Veslovian/Phonology: Difference between revisions
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=== Vowels === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | Back | |||
! colspan="2" | Central | |||
! colspan="2" | Front | |||
|- | |||
! Short | |||
! Long | |||
! Short | |||
! Long | |||
! Short | |||
! Long | |||
|- | |||
! Close | |||
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}} | |||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/u/}} | |||
| {{IPA|/uː/}} | |||
|- | |||
! Mid | |||
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | |||
| {{IPA|/ɛː/}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} | |||
| {{IPA|/ɔː/}} | |||
|- | |||
! Open | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|/a/}} | |||
| {{IPA|/aː/}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
=== Stress === | |||
Words are stressed in the first syllable, except when a preposition precedes a noun or adjective, the preposition was stressed instead (''<u>Mra</u>kovr'' → ''<u>jí</u> Mrakoverž'' "Marcover, in Marcover (cf. Maribor)"). | |||
== Alterations == | |||
=== Lengthening === | |||
When followed by syllables historically containing yers (''*-ь-'' or ''*-ъ-'') that later deleted, the vowels except yers itself are lengthened, or become diphthongs instead. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="2" | Northern | |||
! colspan="2" | Southern | |||
|- | |||
! Short grade | |||
! Long grade | |||
! Short grade | |||
! Long grade | |||
|- | |||
| ''a'' | |||
| ''á'' | |||
| ''a'' | |||
| ''á'' | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | ''e'' | |||
| ''é'' | |||
| rowspan="3" | ''e'' | |||
| ''é'' | |||
|- | |||
| ''í'' | |||
| ''ẹ́'' | |||
|- | |||
| ''ě'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | ''í'' | |||
| ''é'' | |||
|- | |||
| ''i'' | |||
| ''i'' | |||
| ''í'' | |||
|- | |||
| ''o'' | |||
| ''ů'' | |||
| ''o'' | |||
| ''ọ́'' | |||
|- | |||
| ''u'' | |||
| ''ou'' | |||
| ''u'' | |||
| ''ú'' | |||
|} | |||
== Phonetic developments == | |||
=== Middle Proto-Germanic to Proto-South Germanic === | |||
* Reversal of certain fricatives developed by [[wikipedia:Grimm's law|Grimm's law]]. The phonemes ''*h'' including Grimm devoiced ones are still preserved (''*h'' and ''*x'' only differ in notation as it mimics the Proto-Slavic one). Consonant clusters are similarly affected, but often in complex ways. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Proto-Germanic | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*f'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*h'' | |||
| ''*þ'' | |||
|- | |||
! Proto-South Germanic | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*p'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*x'', ''*š'' | |||
| ''*t'' | |||
|- | |||
! Proto-Germanic | |||
| ''*fs'' | |||
| ''*ft'' | |||
| ''*hs'' | |||
| ''*ht'' | |||
| ''*ss'' | |||
|- | |||
! Proto-South Germanic | |||
| ''*s'' (< ''*ps'') | |||
| ''*t'' (< ''*pt'') | |||
| ''*š'' (< ''*ks'') | |||
| ''*ť'' (< ''*kt'') | |||
| ''*s'' (< ''*ss'') | |||
|} | |||
* Irregular late Proto-South Germanic form of second person singular ending ''*-ešь'' was formed by analogy with the corresponding Proto-Slavic counterpart ''*-eši''. | |||
* [[wikipedia:Slavic first palatalization|First palatalization]]: palatalizations of velars before ''*-i-'', ''*-ī-'', ''*-e-'' and ''*-ē-''. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Unpalatalized | |||
