! II-y
| ''saPī́Ḫ-''
| ''-sPī́Ḫ-''
| ''saPīḪ-á-''
|-
! II-a
| ''saPā́Ḫ-''
| ''saPā́Ḫ-''
| ''-sPā́Ḫ-''
| ''-sPā́Ḫ-''
| ''saPāḪ-á-''
| ''saPāḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! Final Weak
! II-e
| ''saPRā́-''
| ''sePḗḪ-''
| ''-sPḗḪ-''
| ''sePēḪ-é-''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Final Weak
! III-w
| ''saPRū́-''
| ''-saPRū́-''
| ''saPR-á-''
|-
! III-y
| ''saPRī́-''
| ''-saPRī́-''
| ''saPR-á-''
|-
! III-a
| ''saPaRā́-''
| ''-saPRā́-''
| ''-saPRā́-''
| ''saPR-á-''
| ''saPR-á-''
|-
! III-e
| ''sePRḗ-''
| ''-sePRḗ-''
| ''sePR-é-''
|}
|}
 
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Prefix Gemination
|+ ''sa-'' Prefix + Gemination
|-
|-
! style="width: 6.7em;" | Weakness
! colspan="2" | Weakness
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Realis
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Imperative
! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative
|-
|-
! Strong
! colspan="2" |Strong
| ''saPaRRáḪ-''
| ''saPaRRáḪ-''
| ''-sPaRRáḪ-''
| ''-sPaRRáḪ-''
| ''saPaRRaḪ-á-''
| ''saPaRRaḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! Initial Weak
! rowspan="4" style="width: 6em;" | Initial Weak
! style="width: 3em;" | I-w
| ''suRRáḪ-''
| ''-suRRáḪ-''
| ''suRRaḪ-á-''
|-
! I-y
| ''siRRáḪ-''
| ''-siRRáḪ-''
| ''siRRaḪ-á-''
|-
! I-a
| ''saRRáḪ-''
| ''saRRáḪ-''
| ''-saRRáḪ-''
| ''-saRRáḪ-''
| ''saRRaḪ-á-''
| ''saRRaḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! Middle Weak
! I-e
| ''seRRéḪ-''
| ''-seRRéḪ-''
| ''seRReḪ-é-''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Middle Weak
! II-w
| ''saPấḪ-''
| ''-sPấḪ-''
| ''saPuḪḪ-á-''
|-
! II-y
| ''saPấḪ-''
| ''-sPấḪ-''
| ''saPiḪḪ-á-''
|-
! II-a
| ''saPấḪ-''
| ''saPấḪ-''
| ''-sPấḪ-''
| ''-sPấḪ-''
| ''saPaḪḪ-á-''
| ''saPaḪḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! Final Weak
! II-e
| ''sePếḪ-''
| ''-sPếḪ-''
| ''sePeḪḪ-é-''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Final Weak
! III-w
| ''saPaRRū́-''
| ''-sPaRRū́-''
| ''saPaRR-á-''
|-
! III-y
| ''saPaRRī́-''
| ''-sPaRRī́-''
| ''saPaRR-á-''
|-
! III-a
| ''saPaRRā́-''
| ''saPaRRā́-''
| ''-sPaRRā́-''
| ''-sPaRRā́-''
| ''saPaRR-á-''
| ''saPaRR-á-''
|-
! III-e
| ''sePeRRḗ-''
| ''-sPeRRḗ-''
| ''sePeRR-é-''
|}
|
|}
|}


