Kipin/Syntax/Noun phrases: Difference between revisions

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=Kipin Noun Phrases=
=Kipin Noun Phrases=


=Kipin Noun Phrases=
==Possession==
 
==Posession==


Possession is head marked in Kipin. The possessum is marked for the person, number, and in third person, gender of the possessor
Possession is head marked in Kipin. The possessum is marked for the person, number, and in third person, gender of the possessor
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{|
{|
| ije||iwi ||gurfin
| ije-||iwi ||gurfin
|-
|-
| ije||yu ||gurfin
| ije-||yu ||gurfin
|-
|-
| hen||3H ||widow
| hen-||3.H ||widow
|}
|}


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''myijeiwi gurfin lutwifogurgnu''
''myijeiwi gurfin lutwifogurgnu''
{|
{|
| my||ije||iwi ||gurfin ||lu||twifo||gur||gnu
| my-||ije||-iwi ||gurfin ||lu-||twifo-||gur-||gnu
|-
|-
| gnu||ije||yu ||gurfin ||lu||ce||gur||gnu
| gnu-||ije-||yu ||gurfin ||lu-||ce-||gur-||gnu
| A.Acc||hen||3H ||widow ||1||see||RECENT||3A
|-
| A.ACC-||hen-||3.H ||widow ||1-||see-||REC.PST-||3.A
|}
|}
I saw the widow's hen.
I saw the widow's hen.
Line 51: Line 50:
| surfo ||kije
| surfo ||kije
|-
|-
| cowardly ||leiutenant
|}
Cowardly leiutenant
''firsurfo sarkeseaer''
{|
| fir||surfo ||sar||kesea||er
|-
| ir||surfo| ||sar||kije||ir
|-
| H.P||cowardly ||H.Acc.P||leiutenant||H.P
|}
cowardly leiutenants
''sixel wexen''
{|
| si||xel ||wexen
|-
| A.S|| pert ||puffin
|}
Pert puffin
pexel wasseampa
{|
| pe||xel ||wasseam||pa
|-
| pa||xel ||wexen||pa
|-
| A.P||pert ||puffin||A.P
|}
Pert puffins.
''yealdor kipin''
{|
| ye||aldor ||kipin
|-
| yi||aldor ||kipin
|-
| 3I||loud ||voice
|}
Loud voice
yenkoaldor kekonkolanhe
{|
| yenko||aldor ||kekon||kolan||ye
|-
| yimpi||aldor ||kipin||kolan||yi
| 3IP||loud ||voice||3IP||erg
|}
Loud voices
Where multiple adjectives qualify the same noun, they are ordered with the ones representing the newest information first.
==Relative clauses==
Relative clauses precede the noun qualified and are formed by a gapping strategy. The relativised argument is the grammatical subject of the relative clause, and is omitted in the relative clause.
''sicinhiximi mjilhen renardo''
{|
|-
| si||cinhi||xi||mi ||mj||ilhen ||renardo
|-
| si||cinhi||xi||gnu ||gnu||ilhen ||renardo
|-
3A||flatter||DP||3A ||A.Acc||cock|| fox
|}
The fox who flattered the cock.
The noun thus qualified appears in the case proper to its role in the matrix clause.
''erralseegno sicinhiximi mjilhen gnorennardo''
{|
|-
| er||ral||see||gno ||si||cinhi||xi||mi ||mj||ilhen ||gno||renardo
|-
| ir||ral||xi||gnu ||si||cinhi||xi||ngu ||ngu||ilhen ||gnu||renardo
|-
| 3PH||chase||DP||3A ||3A||flatter||DP||3A ||A.Acc||cock ||A.Acc||fox
|}
They chased the fox who flattered the cock.
Note that in this example, the matrix clause conveys new information about the noun qualified by the relative clause, which is therefore defocussed. This is typical behaviour in sentences containing relative clauses, but will not necessarily be the case in all circumstances.
As adjectives are primarily verbal in nature, attributive adjectives may be regarded as a form of simple relative clause.
==Adjectives==
Attributive adjective precede the noun the qualify. They agree for gender and number but not case.
''surfo kije''
{|
|surfo ||kije
|surfo ||kije
|-
|-
|cowardly ||leiutenant
| cowardly ||lieutenant
|}
|}
Cowardly leiutenant
Cowardly lieutenant


''firsurfo sarkeseaer''
''firsurfo sarkeseaer''
{|
{|
|fir||surfo ||sar||kesea||er
| fir-||surfo ||sar-||kesea-||er
|-
|-
|ir||surfo ||sar||kije||ir
| ir-||surfo ||sar-||kije-||ir
|-
|-
|H.P||cowardly ||H.Acc.P||leiutenant||H.P
| 3.H.PL||cowardly ||H.Acc.PL||lieutenant||H.PL
|}
|}
cowardly leiutenants
cowardly lieutenants


''sixel wexen''
''sixel wexen''
{|
{|
|si||xel ||wexen
| si-||xel ||wexen
|-
|si-||xel ||wexen
|-
|-
||A.S||pert ||puffin
| 3.A|| pert ||puffin
|}
|}
Pert puffin
Pert puffin
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pexel wasseampa
pexel wasseampa
{|
{|
|pe||xel ||wasseam||pa
| pe-||xel ||wasseam-||pa
|-
|-
|pa||xel ||wexen||pa
| pa-||xel ||wexen-||pa
|-
|-
|A.P||pert ||puffin||A.P
| 3.A.PL||pert ||puffin||A.P
|}
|}
Pert puffins.
Pert puffins.
Line 183: Line 88:
''yealdor kipin''
''yealdor kipin''
{|
{|
|ye||aldor ||kipin
| ye-||aldor ||kipin
|-
|-
|yi||aldor ||kipin
| yi-||aldor ||kipin
|-
|-
|3I||loud ||voice
| 3.INAN-||loud ||voice
|}
|}