| ''-k-'' | |||
| ''-g-'' | |||
| ''-x-'' | |||
|- | |||
! Palatalized | |||
| ''-č-'' | |||
| ''-ž-'' | |||
| ''-š-'' | |||
|} | |||
* [[wikipedia:Slavic second palatalization|Second palatalization]]: palatalizations of velars before ''*-ai-''. However, the outcomes are not uniform. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="2" | Unpalatalized | |||
| ''-k-'' | |||
| ''-g-'' | |||
| ''-x-'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | Palatalized | |||
! Northern | |||
| ''-c-'' | |||
| ''-dz-'' | |||
| ''-š-'' | |||
|- | |||
! Western | |||
| ''-c-'' | |||
| ''-dz-'' | |||
| ''-š-'' | |||
|- | |||
! Southern | |||
| ''-c-'' | |||
| ''-z-'' | |||
| ''-s-'' | |||
|} | |} |
Latest revision as of 02:20, 3 January 2022
Northern dialect
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | /m/ ⟨m⟩ |
/n/ ⟨n⟩ |
/ɲ/ ⟨ň⟩ |
|||
Plosive | Voiceless | /p/ ⟨p⟩ |
/t/ ⟨t⟩ |
/c/ ⟨ť⟩ |
/k/ ⟨k⟩ |
|
Voiced | /b/ ⟨b⟩ |
/d/ ⟨d⟩ |
/ɟ/ ⟨ď⟩ |
/ɡ/ ⟨g⟩ |
||
Affricate | Voiceless | /ts/ ⟨c⟩ |
/tʃ/ ⟨č⟩ |
|||
Voiced | /dz/ ⟨dz⟩ |
/dʒ/ ⟨dž⟩ |
||||
Fricative | Voiceless | /f/ ⟨f⟩ |
/s/ ⟨s⟩ |
/ʃ/ ⟨š⟩ |
/x/ ⟨ch⟩ |
|
Voiced | /v/ ⟨v⟩ |
/z/ ⟨z⟩ |
/ʒ/ ⟨ž⟩ |
/ɦ/ ⟨h⟩ | ||
Trill | Plain | /r/ ⟨r⟩ |
||||
Fricative | /r̝/ ⟨ř⟩ |
|||||
Approximant | /l/ ⟨l⟩ |
/j/ |
Vowels
Back | Central | Front | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | |
Close | /ɪ/ | /iː/ | /u/ | /uː/ | ||
Mid | /ɛ/ | /ɛː/ | /ɔ/ | /ɔː/ | ||
Open | /a/ | /aː/ |
Stress
Words are stressed in the first syllable, except when a preposition precedes a noun or adjective, the preposition was stressed instead (Mrakovr → jí Mrakoverž "Marcover, in Marcover (cf. Maribor)").
Alterations
Lengthening
When followed by syllables historically containing yers (*-ь- or *-ъ-) that later deleted, the vowels except yers itself are lengthened, or become diphthongs instead.
Northern | Southern | ||
---|---|---|---|
Short grade | Long grade | Short grade | Long grade |
a | á | a | á |
e | é | e | é |
í | ẹ́ | ||
ě | í | é | |
i | i | í | |
o | ů | o | ọ́ |
u | ou | u | ú |
Phonetic developments
Middle Proto-Germanic to Proto-South Germanic
- Reversal of certain fricatives developed by Grimm's law. The phonemes *h including Grimm devoiced ones are still preserved (*h and *x only differ in notation as it mimics the Proto-Slavic one). Consonant clusters are similarly affected, but often in complex ways.
Proto-Germanic | *f | *h | *þ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proto-South Germanic | *p | *x, *š | *t | ||
Proto-Germanic | *fs | *ft | *hs | *ht | *ss |
Proto-South Germanic | *s (< *ps) | *t (< *pt) | *š (< *ks) | *ť (< *kt) | *s (< *ss) |
- Irregular late Proto-South Germanic form of second person singular ending *-ešь was formed by analogy with the corresponding Proto-Slavic counterpart *-eši.
- First palatalization: palatalizations of velars before *-i-, *-ī-, *-e- and *-ē-.
Unpalatalized | -k- | -g- | -x- |
---|---|---|---|
Palatalized | -č- | -ž- | -š- |
- Second palatalization: palatalizations of velars before *-ai-. However, the outcomes are not uniform.
Unpalatalized | -k- | -g- | -x- | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Palatalized | Northern | -c- | -dz- | -š- |
Western | -c- | -dz- | -š- | |
Southern | -c- | -z- | -s- |