====Deverbatives====
{|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Base
|+ ''ma-'' Prefix
|-
! colspan="2" | Weakness
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative
|-
! colspan="2" |Strong
| ''maPRáḪ-''
| ''-maPRáḪ-''
| ''maPRaḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! style="width: 6.7em;" | Weakness
! rowspan="4" style="width: 6em;" | Initial Weak
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Abs.
! style="width: 3em;" | I-w
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Cons.
| ''mūRáḪ-''
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Sg.)
| ''-mūRáḪ-''
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Pl.)
| ''mūRaḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! Strong
! I-y
| ''PáRḪ-as''
| ''mīRáḪ-''
| ''PáRaḪ''
| ''-mīRáḪ-''
| ''PaRáḪ-''
| ''mīRaḪ-á-''
| ''PaRḪ-ā́-''
|-
|-
! Initial Weak
! I-a
| ''PáRḪ-as''
| ''māRáḪ-''
| ''PáRaḪ''
| ''-māRáḪ-''
| ''PaRáḪ-''
| ''māRaḪ-á-''
| ''PaRḪ-ā́-''
|-
|-
! Middle Weak
! I-e
| ''Pā́Ḫ-as''
| ''mēRéḪ-''
| ''Pā́Ḫ''
| ''-mēRéḪ-''
| ''Pā́Ḫ-''
| ''mēReḪ-é-''
| ''PāḪ-ā́-''
|-
|-
! Final Weak
! rowspan="4" | Middle Weak
| ''Pā́R-as''
! II-w
| ''Pā́R''
| ''maPū́Ḫ-''
| ''Pā́R-''
| ''-mPū́Ḫ-''
| ''PāR-ā́-''
| ''maPūḪ-á-''
|-
! II-y
| ''maPī́Ḫ-''
| ''-mPī́Ḫ-''
| ''maPīḪ-á-''
|-
! II-a
| ''maPā́Ḫ-''
| ''-mPā́Ḫ-''
| ''maPāḪ-á-''
|-
! II-e
| ''mePḗḪ-''
| ''-mPḗḪ-''
| ''mePēḪ-é-''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Final Weak
! III-w
| ''maPRū́-''
| ''-maPRū́-''
| ''maPR-á-''
|-
! III-y
| ''maPRī́-''
| ''-maPRī́-''
| ''maPR-á-''
|-
! III-a
| ''maPaRā́-''
| ''-maPRā́-''
| ''maPR-á-''
|-
! III-e
| ''mePRḗ-''
| ''-mePRḗ-''
| ''mePR-é-''
|}
|}
 
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Lengthened
|+ ''sa-'' Prefix + Gemination
|-
|-
! style="width: 6.7em;" | Weakness
! colspan="2" | Weakness
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Abs.
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Cons.
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Sg.)
! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Pl.)
|-
|-
! Strong
! colspan="2" |Strong
| ''PaRā́Ḫ-as''
| ''maPaRRáḪ-''
| ''PáRāḪ''
| ''-mPaRRáḪ-''
| ''PaRā́Ḫ-''
| ''maPaRRaḪ-á-''
| ''PaRāḪ-ā́-''
|-
|-
! Initial Weak
! rowspan="4" style="width: 6em;" | Initial Weak
| ''PaRā́Ḫ-as''
! style="width: 3em;" | I-w
| ''PáRāḪ''
| ''muRRáḪ-''
| ''PaRā́Ḫ-''
| ''-muRRáḪ-''
| ''PaRāḪ-ā́-''
| ''muRRaḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! Middle Weak
! I-y
| ''PấḪ-as''
| ''miRRáḪ-''
| ''PấḪ''
| ''-miRRáḪ-''
| ''PấḪ-''
| ''miRRaḪ-á-''
| ''PâḪ-ā́-''
|-
! I-a
| ''maRRáḪ-''
| ''-maRRáḪ-''
| ''maRRaḪ-á-''
|-
! I-e
| ''meRRéḪ-''
| ''-meRRéḪ-''
| ''meRReḪ-é-''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Middle Weak
! II-w
| ''maPấḪ-''
| ''-mPấḪ-''
| ''maPuḪḪ-á-''
|-
! II-y
| ''maPấḪ-''
| ''-mPấḪ-''
| ''maPiḪḪ-á-''
|-
! II-a
| ''maPấḪ-''
| ''-mPấḪ-''
| ''maPaḪḪ-á-''
|-
! II-e
| ''mePếḪ-''
| ''-mPếḪ-''
| ''mePeḪḪ-é-''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Final Weak
! III-w
| ''maPaRRū́-''
| ''-mPaRRū́-''
| ''maPaRR-á-''
|-
! III-y
| ''maPaRRī́-''
| ''-mPaRRī́-''
| ''maPaRR-á-''
|-
! III-a
| ''maPaRRā́-''
| ''-mPaRRā́-''
| ''maPaRR-á-''
|-
! III-e
| ''mePeRRḗ-''
| ''-mPeRRḗ-''
| ''mePeRR-é-''
|}
|
|}
 