Line 194: Line 99:
yenkoaldor kekonkolanhe
yenkoaldor kekonkolanhe
{|
{|
|yenko||aldor ||kekon||kolan||ye
| yenko-||aldor ||kekon-||kolan-||ye
|-
|-
|yimpi||aldor ||kipin||kolan||yi
| yimpi||aldor ||kipin||kolan||yi
|-
|-
|3IP||loud ||voice||3IP||erg
| 3.INAN.PL-||loud ||voice-||INAN.PL-||ERG
|}
|}
Loud voices
Loud voices
Line 212: Line 117:
{|
{|
|-
|-
|si||cinhi||xi||mi ||mj||ilhen ||renardo
| si-||cinhi-||xi-||mi ||mj-||ilhen ||renardo
|-
|-
|si||cinhi||xi||gnu ||gnu||ilhen ||renardo
| si-||cinhi-||xi-||gnu ||gnu-||ilhen ||renardo
|-
|-
|3A||flatter||DP||3A ||A.Acc||cock|| fox
|3.A||flatter||DIST.PST||3.A ||A.ACC-||cock|| fox
|}
|}


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{|
{|
|-
|-
|er||ral||see||gno ||si||cinhi||xi||mi ||mj||ilhen ||gno||renardo
| er-||ral-||see-||gno ||si-||cinhi-||xi-||mi ||mj-||ilhen ||gno-||renardo
|-
|-
|ir||ral||xi||gnu ||si||cinhi||xi||ngu ||ngu||ilhen ||gnu||renardo
| ir-||ral-||xi-||gnu ||si-||cinhi-||xi-||ngu ||ngu-||ilhen ||gnu-||renardo
|-
|-
|3PH||chase||DP||3A ||3A||flatter||DP||3A ||A.Acc||cock ||A.Acc||fox
| 3.PL.H||chase||DIST.PST-||3.A ||3.A-||flatter-||DIST.PST||3.A ||A.ACC-||cock ||A.ACC-||fox
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 12:02, 14 March 2023

Kipin Noun Phrases

Possession

Possession is head marked in Kipin. The possessum is marked for the person, number, and in third person, gender of the possessor

gotusso

gotu sso
gato sa
cat 1

My cat.

When the possessor is denoted by an explicit noun phrase, this follows the possessor.

ijeiwi gurfin

ije- iwi gurfin
ije- yu gurfin
hen- 3.H widow

The widow's hen

The possessor always appears in the unmarked case (nominative for Human and Animal nouns, absolutive for Inanimate nouns).

myijeiwi gurfin lutwifogurgnu

my- ije -iwi gurfin lu- twifo- gur- gnu
gnu- ije- yu gurfin lu- ce- gur- gnu
A.ACC- hen- 3.H widow 1- see- REC.PST- 3.A

I saw the widow's hen.

Adjectives

Attributive adjective precede the noun the qualify. They agree for gender and number but not case.

surfo kije

surfo kije
surfo kije
cowardly lieutenant

Cowardly lieutenant

firsurfo sarkeseaer

fir- surfo sar- kesea- er
ir- surfo sar- kije- ir
3.H.PL cowardly H.Acc.PL lieutenant H.PL

cowardly lieutenants

sixel wexen

si- xel wexen
si- xel wexen
3.A pert puffin

Pert puffin

pexel wasseampa

pe- xel wasseam- pa
pa- xel wexen- pa
3.A.PL pert puffin A.P

Pert puffins.

yealdor kipin

ye- aldor kipin
yi- aldor kipin
3.INAN- loud voice

Loud voice

yenkoaldor kekonkolanhe

yenko- aldor kekon- kolan- ye
yimpi aldor kipin kolan yi
3.INAN.PL- loud voice- INAN.PL- ERG

Loud voices

Where multiple adjectives qualify the same noun, they are ordered with the ones representing the newest information first.

Relative clauses

Relative clauses precede the noun qualified and are formed by a gapping strategy. The relativised argument is the grammatical subject of the relative clause, and is omitted in the relative clause.

sicinhiximi mjilhen renardo

si- cinhi- xi- mi mj- ilhen renardo
si- cinhi- xi- gnu gnu- ilhen renardo
3.A flatter DIST.PST 3.A A.ACC- cock fox

The fox who flattered the cock.

The noun thus qualified appears in the case proper to its role in the matrix clause.

erralseegno sicinhiximi mjilhen gnorennardo

er- ral- see- gno si- cinhi- xi- mi mj- ilhen gno- renardo
ir- ral- xi- gnu si- cinhi- xi- ngu ngu- ilhen gnu- renardo
3.PL.H chase DIST.PST- 3.A 3.A- flatter- DIST.PST 3.A A.ACC- cock A.ACC- fox

They chased the fox who flattered the cock.

Note that in this example, the matrix clause conveys new information about the noun qualified by the relative clause, which is therefore defocussed. This is typical behaviour in sentences containing relative clauses, but will not necessarily be the case in all circumstances.

As adjectives are primarily verbal in nature, attributive adjectives may be regarded as a form of simple relative clause.

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