Nouns in Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions

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Nouns that are often feminine:
Nouns that are often feminine:
*female humans, spirits, and deities
*female humans, spirits, and deities
*all domesticated animals
*female domesticated animals
*collective nouns involving people in general (i.e people belonging to countries, caravans)
*collective nouns involving people in general (i.e people belonging to countries, caravans)
*tools relating to agriculture or healing and medicine (excluding surgical tools)
Nouns that are often masculine:
Nouns that are often masculine:
*male humans, spirits, and deities
*male humans, spirits, and deities
*wild animals that are dangerous, either in behaviour or by nature of their features (i.e predatory animals and poisonous/venomous animals)
*male domesticated animals
*collective nouns involving people specifically in a military or aggressive context (i.e armies and violent mobs)
*collective nouns involving people specifically in a military or aggressive context (i.e armies and violent mobs)
*tools relating to warfare or which by nature involve injuring humans and animals (i.e surgical tools)
Nouns that are often neuter:
Nouns that are often neuter:
*children and young animals
*children and young domesticated animals
*wild animals that are safe
*wild animals
*seemingly animate things like rivers, oceans, wind, and fire
*seemingly animate things like rivers, oceans, wind, and fire
*certain body parts such as the arms, legs, heart, eyes, mouth, and neck
*body parts associated with movement such as arms, legs, eyes, and mouth
*certain organs such as the heart
Nouns that are often inanimate:
Nouns that are often inanimate:
*still-moving things like trees, mountains, and buildings
*still-moving things like trees, mountains, and buildings
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== Noun inflection ==
== Noun inflection ==
Vrkhazhian nouns are declined for four to six cases. Cases are the forms and suffixes that nouns take when they occur in certain parts of a sentence. For animate nouns the six cases are thus:
Vrkhazhian nouns are declined for six cases. Cases are the forms and suffixes that nouns take when they occur in certain parts of a sentence. The seven cases are thus:
*The nominative (NOM) case indicates the subject or agent (doer) of a verb ("'''Henry''' runs to the store", "'''Henry''' sees Sam").
*The nominative (NOM) case indicates the subject (doer) of a verb ("'''Henry''' runs to the store", "'''Henry''' sees Sam").
*The vocative (VOC) case indicates a direct addressee ("Hey, '''you'''", "'''Father''', what do you see?").
*The vocative (VOC) case indicates a direct addressee ("Hey, '''you'''", "'''Father''', what do you see?").
*The accusative (ACC) case indicates the object or patient (receiver/target) of a verb ("Henry sees '''Sam'''", "Henry gave '''Sam''' a pencil", "John wrote '''to Mary'''").
*The accusative (ACC) case indicates the primary object (receiver/target) of a transitive verb ("Henry sees '''Sam'''", "Henry gave '''Sam''' a pencil").
*The instrumental (INS) case indicates the instrument by which a verb is done or the theme of a ditransitive verb ("Henry gave Sam '''a pencil''', "I wrote '''with a pen'''").
*The ergative (ERG) case indicates the instrument by which a verb is done or the secondary object of a ditransitive verb ("Henry gave Sam '''a pencil'''", "I wrote '''with a pen'''"). It also marks inanimate-gendered agents of transitive verbs.
*The genitive (GEN) case indicates that another noun is modified by the noun marked with this case and the marked noun having various roles such as possessor, origin, or source ("'''Sam's''' dog", "Men '''of Rome'''").
*The genitive (GEN) case indicates that another noun is modified by the noun marked with this case and the marked noun having various roles such as possessor, origin, or source ("'''Sam's''' dog", "Men '''of Rome'''").
*The equative (EQU) case indicates that another noun is likened to or equivalent to the noun marked with this case ("'''As a boy''', I used to run a lot", "He fights '''like a coward'''", "'''a hawk-like''' grin").
*The equative (EQU) case indicates that another noun is likened to or equivalent to the noun marked with this case ("'''As a boy''', I used to run a lot", "He fights '''like a coward'''", "'''a hawk-like''' grin").
For inanimate nouns, the four cases are thus:
*The absolutive (ABS) case indicates the subject (doer) of an intransitive verb ("'''Henry''' laughed", "'''Sam''' fell down") and the object or patient (receiver/target) of a transitive verb ("Henry hit '''Sam'''").
*The ergative-instrumental (ERG-INS or just ERG) indicates the agent (doer) of a transitive verb ("'''Henry''' hit Sam") but also fulfills the role of the instrumental case as in animate nouns.
*The genitive and equative cases behave the same as they do in animate nouns.