====Deverbatives====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Base
|-
! style="width: 6.7em;" | Weakness
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Abs. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Abs. (Pl.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Cons. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Cons. (Pl.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Pl.)
|-
! Strong
| ''PáRḪ-as''
| ''PaRḪ-ā́ya''
| ''PáRaḪ''
| ''PáRḪ-ā''
| ''PáRḪ-a-''
| ''PaRḪ-ā́-''
|-
! Initial Weak
| ''PáRḪ-as''
| ''PaRḪ-ā́ya''
| ''PáRaḪ''
| ''PáRḪ-ā''
| ''PáRḪ-a-''
| ''PaRḪ-ā́-''
|-
! Middle Weak
| ''Pā́Ḫ-as''
| ''Pā́Ḫ-ā́ya''
| ''Pā́Ḫ''
| ''Pā́Ḫ-ā''
| ''Pā́Ḫ-a-''
| ''PāḪ-ā́-''
|-
! Final Weak
| ''Pā́R-as''
| ''PāR-ā́ya''
| ''Pā́R''
| ''Pā́R-ā''
| ''Pā́R-a-''
| ''PāR-ā́-''
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Lengthened
|-
! style="width: 6.7em;" | Weakness
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Abs. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Abs. (Pl.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Cons. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Cons. (Pl.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Pl.)
|-
|-
! Strong
| ''PaRā́Ḫ-as''
| ''PaRāḪ-ā́ya''
| ''PáRāḪ''
| ''PáRā́Ḫ-ā''
| ''PaRā́Ḫ-a-''
| ''PaRāḪ-ā́-''
|-
! Initial Weak
| ''PaRā́Ḫ-as''
| ''PaRāḪ-ā́ya''
| ''PáRāḪ''
| ''PáRā́Ḫ-ā''
| ''PaRā́Ḫ-a-''
| ''PaRāḪ-ā́-''
|-
! Middle Weak
| ''PấḪ-as''
| ''PâḪ-ā́ya''
| ''PấḪ''
| ''PấḪ-ā''
| ''PấḪ-a-''
| ''PâḪ-ā́-''
|-
! Final Weak
| ''PaR-ấs''
| ''PaR-ấya''
| ''PáRā''
| ''PáR-â''
| colspan="2" | ''PaR-ấ-''
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Gemination
|-
! style="width: 6.7em;" | Weakness
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Abs. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Abs. (Pl.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Cons. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Cons. (Pl.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Pl.)
|-
|-
! Strong
| ''PáRRaḪ-as''
| ''PaRRaḪ-ā́ya''
| ''PáRRaḪ''
| ''PáRRaḪ-ā''
| ''PaRRáḪ-''
| ''PaRRaḪ-ā́-''
|-
! Initial Weak
| ''PáRRaḪ-as''
| ''PaRRaḪ-ā́ya''
| ''PáRRaḪ''
| ''PáRRaḪ-ā''
| ''PaRRáḪ-''
| ''PaRRaḪ-ā́-''
|-
! Middle Weak
| ''PáḪḪ-as''
| ''PaḪḪ-ā́ya''
| ''Pā́Ḫ''
| ''Pā́Ḫ-ā''
| ''PáḪḪ-a''
| ''PaḪḪ-ā́-''
|-
! Final Weak
| ''PaRR-ấs''
| ''PaRR-ấya''
| ''PáRRa''
| ''PáRR-â''
| colspan="2" | ''PaRR-ấ-''
|}
 
===Voice===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Case-Role Marking in Secundative Alignment (D=S, R=P, T=separate)
|-
! style="width: 12em;" rowspan="2" | Voice
! colspan="3" | Role/Marking
|-
! style="width: 8em;" | Nominative
! style="width: 8em;" | Accusative
! style="width: 8em;" | Instrumental
|-
! Active (Intransitive)
| Subject
| N/A
| N/A
|-
! Active (Monotransitive)
| Subject
| Object
| N/A
|-
! Active (Ditransitive)
| Subject
| Primary Object
| Secondary Object
|-
! Causative/Instrumental
| Causer
| Causee/Instrument
| Object
|-
|-
! Final Weak
| ''PaR-ấs''
| ''PáRā''
| colspan="2" | ''PaR-ấ-''
|}
|}


===Morpheme Chain===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Gemination
|-
|-
! style="width: 6.7em;" | Weakness
! rowspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Clausal Proclitics
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Abs.
! rowspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Relativizer
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Cons.
! rowspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Tense/Mood
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Sg.)
! colspan="2" style="width: 14em;" | Stem
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Pl.)
! rowspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Imperative
! rowspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Subject
! rowspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Negation
! rowspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Subject Plural<br>(2nd and 3rd)
|-
|-
! Strong
! Voice
| ''PáRRaḪ-as''
! Root
| ''PáRRaḪ''
| ''PaRRáḪ-''
| ''PaRRaḪ-ā́-''
|-
|-
! Initial Weak
| various
| ''PáRRaḪ-as''
| ''iC-''
| ''PáRRaḪ''
| ''na-'', ''ta-'', ''ḫa-''
| ''PaRRáḪ-''
| ''s(i)-'', ''m(i)-''
| ''PaRRaḪ-ā́-''
| ''R₁(a)R₂aR₃''<br>''R₁(a)R₂uR₃''<br>''R₁(a)R₂iR₃''
|-
| ''-aC-'' / ''-ā-''
! Middle Weak
| various
| ''PáḪḪ-as''
| ''-si''
| ''Pā́Ḫ''
| ''-n''
| ''PáḪḪ-a''
| ''PaḪḪ-ā́-''
|-
! Final Weak
| ''PaRR-ấs''
| ''PáRRa''
| colspan="2" | ''PaRR-ấ-''
|}
|}


===Voice===
===Ablaut Classes===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Case-Role Marking in Secundative Alignment (D=S, R=P, T=separate)
|-
|-
! style="width: 12em;" rowspan="2" | Voice
! colspan="3" |
! colspan="3" | Role/Marking
! style="width: 4em;" | Realis
! style="width: 4em;" | Irrealis
|-
|-
! style="width: 8em;" | Nominative
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="3" | Class 1
! style="width: 8em;" | Accusative
! colspan="2" | Transitive
! style="width: 8em;" | Instrumental
| a
| a
|-
|-
! Active (Intransitive)
! style="width: 6em;" rowspan="2" | Intransitive
| Subject
! style="width: 4em;" | <small>Dynamic</small>
| N/A
| u
| N/A
| a
|-
|-
! Active (Monotransitive)
! <small>Stative</small>
| Subject
| i
| Object
| a
| N/A
|-
|-
! Active (Ditransitive)
! colspan="5" |  
| Subject
| Primary Object
| Secondary Object
|-
|-
! Causative/Instrumental
! rowspan="3" | Class 2
| Causer
! colspan="2" | Transitive
| Causee/Instrument
| a
| Object
| u
|-
|-
|}
! rowspan="2" | Intransitive
 
! <small>Dynamic</small>
===Morpheme Chain===
| u
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| u
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Clausal Proclitics
! <small>Stative</small>
! rowspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Relativizer
| i
! rowspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Tense/Mood
| i
! colspan="2" style="width: 14em;" | Stem
! rowspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Imperative
! rowspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Subject
! rowspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Negation
! rowspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Subject Plural<br>(2nd and 3rd)
|-
|-
! Voice
! colspan="5" |
! Root
|-
|-
| various
! rowspan="3" | Class 3
| ''iC-''
! colspan="2" | Transitive
| ''na-'', ''ta-'', ''ḫa-''
| ''s(i)-'', ''m(i)-''
| ''R₁(a)R₂aR₃''<br>''R₁(a)R₂uR₃''<br>''R₁(a)R₂iR₃''
| ''-aC-'' / ''-ā-''
| various
| ''-si''
| ''-n''
|}
 