{|
{|
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  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | ''rēb-im'' || rowspan="2" | ''rēb-īma''
  | ''rēb-im'' || rowspan="2" | ''rēb-īya''
  |-
  |-
  ! Vocative
  ! Vocative
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  | ''rēb-is'' || ''rēb-īza''
  | ''rēb-is'' || ''rēb-īza''
  |-
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  ! Ergative
  | ''rēb-in'' || ''rēb-īna''
  | ''rēb-in'' || ''rēb-īna''
  |-
  |-
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  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | ''lumb-um'' || rowspan="2" | ''lumb-ūma''
  | ''lumb-um'' || rowspan="2" | ''lumb-ūwa''
  |-
  |-
  ! Vocative
  ! Vocative
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  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
  | ''lumb-us'' || ''lumb-ūza''
  | ''lumb-us'' || ''lumb-ūsa''
  |-
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  ! Ergative
  | ''lumb-un'' || ''lumb-ūna''
  | ''lumb-un'' || ''lumb-ūna''
  |-
  |-
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  |
  |
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ ''strong neuter noun''<br> ḫazmam (crow)
  |+ ''strong neuter noun''<br> ˀilgam (fish)
  ! style="width: 6em;" |
  ! style="width: 6em;" |
  ! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
  ! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | ''ḫazm-am'' || rowspan="2" | ''ḫazm-āma''
  | ''ˀilg-am'' || rowspan="2" | ''ˀilg-āya''
  |-
  |-
  ! Vocative
  ! Vocative
  | ''ḫazm-a''
  | ''ˀilg-a''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
  | ''ḫazm-as'' || ''ḫazm-āza''
  | ''ˀilg-as'' || ''ˀilg-āsa''
  |-
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  ! Ergative
  | ''ḫazm-an'' || ''ḫazm-āna''
  | ''ˀilg-an'' || ''ˀilg-āna''
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | ''ḫazm-aḫ'' || ''ḫazm-āya''
  | ''ˀilg-aḫ'' || ''ˀilg-āya''
  |-
  |-
  ! Equative
  ! Equative
  | colspan="2" | ''ḫazm-āli''
  | colspan="2" | ''ˀilg-āli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  ! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
  ! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Absolutive
  ! Nominative
  | rowspan="2" | ''ˀarś-as'' || rowspan="2" | ''ˀarś-āza''
  | rowspan="3" | ''ˀarś-as'' || rowspan="3" | ''ˀarś-āya''
  |-
  |-
  ! Vocative
  ! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
  |-
  |-
  ! Ergative
  ! Ergative
  | rowspan="2" | ''ˀarś-an'' || rowspan="2" | ''ˀarś-āna''
  | ''ˀarś-an'' || ''ˀarś-āna''
|-
! Instrumental
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
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  |
  |
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ ''weak masculine noun''<br> sanîm (brother)
  |+ ''weak masculine noun''<br> san̮îm (brother)
  ! style="width: 6em;" |
  ! style="width: 6em;" |
  ! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
  ! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | colspan="2" | ''san-îm''
  | ''san̮-îm'' || rowspan="2" | ''san̮-îya''
  |-
  |-
  ! Vocative
  ! Vocative
  | colspan="2" | ''san-î''
  | ''san̮-î''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
  | colspan="2" | ''san-îs''
  | ''san̮-îs'' || ''san̮-îsa''
  |-
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  ! Ergative
  | colspan="2" | ''san-în''
  | ''san̮-în'' || ''san̮-îna''
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | colspan="2"  | ''san-îḫ''
  | ''san̮-îḫ'' || ''san̮-îya''
  |-
  |-
  ! Equative
  ! Equative
  | colspan="2" | ''san-îli''
  | colspan="2" | ''san̮-îli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  |
  |
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ ''weak feminine noun''<br> sanûm (sister)
  |+ ''weak feminine noun''<br> san̮ûm (sister)
  ! style="width: 6em;" |
  ! style="width: 6em;" |
  ! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
  ! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | colspan="2" | ''san-ûm''
  | ''san̮-ûm'' || rowspan="2" | ''san̮-ûwa''
  |-
  |-
  ! Vocative
  ! Vocative
  | colspan="2" | ''san-û''
  | ''san̮-û''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
  | colspan="2" | ''san-ûs''
  | ''san̮-ûs'' || ''san̮-ûsa''
  |-
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  ! Ergative
  | colspan="2" | ''san-ûn''
  | ''san̮-ûn'' || ''san̮-ûna''
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | colspan="2"  | ''san-ûḫ''
  | ''san̮-ûḫ'' || ''san̮-ûwa''
  |-
  |-
  ! Equative
  ! Equative
  | colspan="2" | ''san-ûli''