===Ablaut Classes===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Ablaut Classes
|-
! colspan="2" |
! style="width: 4em;" | Realis
! style="width: 4em;" | Irrealis
|-
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="3" | Class 1
! style="width: 6em;" | Transitive
| a
| a
| a
| a
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Intransitive
! rowspan="2" | Intransitive
! <small>Dynamic</small>
| u
| u
| a
| a
|-
|-
| i
! <small>Stative</small>
| a
|-
! colspan="4" |
|-
! rowspan="3" | Class 2
! rowspan="2" | Dynamic
| a
| u
|-
| u
| u
|-
! Stative
| i
| i
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="3" | Class 3
! rowspan="2" | Dynamic
| a
| a
|-
| u
| a
|-
! Stative
| i
| i
| i
| i
Line 2,149: Line 2,665:
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Labial
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="3" | Alveolar
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Palatal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Palatal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Velar
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Velar
Line 2,156: Line 2,672:
|-
|-
! style="width: 4em;" | <small>central</small>
! style="width: 4em;" | <small>central</small>
! style="width: 4em;" | <small>sibilant</small>
! style="width: 4em;" | <small>lateral</small>
! style="width: 4em;" | <small>lateral</small>
|-
|-
Line 2,162: Line 2,677:
| m
| m
| n
| n
|
|  
|  
|
|
Line 2,173: Line 2,687:
| p
| p
| t
| t
| t͡s ⟨'''''c'''''⟩
| t͡ɬ ⟨'''''ć'''''⟩
| t͡ɬ ⟨'''''ć'''''⟩
| t͡ʃ ⟨'''''č'''''⟩
| t͡ʃ ⟨'''''č'''''⟩
Line 2,183: Line 2,696:
| pʼ ⟨'''''ṗ'''''⟩
| pʼ ⟨'''''ṗ'''''⟩
| tʼ ⟨'''''ṭ'''''⟩
| tʼ ⟨'''''ṭ'''''⟩
| t͡sʼ ⟨'''''c̣'''''⟩
| t͡ɬʼ ⟨'''''ć̣'''''⟩
| t͡ɬʼ ⟨'''''ć̣'''''⟩
| t͡ʃʼ ⟨'''''č̣'''''⟩
| t͡ʃʼ ⟨'''''č̣'''''⟩
Line 2,191: Line 2,703:
| b
| b
| d
| d
| d͡z ⟨'''''ʒ'''''⟩
| d͡ɮ ⟨'''''ʒ́'''''⟩
| d͡ɮ ⟨'''''ʒ́'''''⟩
| d͡ʒ ⟨'''''ǯ'''''⟩
| d͡ʒ ⟨'''''ǯ'''''⟩
Line 2,198: Line 2,709:
! colspan="2" | Fricative
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| f
|
| s
| s
| ɬ ⟨'''''ś'''''⟩
| ɬ ⟨'''''ś'''''⟩
Line 2,208: Line 2,718:
! colspan="2" | Approximant
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| w
| w
|
|
|
|
|
Line 2,217: Line 2,726:
|
|
| r
| r
|
| l
| l
|
|

Latest revision as of 01:15, 9 November 2024

Creator of Vrkhazhian, Onschen and Hussite


𞤹𞤸𞤪


WIP Vrkhazhian Case System

Status Absolutus
Animate Inanimate
Feminine Masculine Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative -um -ūwa -im -īya -am -āya -as -āya
Vocative -u -i -a
Accusative -us -ūsa -is -īsa -as -āsa
Ergative -un -ūna -in -īna -an -āna -an -āna
Genitive -uḫ -ūwa -iḫ -īya -aḫ -āya -aḫ -āya
Equative -ūli -īli -āli -āli
Status Constructus
Animate Inanimate
Feminine Masculine Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative -∅ -ū -∅ -ī -∅ -ā -∅ -ā
Oblique
Genitive -u -i -a -a
Equative -ūli -īli -āli -āli

WIP Verb System

Summary

Vrkhazhian Verb Derivation
Prefix(es) Internal Change Function Example Notes
— — ACTIVE
— -ā- PLURACTIONAL Rare, sound and III-weak verbs only
— Reduplication PLURACTIONAL, FACTITIVE
sa- — CAUSATIVE
-ā- CAUSATIVE PLURACTIONAL Rare, sound and III-weak verbs only
Reduplication
ma- — APPLICATIVE
-ā- APPLICATIVE PLURACTIONAL Rare, sound and III-weak verbs only
Reduplication

Active Voice

Pluractional

Applicative Voice

Benefactive

Other

Stem shapes based on stress

Verbs

Base
Weakness Realis Irrealis Imperative
Strong PaRv́Ḫ- -PRv́Ḫ- PaRḪ-á-
Initial Weak I-w WaRv́Ḫ- -ūRv́Ḫ- WaRḪ-á-
I-y YaRv́Ḫ- -īRv́Ḫ- YaRḪ-á-
I-a ˀaRv́Ḫ- -āRv́Ḫ- ˀaRḪ-á-
I-e ˀeRv́Ḫ- -ēRv́Ḫ- ˀeRḪ-é-
Middle Weak II-w Pū́Ḫ- -Pū́Ḫ- PūḪ-á-
II-y Pī́Ḫ- -Pī́Ḫ- PīḪ-á-
II-a Pā́Ḫ- -Pā́Ḫ- PāḪ-á-
II-e PḗḪ- -PḗḪ- PēḪ-é-
Final Weak III-w PaRū́- -PRū́- PāR-á-
III-y PaRī́- -PRī́- PāR-á-
III-a PaRā́- -PRā́- PāR-á-
III-e PeRḗ- -PRḗ- PēR-é-
Gemination
Weakness Realis Irrealis Imperative
Strong PaRRv́Ḫ- -PaRRv́Ḫ- PaRRvḪ-á-
Initial Weak I-w WaRRv́Ḫ- -uRRv́Ḫ- WaRRvḪ-á-
I-y YaRRv́Ḫ- -iRRv́Ḫ- YaRRvḪ-á-
I-a ˀaRRv́Ḫ- -aRRv́Ḫ- ˀaRRvḪ-á-
I-e ˀeRRv́Ḫ- -eRRv́Ḫ- ˀeRRvḪ-é-
Middle Weak II-w PấḪ- -PấḪ- PuḪḪ-á-
II-y PấḪ- -PấḪ- PiḪḪ-á-
II-a PấḪ- -PấḪ- PaḪḪ-á-
II-e PếḪ- -PếḪ- PeḪḪ-é-
Final Weak III-w PaRRū́- -PaRRū́- PaRR-á-
III-y PaRRī́- -PaRRī́- PaRR-á-
III-a PaRRā́- -PaRRā́- PaRR-á-
III-e PeRRḗ- -PeRRḗ- PeRR-é-
sa- Prefix
Weakness Realis Irrealis Imperative
Strong saPRáḪ- -saPRáḪ- saPRaḪ-á-
Initial Weak I-w sūRáḪ- -sūRáḪ- sūRaḪ-á-
I-y sīRáḪ- -sīRáḪ- sīRaḪ-á-
I-a sāRáḪ- -sāRáḪ- sāRaḪ-á-
I-e sēRéḪ- -sēRéḪ- sēReḪ-é-
Middle Weak II-w saPū́Ḫ- -sPū́Ḫ- saPūḪ-á-
II-y saPī́Ḫ- -sPī́Ḫ- saPīḪ-á-