  | colspan="2" | ''san̮-ûli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-âm''
  | ''maz-âm'' || rowspan="2" | ''maz-âya''
  |-
  |-
  ! Vocative
  ! Vocative
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-â''
  | ''maz-â''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-âs''
  | ''maz-âs'' || ''maz-âsa''
  |-
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  ! Ergative
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-ân''
  | ''maz-ân'' || ''maz-âna''
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | colspan="2"  | ''maz-âḫ''
  | ''maz-âḫ'' || ''maz-âya''
  |-
  |-
  ! Equative
  ! Equative
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  ! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
  ! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Absolutive
  ! Nominative
  | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ''kap-âs''
  | rowspan="3" | ''kap-âs'' || rowspan="3" | ''kap-âya''
  |-
  |-
  ! Vocative
  ! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
  |-
  |-
  ! Ergative
  ! Ergative
  | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ''kap-ân''
  | ''kap-ân'' || ''kap-âna''
|-
! Instrumental
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | colspan="2"  | ''kap-âḫ''
  | ''kap-âḫ'' || ''kap-âya''
  |-
  |-
  ! Equative
  ! Equative
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  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Direct
  ! Nominative
  | ''rēb'' || rowspan="2" | ''rēb-ī''
  | rowspan="2" | ''rēb'' || rowspan="3" | ''rēb-ī''
|-
! Oblique
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
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  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Direct
  ! Nominative
  | ''lumub'' || rowspan="2" | ''lumb-ū''
  | rowspan="2" | ''lumub'' || rowspan="3" | ''lumb-ū''
  |-
  |-
! Oblique
|-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | ''lumb-u''
  | ''lumb-u''
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  |
  |
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ ''strong neuter noun''<br> ḫazmam (crow)
  |+ ''strong neuter noun''<br> ˀilgam (fish)
  ! style="width: 5em;" |
  ! style="width: 5em;" |
  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Direct
  ! Nominative
  | ''ḫazam'' || rowspan="2" | ''ḫazm-ā''
  | rowspan="2" | ''ˀilig'' || rowspan="3" | ''ˀilg-ā''
  |-
  |-
! Oblique
|-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | ''ḫazm-a''
  | ''ˀilg-a''
  |-
  |-
  ! Equative
  ! Equative
  | colspan="2" | ''ḫazm-āli''
  | colspan="2" | ''ˀilg-āli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Direct
  ! Nominative
  | ''ˀaraś'' || rowspan="2" | ''ˀarś-ā''
  | rowspan="2" | ''ˀaraś'' || rowspan="3" | ''ˀarś-ā''
|-
! Oblique
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
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  |
  |
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ ''weak masculine noun''<br> sanîm (brother)
  |+ ''weak masculine noun''<br> san̮îm (brother)
  ! style="width: 5em;" |
  ! style="width: 5em;" |
  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Direct
  ! Nominative
  | rowspan="2" | ''sana'' || rowspan="2" | ''san-î''
  | rowspan="3" | ''san̮a'' || rowspan="3" | ''san̮-î''
|-
! Oblique
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  |-
  |-
  ! Equative
  ! Equative
  | colspan="2" | ''san-îli''
  | colspan="2" | ''san̮-îli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  |
  |
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ ''weak feminine noun''<br> sanûm (sister)
  |+ ''weak feminine noun''<br> san̮ûm (sister)
  ! style="width: 5em;" |
  ! style="width: 5em;" |
  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Direct
  ! Nominative
  | rowspan="2" | ''sana'' || rowspan="2" | ''san-û''
  | rowspan="3" | ''san̮a'' || rowspan="3" | ''san̮-û''
|-
! Oblique
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  |-
  |-
  ! Equative
  ! Equative
  | colspan="2" | ''san-ûli''
  | colspan="2" | ''san̮-ûli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Direct
  ! Nominative
  | rowspan="2" | ''mazi'' || rowspan="2" | ''maz-â''
  | rowspan="3" | ''mazi'' || rowspan="3" | ''maz-â''
|-
! Oblique
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
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  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Direct
  ! Nominative
  | rowspan="2" | ''kapi'' || rowspan="2" | ''kap-â''
  | rowspan="3" | ''kapi'' || rowspan="3" | ''kap-â''
|-
! Oblique
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive

Latest revision as of 16:49, 2 September 2024

Vrkhazhian nouns are called yanāza (singular yanas). They are declined for case, gender, and number. Vrkhazhian can be said to have two main noun classes or genders: animate and inanimate. Within the animate gender, there are three subgenders: the feminine, the masculine, and the neuter. Animate nouns are inflected for six cases (nominative, vocative, accusative, instrumental, genitive, and equative) while inanimate nouns are inflected for only four (absolutive, ergative/instrumental, genitive, equative). Lastly, all nouns regardless of gender are inflected for two grammatical numbers (singular and plural). The assignment of gender to nouns is mostly non-arbitrary and determined by common, though not exhaustive, sets of criteria.

Nouns that are often feminine:

  • female humans, spirits, and deities
  • female domesticated animals
  • collective nouns involving people in general (i.e people belonging to countries, caravans)

Nouns that are often masculine:

  • male humans, spirits, and deities
  • male domesticated animals
  • collective nouns involving people specifically in a military or aggressive context (i.e armies and violent mobs)

Nouns that are often neuter:

  • children and young domesticated animals
  • wild animals
  • seemingly animate things like rivers, oceans, wind, and fire
  • body parts associated with movement such as arms, legs, eyes, and mouth
  • certain organs such as the heart

Nouns that are often inanimate:

  • still-moving things like trees, mountains, and buildings
  • abstract concepts, including actions and states
  • etc.

Noun inflection

Vrkhazhian nouns are declined for six cases. Cases are the forms and suffixes that nouns take when they occur in certain parts of a sentence. The seven cases are thus:

  • The nominative (NOM) case indicates the subject (doer) of a verb ("Henry runs to the store", "Henry sees Sam").
  • The vocative (VOC) case indicates a direct addressee ("Hey, you", "Father, what do you see?").
  • The accusative (ACC) case indicates the primary object (receiver/target) of a transitive verb ("Henry sees Sam", "Henry gave Sam a pencil").
  • The ergative (ERG) case indicates the instrument by which a verb is done or the secondary object of a ditransitive verb ("Henry gave Sam a pencil", "I wrote with a pen"). It also marks inanimate-gendered agents of transitive verbs.
  • The genitive (GEN) case indicates that another noun is modified by the noun marked with this case and the marked noun having various roles such as possessor, origin, or source ("Sam's dog", "Men of Rome").
  • The equative (EQU) case indicates that another noun is likened to or equivalent to the noun marked with this case ("As a boy, I used to run a lot", "He fights like a coward", "a hawk-like grin").
strong masculine noun
rēbim (man, husband)
Singular Plural
Nominative rēb-im rēb-īya
Vocative rēb-i
Accusative rēb-is rēb-īza
Ergative rēb-in rēb-īna
Genitive rēb-iḫ rēb-īya
Equative rēb-īli
strong feminine noun
lumbum (woman, wife)
Singular Plural
Nominative lumb-um lumb-ūwa
Vocative lumb-u
Accusative lumb-us lumb-ūsa
Ergative lumb-un lumb-ūna
Genitive lumb-uḫ lumb-ūwa
Equative lumb-ūli
strong neuter noun
ˀilgam (fish)
Singular Plural
Nominative ˀilg-am ˀilg-āya
Vocative ˀilg-a
Accusative ˀilg-as ˀilg-āsa
Ergative ˀilg-an ˀilg-āna
Genitive ˀilg-aḫ ˀilg-āya
Equative ˀilg-āli
strong inanimate noun
ˀarśas (vessel)
Singular Plural
Nominative ˀarś-as ˀarś-āya
Vocative
Accusative
Ergative ˀarś-an ˀarś-āna
Genitive ˀarś-aḫ ˀarś-āya
Equative ˀarś-āli
weak masculine noun
san̮îm (brother)
Singular Plural
Nominative san̮-îm san̮-îya
Vocative san̮-î
Accusative san̮-îs san̮-îsa
Ergative san̮-în san̮-îna
Genitive san̮-îḫ san̮-îya
Equative san̮-îli
weak feminine noun
san̮ûm (sister)
Singular Plural
Nominative san̮-ûm san̮-ûwa
Vocative san̮-û
Accusative san̮-ûs san̮-ûsa
Ergative san̮-ûn san̮-ûna
Genitive san̮-ûḫ san̮-ûwa
Equative san̮-ûli
weak neuter noun
mazâm (sea, saltwater)
Singular Plural
Nominative maz-âm maz-âya
Vocative maz-â
Accusative maz-âs maz-âsa
Ergative maz-ân maz-âna
Genitive maz-âḫ maz-âya
Equative maz-âli
weak inanimate noun
kapâs (drinkable water)
Singular Plural
Nominative kap-âs kap-âya
Vocative
Accusative
Ergative kap-ân kap-âna
Genitive kap-âḫ kap-âya
Equative kap-âli


Noun states

Nouns are also considered to be placed into what are called "noun states". In Vrkhazhian, there are only two states: the absolute state, or status absolutus, and the construct state, or status constructus. The latter form of the noun is marked by the removal of the case endings. The construct state is used when a noun is modified by another noun or a preposition phrase. This is also the form the noun takes when possessive suffixes are attached or when nouns are the argument of a nominal predicate ("He is a king"). Nouns that that are not placed in the construct state are considered to be in the absolute state, which is the default state of all nouns.

strong masculine noun
rēbim (man, husband)
Singular Plural
Nominative rēb rēb-ī
Oblique
Genitive rēb-i
Equative rēb-īli
strong feminine noun
lumbum (woman, wife)
Singular Plural
Nominative lumub lumb-ū
Oblique
Genitive lumb-u
Equative lumb-ūli
strong neuter noun
ˀilgam (fish)
Singular Plural
Nominative ˀilig ˀilg-ā
Oblique
Genitive ˀilg-a
Equative ˀilg-āli
strong inanimate noun
ˀarśas (vessel)
Singular Plural
Nominative ˀaraś ˀarś-ā
Oblique
Genitive ˀarś-a
Equative ˀarś-āli
weak masculine noun
san̮îm (brother)
Singular Plural
Nominative san̮a san̮-î
Oblique
Genitive
Equative san̮-îli
weak feminine noun
san̮ûm (sister)
Singular Plural
Nominative san̮a san̮-û
Oblique
Genitive
Equative san̮-ûli
weak neuter noun
mazâm (sea, saltwater)
Singular Plural
Nominative mazi maz-â
Oblique
Genitive
Equative maz-âli
weak inanimate noun
kapâs (drinkable water)
Singular Plural
Nominative kapi kap-â
Oblique
Genitive
Equative kap-âli

Noun derivation

Vrkhazhian nouns are mostly derived from verbs and there are numerous ways to derive nouns from them:

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