II-a saPā́Ḫ- -sPā́Ḫ- saPāḪ-á-
II-e sePḗḪ- -sPḗḪ- sePēḪ-é-
Final Weak III-w saPRū́- -saPRū́- saPR-á-
III-y saPRī́- -saPRī́- saPR-á-
III-a saPaRā́- -saPRā́- saPR-á-
III-e sePRḗ- -sePRḗ- sePR-é-
sa- Prefix + Gemination
Weakness Realis Irrealis Imperative
Strong saPaRRáḪ- -sPaRRáḪ- saPaRRaḪ-á-
Initial Weak I-w suRRáḪ- -suRRáḪ- suRRaḪ-á-
I-y siRRáḪ- -siRRáḪ- siRRaḪ-á-
I-a saRRáḪ- -saRRáḪ- saRRaḪ-á-
I-e seRRéḪ- -seRRéḪ- seRReḪ-é-
Middle Weak II-w saPấḪ- -sPấḪ- saPuḪḪ-á-
II-y saPấḪ- -sPấḪ- saPiḪḪ-á-
II-a saPấḪ- -sPấḪ- saPaḪḪ-á-
II-e sePếḪ- -sPếḪ- sePeḪḪ-é-
Final Weak III-w saPaRRū́- -sPaRRū́- saPaRR-á-
III-y saPaRRī́- -sPaRRī́- saPaRR-á-
III-a saPaRRā́- -sPaRRā́- saPaRR-á-
III-e sePeRRḗ- -sPeRRḗ- sePeRR-é-
ma- Prefix
Weakness Realis Irrealis Imperative
Strong maPRáḪ- -maPRáḪ- maPRaḪ-á-
Initial Weak I-w mūRáḪ- -mūRáḪ- mūRaḪ-á-
I-y mīRáḪ- -mīRáḪ- mīRaḪ-á-
I-a māRáḪ- -māRáḪ- māRaḪ-á-
I-e mēRéḪ- -mēRéḪ- mēReḪ-é-
Middle Weak II-w maPū́Ḫ- -mPū́Ḫ- maPūḪ-á-
II-y maPī́Ḫ- -mPī́Ḫ- maPīḪ-á-
II-a maPā́Ḫ- -mPā́Ḫ- maPāḪ-á-
II-e mePḗḪ- -mPḗḪ- mePēḪ-é-
Final Weak III-w maPRū́- -maPRū́- maPR-á-
III-y maPRī́- -maPRī́- maPR-á-
III-a maPaRā́- -maPRā́- maPR-á-
III-e mePRḗ- -mePRḗ- mePR-é-
sa- Prefix + Gemination
Weakness Realis Irrealis Imperative
Strong maPaRRáḪ- -mPaRRáḪ- maPaRRaḪ-á-
Initial Weak I-w muRRáḪ- -muRRáḪ- muRRaḪ-á-
I-y miRRáḪ- -miRRáḪ- miRRaḪ-á-
I-a maRRáḪ- -maRRáḪ- maRRaḪ-á-
I-e meRRéḪ- -meRRéḪ- meRReḪ-é-
Middle Weak II-w maPấḪ- -mPấḪ- maPuḪḪ-á-
II-y maPấḪ- -mPấḪ- maPiḪḪ-á-
II-a maPấḪ- -mPấḪ- maPaḪḪ-á-
II-e mePếḪ- -mPếḪ- mePeḪḪ-é-
Final Weak III-w maPaRRū́- -mPaRRū́- maPaRR-á-
III-y maPaRRī́- -mPaRRī́- maPaRR-á-
III-a maPaRRā́- -mPaRRā́- maPaRR-á-
III-e mePeRRḗ- -mPeRRḗ- mePeRR-é-

Deverbatives

Base
Weakness Abs. (Sg.) Abs. (Pl.) Cons. (Sg.) Cons. (Pl.) Poss. (Sg.) Poss. (Pl.)
Strong PáRḪ-as PaRḪ-ā́ya PáRaḪ PáRḪ-ā PáRḪ-a- PaRḪ-ā́-
Initial Weak PáRḪ-as PaRḪ-ā́ya PáRaḪ PáRḪ-ā PáRḪ-a- PaRḪ-ā́-
Middle Weak Pā́Ḫ-as Pā́Ḫ-ā́ya Pā́Ḫ Pā́Ḫ-ā Pā́Ḫ-a- PāḪ-ā́-
Final Weak Pā́R-as PāR-ā́ya Pā́R Pā́R-ā Pā́R-a- PāR-ā́-
Lengthened
Weakness Abs. (Sg.) Abs. (Pl.) Cons. (Sg.) Cons. (Pl.) Poss. (Sg.) Poss. (Pl.)
Strong PaRā́Ḫ-as PaRāḪ-ā́ya PáRāḪ PáRā́Ḫ-ā PaRā́Ḫ-a- PaRāḪ-ā́-
Initial Weak PaRā́Ḫ-as PaRāḪ-ā́ya PáRāḪ PáRā́Ḫ-ā PaRā́Ḫ-a- PaRāḪ-ā́-
Middle Weak PấḪ-as PâḪ-ā́ya PấḪ PấḪ-ā PấḪ-a- PâḪ-ā́-
Final Weak PaR-ấs PaR-ấya PáRā PáR-â PaR-ấ-
Gemination
Weakness Abs. (Sg.) Abs. (Pl.) Cons. (Sg.) Cons. (Pl.) Poss. (Sg.) Poss. (Pl.)
Strong PáRRaḪ-as PaRRaḪ-ā́ya PáRRaḪ PáRRaḪ-ā PaRRáḪ- PaRRaḪ-ā́-
Initial Weak PáRRaḪ-as PaRRaḪ-ā́ya PáRRaḪ PáRRaḪ-ā PaRRáḪ- PaRRaḪ-ā́-
Middle Weak PáḪḪ-as PaḪḪ-ā́ya Pā́Ḫ Pā́Ḫ-ā PáḪḪ-a PaḪḪ-ā́-
Final Weak PaRR-ấs PaRR-ấya PáRRa PáRR-â PaRR-ấ-

Voice

Case-Role Marking in Secundative Alignment (D=S, R=P, T=separate)
Voice Role/Marking
Nominative Accusative Instrumental
Active (Intransitive) Subject N/A N/A
Active (Monotransitive) Subject Object N/A
Active (Ditransitive) Subject Primary Object Secondary Object
Causative/Instrumental Causer Causee/Instrument Object

Morpheme Chain

Clausal Proclitics Relativizer Tense/Mood Stem Imperative Subject Negation Subject Plural
(2nd and 3rd)
Voice Root
various iC- na-, ta-, ḫa- s(i)-, m(i)- R₁(a)R₂aR₃
R₁(a)R₂uR₃
R₁(a)R₂iR₃ 		-aC- / -ā- various -si -n

Ablaut Classes

Realis Irrealis
Class 1 Transitive a a
Intransitive Dynamic u a
Stative i a
Class 2 Transitive a u
Intransitive Dynamic u u
Stative i i
Class 3 Transitive a a
Intransitive Dynamic u a
Stative i i

Ch'adic

Proto-Č̣aḥdaš consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Pharyngeal Glottal
central lateral
Nasal m n ŋ ⟨n̮⟩
Stop fortis p t t͡ɬ ⟨ć⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨č⟩ k ʡ ʔ
emphatic pʼ ⟨ṗ⟩ tʼ ⟨ṭ⟩ t͡ɬʼ ⟨ć̣⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨č̣⟩ kʼ ⟨ḳ⟩
lenis b d d͡ɮ ⟨ʒ́⟩ d͡ʒ ⟨ǯ⟩ g
Fricative f s ɬ ⟨ś⟩ ʃ ⟨š⟩ x ⟨ḫ⟩ ħ ⟨ḥ⟩ h
Approximant w j ⟨y⟩
Liquid r l
Proto-Č̣aḥdaš nouns
Status Absolutus Status Constructus
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Feminine -u -un -u -ū
Masculine -i -in -i -ī
Neuter -ar -aran -a -ā
Inanimate -aš -ašan

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